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Odjo EM, Impoinvil D, Fassinou AJYH, Padonou GG, Aïkpon R, Salako AS, Sominahouin AA, Adoha C, Yovogan B, Osse R, Oussou O, Tokponnon F, Gnanguénon V, Hassani AS, Akogbeto MC. The frequency of kdr and ace-1 alleles in Anopheles gambiae s.l. before and during indoor residual spraying (IRS) implementation and four years after IRS withdrawal in three districts in Atacora, Benin. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:115. [PMID: 38454494 PMCID: PMC10918995 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06206-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indoor residual spraying (IRS) was first implemented in the Atacora department, Benin from 2011 to 2012 using bendiocarb (carbamate) followed by annual spraying with pirimiphos-methyl (organophosphate) from 2013 to 2018. Before and after IRS implementation in Atacora, standard pyrethroid insecticide-treated bed nets were the main method of vector control in the area. This study investigated the knockdown resistance (kdr) gene (L1014F) and the acetylcholinesterase (ace-1) gene (G119S), before and during IRS implementation, and 4-years after IRS withdrawal from Atacora. This was done to assess how changes in insecticide pressure from indoor residual spraying may have altered the genotypic resistance profile of Anopheles gambiae s.l. METHOD Identification of sibling species of An. gambiae s.l. and detection of the L1014F mutation in the kdr gene and G119S mutation in ace-1 genes was done using molecular analysis. Allelic and genotypic frequencies were calculated and compared with each other before and during IRS implementation and 4 years after IRS withdrawal. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and genetic differentiation within and between populations were assessed. RESULTS Prevalence of the L1014F mutation in all geographic An. gambiae s.l. (An. gambiae s.s., Anopheles. coluzzii, Anopheles. arabiensis, and hybrids of "An. gambiae s.s. and An. coluzzii") populations increased from 69% before IRS to 87% and 90% during and after IRS. The G119S allele frequency during IRS (20%) was significantly higher than before IRS implementation (2%). Four years after IRS withdrawal, allele frequencies returned to similar levels as before IRS (3%). Four years after IRS withdrawal, the populations showed excess heterozygosity at the ace-1 gene and deficit heterozygosity at the kdr gene, whereas both genes had excess heterozygosity before and during IRS (FIS < 0). No genetic differentiation was observed within the populations. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that the withdrawal of IRS with bendiocarb and pirimiphos-methyl may have slowed down the selection of individual mosquitoes with ace-1 resistance alleles in contrast to populations of An. gambiae s.l. with the L1014F resistance allele of the kdr gene. This may suggest that withdrawing the use of carbamates or organophosphates from IRS or rotating alternative insecticides with different modes of action may slow the development of ace-1 insecticide-resistance mutations. The increase in the prevalence of the L1014F mutation of the kdr gene in the population, despite the cessation of IRS, could be explained by the growing use of pyrethroids and DDT in agriculture and for other domestic use. More observational studies in countries where carbamates or organophosphates are still being used as public health insecticides may provide additional insights into these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esdras Mahoutin Odjo
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Bénin.
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques-Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey Calavi, Bénin.
