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Zahedi SN, Hejazi SH, Boshtam M, Amini F, Fazeli H, Sarmadi M, Rahimi M, Khanahmad H. Recombinant C-Reactive Protein: A Potential Candidate for the Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis of BALB/c Mice Caused by Leishmania major. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:53-59. [PMID: 32676917 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-020-00251-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Leishmaniasis, a widespread parasitic disease, is a public health concern that is endemic in more than 90 countries. Owing to the drug resistance and also undesirable complications, designing new therapeutic methods are essential. C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase protein of plasma with several immune modulatory functions. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of human recombinant CRP (hrCRP) on treating cutaneous leishmaniasis in mice models. METHODS hrCRP was expressed in E. coli Rosetta-gami and extracted from the SDS-PAGE gel. Male BALB/c mice were inoculated subcutaneously at the base of their tails by 1 × 105 stationary-phase of Leishmania major promastigotes (MHRO/IR/75/ER) suspended in sterile phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Nodules and subsequently, ulcers developed 14 days post-injection. 1.5 µg of the purified protein was administered on lesions of pre-infected mice by Leishmania major in the intervention group for five consecutive days. RESULTS The mean area of the lesions was decreased by about seven folds in the intervention group as compared to the control group after two weeks of the treatment (p = 0.024). The results were verified by the real-time polymerase chain reaction so that the parasite burden was determined 27 times in the control group as compared to the intervention group (p = 0.02). Two weeks after treatment, the conversion of the lesions to scars in the intervention group was observed. CONCLUSION The results indicate a potential therapeutic role for hrCRP in improving cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania major in mice models. The healing was in a stage-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Noushin Zahedi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezarjerib Street, 8174643446, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Hejazi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Boshtam
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farahnaz Amini
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Healthy Aging, Medical Aesthetics and Regenerative Medicine, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hossein Fazeli
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Sarmadi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezarjerib Street, 8174643446, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahsa Rahimi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezarjerib Street, 8174643446, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Khanahmad
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezarjerib Street, 8174643446, Isfahan, Iran.
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Kaufer A, Ellis J, Stark D. Identification of Clinical Infections of Leishmania Imported into Australia: Revising Speciation with Polymerase Chain Reaction-RFLP of the Kinetoplast Maxicircle. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 101:590-601. [PMID: 31333156 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease caused by protozoan parasites of the Leishmania genus. In Australia, leishmaniasis is an imported disease that is presenting itself at increased rates because of international travel, the influx of immigrants, and deployment of military operations to endemic regions. Although Leishmania species are morphologically indistinguishable, there is a strong correlation between some causative species of leishmaniasis and the subsequent response to the treatments available and patient outcome. Consequently, identification of the infective species is imperative as misidentification can result in the administering of an ineffective drug. The aim of this study was to develop a simple diagnostic tool with high sensitivity and specificity, which is capable of detecting the presence of the parasite and accurately differentiating the causative species in question. Using the advantageous properties of the maxi-circle kinetoplast DNA, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) targeting the ND7 gene was developed for the analysis of imported cases of human leishmaniasis in Australia. Designed as a dual analysis, concurrent PCR of Leishmania maxi-circle DNA and digestion with two separate enzymes (NlaIII and HpyCH4IV), this study provides an appraisal on 24 imported cases of leishmaniasis between 2008 and 2017. Five Leishmania species were reported, with members of the Viannia subgenus being the most common. The implementation of novel diagnostic procedures for leishmaniasis such as the one reported here is needed to establish a gold standard practice for the diagnosis and treatment of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Kaufer
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - John Ellis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Damien Stark
- Department of Microbiology, St. Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Darlinghurst, Australia
