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Thi Truc Linh N, Thi Hai Ha P, Van Day P, Thi Thuy Hai L, Huyen Vu S, Trong Nghia N, Thanh Dung T, Quoc Phu T, Mong Huyen H, Do-Hyung K, Thanh Luan N. Efficacy of Annona glabra extract against acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease in white-leg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). J Invertebr Pathol 2024; 205:108142. [PMID: 38788921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the use of pond apple (Annona glabra) compounds as a novel strategy to prevent and treat acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) as well as to better understand the mechanism of health improvement in shrimp. The A. glabra leaf extracts were extracted using various solvents and examined for in vitro and in vivo activity against Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains. In comparison with ethanol and water extracts, methanol extract showed the strongest bactericidal effect (MBC/MIC ratio of 2.50 ± 1.00), with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.023 ± 0.012 mg ml-1 and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 0.065 ± 0.062 mg ml-1. White leg shrimp (P. vannamei, body weight 10.37 ± 0.27 g) fed A. glabra methanol extracts-containing diets (AMEDs) at 1 %, 1.5 %, and 2.0 % demonstrated no deleterious effects on survival and were significantly increased in length and weight after 30 days of feeding. The level of total haemocyte, hyaline haemocyte on day 15 and granulocyte on day 30 remarkably increased (p < 0.05) in shrimps fed AMEDs groups compared to those in the control group. The finding demonstrates that granulocyte was induced time dependently. In particular, the survival rate of V. parahaemolyticus challenged shrimps under medication with AMEDs at 1.5 % and 2.0 % was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of the control group. The decrease in bacterial load of Vibrio spp. and V. parahaemolyticus was obviously recorded in hepatopancreas shrimp given AMEDs 1.5 % and 2.0 % and may be linked to herb characteristics such as antibacterial activity, enhancing innate immunity, and its potential to maintain the integrity of hepatopancreatic tissue. Our findings suggest that A. glabra extract might be used as a health enhancer in commercial farmed shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Truc Linh
- School of Agriculture and Aquaculture, Tra Vinh University, Tra Vinh province, Vietnam
| | - Pham Thi Hai Ha
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 298-300A Nguyen Tat Thanh Street, Ward 13, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Pham Van Day
- School of Agriculture and Aquaculture, Tra Vinh University, Tra Vinh province, Vietnam
| | - Luu Thi Thuy Hai
- School of Agriculture and Aquaculture, Tra Vinh University, Tra Vinh province, Vietnam
| | - Son Huyen Vu
- School of Agriculture and Aquaculture, Tra Vinh University, Tra Vinh province, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Trong Nghia
- Faculty of Aquatic Pathology, College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Viet Nam
| | - Tu Thanh Dung
- Faculty of Aquatic Pathology, College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Viet Nam
| | - Truong Quoc Phu
- Faculty of Aquatic Pathology, College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Viet Nam
| | - Hong Mong Huyen
- Faculty of Agriculture and Rural Development, Kien Giang University, Viet Nam
| | - Kim Do-Hyung
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Fisheries Sciences, PukyongNational University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Nguyen Thanh Luan
- Department of Science and Technology, HUTECH University, 475A Dien Bien Phu Street, Ward 25, Binh Thanh District, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam.
