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Tlak Gajger I, Tomljanović Z, Mutinelli F, Granato A, Vlainić J. Effects of Disinfectants on Bacterium Paenibacillus larvae in Laboratory Conditions. INSECTS 2024; 15:268. [PMID: 38667398 PMCID: PMC11050086 DOI: 10.3390/insects15040268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
American foulbrood is an infectious disease of the honeybee brood that causes multiple types of damage to beekeeping. The causative agent of the disease is the bacterium Paenibacillus larvae, which forms resistant infective spores and is viable for decades. After the eradication measures have been implemented, in cases of clinically visible disease, it is necessary to conduct effective final disinfections of equipment and tools. This study aimed to determine the effect of ten commercially available and commonly used disinfectants on certified strains of P. larvae under laboratory conditions, as well as to compare the obtained results among individual genotypes of P. larvae. Selected products were tested by determining the zone of inhibition using an agar diffusion test, a suspension test for viable bacteria, a surface disinfectant test, and a sporicidal effect in the suspension test. Incidin OxyFoam S and Sekusept Aktiv are both effective against all examined genotypes of P. larvae. Despadac and Despadac Secure have a bactericidal effect, but their sporocidal effect is not as satisfactory as that of Genox. Genoll does not exhibit a sporicidal effect, and Ecocide S at 1%, Bee protect H forte, and Bee protect F did not exhibit a satisfactory sporocidal effect. Additionally, EM® PROBIOTIC FOR BEES did not exhibit any bactericidal effect. The effective application of control measures and proper application of final disinfection can reduce the reoccurrence of visible clinical signs of disease, whereas methods of early diagnosis can significantly reduce the incidence of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Tlak Gajger
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zlatko Tomljanović
- Ministry of Agriculture, Ulica Grada Vukovara 78, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Franco Mutinelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università, 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (F.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Anna Granato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università, 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (F.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Josipa Vlainić
- Institute Ruđer Bošković, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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2
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Vlkova K, Erban T, Kamler M, Titera D, Bitar I, Hrabak J. Simultaneous PCR detection of Paenibacillus larvae targeting insertion sequence IS256 and Melissococcus plutonius targeting pMP1 plasmid from hive specimens. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2024; 69:415-421. [PMID: 38180723 PMCID: PMC11003898 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-023-01125-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Paenibacillus larvae and Melissococcus plutonius represent the most threatening bacterial diseases of honeybee (Apis mellifera)-American and European foulbrood, respectively. For efficient control of those diseases, rapid and accurate detection of the pathogens is crucial. Therefore, we developed a novel multiplex PCR method simultaneously detecting both pathogens. To design and optimize multiplex PCR reaction, four strains of P. larvae representing four ERIC genotypes I-IV (strain DSM 7030-ERIC I, DSM 25430-ERIC II, LMG 16252-ERIC III, DSM 3615-ERIC IV) were selected. Those strains were fully sequenced using long-read sequencing (Sequel I, Pacific Biosciences). For P. larvae, the multicopy insertion sequence IS256 identified in all genotypes of P. larvae was selected to provide high sensitivity. M. plutonius was detected by plasmid pMP1 sequence and the virulence verified by following detection of ETX/MTX2 toxin responsible for pore formation in the cell membrane. As an internal control, a gene encoding for major royal jelly protein 1 specific for honeybees was selected. The method was validated on 36 clinical specimens collected from the colonies suffering from American and European foulbrood in the Czech Republic. Based on the results, sensitivity of PCR was calculated to 93.75% and specificity to 100% for P. larvae diagnosed from hive debris and 100% sensitivity and specificity for honeybee workers and larval scales as well as for diseased brood infected by M. plutonius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Vlkova
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 76, 323 00, Pilsen, Czech Republic
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 80, 323 00, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Erban
- Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kamler
- Bee Research Institute at Dol, Libcice nad Vltavou, Czech Republic
| | - Dalibor Titera
- Bee Research Institute at Dol, Libcice nad Vltavou, Czech Republic
| | - Ibrahim Bitar
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 76, 323 00, Pilsen, Czech Republic
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 80, 323 00, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Hrabak
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 76, 323 00, Pilsen, Czech Republic.
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 80, 323 00, Pilsen, Czech Republic.
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3
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Bava R, Castagna F, Ruga S, Nucera S, Caminiti R, Serra M, Bulotta RM, Lupia C, Marrelli M, Conforti F, Statti G, Domenico B, Palma E. Plants and Their Derivatives as Promising Therapeutics for Sustainable Control of Honeybee ( Apis mellifera) Pathogens. Pathogens 2023; 12:1260. [PMID: 37887776 PMCID: PMC10610010 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12101260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The most important pollinator for agricultural crops is the Western honeybee (Apis mellifera). During the winter and summer seasons, diseases and stresses of various kinds endanger honeybee numbers and production, resulting in expenses for beekeepers and detrimental effects on agriculture and ecosystems. Researchers are continually in search of therapies for honeybees using the resources of microbiology, molecular biology, and chemistry to combat diseases and improve the overall health of these important pollinating insects. Among the most investigated and most promising solutions are medicinal plants and their derivatives. The health of animals and their ability to fight disease can be supported by natural products (NPs) derived from living organisms such as plants and microbes. NPs contain substances that can reduce the effects of diseases by promoting immunity or directly suppressing pathogens, and parasites. This literature review summarises the advances that the scientific community has achieved over the years regarding veterinary treatments in beekeeping through the use of NPs. Their impact on the prevention and control of honeybee diseases is investigated both in trials that have been conducted in the laboratory and field studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Bava
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (S.R.); (S.N.); (R.C.); (M.S.); (R.M.B.); (B.D.); (E.P.)
| | - Fabio Castagna
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (S.R.); (S.N.); (R.C.); (M.S.); (R.M.B.); (B.D.); (E.P.)
| | - Stefano Ruga
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (S.R.); (S.N.); (R.C.); (M.S.); (R.M.B.); (B.D.); (E.P.)
| | - Saverio Nucera
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (S.R.); (S.N.); (R.C.); (M.S.); (R.M.B.); (B.D.); (E.P.)
| | - Rosamaria Caminiti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (S.R.); (S.N.); (R.C.); (M.S.); (R.M.B.); (B.D.); (E.P.)
| | - Maria Serra
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (S.R.); (S.N.); (R.C.); (M.S.); (R.M.B.); (B.D.); (E.P.)
| | - Rosa Maria Bulotta
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (S.R.); (S.N.); (R.C.); (M.S.); (R.M.B.); (B.D.); (E.P.)
| | - Carmine Lupia
- Mediterranean Ethnobotanical Conservatory, Sersale (CZ), 88054 Catanzaro, Italy;
- National Ethnobotanical Conservatory, Castelluccio Superiore, 85040 Potenza, Italy
| | - Mariangela Marrelli
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (M.M.); (F.C.); (G.S.)
| | - Filomena Conforti
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (M.M.); (F.C.); (G.S.)
| | - Giancarlo Statti
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (M.M.); (F.C.); (G.S.)
| | - Britti Domenico
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (S.R.); (S.N.); (R.C.); (M.S.); (R.M.B.); (B.D.); (E.P.)
| | - Ernesto Palma
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (S.R.); (S.N.); (R.C.); (M.S.); (R.M.B.); (B.D.); (E.P.)