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Nemati S, Fazaeli A, Hajjaran H, Khamesipour A, Anbaran MF, Bozorgomid A, Zarei F. Genetic Diversity and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Iranian Leishmania Parasites Based on HSP70 Gene PCR-RFLP and Sequence Analysis. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2017; 55:367-374. [PMID: 28877567 PMCID: PMC5594730 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2017.55.4.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite the broad distribution of leishmaniasis among Iranians and animals across the country, little is known about the genetic characteristics of the causative agents. Applying both HSP70 PCR-RFLP and sequence analyses, this study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among Leishmania spp. isolated from Iranian endemic foci and available reference strains. A total of 36 Leishmania isolates from almost all districts across the country were genetically analyzed for the HSP70 gene using both PCR-RFLP and sequence analysis. The original HSP70 gene sequences were aligned along with homologous Leishmania sequences retrieved from NCBI, and subjected to the phylogenetic analysis. Basic parameters of genetic diversity were also estimated. The HSP70 PCR-RFLP presented 3 different electrophoretic patterns, with no further intraspecific variation, corresponding to 3 Leishmania species available in the country, L. tropica, L. major, and L. infantum. Phylogenetic analyses presented 5 major clades, corresponding to 5 species complexes. Iranian lineages, including L. major, L. tropica, and L. infantum, were distributed among 3 complexes L. major, L. tropica, and L. donovani. However, within the L. major and L. donovani species complexes, the HSP70 phylogeny was not able to distinguish clearly between the L. major and L. turanica isolates, and between the L. infantum, L. donovani, and L. chagasi isolates, respectively. Our results indicated that both HSP70 PCR-RFLP and sequence analyses are medically applicable tools for identification of Leishmania species in Iranian patients. However, the reduced genetic diversity of the target gene makes it inevitable that its phylogeny only resolves the major groups, namely, the species complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Nemati
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 4515613191, Iran
| | - Asghar Fazaeli
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 4515613191, Iran
| | - Homa Hajjaran
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6446, Iran
| | - Ali Khamesipour
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416613675, Iran
| | | | - Arezoo Bozorgomid
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6446, Iran
| | - Fatah Zarei
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 1983963113, Iran
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Ortega MV, Moreno I, Domínguez M, de la Cruz ML, Martín AB, Rodríguez-Bertos A, López R, Navarro A, González S, Mazariegos M, Goyache J, Domínguez L, García N. Application of a specific quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) to identify Leishmania infantum DNA in spleen, skin and hair samples of wild Leporidae. Vet Parasitol 2017; 243:92-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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de la Escosura-Muñiz A, Baptista-Pires L, Serrano L, Altet L, Francino O, Sánchez A, Merkoçi A. Magnetic Bead/Gold Nanoparticle Double-Labeled Primers for Electrochemical Detection of Isothermal Amplified Leishmania DNA. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:205-213. [PMID: 26578391 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201502350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel methodology for the isothermal amplification of Leishmania DNA using labeled primers combined with the advantages of magnetic purification/preconcentration and the use of gold nanoparticle (AuNP) tags for the sensitive electrochemical detection of such amplified DNA is developed. Primers labeled with AuNPs and magnetic beads (MBs) are used for the first time for the isothermal amplification reaction, being the amplified product ready for the electrochemical detection. The electrocatalytic activity of the AuNP tags toward the hydrogen evolution reaction allows the rapid quantification of the DNA on screen-printed carbon electrodes. Amplified products from the blood of dogs with Leishmania (positive samples) are discriminated from those of healthy dogs (blank samples). Quantitative studies demonstrate that the optimized method allows us to detect less than one parasite per microliter of blood (8 × 10(-3) parasites in the isothermal amplification reaction). This pioneering approach is much more sensitive than traditional methods based on real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and is also more rapid, cheap, and user-friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo de la Escosura-Muñiz
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Baptista-Pires
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorena Serrano
- Vetgenomics, Edifici Eureka, Parc de Recerca UAB, 08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Laura Altet
- Vetgenomics, Edifici Eureka, Parc de Recerca UAB, 08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Olga Francino
- Vetgenomics, Edifici Eureka, Parc de Recerca UAB, 08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Armand Sánchez
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics-CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, 08193, Cerdanyola del Valles, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Arben Merkoçi
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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Bose PP, Kumar P, Munagala N. Concurrent visual diagnosis and susceptibility profiling of the first line drug against visceral leishmaniasis by plasmonic detection of PCR amplified genetic biomarker. Acta Trop 2015; 152:208-214. [PMID: 26394185 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Visceral form of leishmaniasis (also known as Kala-azar) is a fatal neglected tropical disease affecting 95 countries worldwide. Recently, substantial proportion of resistance related treatment failure cases have been reported against its first line drug, sodium-antimony gluconate (SAG). We report an easy, fast, sensitive and cheap visual diagnosis and SAG susceptibility profiling for this disease based on recently recognized genetic biomarker and gold nanoparticle based plasmonic detection phenomenon. This is a non-gel, non-culture based detection technique, which can be used as simultaneous high throughput detection and SAG-susceptibility profiling in Leishmania endemic resource stringent countries.