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Solomon M, Ollech A, Pavlotsky F, Barzilai A, Schwartz E, Baum S, Astman N. Comparison of Intralesional Sodium Stibogluconate versus Intralesional Meglumine Antimoniate for the Treatment of Leishmania major Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Acta Derm Venereol 2024; 104:adv35089. [PMID: 38682801 DOI: 10.2340/actadv.v104.35089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Israel is endemic for Old-World cutaneous leishmaniasis. The most common species is Leishmania major. However, the available treatment options are limited. This study's objective was to compare the authors' experience with different antimony intralesional treatments of Leishmania major cutaneous leishmaniasis. A retrospective evaluation was undertaken for cases of Leishmania major cutaneous leishmaniasis treated by pentavalent antimony in a university-affiliated medical centre in Israel. The previous treatment of intralesional sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam®) was compared with the current treatment of meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime®). One hundred cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis were treated during the study period, of whom 33 were treated with intralesional sodium stibogluconate and 67 were treated with intralesional meglumine antimoniate. The patients were 78 males and 22 females, mean age 24 (range 10-67) and there was a total of 354 skin lesions. Within 3 months from treatment, 91% (30/33) of the intralesional sodium stibogluconate group and 88% (59/67) of the intralesional meglumine antimoniate group had complete healing of the cutaneous lesions after an average of 3 treatment cycles (non-statistically significant). In conclusion, the 2 different medications have the same efficacy and safety for treating cutaneous leishmaniasis. Pentavalent antimoniate intralesional infiltration treatment is safe, effective, and well tolerated with minimal side effects for Old-World cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Solomon
- Department of Dermatology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; The School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Ayelet Ollech
- Department of Dermatology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; The School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Felix Pavlotsky
- Department of Dermatology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; The School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Aviv Barzilai
- Department of Dermatology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; The School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eli Schwartz
- The School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Center for Geographic Medicine and Tropical Diseases, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Sharon Baum
- Department of Dermatology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; The School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nadav Astman
- Department of Dermatology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; The School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Gupta AK, Roy S, Das PK. Antileishmanial effect of the natural immunomodulator genipin through suppression of host negative regulatory protein UCP2. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 76:135-145. [PMID: 32995849 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the antileishmanial efficacy of genipin, which specifically inhibits uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) that is induced in leishmaniasis to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS). METHODS The effect of genipin was assessed against intracellular parasites in cultured macrophages and in suppressing spleen and liver parasite burdens in a BALB/c mouse model of visceral leishmaniasis by microscopic evaluation of intracellular amastigotes stained with Giemsa. ROS and mitochondrial membrane potential were measured by H2DCFDA- and JC-1-based fluorometric analysis. ELISA was performed for various Th1 and Th2 cytokines in both in vitro and in vivo infected conditions to evaluate the type of immunological responses. The role of UCP2 was assessed by lipofectamine-mediated transfection and overexpression in macrophages and short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of UCP2 in infected animals. RESULTS Genipin reduced the infection-induced UCP2 levels in macrophages, with optimum effect at 100 μM. Genipin reversed parasite-induced ROS suppression and mitochondrial membrane potential disruption. It has no inhibitory effect on promastigote or axenic amastigote forms, but markedly suppressed amastigote multiplication within macrophages, which was reversed by the ROS scavenger N-acetyl cysteine. Genipin administration (30 mg/kg/day) in infected mice showed significant suppression of liver and spleen parasite burdens with an enhanced host-favourable cytokine balance in a ROS-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent manner. Co-treatment with genipin plus a sublethal dose of sodium antimony gluconate (SAG50) showed almost a curative reduction in spleen and liver parasite burden. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest the effectiveness of genipin as a synergistic agent for the front-line antileishmanial drug SAG in circumventing the resistance and toxicity problems associated with its high curative dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Kumar Gupta
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Shalini Roy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Pijush K Das
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