| | - Daniel Impoinvil
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative (PMI), U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Gil Germain Padonou
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Bénin
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques-Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey Calavi, Bénin
| | - Rock Aïkpon
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Bénin
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Natitingou, Université Nationale des Sciences, Technologies, Ingénierie et Mathématiques (UNSTIM) d'Abomey, Abomey, Bénin
| | | | | | - Constantin Adoha
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Bénin
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques-Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey Calavi, Bénin
| | - Boulais Yovogan
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Bénin
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques-Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey Calavi, Bénin
| | - Razaki Osse
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Bénin
- Université Nationale d'Agriculture de Porto-Novo, Porto-Novo, Bénin
| | - Olivier Oussou
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Bénin
| | | | - Virgile Gnanguénon
- US President's Malaria Initiative (PMI), U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), Cotonou, Benin
| | - Ahmed Saadani Hassani
- US President's Malaria Initiative (PMI), U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Cotonou, Benin
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Ayaz S, Uluçay S, Üzer A, Dilgin Y, Apak R. A novel acetylcholinesterase inhibition based colorimetric biosensor for the detection of paraoxon ethyl using CUPRAC reagent as chromogenic oxidant. Talanta 2024; 266:124962. [PMID: 37499364 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
A novel colorimetric biosensor for the sensitive and selective detection of an organophosphate pesticide, paraoxon ethyl (POE), was developed based on its inhibitory effect on the acetylcholine esterase (AChE) enzyme. The bis-neocuproine copper (II) complex ([Cu(Nc)2]2+) known as the CUPRAC reagent, was used as a chromogenic oxidant in the AChE inhibition-based biosensors for the first time. To initiate the biosensor, an enzymatic reaction takes place between AChE and its substrate acetylthiocholine (ATCh). Then, enzymatically produced thiocholine (TCh) reacts with the light blue [Cu(Nc)2]2+ complex, resulting in the oxidation of TCh to its disulfide form. On the other hand, [Cu(Nc)2]2+ reduces to a yellow-orange cuprous complex ([Cu(Nc)2]+) which gives maximum absorbance at 450 nm. However, the absorbance of [Cu(Nc)2]+ proportionally decreased with the addition of POE because the inhibition of AChE by the organophosphate pesticide reduced the amount of TCh that would give a colorimetric reaction with the CUPRAC reagent. Based on this strategy, the linear response range of a colorimetric biosensor was found to be between 0.15 and 1.25 μM with a detection limit of 0.045 μM. The fabricated biosensor enabled the selective determination of POE in the presence of some other pesticides and metal ions. The recovery results between 92% and 104% were obtained from water and soil samples spiked with POE, indicating that the determination of POE in real water and soil samples can be performed with this simple, accurate, sensitive, and low-cost colorimetric biosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selen Ayaz
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Sude Uluçay
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemistry Engineering, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Ayşem Üzer
- İstanbul University -Cerrahpaşa, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemistry, İstanbul-Avcılar, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Dilgin
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Canakkale, Turkey.
| | - Reşat Apak
- İstanbul University -Cerrahpaşa, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemistry, İstanbul-Avcılar, Turkey.
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Abdel-Rasoul GM, Salem EAA, Hendy OM, Rohlman D, Abdel Latif AAR, Elbadry AS. Respiratory, hepatic, renal, and hematological disorders among adolescent females environmentally exposed to pesticides, Menoufia governorate, Egypt. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:37804-37814. [PMID: 35072877 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18420-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent females are often environmentally exposed to pesticides by living near agricultural fields, by using pesticides at home, or by having contact with contaminated clothes and pesticide application work tools. This study assessed respiratory, hepatic, renal, and hematological health disorders that might arise due to environmental exposure to pesticides among adolescent females. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 100 adolescent females environmentally exposed to pesticides that had one or more of their family members working as seasonal pesticide applicators and 50 nonexposed (control) adolescent females from Menoufia governorate, Egypt. The studied period of pesticide application season of the cotton crop was from May 1 to September 1, 2017. Participants completed a self-administered questionnaire about pesticide exposure and respiratory, hepatic, renal, and hematological disorders. In addition, serum acetylcholinesterase (AChE), spirometry, complete blood count, and liver and kidney function tests were measured pre and post-pesticide application season. The control adolescent females had a higher AChE activity, a lower prevalence of respiratory symptoms, and higher means of spirometric measurements than the exposed group. During the pre- and postseason, the exposed group presented a prevalence of (6%, 24%) for cough, (4%, 11%) for rhinitis, and (6%, 26%) for dyspnea during the pre and postseason, respectively. In addition, there was a decrease in means of spirometric measurements (FEV1%, FEV1/FVC%, FEF 25-75%, and PEF%) in the postseason compared to preseason among the exposed group. Also, there were significant associations between (AChE) activity and both the prevalence of respiratory manifestations