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FISH), University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l., Complesso Ninì Barbieri, Roccelletta di Borgia, 88021 Catanzaro, Italy
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Ebeling J, Reinecke A, Sibum N, Fünfhaus A, Aumeier P, Otten C, Genersch E. A Comparison of Different Matrices for the Laboratory Diagnosis of the Epizootic American Foulbrood of Honey Bees. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10020103. [PMID: 36851407 PMCID: PMC9962136 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10020103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
American Foulbrood (AFB) of honey bees caused by the spore-forming bacterium Paenibacillus larvae is a notifiable epizootic in most countries. Authorities often consider a rigorous eradication policy the only sustainable control measure. However, early diagnosis of infected but not yet diseased colonies opens up the possibility of ridding these colonies of P. larvae spores by the shook swarm method, thus preventing colony destruction by AFB or official control orders. Therefore, surveillance of bee colonies for P. larvae infection followed by appropriate sanitary measures is a very important intervention to control AFB. For the detection of P. larvae spores in infected colonies, samples of brood comb honey, adult bees, or hive debris are commonly used. We here present our results from a comparative study on the suitability of these matrices in reliably and correctly detecting P. larvae spores contained in these matrices. Based on the sensitivity and limit of detection of P. larvae spores in samples from hive debris, adult bees, and brood comb honey, we conclude that the latter two are equally well-suited for AFB surveillance programs. Hive debris samples should only be used when it is not possible to collect honey or adult bee samples from brood combs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ebeling
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bee Diseases, Institute for Bee Research, 16540 Hohen Neuendorf, Germany
| | - Antonia Reinecke
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bee Diseases, Institute for Bee Research, 16540 Hohen Neuendorf, Germany
| | - Niklas Sibum
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bee Diseases, Institute for Bee Research, 16540 Hohen Neuendorf, Germany
| | - Anne Fünfhaus
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bee Diseases, Institute for Bee Research, 16540 Hohen Neuendorf, Germany
| | - Pia Aumeier
- Department for Biology and Biotechnology, Behavioural Biology and Biology Education, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Christoph Otten
- Fachzentrum Bienen und Imkerei, Dienstleistungszentrum Ländlicher Raum Westerwald-Osteifel, 56727 Mayen, Germany
| | - Elke Genersch
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bee Diseases, Institute for Bee Research, 16540 Hohen Neuendorf, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3303-293833
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5
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Kok DN, Hendrickson HL. Save our bees: bacteriophages to protect honey bees against the pathogen causing American foulbrood in New Zealand. NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2022.2157847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle N. Kok
- School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
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Leponiemi M, Wirta H, Freitak D. Trans-generational immune priming against American Foulbrood does not affect the performance of honeybee colonies. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1129701. [PMID: 36923051 PMCID: PMC10008890 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1129701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Honeybees are major pollinators for our food crops, but at the same time they face many stressors all over the world. One of the major threats to honeybee health are bacterial diseases, the most severe of which is the American Foulbrood (AFB). Recently a trans-generational vaccination approach against AFB has been proposed, showing strong potential in protecting the colonies from AFB outbreaks. Yet, what remains unstudied is whether the priming of the colony has any undesired side-effects. It is widely accepted that immune function is often a trade-off against other life-history traits, hence immune priming could have an effect on the colony performance. In this experiment we set up 48 hives, half of them with primed queens and half of them as controls. The hives were placed in six apiaries, located as pair of apiaries in three regions. Through a 2-year study we monitored the hives and measured their health and performance. We measured hive weight and frame contents such as brood amount, worker numbers, and honey yield. We studied the prevalence of the most common honeybee pathogens in the hives and expression of relevant immune genes in the offspring at larval stage. No effect of trans-generational immune priming on any of the hive parameters was found. Instead, we did find other factors contributing on various hive performance parameters. Interestingly not only time but also the region, although only 10 km apart from each other, had an effect on the performance and health of the colonies, suggesting that the local environment plays an important role in hive performance. Our results suggest that exploiting the trans-generational priming could serve as a safe tool in fighting the AFB in apiaries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helena Wirta
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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7
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Erban T, Sopko B, Bodrinova M, Talacko P, Chalupnikova J, Markovic M, Kamler M. Proteomic insight into the interaction of Paenibacillus larvae with honey bee larvae before capping collected from an American foulbrood outbreak: Pathogen proteins within the host, lysis signatures and interaction markers. Proteomics 2023; 23:e2200146. [PMID: 35946602 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202200146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
American foulbrood (AFB) is a devastating disease of honey bees. There remains a gap in the understanding of the interactions between the causative agent and host, so we used shotgun proteomics to gain new insights. Nano-LC-MS/MS analysis preceded visual description and Paenibacillus larvae identification in the same individual sample. A further critical part of our methodology was that larvae before capping were used as the model stage. The identification of the virulence factors SplA, PlCBP49, enolase, and DnaK in all P. larvae-positive samples was consistent with previous studies. Furthermore, the results were consistent with the array of virulence factors identified in an in vitro study of P. larvae exoprotein fractions. Although an S-layer protein and a putative bacteriocin were highlighted as important, the microbial collagenase ColA and InhA were not found in our samples. The most important virulence factor identified was isoform of neutral metalloproteinase (UniProt: V9WB82), a major protein marker responsible for the shift in the PCA biplot. This protein is associated with larval decay and together with other virulence factors (bacteriocin) can play a key role in protection against secondary invaders. Overall, this study provides new knowledge on host-pathogen interactions and a new methodical approach to study the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Erban
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Laboratory, Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czechia
| | - Bruno Sopko
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Laboratory, Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czechia
| | - Miroslava Bodrinova
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Laboratory, Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czechia
| | - Pavel Talacko
- Proteomics Core Facility, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Julie Chalupnikova
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Laboratory, Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Markovic
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Laboratory, Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Kamler
- Bee Research Institute at Dol, Libcice nad Vltavou, Czechia
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8
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Zabrodski MW, Epp T, Wilson G, Moshynskyy I, Sharafi M, Reitsma L, Castano Ospina M, DeBruyne JE, Wentzell A, Wood SC, Kozii IV, Klein CD, Thebeau J, Sobchishin L, Ruzzini AC, Simko E. Establishment of apiary-level risk of American foulbrood through the detection of Paenibacillus larvae spores in pooled, extracted honey in Saskatchewan. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8848. [PMID: 35614119 PMCID: PMC9132951 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12856-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Paenibacillus larvae, the causative agent of American foulbrood (AFB), produces spores that may be detectable within honey. We analyzed the spore content of pooled, extracted honey from 52 large-scale (L) and 64 small-scale (S) Saskatchewan beekeepers over a two-year period (2019–2020). Our objectives were: (i) establish reliable prognostic reference ranges for spore concentrations in extracted honey to determine future AFB risk at the apiary level; (ii) identify management practices as targets for mitigation of risk. P. larvae spores were detected in 753 of 1476 samples (51%). Beekeepers were stratified into low (< 2 spores/gram), moderate (2- < 100 spores/gram), and high (≥ 100 spores/gram) risk categories. Of forty-nine L beekeepers sampled in 2019, those that reported AFB in 2020 included 0/26 low, 3/18 moderate, and 3/5 high risk. Of twenty-seven L beekeepers sampled in 2020, those that reported AFB in 2021 included 0/11 low, 2/14 moderate, and 1/2 high risk. Predictive modelling included indoor overwintering of hives, purchase of used equipment, movement of honey-producing colonies between apiaries, beekeeper demographic, and antimicrobial use as risk category predictors. Saskatchewan beekeepers with fewer than 2 spores/gram in extracted honey that avoid high risk activities may be considered at low risk of AFB the following year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Zabrodski
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
| | - Tasha Epp
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Geoff Wilson
- Crops and Irrigation Branch, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of Saskatchewan, Prince Albert, SK, Canada
| | - Igor Moshynskyy
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Mohsen Sharafi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Lara Reitsma
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Mateo Castano Ospina
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jessica E DeBruyne
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Alexandra Wentzell
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Sarah C Wood
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Ivanna V Kozii
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Colby D Klein
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jenna Thebeau
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - LaRhonda Sobchishin
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Antonio C Ruzzini
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Elemir Simko
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Kiriamburi J, Muturi J, Mugweru J, Forsgren E, Nilsson A. Short Communication: Efficacy of Two Commercial Disinfectants on Paenibacillus larvae Spores. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:884425. [PMID: 35647102 PMCID: PMC9133789 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.884425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Paenibacillus larvae is a spore-forming bacterium causing American foulbrood (AFB) in honey bee larvae. The remains of a diseased larva contains billions of extremely resilient P. larvae spores viable for decades. Burning clinically symptomatic colonies is widely considered the only workable strategy to prevent further spread of the disease, and the management practices used for decontamination requires high concentrations of chemicals or special equipment. The aim of this study was to test and compare the biocidal effect of two commercially available disinfectants, “Disinfection for beekeeping” and Virkon S on P. larvae. The two products were applied to P. larvae spores in suspension as well as inoculated on two common beehive materials, wood and Styrofoam. “Disinfection for beekeeping” had a 100 % biocidal effect on P. larvae spores in suspension compared to 87.0–88.6% for Virkon S which, however, had a significantly better effect on P. larvae on Styrofoam. The two disinfectants had similar effect on infected wood material.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jamleck Muturi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
| | - Julius Mugweru
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
| | - Eva Forsgren
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Nilsson
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Anna Nilsson
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10
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Molecular Detection and Differentiation of Arthropod, Fungal, Protozoan, Bacterial and Viral Pathogens of Honeybees. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9050221. [PMID: 35622749 PMCID: PMC9145064 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9050221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The honeybee Apis mellifera is highly appreciated worldwide because of its products, but also as it is a pollinator of crops and wild plants. The beehive is vulnerable to infections due to arthropods, fungi, protozoa, bacteria and/or viruses that manage to by-pass the individual and social immune mechanisms of bees. Due to the close proximity of bees in the beehive and their foraging habits, infections easily spread within and between beehives. Moreover, international trade of bees has caused the global spread of infections, several of which result in significant losses for apiculture. Only in a few cases can infections be diagnosed with the naked eye, by direct observation of the pathogen in the case of some arthropods, or by pathogen-associated distinctive traits. Development of molecular methods based on the amplification and analysis of one or more genes or genomic segments has brought significant progress to the study of bee pathogens, allowing for: (i) the precise and sensitive identification of the infectious agent; (ii) the analysis of co-infections; (iii) the description of novel species; (iv) associations between geno- and pheno-types and (v) population structure studies. Sequencing of bee pathogen genomes has allowed for the identification of new molecular targets and the development of specific genotypification strategies.