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Mogana R, Adhikari A, Tzar MN, Ramliza R, Wiart C. Antibacterial activities of the extracts, fractions and isolated compounds from Canarium patentinervium Miq. against bacterial clinical isolates. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:55. [PMID: 32059725 PMCID: PMC7076860 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-2837-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canarium patentinervium leaves are used by the local indigenous people of Malaysia for wound healing. The current study is undertaken to screen the comprehensive antibacterial activity of the leaves and barks extracts, fractions and isolated compounds from this plant. Bioassay guided fractionation was also undertaken to deeply evaluate the antibacterial activity of the water fraction of the leaves extract. This is to provide preliminary scientific evidence to the ethnopharmacology usage of this plant by investigating antibacterial properties of the plant and its isolated constituents. Methods Bio-assay guided fractionation and subsequent isolation of compounds using open column chromatography. The antibacterial activity against gram positive and gram negative ATCC strain and resistant clinical strains were evaluated using microtiter broth dilution method to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and time-kill assay. The chemical structure of the isolated compounds from the water fraction of the ethanol extract of leaves was elucidated using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). Results The ethanol extract of the leaves and barks showed antimicrobial activity against all four ATCC and eight clinical isolates. The ethanol extract of the leaves and the corresponding water fraction had good activity against MRSA S. aureus. (MIC: 250 μg/ml) and had bactericidal effect on eight of the clinical strains (MSSA,MRSA, oxacillin-resistant CONS, oxacillin-sensitive CONS, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiela species, Kleb pneumoniae ESBL and Candida parapsilosis). Further phytochemical investigation of the water fraction of the crude ethanol extract of leaves afforded compound 7 (hyperin) and compound 8 (cynaroside) that had bactericidal activity against tested bacterial species (MIC 50 μg/ml and 100 μg/ml). The two compounds were isolated from this genus for the first time. Conclusions These results may provide a rational support for the traditional use of Canarium patentinervium Miq. in infections and wound healing, since the antimicrobial compounds isolated were also present in the leaves extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mogana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, No. 1 Jln Menara Gading, UCSI Heights, 56000, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - A Adhikari
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kritipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - M N Tzar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Hospital National University of Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - R Ramliza
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Hospital National University of Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - C Wiart
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, Center for Natural and Medicinal Products Research, University of Nottingham (Malaysia Campus), Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
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Alkhawajah AM, Larbi E, Al-Gindan Y, Abahussein A, Jain S. Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with antimony: intramuscularversusintralesional administration. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1997.11813217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Zakai HA, Zimmo SK. Effects of itraconazole and terbinafine onLeishmania majorlesions in BALB/c mice. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00034983.2000.11813603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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In Vitro Antiparasitic and Apoptotic Effects of Antimony Sulfide Nanoparticles on Leishmania infantum. J Parasitol Res 2012; 2012:756568. [PMID: 22792443 PMCID: PMC3390137 DOI: 10.1155/2012/756568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is one of the most important sever diseases in tropical and subtropical countries. In the present study the effects of antimony sulfide nanoparticles on Leishmania infantum in vitro were evaluated. Antimony sulfide NPs (Sb(2)S(5)) were synthesized by biological method from Serratia marcescens bacteria. Then the cytotoxicity effects of different concentrations (5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 μg/mL) of this nanoparticle were assessed on promastigote and amastigote stages of L. infantum. MTT method was used for verification results of promastigote assay. Finally, the percentages of apoptotic, necrotic, and viable cells were determined by flow cytometry. The results indicated the positive effectiveness of antimony sulfide NPs on proliferation of promastigote form. The IC(50) (50% inhibitory concentration) of antimony sulfide NPs on promastigotes was calculated 50 μg/mL. The cytotoxicity effect was dose-dependent means by increasing the concentration of antimony sulfide NPs, the cytotoxicity curve was raised and the viability curve of the parasite dropped simultaneously. Moreover, the IC(50) of antimony sulfide NPs on amastigote stage was calculated 25 μg/mL. On the other hand, however, antimony sulfide NPs have a low cytotoxicity effect on uninfected macrophages but it can induce apoptosis in promastigote stage at 3 of 4 concentrations.
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Solomon M, Baum S, Barzilai A, Pavlotsky F, Trau H, Schwartz E. Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with intralesional sodium stibogluconate. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2009; 23:1189-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03157.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Aryloxy cyclohexyl imidazoles: A novel class of antileishmanial agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:324-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.11.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Revised: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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João A, Pereira MA, Cortes S, Santos-Gomes GM. Canine Leishmaniasis Chemotherapy: Dog's Clinical Condition and Risk of Leishmania Transmission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 53:540-5. [PMID: 17105576 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.2006.00869.