and spirometric measurements among the exposed females. On the other hand, there was a statistically significant increase in red blood corpuscle (RBC) and lymphocyte counts, and a statistically significantly lower mean hemoglobin level among the exposed group (postseason) than each of their pre-season values and the control group (P < 0.05). AChE level, total protein, albumin, and albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio levels were statistically significantly lower, while SGPT, SGOT and globulin, blood urea, and serum creatinine mean levels were statistically significantly higher among the exposed group (postseason) than either of their preseason or the control group (P < 0.05). There was a positive correlation between the AChE level and all studied CBC parameters for the exposed group reaching a statistically significant level with basophils (P < 0.05). Also, there was a negative correlation between the AChE level and each of SGPT, SGOT, ALP, globulin, blood urea, and serum creatinine for the exposed group reaching a statistically significant level with each of SGPT and SGOT (P < 0.05). At the same time, a nonsignificant positive correlation was found between AChE level and each of total protein, albumin, and A/G ratio (P > 0.05). So, environmental exposure to organophosphorus pesticides has a detrimental impact on respiratory, hepatic, renal, and hematological systems of adolescent females living in rural districts at the Menoufia governorate. Educational and training intervention programs on pesticide handling and safety precautions are recommended for protecting both pesticide workers and their family members who might be exposed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eman Abdel-Azeem Salem
- Environmental and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | | | | | | | - Aziza Saad Elbadry
- Environmental and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
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Jin L, Hao Z, Zheng Q, Chen H, Zhu L, Wang C, Liu X, Lu C. A facile microfluidic paper-based analytical device for acetylcholinesterase inhibition assay utilizing organic solvent extraction in rapid detection of pesticide residues in food. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1100:215-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Tsagkaris AS, Pulkrabova J, Hajslova J, Filippini D. A Hybrid Lab-on-a-Chip Injector System for Autonomous Carbofuran Screening. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E5579. [PMID: 31861204 PMCID: PMC6960838 DOI: 10.3390/s19245579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Securing food safety standards is crucial to protect the population from health-threatening food contaminants. In the case of pesticide residues, reference procedures typically find less than 1% of tested samples being contaminated, thus indicating the necessity for new tools able to support smart and affordable prescreening. Here, we introduce a hybrid paper-lab-on-a-chip platform, which integrates on-demand injectors to perform multiple step protocols in a single disposable device. Simultaneous detection of enzymatic color response in sample and reference cells, using a regular smartphone, enabled semiquantitative detection of carbofuran, a neurotoxic and EU-banned carbamate pesticide, in a wide concentration range. The resulting evaluation procedure is generic and allows the rejection of spurious measurements based on their dynamic responses, and was effectively applied for the binary detection of carbofuran in apple extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristeidis S Tsagkaris
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 6-Dejvice, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Pulkrabova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 6-Dejvice, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Hajslova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 6-Dejvice, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Filippini
- Optical Devices Laboratory, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology-IFM, Linköping University, S-58183 Linköping, Sweden
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Kostelnik A, Pohanka M. Superficially Bound Acetylcholinesterase Based on a Chitosan Matrix for Neurotoxic Compound Assay by a Photographic Technique. ANAL LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2017.1381846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kostelnik
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Pohanka
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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7
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Pohanka M. Small camera as a handheld colorimetric tool in the analytical chemistry. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-017-0166-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors Assay Using Colorimetric pH Sensitive Strips and Image Analysis by a Smartphone. Int J Anal Chem 2017; 2017:3712384. [PMID: 28286520 PMCID: PMC5327770 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3712384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Smartphones are widely spread and their usage does not require any trained personnel. Recently, smartphones were successfully used in analytical chemistry as a simple detection tool in some applications. This paper focuses on immobilization of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) onto commercially available pH strips with stabilization in the gelatin membrane. AChE degrades acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid which causes color change of acid-base indicator. Smartphone served as a tool for measurement of indicator color change from red to orange while inhibitors blocked this process. AChE inhibitors were measured with limits of detection, 149 nM and 22.3 nM for galanthamine and donepezil, respectively. Organic solvents were measured for method interferences. Measurement procedure was performed on 3D printed holder and digital photography was evaluated using red-green-blue (RGB) channels. The invented assay was validated to the standard Ellman's test and verified on murine plasma samples spiked with inhibitors. We consider that the assay is fully suitable for practical performance.