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11
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Bassi S, Galletti G, Carpana E, Palminteri S, Bosi F, Loglio G, Carra E. Powdered Sugar Examination as a Tool for the Assessment of Paenibacillus larvae Infection Levels in Honey Bee Colonies. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:853707. [PMID: 35498733 PMCID: PMC9046973 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.853707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
American Foulbrood (AFB) is a contagious and severe brood disease of honey bees caused by the spore-forming bacterium Paenibacillus larvae. The identification of honey bee colonies infected by P. larvae is crucial for the effective control of AFB. We studied the possibility of identifying the infection levels by P. larvae in honey bee colonies through the examination of powdered sugar samples collected in the hives. The powdered sugar was dusted on the top bars of honeycombs and collected from a sheet paper placed at the bottom of the hive. Three groups of honey bee colonies were examined: Group A1- colonies with clinical symptoms of AFB (n = 11); Group A2 – asymptomatic colonies located in apiaries with colonies showing symptoms of AFB (n = 59); Group B – asymptomatic colonies located in apiaries without cases of the disease (n = 49). The results showed that there was a significant difference in spore counting between Groups and that the spore load in sugar samples was always consistent with the clinical conditions of the colonies and with their belonging to AFB-affected apiaries or not. Based on the obtained results the cultural examination of powdered sugar samples collected from hives could be an effective tool for the quantitative non-destructive assessment of P. larvae infections in honey bee colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Bassi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell' Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Galletti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell' Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Brescia, Italy
| | - Emanuele Carpana
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, Centro di ricerca Agricoltura e Ambiente, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Palminteri
- Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale di Bologna, Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Bologna, Italy
| | - Filippo Bosi
- Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale della Romagna, Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Giulio Loglio
- Agenzia di Tutela della Salute di Bergamo-Dipartimento di Prevenzione Veterinario, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Elena Carra
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell' Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Brescia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Elena Carra
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Functional Properties and Antimicrobial Activity from Lactic Acid Bacteria as Resources to Improve the Health and Welfare of Honey Bees. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13030308. [PMID: 35323606 PMCID: PMC8953987 DOI: 10.3390/insects13030308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Honey bees play a pivotal role in the sustainability of ecosystems and biodiversity. Many factors including parasites, pathogens, pesticide residues, forage losses, and poor nutrition have been proposed to explain honey bee colony losses. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are normal inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract of honey bees and their role has been consistently reported in the literature. In recent years, there have been numerous scientific evidence that the intestinal microbiota plays an essential role in honey bee health. Management strategies, based on supplementation of the gut microbiota with probiotics, may be important to increase stress tolerance and disease resistance. In this review, recent scientific advances on the use of LABs as microbial supplements in the diet of honey bees are summarized and discussed. Abstract Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are agriculturally important pollinators. Over the past decades, significant losses of wild and domestic bees have been reported in many parts of the world. Several biotic and abiotic factors, such as change in land use over time, intensive land management, use of pesticides, climate change, beekeeper’s management practices, lack of forage (nectar and pollen), and infection by parasites and pathogens, negatively affect the honey bee’s well-being and survival. The gut microbiota is important for honey bee growth and development, immune function, protection against pathogen invasion; moreover, a well-balanced microbiota is fundamental to support honey bee health and vigor. In fact, the structure of the bee’s intestinal bacterial community can become an indicator of the honey bee’s health status. Lactic acid bacteria are normal inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract of many insects, and their presence in the honey bee intestinal tract has been consistently reported in the literature. In the first section of this review, recent scientific advances in the use of LABs as probiotic supplements in the diet of honey bees are summarized and discussed. The second section discusses some of the mechanisms by which LABs carry out their antimicrobial activity against pathogens. Afterward, individual paragraphs are dedicated to Chalkbrood, American foulbrood, European foulbrood, Nosemosis, and Varroosis as well as to the potentiality of LABs for their biological control.
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Zabrodski MW, DeBruyne JE, Wilson G, Moshynskyy I, Sharafi M, Wood SC, Kozii IV, Thebeau J, Klein CD, Medici de Mattos I, Sobchishin L, Epp T, Ruzzini AC, Simko E. Comparison of individual hive and apiary-level sample types for spores of Paenibacillus larvae in Saskatchewan honey bee operations. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263602. [PMID: 35130328 PMCID: PMC8820611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Three commercial honey bee operations in Saskatchewan, Canada, with outbreaks of American foulbrood (AFB) and recent or ongoing metaphylactic antibiotic use were intensively sampled to detect spores of Paenibacillus larvae during the summer of 2019. Here, we compared spore concentrations in different sample types within individual hives, assessed the surrogacy potential of honey collected from honey supers in place of brood chamber honey or adult bees within hives, and evaluated the ability of pooled, extracted honey to predict the degree of spore contamination identified through individual hive testing. Samples of honey and bees from hives within apiaries with a recent, confirmed case of AFB in a single hive (index apiaries) and apiaries without clinical evidence of AFB (unaffected apiaries), as well as pooled, apiary-level honey samples from end-of-season extraction, were collected and cultured to detect and enumerate spores. Only a few hives were heavily contaminated by spores in any given apiary. All operations were different from one another with regard to both the overall degree of spore contamination across apiaries and the distribution of spores between index apiaries and unaffected apiaries. Within operations, individual hive spore concentrations in unaffected apiaries were significantly different from index apiaries in the brood chamber (BC) honey, honey super (HS) honey, and BC bees of one of three operations. Across all operations, BC honey was best for discriminating index apiaries from unaffected apiaries (p = 0.001), followed by HS honey (p = 0.06), and BC bees (p = 0.398). HS honey positively correlated with both BC honey (rs = 0.76, p < 0.0001) and bees (rs = 0.50, p < 0.0001) and may be useful as a surrogate for either. Spore concentrations in pooled, extracted honey seem to have predictive potential for overall spore contamination within each operation and may have prognostic value in assessing the risk of future AFB outbreaks at the apiary (or operation) level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Zabrodski
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- * E-mail: (MWZ); (ES)
| | - Jessica E. DeBruyne
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Geoff Wilson
- Crops and Irrigation Branch, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of Saskatchewan, Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Igor Moshynskyy
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Mohsen Sharafi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Sarah C. Wood
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ivanna V. Kozii
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Jenna Thebeau
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Colby D. Klein
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Igor Medici de Mattos
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - LaRhonda Sobchishin
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Tasha Epp
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Antonio C. Ruzzini
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Elemir Simko
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- * E-mail: (MWZ); (ES)
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14