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether treatment against canine leishmaniasis reduced the presence of Leishmania in the healthy skin of dogs, affecting the capacity of parasite transmission. A total of 37 dogs from an endemic region of leishmaniasis were studied. Thirteen symptomatic animals revealed parasites in the bone marrow and eight had also in the skin. Five of the 22 dogs that had been treated with meglumine antimoniate alone, meglumine antimoniate or trifluralin followed by allopurinol or just with allopurinol had the parasite in bone marrow but none showed Leishmania in the skin. One dog that was treated only with aminosidine was polisymptomatic and had parasites in bone marrow and skin. The different treatments used in this study did not completely eliminate the parasite allowing relapses to occur when the treatment is discontinued, but the use of meglumine antimoniate or allopurinol, alone or combined may improve dogs clinical condition and reduce or eliminate the parasite from the skin decreasing the probability of Leishmania transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- A João
- Unidade de Leishmanioses e Centro de Malária e Outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 96, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
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Ukil A, Biswas A, Das T, Das PK. 18 Beta-glycyrrhetinic acid triggers curative Th1 response and nitric oxide up-regulation in experimental visceral leishmaniasis associated with the activation of NF-kappa B. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:1161-9. [PMID: 16002718 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.2.1161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid (GRA), a pentacyclic triterpene belonging to the beta-amyrin series of plant origin, was evaluated in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. GRA is reported to have antitumor and immunoregulatory activities, which may be attributable in part to the induction of NO. Indeed, an 11-fold increase in NO production was observed with 20 microM GRA in mouse peritoneal macrophages infected with Leishmania donovani promastigotes. In addition to having appreciable inhibitory effects on amastigote multiplication within macrophages (IC(50), 4.6 microg/ml), complete elimination of liver and spleen parasite burden was achieved by GRA at a dose of 50 mg/kg/day, given three times, 5 days apart, in a 45-day mouse model of visceral leishmaniasis. GRA treatment resulted in reduced levels of IL-10 and IL-4, but increased levels of IL-12, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and inducible NO synthase, reflecting a switch of CD4(+) differentiation from Th2 to Th1. This treatment is likely to activate immunity, thereby imparting resistance to reinfection. GRA induced NF-kappaB migration into the nucleus of parasite-infected cells and caused a diminishing presence of IkappaB in the cytoplasm. The lower level of cytoplasmic IkappaBalpha in GRA-treated cells resulted from increased phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha and higher activity of IkappaB kinase (IKK). Additional experiments demonstrated that GRA does not directly affect IKK activity. These results suggest that GRA exerts its effects at some level upstream of IKK in the signaling pathway and induces the production of proinflammatory mediators through a mechanism that, at least in part, involves induction of NF-kappaB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Ukil
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Calcutta 700032, India
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Rocha LG, Almeida JRGS, Macêdo RO, Barbosa-Filho JM. A review of natural products with antileishmanial activity. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2005; 12:514-35. [PMID: 16008131 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2003.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Infections caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania are a major worldwide health problem, with high endemicity in developing countries. The incidence of the disease has increased since the emergence of AIDS. In the absence of a vaccine, there is an urgent need for effective drugs to replace/supplement those in current use. The plant kingdom is undoubtedly valuable as a source of new medicinal agents. The present work constitutes a review of the literature on plant extracts and chemically defined molecules of natural origin showing antileishmanial activity. The review refers to 101 plants, their families, and geographical distribution, the parts utilized, the type of extract and the organism tested. It also includes 288 compounds isolated from higher plants and microorganisms, classified into appropriate chemical groups. Some aspects of recent antileishmanial-activity-directed research on natural products are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Rocha
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 59000-000 Natal, RN, Brazil
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Abstract
BACKGROUND A well-tolerated oral drug is required for the treatment of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL). Current parenteral treatment regimens with pentavalent antimonials are associated with marked toxicity and significant rates of relapse. AIM To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of high-dose itraconazole for the treatment of MCL. METHODS An uncontrolled treatment study was performed in 13 Ecuadorian patients with MCL. Each patient received a daily dosage of 400 mg of itraconazole for a minimum of 3 months. RESULTS All 13 subjects responded to itraconazole during the first month of treatment, but by 12 months after treatment the complete resolution of MCL lesions was observed in only three (23%) subjects. No adverse effects of treatment were reported. Response to treatment was associated with a short evolution of the disease and mild to moderate disease severity. CONCLUSION Prolonged and high-dose treatment regimens with itraconazole are not effective for the treatment of the majority of patients with MCL.