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Kebede N, Oghumu S, Worku A, Hailu A, Varikuti S, Satoskar AR. Multilocus microsatellite signature and identification of specific molecular markers for Leishmania aethiopica. Parasit Vectors 2013; 6:160. [PMID: 23734874 PMCID: PMC3679749 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis is a clinically and epidemiologically diverse zoonotic disease caused by obligatory, intracellular protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most widely distributed form of the disease characterized by skin lesions. Leishmania aethiopica is considered the predominant etiological agent in Ethiopia. The current study was aimed at developing multilocus microsatellite markers for L. aethiopica isolated from human cutaneous leishmaniasis patients in Ethiopia. RESULTS L. aethiopica parasites for the study were obtained from Ethiopia and laboratory analysis was conducted at The Ohio State University. DNA was extracted from cultured parasites and an internal transcribed spacer located at the ribosomal region of L. aethiopica genomic DNA was PCR amplified for species identification. Microsatellite markers were identified using multilocus microsatellite typing. We generated an enriched genomic library, and using Primer3 software, designed PCR primers to amplify sequences flanking the detected microsatellites. Subsequent screening of the amplified markers for length variations was performed by gel electrophoresis.Using a variety of molecular methods, 22 different microsatellite markers were identified and tested for typing L. aethiopica strains using a number of clinical isolates. Of the 22 markers tested, 5 were polymorphic and showed distinctive multilocus genotypes, classifying them into four clusters. One marker was found to be specific for L. aethiopica, discriminating it from other species of Leishmania. CONCLUSION Multilocus microsatellite typing using the markers developed in this study could be useful for epidemiological and population genetic studies of strains of L. aethiopica in order to investigate the structure and dynamics of the corresponding natural foci. It could also help to answer specific clinical questions, such as the occurrence of local and diffuse lesions, strain correlates of parasite persistence after subclinical infection and lesion comparisons from patients suffering from L. aethiopica infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigatu Kebede
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Kobets T, Badalová J, Grekov I, Havelková H, Svobodová M, Lipoldová M. Leishmania parasite detection and quantification using PCR-ELISA. Nat Protoc 2010; 5:1074-80. [PMID: 20539283 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2010.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This protocol describes an improved and optimized PCR-ELISA method for detection and quantification of Leishmania parasites in host tissues. Unlike other DNA-based assays, this method uses digoxigenin- and biotin-labeled primers. This eliminates the need for a separate step of hybridization of the PCR product with labeled probes. The PCR product is detected using sandwich ELISA with antidigoxigenin-detecting antibodies. Primers are complementary to the kinetoplast minicircle conserved region of parasite DNA, allowing the detection of several Leishmania species. For measurement of a wide range of parasite concentrations, +/-25 cycles were optimal. The sensitivity of this technique is 0.3 fg of parasite DNA per reaction in 40-cycle PCR-ELISA, corresponding to 0.004 parasites. DNA preparation by a standard TRI reagent procedure takes about 4 h. When DNA is prepared, a single person can test a large number of samples (at least 150) in a maximum of 7 h. This method might also be suitable for detecting and quantifying other pathogens, especially for detecting small differences in pathogen numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Kobets
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics AS CR, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
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9
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Lima Junior MSDC, Andreotti R, Dorval MEMC, Oshiro ET, Oliveira AGD, Matos MDFC. [Identification of Leishmania species isolated in human cases in Mato Grosso do Sul, by means of the polymerase chain reaction]. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2009; 42:303-8. [PMID: 19684979 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822009000300012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniases are endemic zoonoses in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul. Their etiological agents in this region of Brazil are Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi, Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a tool with high specificity and sensitivity for identifying Leishmania species. This study examined 39 cryopreserved isolates of Leishmania that had been collected by bone marrow aspiration and/or lesion biopsy, depending on the clinical suspicion. The isolates were subjected to DNA extraction and PCR using the following primers: RV1/RV2 for identifying Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi, a1/a2 for Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and b1/b2 for Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis.Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi was the only species identified in the 37 cases of visceral leishmaniasis.Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis was identified in two isolates from patients with a diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. The results obtained confirm that it is possible to use these three pairs of primers as a tool for characterizing Leishmania isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoel Sebastião da Costa Lima Junior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS