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9
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Kostelnik A, Cegan A, Pohanka M. Color Change of Phenol Red by Integrated Smart Phone Camera as a Tool for the Determination of Neurotoxic Compounds. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16091212. [PMID: 27618041 PMCID: PMC5038618 DOI: 10.3390/s16091212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The use of a cell phone as a detection system is easy, simple and does not require trained personnel, which is in contrast to standard laboratory instruments. This paper deals with immobilization of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in a gelatin matrix, and phenol red, as an indicator of AChE activity, is used in order to establish a method that is easily compatible with a camera device. AChE splits acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid, which changes the pH of a medium, resulting in a phenol red color change. The coloration changed in presence of an AChE inhibitor. Measurements were performed on 3D-printed, tube-shaped holder, and digital photography, with subsequent analysis of red-green-blue (RGB), served for assay purposes. Calibration of AChE inhibitors, tacrine and galantamine, was performed, with limit of detection equal to 1.1 nM and 1.28 µM, respectively. Interferences were also measured, resulting in a proof-of-method stability. The method was further successfully validated for the standard Ellman’s assay, and verified on murine plasma samples spiked with inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kostelnik
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentska 95, Pardubice CZ-53210, Czech Republic.
| | - Alexander Cegan
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentska 95, Pardubice CZ-53210, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslav Pohanka
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove CZ-50001, Czech Republic.
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Ramallo IA, García P, Furlan RLE. A reversed-phase compatible thin-layer chromatography autography for the detection of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. J Sep Sci 2016; 38:3788-94. [PMID: 26489065 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A dual readout autographic assay to detect acetylcholinesterase inhibitors present in complex matrices adsorbed on reversed-phase or normal-phase thin-layer chromatography plates is described. Enzyme gel entrapment with an amphiphilic copolymer was used for assay development. The effects of substrate and enzyme concentrations, pH, incubation time, and incubation temperature on the sensitivity and the detection limit of the assay were evaluated. Experimental design and response surface methodology were used to optimize conditions with a minimum number of experiments. The assay allowed the detection of 0.01% w/w of physostigmine in both a spiked Sonchus oleraceus L. extract chromatographed on normal phase and a spiked Pimenta racemosa (Mill.) J.W. Moore leaf essential oil chromatographed on reversed phase. Finally, the reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography assay was applied to reveal the presence of an inhibitor in the Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf essential oil. The developed assay is able to detect acetylcholinesterase inhibitors present in complex matrixes that were chromatographed in normal phase or reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography. The detection limit for physostigmine on both normal and reversed phase was of 1×10(-4) μg. The results can be read by a change in color and/or a change in fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ayelen Ramallo
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Descubrimiento de Fármacos de Rosario (IIDEFAR/CONICET-UNR), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Ocampo y Esmeralda, Rosario, Argentina Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha, 531, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Paula García
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Descubrimiento de Fármacos de Rosario (IIDEFAR/CONICET-UNR), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Ocampo y Esmeralda, Rosario, Argentina Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha, 531, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Ricardo L E Furlan
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Descubrimiento de Fármacos de Rosario (IIDEFAR/CONICET-UNR), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Ocampo y Esmeralda, Rosario, Argentina Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha, 531, Rosario, Argentina
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Meredith NA, Quinn C, Cate DM, Reilly TH, Volckens J, Henry CS. Paper-based analytical devices for environmental analysis. Analyst 2016; 141:1874-1887. [PMID: 26901771 PMCID: PMC9423764 DOI: 10.1039/c5an02572a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The field of paper-based microfluidics has experienced rapid growth over the past decade. Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs), originally developed for point-of-care medical diagnostics in resource-limited settings, are now being applied in new areas, such as environmental analyses. Low-cost paper sensors show great promise for on-site environmental analysis; the theme of ongoing research complements existing instrumental techniques by providing high spatial and temporal resolution for environmental monitoring. This review highlights recent applications of μPADs for environmental analysis along with technical advances that may enable μPADs to be more widely implemented in field testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Meredith
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
| | - Casey Quinn
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
| | - David M Cate