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Robert JMH, Sabourin C, Alvarez N, Robert-Piessard S, Le Baut G, Le Pape P. Synthesis and antileishmanial activity of new imidazolidin-2-one derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2003; 38:711-8. [PMID: 12932902 DOI: 10.1016/s0223-5234(03)00119-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
N(3)-acyl, arylsulfonyl and benzyl derivatives of N(1)-(4,6-dimethylpyridin-2-yl), (5-methylthiazol-2-yl) or (3-methylisoxazol-5-yl)imidazolidin-2-ones were synthesized and evaluated as potential antileishmanial agents. Determination of their cytotoxic effect was carried out using MRC5 cells. Two compounds, 1-(4,6-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)-3-(napht-2-ylsulfonyl)imidazolidin-2-one, 18, and 1-(3-methylisoxazol-5-yl)-3-(4-bromobenzyl)imidazo-lidin-2-one, 25, exerted significant antileishmanial activity in promastigotes of Leishmania (L) mexicana and Leishmania infantum, with IC(50) in the range of 8-16 micro mol L(-1). Antiparasitical activity of the less toxic compound, 25, was confirmed against intracellular amastigote of L. mexicana, the clinical relevant stage; its low IC(50) value (2.4 micro mol L(-1)) and its favourable toxicity/activity index (11) constitute encouraging results for ongoing pharmacomodulation in the corresponding subseries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Michel H Robert
- Service de Pharmacochimie, UPRES EA 1155, Faculté de Pharmacie, 1, rue Gaston Veil F-44035, Nantes, France.
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Tanyuksel M, Bas AL, Araz E, Aybay C. Determination of intracellular efficacies of azithromycin against Leishmania major infection in human neutrophils in vitro. Cell Biochem Funct 2003; 21:93-6. [PMID: 12579528 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Azithromycin is one of a new class of antibiotics known as azalides. Azithromycin has high tissue affinity and this feature is thought to be due to the presence of two basic tertiary amine groups. Leishmania major, one of the causative agents of cutaneous leishmaniosis, is an obligate intracellular parasite. In this in vitro study, the potential anti-leishmanial effect of azithromycin upon intracellular forms namely the amastigote of L. major in mice peritoneal macrophages was investigated. L. major promastigotes were propagated in RPMI-1640 supplemented with 20% fetal calf serum in the log phase. The percentage of phagocytosis and microbiacidal activity of azithromycin on macrophages was assessed in the control and study groups by fluorescence microscopy, using acridine orange. Our results showed that at all the concentrations used (0.05, 0.1, 0.3, 0.6 microg ml(-1)) azithromycin had no inhibitory effect on the phagocytic capacity of mouse peritoneal macrophages. Although no significant difference was observed for leishmaniacidal activity between the study and the control groups at a concentration of 0.05 microg ml(-1) (p>0.05), a significant (p<0.05) increase in leishmaniacidal activity was detected at 0.1, 0.3 and 0.6 microg ml(-1). As a result, azithromycin does not provide any contribution to the phagocytosis of L. major promastigotes in macrophages in vitro, but it increases the intracellular killing rates of amastigotes. These results suggest that it has a potential anti-leishmanial effect, and may provide a significant advantage in the treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Tanyuksel
- Division of Medical Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey
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16
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Jiang S, Meadows J, Anderson SA, Mukkada AJ. Antileishmanial activity of the antiulcer agent omeprazole. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46:2569-74. [PMID: 12121934 PMCID: PMC127324 DOI: 10.1128/aac.46.8.2569-2574.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The benzimidazole compound omeprazole, used widely for the treatment of peptic ulcer disease, inhibits the growth of Leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis. Promastigotes cultured at acidic pH and amastigotes within infected macrophages are reduced 90% or more with 150 microM omeprazole. Antiparasitic action of the drug is due to its inhibition of the P-type K(+),H(+)-ATPase on the surface membrane. This enzyme is important for pH homeostasis and the maintenance of proton motive force across the membrane in Leishmania. The drug is effective only at acidic pH, a condition that mimics the in vivo environment within the phagolysosomal vesicles where the amastigote form of the parasite resides. Omeprazole deserves consideration as an alternative to currently available chemotherapeutics, which have severe toxic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suping Jiang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0006, USA
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18
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Abstract
Leishmaniae are obligatory intracellular protozoa in mononuclear phagocytes. They cause a spectrum of diseases, ranging in severity from spontaneously healing skin lesions to fatal visceral disease. Worldwide, there are 2 million new cases each year and 1/10 of the world's population is at risk of infection. To date, there are no vaccines against leishmaniasis and control measures rely on chemotherapy to alleviate disease and on vector control to reduce transmission. However, a major vaccine development program aimed initially at cutaneous leishmaniasis is under way. Studies in animal models and humans are evaluating the potential of genetically modified live attenuated vaccines, as well as a variety of recombinant antigens or the DNA encoding them. The program also focuses on new adjuvants, including cytokines, and delivery systems to target the T helper type 1 immune responses required for the elimination of this intracellular organism. The availability, in the near future, of the DNA sequences of the human and Leishmania genomes will extend the vaccine program. New vaccine candidates such as parasite virulence factors will be identified. Host susceptibility genes will be mapped to allow the vaccine to be targeted to the population most in need of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Handman
- Infection and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville 3050, Australia.