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Al-Hucheimi SN, Sultan BA, Al-Dhalimi MA. A comparative study of the diagnosis of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iraq by polymerase chain reaction and microbiologic and histopathologic methods. Int J Dermatol 2009; 48:404-8. [PMID: 19335428 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.03903.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) largely depends on the clinical appearance, especially in endemic areas. A diagnostic challenge arises when the lesions appear in nonendemic areas, when the clinical picture is distorted, or when an atypical variant is seen, even in endemic regions. Aim To assess the correlation of microbiologic and histopathologic diagnosis with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) findings in clinically diagnosed cases of CL. METHODS This was an observational and descriptive study. The patients were seen at outpatient departments of dermatology in the middle Euphrates region of Iraq. Sixty-five patients with clinically suspicious CL lesions were screened. Fifty-seven clinically diagnosed cases were then subjected to slit-skin smear and skin biopsy. PCR examination was conducted in 40 cases. RESULTS Direct slit-skin smear examination was positive in 38 patients (66.7%), and 48 specimens (84.2%) were positive by the slide-touch skin biopsy method. Histopathologic examination showed features suggestive of CL in 34 specimens (59.6%). The results of PCR examination were positive in 37 cases (92.5%). CONCLUSION The PCR technique is highly specific (100%) and sensitive (92.5%) for the diagnosis of CL. In addition to the confirmation of the diagnosis, it may be useful in identifying a relationship between the type of microorganism and the clinical presentation of the disease.
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Bañuls AL, Hide M, Prugnolle F. Leishmania and the leishmaniases: a parasite genetic update and advances in taxonomy, epidemiology and pathogenicity in humans. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2007; 64:1-109. [PMID: 17499100 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(06)64001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniases remain a major public health problem today despite the vast amount of research conducted on Leishmania pathogens. The biological model is genetically and ecologically complex. This paper explores the advances in Leishmania genetics and reviews population structure, taxonomy, epidemiology and pathogenicity. Current knowledge of Leishmania genetics is placed in the context of natural populations. Various studies have described a clonal structure for Leishmania but recombination, pseudo-recombination and other genetic processes have also been reported. The impact of these different models on epidemiology and the medical aspects of leishmaniases is considered from an evolutionary point of view. The role of these parasites in the expression of pathogenicity in humans is also explored. It is important to ascertain whether genetic variability of the parasites is related to the different clinical expressions of leishmaniasis. The review aims to put current knowledge of Leishmania and the leishmaniases in perspective and to underline priority questions which 'leishmaniacs' must answer in various domains: epidemiology, population genetics, taxonomy and pathogenicity. It concludes by presenting a number of feasible ways of responding to these questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Bañuls
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR CNRS/IRD 2724, Génétique et Evolution des Maladies Infectieuses, IRD Montpellier, 911 avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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Motta ACF, Lopes MA, Ito FA, Carlos-Bregni R, de Almeida OP, Roselino AM. Oral leishmaniasis: a clinicopathological study of 11 cases. Oral Dis 2007; 13:335-40. [PMID: 17448219 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2006.01296.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease with diverse clinical manifestations, and considered a public health problem in endemic countries such as Brazil. Mucosal lesions usually involve the upper respiratory tract, with a predilection for nose and larynx. Oral involvement is unusual and in most cases it becomes evident after several years of resolution of the original cutaneous lesions. Oral lesions classically appear as mucosal ulcerations, mainly in the hard or soft palate. This report describes the clinicopathological data of 11 cases of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis with oral manifestations. Two cases of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and one case of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism or DNA sequencing in mucosal samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C F Motta
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medical Clinics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Serin MS, Waki K, Chang KP, Aslan G, Direkel S, Otag F, Kayar B, Koksal F, Emekdas G. Consistence of miniexon polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism and single-copy gene sequence analyses in discriminating Leishmania genotypes. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 57:295-9. [PMID: 17141456 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2006.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Revised: 08/31/2006] [Accepted: 09/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a new polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)-based assay had been developed using the miniexon sequences for genotyping Leishmania isolates. We had used this method for rapid diagnosis and genotyping of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis with the combination of microcapillary cultivation. In this study, we have evaluated this approach by examining genomic DNAs from 47 independent isolates, which were grouped into 19 genotypes of Leishmania subgenus complexes by sequence polymorphism of single-copy genes. Results obtained provide miniexon RFLP configurations specific to Leishmania enriettii, Leishmania tarentolae, and Leishmania gerbilli for the first time. Altogether, 92% of the results from miniexon PCR-RFLP are in agreement with those based on the sequence database of single-copy genes from the same isolates. The miniexon PCR-RFLP method is simple, sensitive, and specific method useful for routine diagnosis of different Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet S Serin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mersin University, 33343 Yenisehir, Mersin, Turkey.