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Chen J, DeGrandi-Hoffman G, Ratti V, Kang Y. Review on mathematical modeling of honeybee population dynamics. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2021; 18:9606-9650. [PMID: 34814360 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2021471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Honeybees have an irreplaceable position in agricultural production and the stabilization of natural ecosystems. Unfortunately, honeybee populations have been declining globally. Parasites, diseases, poor nutrition, pesticides, and climate changes contribute greatly to the global crisis of honeybee colony losses. Mathematical models have been used to provide useful insights on potential factors and important processes for improving the survival rate of colonies. In this review, we present various mathematical tractable models from different aspects: 1) simple bee-only models with features such as age segmentation, food collection, and nutrient absorption; 2) models of bees with other species such as parasites and/or pathogens; and 3) models of bees affected by pesticide exposure. We aim to review those mathematical models to emphasize the power of mathematical modeling in helping us understand honeybee population dynamics and its related ecological communities. We also provide a review of computational models such as VARROAPOP and BEEHAVE that describe the bee population dynamics in environments that include factors such as temperature, rainfall, light, distance and quality of food, and their effects on colony growth and survival. In addition, we propose a future outlook on important directions regarding mathematical modeling of honeybees. We particularly encourage collaborations between mathematicians and biologists so that mathematical models could be more useful through validation with experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Simon A. Levin Mathematical and Computational Modeling Sciences Center, Arizona State University, 1031 Palm Walk, Tempe AZ 85281, USA
| | - Gloria DeGrandi-Hoffman
- Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 2000 East Allen Road, Tucson AZ 85719, USA
| | - Vardayani Ratti
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, California State University, Chico, 400 W. First Street, Chico CA 95929-0560, USA
| | - Yun Kang
- Sciences and Mathematics Faculty, College of Integrative Sciences and Arts, Arizona State University, 6073 S. Backus Mall, Mesa AZ 85212, USA
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15
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Bozdeveci A, Akpınar R, Karaoğlu ŞA. Isolation, characterization, and comparative genomic analysis of vB_PlaP_SV21, new bacteriophage of Paenibacillus larvae. Virus Res 2021; 305:198571. [PMID: 34555441 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Paenibacillus larvae cause an American foulbrood disease (AFB) that is responsible for the extinction of honeybee colonies and is a honeybee bacterial disease that has to be obligatory notified worldwide. Recently, bacteriophage studies targeting Paenibacillus larvae have emerged as a promising alternative treatment method. The inability of bacteria to create resistance against bacteriophages makes this method advantageous. As a consequence, this study was conducted to describe the genome and biological characteristics of a novel phage capable of lysing Paenibacillus larvae samples isolated from honeybee larva samples in Turkey. The Paenibacillus phage SV21 (vB_PlaP_SV21) was isolated by inducing Paenibacillus larvae strain SV21 with Mitomycin-C. Whole-genome sequencing, comparative genomics, and phylogenetic analysis of vB_PlaP_SV21 were performed. Transmission electron microscopy images showed that vB_PlaP_SV21 phage was a Podovirus morphology. The vB_PlaP_SV21 phage specific for Paenibacillus larvae was determined to belong to the Podoviridae family. Host range and specificity, burst size, lytic activity, and morphological characteristics of the phage were determined. Bioinformatic analysis of the Paenibacillus phage SV21 showed 77 coding sequences in its linear 44,949 bp dsDNA genome with a GC content of 39.33%. In this study, we analysed the genomes of all of the currently sequenced P. larvae phage genomes and classified them into five clusters and a singleton. According to molecular, morphological, and bioinformatics results, ıt was observed that API480 (podovirus), which was reported as a singleton in previous studies and public databases, and Paenibacillus phage SV21 phage could form a new cluster together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Bozdeveci
- Biology Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Rahşan Akpınar
- Veterınary Control Instıtute, Bee Diseases, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Şengül Alpay Karaoğlu
- Biology Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey.
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Jończyk-Matysiak E, Owczarek B, Popiela E, Świtała-Jeleń K, Migdał P, Cieślik M, Łodej N, Kula D, Neuberg J, Hodyra-Stefaniak K, Kaszowska M, Orwat F, Bagińska N, Mucha A, Belter A, Skupińska M, Bubak B, Fortuna W, Letkiewicz S, Chorbiński P, Weber-Dąbrowska B, Roman A, Górski A. Isolation and Characterization of Phages Active against Paenibacillus larvae Causing American Foulbrood in Honeybees in Poland. Viruses 2021; 13:1217. [PMID: 34201873 PMCID: PMC8310151 DOI: 10.3390/v13071217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was the isolation and characterization, including the phage effect on honeybees in laboratory conditions, of phages active against Paenibacillus larvae, the causative agent of American Foulbrood-a highly infective and easily spreading disease occurring in honeybee larva, and subsequently the development of a preparation to prevent and treat this dangerous disease. From the tested material (over 2500 samples) 35 Paenibacillus spp. strains were obtained and used to search for phages. Five phages specific to Paenibacillus were isolated and characterized (ultrastructure, morphology, biological properties, storage stability, and genome sequence). The characteristics were performed to obtain knowledge of their lytic potential and compose the final phage cocktail with high antibacterial potential and intended use of future field application. Preliminary safety studies have also been carried out on healthy bees, which suggest that the phage preparation administered is harmless.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Jończyk-Matysiak
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolf Weigl Street 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; (B.O.); (M.C.); (N.Ł.); (D.K.); (J.N.); (F.O.); (N.B.); (B.B.); (B.W.-D.); (A.G.)
| | - Barbara Owczarek
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolf Weigl Street 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; (B.O.); (M.C.); (N.Ł.); (D.K.); (J.N.); (F.O.); (N.B.); (B.B.); (B.W.-D.); (A.G.)
| | - Ewa Popiela
- Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego Street 38C, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland; (E.P.); (P.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Kinga Świtała-Jeleń
- Pure Biologics, Duńska Street 11, 54-427 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.Ś.-J.); (K.H.-S.)
| | - Paweł Migdał
- Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego Street 38C, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland; (E.P.); (P.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Martyna Cieślik
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolf Weigl Street 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; (B.O.); (M.C.); (N.Ł.); (D.K.); (J.N.); (F.O.); (N.B.); (B.B.); (B.W.-D.); (A.G.)
| | - Norbert Łodej
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolf Weigl Street 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; (B.O.); (M.C.); (N.Ł.); (D.K.); (J.N.); (F.O.); (N.B.); (B.B.); (B.W.-D.); (A.G.)
| | - Dominika Kula
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolf Weigl Street 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; (B.O.); (M.C.); (N.Ł.); (D.K.); (J.N.); (F.O.); (N.B.); (B.B.); (B.W.-D.); (A.G.)
| | - Joanna Neuberg
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolf Weigl Street 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; (B.O.); (M.C.); (N.Ł.); (D.K.); (J.N.); (F.O.); (N.B.); (B.B.); (B.W.-D.); (A.G.)
| | | | - Marta Kaszowska
- Laboratory of Microbial Immunochemistry and Vaccines, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 54-427 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Filip Orwat
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolf Weigl Street 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; (B.O.); (M.C.); (N.Ł.); (D.K.); (J.N.); (F.O.); (N.B.); (B.B.); (B.W.-D.); (A.G.)
| | - Natalia Bagińska
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolf Weigl Street 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; (B.O.); (M.C.); (N.Ł.); (D.K.); (J.N.); (F.O.); (N.B.); (B.B.); (B.W.-D.); (A.G.)
| | - Anna Mucha
- Department of Genetics, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kożuchowska 7, 51-631 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Belter
- BioScientia, Ogrodowa Street 2/8, 61-820 Poznań, Poland; (A.B.); (M.S.)
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Barbara Bubak
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolf Weigl Street 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; (B.O.); (M.C.); (N.Ł.); (D.K.); (J.N.); (F.O.); (N.B.); (B.B.); (B.W.-D.); (A.G.)
| | - Wojciech Fortuna
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wrocław Medical University, Borowska 213, 54-427 Wrocław, Poland;
- Phage Therapy Unit, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolf Weigl Street 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Sławomir Letkiewicz
- Phage Therapy Unit, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolf Weigl Street 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Department of Health Sciences, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, 12-200 Częstochowa, Poland
| | - Paweł Chorbiński
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 45, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Beata Weber-Dąbrowska
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolf Weigl Street 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; (B.O.); (M.C.); (N.Ł.); (D.K.); (J.N.); (F.O.); (N.B.); (B.B.); (B.W.-D.); (A.G.)
- Phage Therapy Unit, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolf Weigl Street 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Adam Roman
- Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego Street 38C, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland; (E.P.); (P.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Andrzej Górski
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolf Weigl Street 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; (B.O.); (M.C.); (N.Ł.); (D.K.); (J.N.); (F.O.); (N.B.); (B.B.); (B.W.-D.); (A.G.)