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19
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Das L, Datta N, Bandyopadhyay S, Das PK. Successful therapy of lethal murine visceral leishmaniasis with cystatin involves up-regulation of nitric oxide and a favorable T cell response. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:4020-8. [PMID: 11238649 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.6.4020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The virulence of Leishmania donovani in mammals depends at least in part on cysteine proteases because they play a key role in CD4(+) T cell differentiation. A 6-fold increase in NO production was observed with 0.5 microM chicken cystatin, a natural cysteine protease inhibitor, in IFN-gamma-activated macrophages. In a 45-day BALB/c mouse model of visceral leishmaniasis, complete elimination of spleen parasite burden was achieved by cystatin in synergistic activation with a suboptimal dose of IFN-gamma. In contrast to the case with promastigotes, cystatin and IFN-gamma inhibited the growth of amastigotes in macrophages. Although in vitro cystatin treatment of macrophages did not induce any NO generation, significantly enhanced amounts of NO were generated by macrophages of cystatin-treated animals. Their splenocytes secreted soluble factors required for the induction of NO biosynthesis, and the increased NO production was paralleled by a concomitant increase in antileishmanial activity. Moreover, splenocyte supernatants treated with anti-IFN-gamma or anti-TNF-alpha Abs suppressed inducible NO generation, whereas i.v. administration of these anticytokine Abs along with combined therapy reversed protection against infection. mRNA expression and flow cytometric analysis of infected spleen cells suggested that cystatin and IFN-gamma treatment, in addition to greatly reducing parasite numbers, resulted in reduced levels of IL-4 but increased levels of IL-12 and inducible NO synthase. Not only was this treatment curative when administered 15 days postinfection, but it also imparted resistance to reinfection. These studies provide a promising alternative for protection against leishmaniasis with a switch of CD4(+) differentiation from Th2 to Th1, indicative of long-term resistance.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Cystatins/administration & dosage
- Cystatins/pharmacology
- Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/physiology
- Disease Progression
- Drug Synergism
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Immunity, Innate/drug effects
- Immunity, Innate/immunology
- Injections, Intravenous
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Leishmania donovani/drug effects
- Leishmania donovani/growth & development
- Leishmania donovani/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/enzymology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/metabolism
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/therapy
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/enzymology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Nitric Oxide/biosynthesis
- Nitrites/metabolism
- Recurrence
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/enzymology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- L Das
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Calcutta, India
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20
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Vannier-Santos MA, Martiny A, Lins U, Urbina JA, Borges VM, de Souza W. Impairment of sterol biosynthesis leads to phosphorus and calcium accumulation in Leishmania acidocalcisomes. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1999; 145 ( Pt 11):3213-3220. [PMID: 10589730 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-145-11-3213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The induction of the formation of inclusion vesicles in Leishmania amazonensis by the sterol biosynthesis inhibitors (SBI) ketoconazole and terbinafine has been reported previously. These compartments were recently identified as acidocalcisomes. By the use of electron spectroscopic imaging and energy loss spectroscopy, the presence of calcium, phosphorus and oxygen in the electron-dense inclusions located within the acidocalcisomes has been demonstrated. Endoplasmic reticulum cisternae formed membrane whorls which enclosed large portions of the cytoplasm and sometimes circumscribed acidocalcisomes. In addition, acid phosphatase activity, as well as the endocytic tracers horseradish peroxidase and gold-labelled transferrin and cystatin C were detected within these organelles in both SBI-treated and untreated parasites. These data suggest that impairment of sterol biosynthesis induces the biogenesis of acidocalcisomes and triggers an autophagic process that leads to intersection of the endosomal/lysosomal system with the acidocalcisomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos A Vannier-Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular Parasitária, Programa de Biologia Celular e Parasitologia, Instituto de Biofı́sica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Bloco G, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, 21949-900, Brazil1
| | - Andrea Martiny
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular Parasitária, Programa de Biologia Celular e Parasitologia, Instituto de Biofı́sica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Bloco G, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, 21949-900, Brazil1
| | - Ulysses Lins
- Setor de Microscopia Eletrônica e Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil2