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Francino O, Altet L, Sánchez-Robert E, Rodriguez A, Solano-Gallego L, Alberola J, Ferrer L, Sánchez A, Roura X. Advantages of real-time PCR assay for diagnosis and monitoring of canine leishmaniosis. Vet Parasitol 2006; 137:214-21. [PMID: 16473467 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2005] [Revised: 12/23/2005] [Accepted: 01/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to highlight the advantages of real-time quantitative PCR intended to aid in the diagnosis and monitoring of canine leishmaniosis. Diagnosis of canine leishmaniosis is extremely challenging, especially in endemic areas, due to the diverse and non-specific clinical manifestations, and due to the high seroprevalence rate in sub-clinical dogs. Veterinarian clinicians are usually confronted with cases that are compatible with the disease, and with several diagnostic tests, sometimes with contradictory results. We have developed a new TaqMan assay, targeting the kinetoplast, applied to 44 samples of bone marrow aspirate or peripheral blood. The dynamic range of detection of Leishmania DNA was established in 7 logs and the limit of detection is 0.001 parasites in the PCR reaction. At the time of diagnosis parasitemia ranges from less than 1 to 10(7)parasites/ml. The ability to quantify the parasite burden allowed: (i) to elucidate the status of positive dogs by conventional PCR, although larger studies are necessary to clarify the dividing line between infection and disease, (ii) to estimate the kinetics of the parasite load and the different response to the treatment in a follow-up and (iii) to validate blood as less invasive sample for qPCR. The continuous data provided by real-time qPCR could solve the dilemma for the clinician managing cases of canine leishmaniosis by differentiating between Leishmania-infected dogs or dogs with active disease of leishmaniosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Francino
- Servei Veterinari de Genètica Molecular, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Ferroglio E, Romano A, Trisciuoglio A, Poggi M, Ghiggi E, Sacchi P, Biglino A. Characterization of Leishmania infantum strains in blood samples from infected dogs and humans by PCR-RFLP. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2005; 100:636-41. [PMID: 16343571 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2005] [Revised: 09/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of Leishmania infantum is based on zymodeme analysis, which requires parasite isolation and therefore is not routinely employed. Moreover, the majority of strains in the Mediterranean Basin belong to zymodeme MON-1, and this is a major limitation for this technique in epidemiological studies in this region. We developed a PCR-RFLP method based on kDNA amplification, which was able to discriminate L. infantum strains directly from peripheral blood. Twenty-eight samples were tested with this technique: four obtained from promastigote cultures, and 24 collected from dogs (18) and human donors (six) from traditionally endemic and newly endemic areas of northwestern Italy. Extracted DNAs were amplified using RV1-RV2 primers and PCR products were digested using two restriction enzymes separately: BsiY I and Mlun NI. Some patterns were specific to certain areas. In particular, the identity of PCR-RFLP patterns from a human patient from a newly endemic area and three dogs allow the confirmation of the autochthonous origin of this case. This approach could be applied to epidemiological studies in order to trace the diffusion of L. infantum within dog populations, as well as its transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ferroglio
- Department of Animal Production, Epidemiology and Ecology, University of Turin, Via L. Da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy.