- Phage Therapy Unit, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolf Weigl Street 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Infant Jesus Hospital, The Medical University of Warsaw, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland
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Harwood G, Salmela H, Freitak D, Amdam G. Social immunity in honey bees: royal jelly as a vehicle in transferring bacterial pathogen fragments between nestmates. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:238089. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.231076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Social immunity is a suite of behavioral and physiological traits that allow colony members to protect one another from pathogens, and includes the oral transfer of immunological compounds between nestmates. In honey bees, royal jelly is a glandular secretion produced by a subset of workers that is fed to the queen and young larvae, and which contains many antimicrobial compounds. A related form of social immunity, transgenerational immune priming (TGIP), allows queens to transfer pathogen fragments into their developing eggs, where they are recognized by the embryo's immune system and induce higher pathogen resistance in the new offspring. These pathogen fragments are transported by vitellogenin (Vg), an egg-yolk precursor protein that is also used by nurses to synthesize royal jelly. Therefore, royal jelly may serve as a vehicle to transport pathogen fragments from workers to other nestmates. To investigate this, we recently showed that ingested bacteria are transported to nurses' jelly-producing glands, and here, we show that pathogen fragments are incorporated into the royal jelly. Moreover, we show that consuming pathogen cells induces higher levels of an antimicrobial peptide found in royal jelly, defensin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyan Harwood
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Heli Salmela
- Department of Biosciences, Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dalial Freitak
- Institute of Biology, Division of Zoology, University of Graz, A8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gro Amdam
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Aas, Norway
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18
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Laho M, Šedivá M, Majtán J, Klaudiny J. Fructose and Trehalose Selectively Enhance In Vitro Sporulation of Paenibacillus larvae ERIC I and ERIC II Strains. Microorganisms 2021; 9:225. [PMID: 33499318 PMCID: PMC7912100 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Paenibacillus larvae is a Gram-positive bacterium, the spores of which are the causative agent of the most destructive brood disease of honeybees, American foulbrood (AFB). Obtaining viable spores of pathogen strains is requisite for different studies concerning AFB. The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of five saccharides that may naturally occur in higher amounts in bee larvae on in vitro sporulation of P. larvae. The effect of individual saccharides at different concentrations on spore yields of P. larvae strains of epidemiologically important ERIC genotypes was examined in Columbia sheep blood agar (CSA) and MYPGP agar media. It was found that fructose in ERIC I and trehalose in ERIC II strains at concentrations in the range of 0.5-2% represent new sporulation factors that significantly enhanced the yields of viable spores in both media, mostly in a concentration-dependent manner. The enhancements in spore yield were mainly caused by improvements of the germination ability of the spores produced. Glucose, maltose and sucrose at 1% or 0.5% concentrations also supported sporulation but to a lower extent and not in all strains and media. Based on the knowledge gained, a novel procedure was proposed for the preparation of viable P. larvae spores with supposed improved quality for AFB research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maroš Laho
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84538 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.L.); (M.Š.)
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 84551 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Mária Šedivá
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84538 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.L.); (M.Š.)
| | - Juraj Majtán
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 84551 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Jaroslav Klaudiny
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84538 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.L.); (M.Š.)
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Bulson L, Becher MA, McKinley TJ, Wilfert L. Long-term effects of antibiotic treatments on honeybee colony fitness: A modelling approach. J Appl Ecol 2021; 58:70-79. [PMID: 33542585 PMCID: PMC7839786 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gut microbiome disequilibrium is increasingly implicated in host fitness reductions, including for the economically important and disease-challenged western honey bee Apis mellifera. In laboratory experiments, the antibiotic tetracycline, which is used to prevent American Foulbrood Disease in countries including the US, elevates honey bee mortality by disturbing the microbiome. It is unclear, however, how elevated individual mortality affects colony-level fitness.We used an agent-based model (BEEHAVE) and empirical data to assess colony-level effects of antibiotic-induced worker bee mortality, by measuring colony size. We investigated the relationship between the duration that the antibiotic-induced mortality probability is imposed for and colony size.We found that when simulating antibiotic-induced mortality of worker bees from just 60 days per year, up to a permanent effect, the colony is reduced such that tetracycline treatment would not meet the European Food Safety Authority's (EFSA) honey bee protection goals. When antibiotic mortality was imposed for the hypothetical minimal exposure time, which assumes that antibiotics only impact the bee's fitness during the recommended treatment period of 15 days in both spring and autumn, the colony fitness reduction was only marginally under the EFSA's threshold. Synthesis and Applications. Modelling colony-level impacts of antibiotic treatment shows that individual honey bee worker mortality can lead to colony mortality. To assess the full impact, the persistence of antibiotic-induced mortality in honey bees must be determined experimentally, in vivo. We caution that as the domestication of new insect species increases, maintaining healthy gut microbiomes is of paramount importance to insect health and commercial productivity. The recommendation from this work is to limit prophylactic use of antibiotics and to not exceed recommended treatment strategies for domesticated insects. This is especially important for highly social insects as excess antibiotic use will likely decrease colony growth and an increase in colony mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bulson
- College of Life and Environment SciencesTremough CampusUniversity of ExeterPenrynUK
| | - Matthias A. Becher
- College of Life and Environment SciencesTremough CampusUniversity of ExeterPenrynUK
| | | | - Lena Wilfert
- College of Life and Environment SciencesTremough CampusUniversity of ExeterPenrynUK
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation GenomicsUniversity of UlmUlmGermany
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Jończyk-Matysiak E, Popiela E, Owczarek B, Hodyra-Stefaniak K, Świtała-Jeleń K, Łodej N, Kula D, Neuberg J, Migdał P, Bagińska N, Orwat F, Weber-Dąbrowska B, Roman A, Górski A. Phages in Therapy and Prophylaxis of American Foulbrood - Recent Implications From Practical Applications. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1913. [PMID: 32849478 PMCID: PMC7432437 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
American foulbrood is one of the most serious and yet unsolved problems of beekeeping around the world, because it causes a disease leading to the weakening of the vitality of honey bee populations and huge economic losses both in agriculture and horticulture. The etiological agent of this dangerous disease is an extremely pathogenic spore-forming bacterium, Paenibacillus larvae, which makes treatment very difficult. What is more, the use of antibiotics in the European Union is forbidden due to restrictions related to the prevention of the presence of antibiotic residues in honey, as well as the global problem of spreading antibiotic resistance in case of bacterial strains. The only available solution is burning of entire bee colonies, which results in large economic losses. Therefore, bacteriophages and their lytic enzymes can be a real effective alternative in the treatment and prevention of this Apis mellifera disease. In this review, we summarize phage characteristics that make them a potentially useful tool in the fight against American foulbrood. In addition, we gathered data regarding phage application that have been described so far, and attempted to show practical implications and possible limitations of their usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Jończyk-Matysiak
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Popiela
- Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Barbara Owczarek
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | | | - Norbert Łodej
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dominika Kula
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Joanna Neuberg
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paweł Migdał
- Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Natalia Bagińska
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Filip Orwat
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Beata Weber-Dąbrowska
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
- Phage Therapy Unit, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Górski
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
- Phage Therapy Unit, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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21
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Antimicrobial Activity against Paenibacillus larvae and Functional Properties of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Strains: Potential Benefits for Honeybee Health. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9080442. [PMID: 32722196 PMCID: PMC7460353 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9080442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Paenibacillus larvae is the causative agent of American foulbrood (AFB), a severe bacterial disease that affects larvae of honeybees. The present study evaluated, in vitro, antimicrobial activity of sixty-one Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains, against P. larvae ATCC 9545. Five strains (P8, P25, P86, P95 and P100) that showed the greatest antagonism against P. larvae ATCC 9545 were selected for further physiological and biochemical characterizations. In particular, the hydrophobicity, auto-aggregation, exopolysaccharides production, osmotic tolerance, enzymatic activity and carbohydrate assimilation patterns were evaluated. The five L. plantarum selected strains showed suitable physical and biochemical properties for their use as probiotics in the honeybee diet. The selection and availability of new selected bacteria with good functional characteristics and with antagonistic activity against P. larvae opens up interesting perspectives for new biocontrol strategies of diseases such as AFB.