| | - Julio A Urbina
- Laboratório de Quı́mica Biológica, Instituto Venezoelano de Investigaciones Cientı́ficas-IVIC, Venezuela3
| | - Valéria M Borges
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofı́sica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil4
| | - Wanderley de Souza
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofı́sica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil4
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21
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Bhakuni V, Kulkarni S, Ali V, Singh UK, Levy HB, Maheshwari RK. Immunochemotherapy for Leishmania donovani infection in golden hamsters: combinatorial action of poly ICLC plus L-arginine and sodium stibogluconate (Stibanate). J Interferon Cytokine Res 1999; 19:1103-6. [PMID: 10547149 DOI: 10.1089/107999099313037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate that golden hamsters infected with Leishmania donovani amastigotes develop the capacity to eliminate intracellular pathogens on treatment with low-dose standard antileishmanial sodium stibogluconate (Stibanate) in combination with polyinosinic-polycytidilic acid stabilized with polylysine and carboxymethycellulose (poly ICLC), a potent inducer of interferon (IFN) and immune enhancer, plus L-arginine. Data suggest that low doses of both Stibanate and poly ICLC plus L-arginine provide marginal inhibition against L. donovani infection in golden hamsters. When given in combination, however, a significant inhibition was achieved without toxicity, as all the animals survived up to 45 or 60 days. These results suggest that combination therapy using Stibanate and poly ICLC plus L-arginine may be very effective in reducing the dose of Stibanate and, hence, its dose-dependent toxicity in clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Bhakuni
- Division of Membrane Biology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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22
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Chance ML, Havercroft PR, Goad LJ. Observations on leucine incorporation into sterol by Leishmania, and its inhibition by terbinafine. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1999.11813410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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23
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Minodier P, Faraut-Gambarelli F, Piarroux R, Gire C, Garnier JM, Dumon H. [Treatment of infantile visceral leishmaniasis]. Arch Pediatr 1999; 6:59-66. [PMID: 9974099 DOI: 10.1016/s0929-693x(99)80076-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is an endemic disease in the Mediterranean Basin. Children are one of the targets of the infection. Treatment usually requires parenteral injections of pentavalent antimony (Glucantime or Pentostam), but the high frequency of adverse events and the occurrence of primary or secondary resistance cases limit the use of these medications. Diamidines (Pentacarinat) or amphotericin B derivatives are alternatives to antimony. Unfortunately, pharmacokinetics and optimal dosage of diamidines are not well-known, and numerous adverse events are described. Liposomal preparations of amphotericin B enhance its efficiency and tolerance, and the duration of treatment may be reduced to 5 days. Moreover, primary resistance to amphotericin B is not described in immunocompetent children. Allopurinol associated with antimony seems no more efficient than antimony alone. Aminosidine is not evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Minodier
- Service de pédiatrie, CHU Nord, Marseille, France
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- R Marsella
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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25
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Giorgio S, Barão SC. Intracellular Leishmania amazonensis killing induced by the guanine nucleoside 8-bromoguanosine. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1998; 40:237-40. [PMID: 9876437 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46651998000400006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we investigated the effect of 8-Bromoguanosine, an immunostimulatory compound, on the cytotoxicity of macrophages against Leishmania amazonensis in an in vitro system. The results showed that macrophages treated with 8-Bromoguanosine before or after infection are capable to reduce parasite load, as monitored by the number of amastigotes per macrophage and the percentage of infected cells (i.e. phagocytic index). Since 8-Bromoguanosine was not directly toxic to the promastigotes, it was concluded that the ribonucleoside induced macrophage activation. Presumably, 8-Bromoguanosine primed macrophages by inducing interferon alpha and beta which ultimately led to L. amazonensis amastigote killing. The results suggest that guanine ribonucleosides may be useful to treat infections with intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Giorgio
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, SP, Brasil.
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26
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Giorgio S, Barão SC, Augusto O, Kwee JK. Leishmania amazonensis infection is reduced in macrophages treated with guanine ribonucleosides. Acta Trop 1998; 70:119-22. [PMID: 9707370 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-706x(98)00012-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Giorgio
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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