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16
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Loo WJ, Chan SK, Rytina E, Lockwood DNJ, Sterling JC, Todd P. Five cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Cambridge, U.K. Br J Dermatol 2005; 153:1076-8. [PMID: 16225635 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06921.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Disch J, Pedras MJ, Orsini M, Pirmez C, de Oliveira MC, Castro M, Rabello A. Leishmania (Viannia) subgenus kDNA amplification for the diagnosis of mucosal leishmaniasis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2005; 51:185-90. [PMID: 15766604 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2004.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2004] [Accepted: 10/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The utility of 2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays amplifying genus or Viannia subgenus Leishmania minicircle kDNA for the diagnostics of ML was assessed. The Viannia subgenus product was yielded after PCR from isolates of L. (Viannia) braziliensis, L. (Viannia) colombiensis, and L. (Viannia) guyanensis, whereas no product was obtained with the non-Viannia-pertaining species: L. (Leishmania) amazonensis, L. (Leishmania) donovani, and L. (Leishmania) chagasi. With both assays, 11 of 13 (86.4%) patients with confirmed ML could be identified, whereas only 2 (16.7%) of these patients were positive by microscopy. All amplified genus-specific products gave a positive signal by hybridization with a Leishmania (Viannia) subgenus-specific radioactive probe. The Viannia subgenus-specific kDNA PCR represents a sensitive and specific tool for the diagnosis of ML, remarkably improving the sensitivity of parasitological methods and offering an alternative for the radioactive-dependent assays for subgenus characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolande Disch
- Laboratory of Clinical Research, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, MG 30190-002, Brazil
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18
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Junqueira Pedras M, Orsini M, Castro M, Passos VMA, Rabello A. Antibody subclass profile against Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania amazonensis in the diagnosis and follow-up of mucosal leishmaniasis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2004; 47:477-85. [PMID: 14596966 DOI: 10.1016/s0732-8893(03)00141-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sensitivities and specificities of IgG subclasses-ELISA and IgG-indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) against Leishmania braziliensis (Lb) and L. amazonensis (La) antigens were determined in 17 patients with mucosal (ML) and 19 with muco-cutaneous (MCL) leishmaniasis. Using IFAT-IgG both antigens gave high sensitivities and were statistically similar, being 89.5% with La and 100% with Lb. Using ELISA, the highest sensitivity was achieved with total IgG for ML (94.7% with both antigens) and MCL (100% with both antigens). Cross-reactivity, observed with Chagas disease and malaria sera reduced the specificity of the IgG-based assays, being 50 to 70% with IFAT and 40 to 70% with ELISA. An increase in specificity was obtained with IgG1-ELISA (90% with Lb and 100% with La). Serum levels of anti-Lb-IgG and IgG3 dropped 90 days after treatment. IgG subclasses antibody detection constitute an valuable alternative to increase the efficiency of sorological diagnostics of ML/MCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Junqueira Pedras
- Laboratory of Clinical Research, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, MG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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19
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Spanakos G, Patsoula E, Kremastinou T, Saroglou G, Vakalis N. Development of a PCR-based method for diagnosis of Leishmania in blood samples. Mol Cell Probes 2002; 16:415-20. [PMID: 12490142 DOI: 10.1006/mcpr.2002.0436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) cases reported in Mediterranean countries and in Northern Europe are becoming increasingly frequent. The past few years several studies have shown Polymerase Chain Reaction to be more effective than the classical methods for the diagnosis of VL in clinical samples. The purpose of this study was the development of a simple, specific and sensitive PCR-based assay for the detection of Leishmania in blood samples. A specific pair of oligonucleotides was designed using conserved sequences of the ssu-rRNA Leishmania infantum gene. Of the 53 blood samples of patients suspected for leishmaniasis that were processed with the newly designed oligonucleotides, 13 were successfully diagnosed positive. The results were confirmed with sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism. The lower detection limit of the reported assay was 10 parasites per ml in all seeded samples tested and considered highly satisfactory for diagnosis of Leishmaniasis in blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Spanakos
- Department of Public and Administrative Health, National School of Public Health, 196 Alexandras Ave, Athens, Greece.