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22
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Lee S, Lim S, Choi YS, Lee ML, Kwon HW. Volatile disease markers of American foulbrood-infected larvae in Apis mellifera. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 122:104040. [PMID: 32126215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2020.104040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The honey bee, which lives in the crowded environment of a social hive, is vulnerable to disease infection and spread. Despite efforts to develop various diagnostic methods, American foulbrood (AFB) caused by Paenibacillus larvae infection has caused enormous damage to the apicultural industry. Here, we investigated the volatile organic compounds derived from AFB. After inoculation of the AFB pathogen in honey bee larvae under lab conditions, we identified propionic acid, valeric acid, and 2-nonanone as volatile disease markers (VDMs) of AFB infection using GC/MS. Electrophysiological recordings demonstrated that middle-aged bees, the hygienic-aged bees, are more sensitive to these VDMs than the foragers. Thus, these VDMs have the potential to be efficient and significant cues for worker detection of AFB infected larvae in bee hives. This study supports the idea that the specific olfactory sensitivity of different worker bees depends on their tasks. Taken together, our finding is crucial and sufficient to develop novel disease volatile markers associated with honey bee diseases to diagnose and study the molecular and neural correlates of given hygienic behavior detecting these volatile chemicals by honey bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Lee
- Department of Life Sciences & Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sooho Lim
- Department of Life Sciences & Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong-Soo Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong-Lyeol Lee
- Department of Life Sciences & Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Wook Kwon
- Department of Life Sciences & Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Alla AEA. Residues of Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol and Tylosin Antibiotics in the Egyptian Bee Honeys Collected from Different Governorates. Pak J Biol Sci 2020; 23:385-390. [DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2020.385.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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24
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Collins W, Lowen N, Blake DJ. Caffeic Acid Esters Are Effective Bactericidal Compounds Against Paenibacillus larvae by Altering Intracellular Oxidant and Antioxidant Levels. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9080312. [PMID: 31357646 PMCID: PMC6722690 DOI: 10.3390/biom9080312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
American Foulbrood (AFB) is a deadly bacterial disease affecting pupal and larval honey bees. AFB is caused by the endospore-forming bacterium Paenibacillus larvae (PL). Propolis, which contains a variety of organic compounds, is a product of bee foraging and is a resinous substance derived from botanical substances found primarily in trees. Several compounds from the class of caffeic acid esters, which are commonly found in propolis, have been shown to have antibacterial activity against PL. In this study, six different caffeic acid esters were synthesized, purified, spectroscopically analyzed, and tested for their activity against PL to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs). Caffeic acid isopropenyl ester (CAIE), caffeic acid benzyl ester (CABE), and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) were the most effective in inhibiting PL growth and killing PL cell with MICs and MBCs of 125 µg/mL when used individually, and a MIC and MBC of 31.25 µg/mL for each compound alone when CAIE, CABE, and CAPE are used in combination against PL. These compounds inhibited bacterial growth through a bactericidal effect, which revealed cell killing but no lysis of PL cells after 18 h. Incubation with CAIE, CABE, and CAPE at their MICs significantly increased reactive oxygen species levels and significantly changed glutathione levels within PL cells. Caffeic acid esters are potent bactericidal compounds against PL and eliminate bacterial growth through an oxidative stress mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Collins
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Fort Lewis College, 1000 Rim Dr., Durango, CO 81301, USA.
| | - Noah Lowen
- Department of Biology, Fort Lewis College, 1000 Rim Dr., Durango, CO 81301, USA
| | - David J Blake
- Department of Biology, Fort Lewis College, 1000 Rim Dr., Durango, CO 81301, USA
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25
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Ribeiro HG, Correia R, Moreira T, Vilas Boas D, Azeredo J, Oliveira A. Bacteriophage biodistribution and infectivity from honeybee to bee larvae using a T7 phage model. Sci Rep 2019; 9:620. [PMID: 30679452 PMCID: PMC6345884 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36432-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages (phages) or viruses that specifically infect bacteria have widely been studied as biocontrol agents against animal and plant bacterial diseases. They offer many advantages compared to antibiotics. The American Foulbrood (AFB) is a bacterial disease affecting honeybee larvae caused by Paenibacillus larvae. Phages can be very significant in fighting it mostly due to European restrictions to the use of antibiotics in beekeeping. New phages able to control P. larvae in hives have already been reported with satisfactory results. However, the efficacy and feasibility of administering phages indirectly to larvae through their adult workers only by providing phages in bees’ feeders has never been evaluated. This strategy is considered herein the most feasible as far as hive management is concerned. This in vivo study investigated the ability of a phage to reach larvae in an infective state after oral administration to honeybees. The screening (by direct PFU count) and quantification (by quantitative PCR) of the phage in bee organs and in larvae after ingestion allowed us to conclude that despite 104 phages reaching larvae only an average of 32 were available to control the spread of the disease. The fast inactivation of many phages in royal jelly could compromise this therapeutic approach. The protection of phages from hive-derived conditions should be thus considered in further developments for AFB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique G Ribeiro
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO - Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Rossana Correia
- I3S - Institute for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences, University of Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,Ipatimup - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago Moreira
- BeePrado Unipessoal, Lda., Rua 1, no 32, Ramalha, 4730-475, Vila de Prado, Portugal
| | - Diana Vilas Boas
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO - Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Joana Azeredo
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO - Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Oliveira
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO - Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
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26
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Evaluation of the presence of Paenibacillus larvae in commercial bee pollen using PCR amplification of the gene for tRNA Cys. Braz J Microbiol 2019; 50:471-480. [PMID: 30666531 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
American foulbrood (AFB) caused by Paenibacillus larvae is the most destructive honeybee bacterial disease and its dissemination via commercial bee pollen is an important mechanism for the spread of this bacterium. Because Mexico imports bee pollen from several countries, we developed a tRNACys-PCR strategy and complemented that strategy with MALDI-TOF MS and amplicon-16S rRNA gene analysis to evaluate the presence of P. larvae in pollen samples. P. larvae was not detected when the tRNACys-PCR approach was applied to spore-forming bacterial colonies obtained from three different locations and this result was validated by bacterial identification via MALDI-TOF MS. The genera identified in the latter analysis were Bacillus (fourteen species) and Paenibacillus (six) species. However, amplicon-16S rRNA gene analysis for taxonomic composition revealed a low presence of Paenibacillaceae with 0.3 to 16.2% of relative abundance in the commercial pollen samples analyzed. Within this family, P. larvae accounted for 0.01% of the bacterial species present in one sample. Our results indicate that the tRNACys-PCR, combined with other molecular tools, will be a useful approach for identifying P. larvae in pollen samples and will assist in controlling the spread of the pathogen.
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27
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Campone L, Celano R, Piccinelli AL, Pagano I, Cicero N, Sanzo RD, Carabetta S, Russo M, Rastrelli L. Ultrasound assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for fast and accurate analysis of chloramphenicol in honey. Food Res Int 2019; 115:572-579. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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28
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Šedivá M, Laho M, Kohútová L, Mojžišová A, Majtán J, Klaudiny J. 10-HDA, A Major Fatty Acid of Royal Jelly, Exhibits pH Dependent Growth-Inhibitory Activity Against Different Strains of Paenibacillus larvae. Molecules 2018; 23:E3236. [PMID: 30544571 PMCID: PMC6320966 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Paenibacillus larvae (P. larvae) is a bacterial pathogen causing American foulbrood (AFB), the most serious disease of honeybee larvae. The food of young larvae could play an important role in the resistance of larvae against AFB. It contains antibacterial substances produced by honeybees that may inhibit the propagation of the pathogen in larval midguts. In this study, we identified and investigated the antibacterial effects of one of these substances, trans-10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-HDA), against P. larvae strains including all Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC) genotypes. Its inhibitory activities were studied by determining the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). It was found that 10-HDA efficacy increases substantially with decreasing pH; up to 12-fold differences in efficacy were observed between pH = 5.5 and pH = 7.2. P. larvae strains showed different susceptibility to 10-HDA; up to 2.97-fold differences existed among various strains with environmentally important ERIC I and ERIC II genotypes. Germinating spores of the pathogen were generally more susceptible to 10-HDA than vegetative cells. Our findings suggest that 10-HDA could play significant role in conferring antipathogenic activity to larval food in the midguts of young larvae and contribute to the resistance of individual larvae to P. larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Šedivá
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Maroš Laho
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia.