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA and Intellectual Ventures, Bellevue, Washington 98007, USA
| | - Thomas H Reilly
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA. and Access Sensor Technologies, LLC, Fort Collins, Colorado 80524, USA
| | - John Volckens
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA. and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA. and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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Photography by Cameras Integrated in Smartphones as a Tool for Analytical Chemistry Represented by an Butyrylcholinesterase Activity Assay. SENSORS 2015; 15:13752-62. [PMID: 26110404 PMCID: PMC4507694 DOI: 10.3390/s150613752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Smartphones are popular devices frequently equipped with sensitive sensors and great computational ability. Despite the widespread availability of smartphones, practical uses in analytical chemistry are limited, though some papers have proposed promising applications. In the present paper, a smartphone is used as a tool for the determination of cholinesterasemia i.e., the determination of a biochemical marker butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). The work should demonstrate suitability of a smartphone-integrated camera for analytical purposes. Paper strips soaked with indoxylacetate were used for the determination of BChE activity, while the standard Ellman’s assay was used as a reference measurement. In the smartphone-based assay, BChE converted indoxylacetate to indigo blue and coloration was photographed using the phone’s integrated camera. A RGB color model was analyzed and color values for the individual color channels were determined. The assay was verified using plasma samples and samples containing pure BChE, and validated using Ellmans’s assay. The smartphone assay was proved to be reliable and applicable for routine diagnoses where BChE serves as a marker (liver function tests; some poisonings, etc.). It can be concluded that the assay is expected to be of practical applicability because of the results’ relevance.
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An Organophosphorus Hydrolase-Based Biosensor for Direct Detection of Paraoxon Using Silica-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 176:359-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1579-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Pohanka M, Holas O. Evaluation of 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol acetate as a substrate for acetylcholinesterase activity assay. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2015; 30:796-9. [PMID: 25672529 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2014.976564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ellman's method is a standard protocol for the determination of cholinesterases activity. Though the method is ready for laboratory purposes, it has some drawbacks as well. In the current article, 2,6-dichloroindophenol acetate is performed as a chromogenic substrate suitable for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity examination. Michaelis constant and maximal velocity for 2,6-dichloroindophenol acetate were determined (38.0 µM and 244 pkat) and compared to the values for acetythiocholine (K(m) 0.18 mM; V(max) 5.1 nkat). Docking for 2,6-dichloroindophenol acetate and human AChE was done as well. In conclusion, 2,6-dichloroindophenol acetate seems to be suitable chromogenic substrate for AChE and spectrophotometry and based on this it can be easily performed whenever AChE activity should be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Pohanka
- a Faculty of Military Health Sciences , University of Defence , Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
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Pohanka M. Determination of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity without dilution of biological samples. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/chempap-2015-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AbstractTwo cholinesterases: acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), are known. The enzymes are important in the body and alteration of their activity has significant use in the diagnosis of poisoning, liver function, etc. Currently available methods for the determination of cholinesterases have some major drawbacks including various interferences and the inability to be used for decreasing the enzyme activity in the presence of reversible inhibitors due to sample dilution; hence, a method for dilution free assay of cholinesterases is desired. Here, microplates were modified with indoxylacetate (100 μL of 10 mmol L
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Biosensors containing acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase as recognition tools for detection of various compounds. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2015. [DOI: 10.2478/s11696-014-0542-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAcetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) are enzymes expressed in the human body under physiological conditions. AChE is an important part of the cholinergic nerves where it hydrolyses neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Both cholinesterases are sensitive to inhibitors acting as neurotoxic compounds. In analytical applications, the enzymes can serve as a biorecognition element in biosensors as well as simple disposable sensors (dipsticks) and be used for assaying the neurotoxic compounds. In the present review, the mechanism of AChE and BChE inhibition by disparate compounds is explained and methods for assaying the enzymes activity are shown. Optical, electrochemical, and piezoelectric biosensors are described. Attention is also given to the application of sol-gel techniques and quantum dots in the biosensors’ construction. Examples of the biosensors are provided and the pros and cons are discussed.