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20
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Anders G, Eisenberger CL, Jonas F, Greenblatt CL. Distinguishing Leishmania tropica and Leishmania major in the Middle East using the polymerase chain reaction with kinetoplast DNA-specific primers. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2002; 96 Suppl 1:S87-92. [PMID: 12055857 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(02)90057-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports attempts to develop a sensitive and inexpensive procedure for rapid diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis at the species level using skin scrapings from patients. The presence of 3 species (Leishmania major, L. tropica and L. infantum) in Israel and the West Bank demonstrates the need for a species-specific detection method in this region. The primer pair Uni21/Lmj4 was developed on the basis of an L. major minicircle sequence but it also amplified other 'Old World' species of Leishmania. Due to species-specific differences in the size of minicircles, these primers can be used in the polymerase chain reaction to answer diagnostic and epidemiological questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerlind Anders
- Department of Parasitology, Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, P.O. Box 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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21
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Abstract
Leishmania are a resilient group of intracellular parasites that infect macrophages. The resultant complex of diseases, or leishmaniases, caused by the parasites affect over twelve million people worldwide. Leishmania have developed unique adaptive mechanisms to ensure their survival in the harsh environments faced throughout their life cycle. These parasites must not only contend with the hostile digestive conditions found within the sand fly vector, but they must also avoid destruction by the host immune system while in the bloodstream, before entering the macrophage. To do so, Leishmania express unique lipophosphoglycan (LPG) molecules and the metalloprotease gp63, among other proteins, on their cell surface. To enter the macrophage, Leishmania utilizes a variety of cellular receptors to mediate endocytosis. Once inside the macrophage, Leishmania is protected from phagolysosome degradation by a variety of adaptations to inhibit cellular defense mechanisms. These include the inhibition of phagosome-endosome fusion, hydrolytic enzymes, cell signaling pathways, nitric oxide production, and cytokine production. While other parasites can also infect macrophages, Leishmania is distinctive in that it not only relies on its own defenses to survive and reproduce within the macrophage phagolysosome, but Leishmania also manipulates the host immune response in order to protect itself and to gain entry into the cell. These unique adaptive mechanisms help promote Leishmania survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Cunningham
- Department of Pathology, The University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
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22
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Isaza DM, Arboleda M, Restrepo M, McCann SHE, Barker DC. Validation of the polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of human cutaneous leishmaniasis in north-west Colombia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2002; 96 Suppl 1:S165-8. [PMID: 12055832 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(02)90070-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania species of the subgenus Viannia account for 88% of all cases of leishmaniasis recorded in Colombia. Correct diagnosis is essential as infection with members of this subgenus can produce disfiguring destruction of the mucosa. Several methods are available to diagnose leishmaniasis in clinical samples. More recently, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been used, with varying sensitivities and specificities depending on the primers used. In this paper we report on the sensitivity and specificity of PCR primers B1/B2 used on clinical samples and compare their use to the conventional parasitological methods. PCR alone is more sensitive than any single conventional method used, but a combination of conventional methods produced comparable sensitivity. PCR is well suited for use in selected cases and as a test for mucosal leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Maria Isaza
- Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical Antonio Roldan Betancur, Medellin, Colombia
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de Andrade AS, Gomes RF, Fernandes O, de Melo MN. Use of DNA-based diagnostic methods for human leishmaniasis in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Acta Trop 2001; 78:261-7. [PMID: 11311189 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-706x(01)00081-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
DNA hybridisation was used to type 26 samples from lesions of human patients from the Rio Doce Valley (Minas Gerais, Brazil) clinically diagnosed as having cutaneous leishmaniasis, using kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) cloned mini-circle probes specific for the Leishmania mexicana and Leishmania braziliensis complexes. All samples were found to belong to the L. braziliensis complex. When biopsies were pressed directly onto touch blot membranes 38.5% of the samples were positive. The positivity and specificity obtained were both 100% when cultured blotted parasites were used. The results were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis using primers specific for the L. mexicana and L. braziliensis complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S de Andrade
- Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear/Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear, Cidade Universitária-Campus da UFMG, Rua Professor Mário Werneck, S/No, PO Box 941, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31120-970, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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24
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Moody AH, Chiodini PL. Methods for the detection of blood parasites. CLINICAL AND LABORATORY HAEMATOLOGY 2000; 22:189-201. [PMID: 11012630 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2257.2000.00318.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A H Moody
- Department of Clinical Parasitology, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London, UK
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25
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Abstract
In 1903, Leishman and Donovan separately described the protozoan now called Leishmania donovani in splenic tissue from patients in India with the life-threatening disease now called visceral leishmaniasis. Almost a century later, many features of leishmaniasis and its major syndromes (ie, visceral, cutaneous, and mucosal) have remained the same; but also much has changed. As before, epidemics of this sandfly-borne disease occur periodically in India and elsewhere; but leishmaniasis has also emerged in new regions and settings, for example, as an AIDS-associated opportunistic infection. Diagnosis still typically relies on classic microbiological methods, but molecular-based approaches are being tested. Pentavalent antimony compounds have been the mainstay of antileishmanial therapy for half a century, but lipid formulations of amphotericin B (though expensive and administered parenterally) represent a major advance for treating visceral leishmaniasis. A pressing need is for the technological advances in the understanding of the immune response to leishmania and the pathogenesis of leishmaniasis to be translated into field-applicable and affordable methods for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Herwaldt
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Atlanta, GA 30341-3724, USA.