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Lenka Kohútová
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Andrea Mojžišová
- Veterinary and Food Institute in Dolny Kubin, Janoškova 58, 02601 Dolný Kubín, Slovakia.
| | - Juraj Majtán
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Jaroslav Klaudiny
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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29
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Gamma irradiation inactivates honey bee fungal, microsporidian, and viral pathogens and parasites. J Invertebr Pathol 2018; 153:57-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Forsgren E, Locke B, Sircoulomb F, Schäfer MO. Bacterial Diseases in Honeybees. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-018-0083-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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31
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Arredondo D, Castelli L, Porrini MP, Garrido PM, Eguaras MJ, Zunino P, Antúnez K. Lactobacillus kunkeei strains decreased the infection by honey bee pathogens Paenibacillus larvae and Nosema ceranae. Benef Microbes 2017; 9:279-290. [PMID: 29264966 DOI: 10.3920/bm2017.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Due to their social behaviour, honey bees can be infected by a wide range of pathogens including the microsporidia Nosema ceranae and the bacteria Paenibacillus larvae. The use of probiotics as food additives for the control or prevention of infectious diseases is a widely used approach to improve human and animal health. In this work, we generated a mixture of four Lactobacillus kunkeei strains isolated from the gut microbial community of bees, and evaluated its potential beneficial effect on larvae and adult bees. Its administration in controlled laboratory models was safe for larvae and bees; it did not affect the expression of immune-related genes and it was able to decrease the mortality associated to P. larvae infection in larvae and the counts of N. ceranae spores from adult honey bees. These promising results suggest that this beneficial microorganism's mixture may be an attractive strategy to improve bee health. Field studies are being carried out to evaluate its effect in naturally infected colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Arredondo
- 1 Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avda. Italia 3318, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - L Castelli
- 1 Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avda. Italia 3318, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - M P Porrini
- 2 Centro de Investigación en Abejas Sociales, Departamento de Biología, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3350, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - P M Garrido
- 2 Centro de Investigación en Abejas Sociales, Departamento de Biología, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3350, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - M J Eguaras
- 2 Centro de Investigación en Abejas Sociales, Departamento de Biología, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3350, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - P Zunino
- 1 Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avda. Italia 3318, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - K Antúnez
- 1 Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avda. Italia 3318, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
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32
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Comparative Flight Activities and Pathogen Load of Two Stocks of Honey Bees Reared in Gamma-Irradiated Combs. INSECTS 2017; 8:insects8040127. [PMID: 29186033 PMCID: PMC5746810 DOI: 10.3390/insects8040127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gamma irradiation is known to inactivate various pathogens that negatively affect honey bee health. Bee pathogens, such as Deformed wing virus (DWV) and Nosema spp., have a deleterious impact on foraging activities and bee survival, and have been detected in combs. In this study, we assessed the effects of gamma irradiation on the flight activities, pathogen load, and survival of two honey bee stocks that were reared in irradiated and non-irradiated combs. Overall, bee genotype influenced the average number of daily flights, the total number of foraging flights, and total flight duration, in which the Russian honey bees outperformed the Italian honey bees. Exposing combs to gamma irradiation only affected the age at first flight, with worker bees that were reared in non-irradiated combs foraging prematurely compared to those reared in irradiated combs. Precocious foraging may be associated with the higher levels of DWV in bees reared in non-irradiated combs and also with the lower amount of pollen stores in colonies that used non-irradiated combs. These data suggest that gamma irradiation of combs can help minimize the negative impact of DWV in honey bees. Since colonies with irradiated combs stored more pollen than those with non-irradiated combs, crop pollination efficiency may be further improved when mite-resistant stocks are used, since they performed more flights and had longer flight durations.
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33
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Brady TS, Merrill BD, Hilton JA, Payne AM, Stephenson MB, Hope S. Bacteriophages as an alternative to conventional antibiotic use for the prevention or treatment of Paenibacillus larvae in honeybee hives. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 150:94-100. [PMID: 28917651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
American Foulbrood (AFB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria, Paenibacillus larvae. P. larvae phages were isolated and tested to determine each phages' host range amongst 59 field isolate strains of P. larvae. Three phages were selected to create a phage cocktail for the treatment of AFB infections according to the combined phages' ability to lyse all tested strains of bacteria. Studies were performed to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the phage cocktail treatment as a replacement for traditional antibiotics for the prevention of AFB and the treatment of active infections. Safety verification studies confirmed that the phage cocktail did not adversely affect the rate of bee death even when administered as an overdose. In a comparative study of healthy hives, traditional prophylactic antibiotic treatment experienced a 38±0.7% decrease in overall hive health, which was statistically lower than hive health observed in control hives. Hives treated with phage cocktail decreased 19±0.8%, which was not statistically different than control hives, which decreased by 10±1.0%. In a study of beehives at-risk for a natural infection, 100±0.5% of phage-treated hives were protected from AFB infection, while 80±0.5% of untreated controls became infected. AFB infected hives began with an average Hitchcock score of 2.25 out of 4 and 100±0.5% of the hives recovered completely within two weeks of treatment with phage cocktail. While the n numbers for the latter two studies are small, the results for both the phage protection rate and the phage cure rate were statistically significant (α=0.05). These studies demonstrate the powerful potential of using a phage cocktail against AFB and establish phage therapy as a feasible treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Scott Brady
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Bryan D Merrill
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Jared A Hilton
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Ashley M Payne
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Michael B Stephenson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Sandra Hope
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA.
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34
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Folly AJ, Koch H, Stevenson PC, Brown MJF. Larvae act as a transient transmission hub for the prevalent bumblebee parasite Crithidia bombi. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 148:81-85. [PMID: 28601566 PMCID: PMC5555351 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Disease transmission networks are key for understanding parasite epidemiology. Within the social insects, structured contact networks have been suggested to limit the spread of diseases to vulnerable members of their society, such as the queen or brood. However, even these complex social structures do not provide complete protection, as some diseases, which are transmitted by workers during brood care, can still infect the brood. Given the high rate of feeding interactions that occur in a social insect colony, larvae may act as disease transmission hubs. Here we use the bumblebee Bombus terrestris and its parasite Crithidia bombi to determine the role of brood in bumblebee disease transmission networks. Larvae that were artificially inoculated with C. bombi showed no signs of infection seven days after inoculation. However, larvae that received either an artificial inoculation or a contaminated feed from brood-caring workers were able to transmit the parasite to naive workers. These results suggest that the developing brood is a potential route of intracolonial disease transmission and should be included when considering social insect disease transmission networks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Philip C Stevenson
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK; Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Kent, UK.