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Pohanka M. Voltammetric assay of butyrylcholinesterase in plasma samples and its comparison to the standard spectrophotometric test. Talanta 2014; 119:412-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Pohanka M. Copper, aluminum, iron and calcium inhibit human acetylcholinesterase in vitro. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 37:455-459. [PMID: 24473150 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is an important part of cholinergic nerves where it participates in termination of neurotransmission. AChE can be inhibited by e.g. some Alzheimer disease drugs, nerve agents, and secondary metabolites. In this work, metal salts aluminum chloride, calcium chloride, cupric chloride, ferric chloride, potassium chloride, magnesium chloride and sodium chloride were tested for their ability to inhibit AChE. Standard Ellman assay based on human recombinant AChE was done and inhibition was measured using Dixon plot. No inhibition was proved for sodium, potassium and magnesium ions. However, aluminum, cupric, ferric and calcium ions were able to inhibit AChE via noncompetitive mechanism of inhibition. Though the inhibition is much weaker when compared to e.g. drugs with noncompetitive mechanism of action, biological relevance of the findings can be anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Pohanka
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, CZ-500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Karel English College in Brno, Sujanovo namesti 356/1, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Pohanka M, Adam V, Kizek R. An acetylcholinesterase-based chronoamperometric biosensor for fast and reliable assay of nerve agents. SENSORS 2013; 13:11498-506. [PMID: 23999806 PMCID: PMC3821328 DOI: 10.3390/s130911498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is an important part of cholinergic nervous system, where it stops neurotransmission by hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. It is sensitive to inhibition by organophosphate and carbamate insecticides, some Alzheimer disease drugs, secondary metabolites such as aflatoxins and nerve agents used in chemical warfare. When immobilized on a sensor (physico-chemical transducer), it can be used for assay of these inhibitors. In the experiments described herein, an AChE- based electrochemical biosensor using screen printed electrode systems was prepared. The biosensor was used for assay of nerve agents such as sarin, soman, tabun and VX. The limits of detection achieved in a measuring protocol lasting ten minutes were 7.41 × 10−12 mol/L for sarin, 6.31 × 10−12 mol/L for soman, 6.17 × 10−11 mol/L for tabun, and 2.19 × 10−11 mol/L for VX, respectively. The assay was reliable, with minor interferences caused by the organic solvents ethanol, methanol, isopropanol and acetonitrile. Isopropanol was chosen as suitable medium for processing lipophilic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Pohanka
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, CZ-500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Karel English College in Brno, Sujanovo namesti 356/1, CZ-602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +420-973-251-519; Fax: +420-495-518-094
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (V.A.); (R.K.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rene Kizek
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (V.A.); (R.K.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Pohanka M. Spectrophotomeric Assay of Aflatoxin B1 Using Acetylcholinesterase Immobilized on Standard Microplates. ANAL LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2012.757703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Pohanka M, Dobes P. Caffeine inhibits acetylcholinesterase, but not butyrylcholinesterase. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:9873-82. [PMID: 23698772 PMCID: PMC3676818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14059873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is an alkaloid with a stimulant effect in the body. It can interfere in transmissions based on acetylcholine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine and glutamate. Clinical studies indicate that it can be involved in the slowing of Alzheimer disease pathology and some other effects. The effects are not well understood. In the present work, we focused on the question whether caffeine can inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and/or, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), the two enzymes participating in cholinergic neurotransmission. A standard Ellman test with human AChE and BChE was done for altering concentrations of caffeine. The test was supported by an in silico examination as well. Donepezil and tacrine were used as standards. In compliance with Dixon’s plot, caffeine was proved to be a non-competitive inhibitor of AChE and BChE. However, inhibition of BChE was quite weak, as the inhibition constant, Ki, was 13.9 ± 7.4 mol/L. Inhibition of AChE was more relevant, as Ki was found to be 175 ± 9 μmol/L. The predicted free energy of binding was −6.7 kcal/mol. The proposed binding orientation of caffeine can interact with Trp86, and it can be stabilize by Tyr337 in comparison to the smaller Ala328 in the case of human BChE; thus, it can explain the lower binding affinity of caffeine for BChE with reference to AChE. The biological relevance of the findings is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Pohanka
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 50001 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel./Fax: +420-973-253-091
| | - Petr Dobes
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty Kopec 7, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mail:
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Pohanka M, Drtinova L. Spectrophotometric methods based on 2,6-dichloroindophenol acetate and indoxylacetate for butyrylcholinesterase activity assay in plasma. Talanta 2013; 106:281-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.10.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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