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26
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Eisenberger CL, Jaffe CL. Leishmania: identification of Old World species using a permissively primed intergenic polymorphic-polymerase chain reaction. Exp Parasitol 1999; 91:70-7. [PMID: 9920044 DOI: 10.1006/expr.1999.4355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a permissively primed intergenic polymorphic-polymerase chain reaction (PPIP-PCR) which distinguishes between the Old World Leishmania complexes L. major, L. tropica, L. donovani, and L. aethiopica. This technique pairs one parasite-specific and one nonspecific oligonucleotide primer for the PCR. The specific primer was chosen from a unique leishmanial DNA sequence, clone pDOG 2, isolated from a L. donovani chagasi genomic DNA expression library. This sequence has a high DNA homology to the intergenic region of the L. major B/C genes which belong to the polymorphic LmcDNA16 gene family. The specific intergenic primer contains a high GC content, a stem-loop, and a 3'-CG residue. The nonspecific primer was selected from within the pBluescript (SK) plasmid. Using PPIP-PCR, parasites belonging to the L. major, L. tropica, L. donovani, and L. aethiopica complexes could be easily identified directly following agarose gel electrophoresis by the simple profiles of their PCR products. In addition, it was possible to discriminate between strains of L. major or L. donovani from distant geographical regions. Amplification of genomic DNA isolated from several nonleishmanial kinetoplastids yielded either no PCR products or unique bands which were distinct from the leishmanial profiles. Genomic DNA from nonkinetoplastid parasites, plants, or mammals was not amplified by PPIP-PCR. This technique is a rapid and reproducible method for the characterization of Old World Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Eisenberger
- Department of Parasitology, The Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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27
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Harris E, Kropp G, Belli A, Rodriguez B, Agabian N. Single-step multiplex PCR assay for characterization of New World Leishmania complexes. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36:1989-95. [PMID: 9650950 PMCID: PMC104966 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.36.7.1989-1995.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed a PCR assay for one-step differentiation of the three complexes of New World Leishmania (Leishmania braziliensis, Leishmania mexicana, and Leishmania donovani). This multiplex assay is targeted to the spliced leader RNA (mini-exon) gene repeats of these organisms and can detect all three complexes simultaneously, generating differently sized products for each complex. The assay is specific to the Leishmania genus and does not recognize related kinetoplastid protozoa, such as Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma brucei, and Crithidia fasciculata. It correctly identified Leishmania species with a broad geographic distribution in Central and South America. The sensitivity of the PCR amplification ranged from 1 fg to 10 pg of DNA (0.01 to 100 parasites), depending on the complex detected. Crude extracts of cultured parasites, prepared simply by boiling diluted cultures, served as excellent templates for amplification. Crude preparations of clinical material were also tested. The assay detected L. braziliensis in dermal scrapings from cutaneous leishmanial lesions, Leishmania chagasi in dermal scrapings of atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis, and L. mexicana from lesion aspirates from infected hamsters. We have minimized the material requirements and maximized the simplicity, rapidity, and informative content of this assay to render it suitable for use in laboratories in countries where leishmaniasis is endemic. This assay should be useful for rapid in-country identification of Leishmania parasites, particularly where different Leishmania complexes are found in the same geographical area.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Harris
- Program in Molecular Pathogenesis, University of California, San Francisco, 94143-0422, USA.
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28
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Wilson SM. Application of molecular methods to the study of diseases prevalent in low income countries. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1998; 92:241-4. [PMID: 9861387 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(98)90996-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S M Wilson
- Public Health Laboratory Service Mycobacterium Reference Unit, Dulwich Public Health Laboratory, UK
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