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35
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Pellegrini MC, Alonso-Salces RM, Umpierrez ML, Rossini C, Fuselli SR. Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial Activity, and Mode of Action of Essential Oils againstPaenibacillus larvae, Etiological Agent of American Foulbrood onApis mellifera. Chem Biodivers 2017; 14. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201600382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María C. Pellegrini
- Grupo de Investigación Microbiología Aplicada; Departamento de Biología; Centro de Investigación en Abejas Sociales; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Funes 3350 7600 Mar del Plata Argentina
- Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas (CIC); 526 e/10 y 11 1900 La Plata Argentina
| | - Rosa M. Alonso-Salces
- Grupo de Investigación Microbiología Aplicada; Departamento de Biología; Centro de Investigación en Abejas Sociales; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Funes 3350 7600 Mar del Plata Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Godoy Cruz 2290 (C1425FQB) CABA Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - María L. Umpierrez
- Laboratorio de Ecología Química; Facultad de Química; Universidad de la República; Gral. Flores 2124 CP 11800 Montevideo Uruguay
| | - Carmen Rossini
- Laboratorio de Ecología Química; Facultad de Química; Universidad de la República; Gral. Flores 2124 CP 11800 Montevideo Uruguay
| | - Sandra R. Fuselli
- Grupo de Investigación Microbiología Aplicada; Departamento de Biología; Centro de Investigación en Abejas Sociales; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Funes 3350 7600 Mar del Plata Argentina
- Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas (CIC); 526 e/10 y 11 1900 La Plata Argentina
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Jatulan EO, Rabajante JF, Banaay CGB, Fajardo AC, Jose EC. A Mathematical Model of Intra-Colony Spread of American Foulbrood in European Honeybees (Apis mellifera L.). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143805. [PMID: 26674357 PMCID: PMC4682658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
American foulbrood (AFB) is one of the severe infectious diseases of European honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) and other Apis species. This disease is caused by a gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium Paenibacillus larvae. In this paper, a compartmental (SI framework) model is constructed to represent the spread of AFB within a colony. The model is analyzed to determine the long-term fate of the colony once exposed to AFB spores. It was found out that without effective and efficient treatment, AFB infection eventually leads to colony collapse. Furthermore, infection thresholds were predicted based on the stability of the equilibrium states. The number of infected cell combs is one of the factors that drive disease spread. Our results can be used to forecast the transmission timeline of AFB infection and to evaluate the control strategies for minimizing a possible epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo O. Jatulan
- Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Physics, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
- UPLB Bee Program, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
- * E-mail:
| | - Jomar F. Rabajante
- Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Physics, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
- UPLB Bee Program, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Charina Gracia B. Banaay
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
- UPLB Bee Program, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Alejandro C. Fajardo
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
- UPLB Bee Program, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Editha C. Jose
- Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Physics, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
- UPLB Bee Program, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
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Oliveira A, Leite M, Kluskens LD, Santos SB, Melo LDR, Azeredo J. The First Paenibacillus larvae Bacteriophage Endolysin (PlyPl23) with High Potential to Control American Foulbrood. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132095. [PMID: 26167894 PMCID: PMC4500393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endolysins, which are peptidoglycan-degrading enzymes expressed during the terminal stage of the reproduction cycle of bacteriophages, have great potential to control Gram-positive pathogens. This work describes the characterization of a novel endolysin (PlyPl23) encoded on the genome of Paenibacillus larvae phage phiIBB_Pl23 with high potential to control American foulbrood. This bacterial disease, caused by P. larvae, is widespread in North America and Europe and causes important economic losses in apiculture. The restriction to antibiotic residues in honey imposed by the EU legislation hinders its therapeutic use to combat American foulbrood and enforces the development of alternative antimicrobial methods. The new endolysin described herein has an N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase catalytic domain and exhibits a broad-spectrum activity against common P. larvae genotypes. Moreover, the enzyme displays high antimicrobial activity in a range of pH that matches environmental conditions (pH between 5.0 and 7.0), showing its feasible application in the field. At pH 7.0, a concentration of 0.2 μM of enzyme was enough to lyse 104 CFU.mL-1 of P. larvae in no more than 2 h. The presence of sucrose and of the substances present in the larvae gut content did not affect the enzyme activity. Interestingly, an increase of activity was observed when PlyPl23 was previously incubated in royal jelly. Furthermore, in vivo safety evaluation assays demonstrated that this enzyme is not toxic to the bee larvae. The present work describes for the first time an endolysin encoded in a P. larvae phage that presents high potential to integrate a commercial product to control the problematic American foulbrood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Oliveira
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710–057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Marta Leite
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710–057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Leon D. Kluskens
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710–057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Sílvio B. Santos
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710–057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Luís D. R. Melo
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710–057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Joana Azeredo
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710–057, Braga, Portugal
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Collison E, Hird H, Cresswell J, Tyler C. Interactive effects of pesticide exposure and pathogen infection on bee health - a critical analysis. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 91:1006-1019. [PMID: 26150129 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Bees are fundamentally important for pollination services and declines in populations could have significant economic and environmental implications. Pesticide exposure and pathogen infection are recognised as potential stressors impacting upon bee populations and recently there has been a surge in research on pesticide-disease interactions to reflect environmentally realistic scenarios better. We critically analyse the findings on pesticide-disease interactions, including effects on the survival, pathogen loads and immunity of bees, and assess the suitability of various endpoints to inform our mechanistic understanding of these interactions. We show that pesticide exposure and pathogen infection have not yet been found to interact to affect worker survival under field-realistic scenarios. Colony-level implications of pesticide effects on Nosema infections, viral loads and honey bee immunity remain unclear as these effects have been observed in a laboratory setting only using a small range of pesticide exposures, generally exceeding those likely to occur in the natural environment, and assessing a highly selected series of immune-related endpoints. Future research priorities include the need for a better understanding of pesticide effects on the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) component of an individual's immune response and on social defence behaviours. Interactions between pesticide exposure and bacterial and fungal infections have yet to be addressed. The paucity of studies in non-Apis bee species is a further major knowledge gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Collison
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, U.K.. .,Fera Science Ltd. (Fera), Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, U.K..
| | - Heather Hird
- Fera Science Ltd. (Fera), Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, U.K
| | - James Cresswell
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, U.K
| | - Charles Tyler
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, U.K
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39
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Piana M, Brum TFD, Boligon AA, Alves CF, Freitas RBD, Nunes LT, Mossmann NJ, Janovik V, Jesus RS, Vaucher RA, Santos RC, Athayde ML. In vitro growth-inhibitory effect of Brazilian plants extracts against Paenibacillus larvae and toxicity in bees. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 87:1041-7. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201520140282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
American foulbrood (AFB) is a serious worldwide spreading disease in bees caused by Paenibacillus larvae. Plants extracts are known to decrease or inhibit the growth of these bacteria. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Calendula. officinalis, Cariniana domestica, and Nasturtium officinale extracts against the P. larvae and to evaluate the toxicity of the extracts in bees. In vitro activity against P. larvae of the extracts was evaluated by micro dilution method and the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were also determined. The concentrations used in the toxicity test were established based on the MIC values and by the spraying application method. The P. larvae was susceptible to the evaluated crude extract of C. officinalis and N. officinale. To C. domestica, only the ethyl acetate (EtAc) fraction and n-butanol (BuOH) fractions had activity against P. larvae. Toxicity analysis in bees showed no toxicity for N. officinale crude extract and for C. domestica BuOH fraction during 15 days of treatment, however, some deaths of bees occurred during the first three days of treatment with C. officinalis and C. domestica EtAc fraction. The results with these species were firstly described and showed that N. officinale crude extract and C. domestica BuOH fraction both presented not toxic effects in the concentration tested by the spraying application method, and can be a useful alternative for treatment or prevention of AFB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Camilla F.S. Alves
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brasil; Centro Universitário Franciscano, Brasil
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Anjum SI, Shah AH, Azim MK, Yousuf MJ, Khan S, Khan SN. Prevalence of American foul brood disease of honeybee in north-west Pakistan. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2015.1040454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Faucon JP, Mathieu L, Ribiere M, Martel AC, Drajnudel P, Zeggane S, Aurieres C, Aubert MFA. Honey bee winter mortality in France in 1999 and 2000. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/0005772x.2002.11099532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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So near and yet so far: harmonic radar reveals reduced homing ability of Nosema infected honeybees. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103989. [PMID: 25098331 PMCID: PMC4123971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens may gain a fitness advantage through manipulation of the behaviour of their hosts. Likewise, host behavioural changes can be a defence mechanism, counteracting the impact of pathogens on host fitness. We apply harmonic radar technology to characterize the impact of an emerging pathogen - Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia) - on honeybee (Apis mellifera) flight and orientation performance in the field. Honeybees are the most important commercial pollinators. Emerging diseases have been proposed to play a prominent role in colony decline, partly through sub-lethal behavioural manipulation of their hosts. We found that homing success was significantly reduced in diseased (65.8%) versus healthy foragers (92.5%). Although lost bees had significantly reduced continuous flight times and prolonged resting times, other flight characteristics and navigational abilities showed no significant difference between infected and non-infected bees. Our results suggest that infected bees express normal flight characteristics but are constrained in their homing ability, potentially compromising the colony by reducing its resource inputs, but also counteracting the intra-colony spread of infection. We provide the first high-resolution analysis of sub-lethal effects of an emerging disease on insect flight behaviour. The potential causes and the implications for both host and parasite are discussed.
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Mahmoudi R, Norian R, Pajohi-Alamoti M. Antibiotic Residues in Iranian Honey by Elisa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2013.809539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Mill AC, Rushton SP, Shirley MDF, Smith GC, Mason P, Brown MA, Budge GE. Clustering, persistence and control of a pollinator brood disease: epidemiology of American foulbrood. Environ Microbiol 2013; 16:3753-63. [PMID: 24119163 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
American foulbrood (AFB), caused by Paenibacillus larvae, is the most damaging bacterial brood disease of the honeybee (Apis mellifera), causing colony deaths on all continents where honeybees are managed. AFB has been a persistent problem in the UK for over 70 years, with a fluctuating number of cases discovered annually. Once diseased colonies are identified, they are destroyed to reduce pathogen spread. We investigated the pattern of AFB cases recorded over the period 1994 to 2012 using spatial-statistical approaches, with a view to identifying the nature of spread across England and Wales. Our results indicated that AFB exhibits significant spatial aggregation at distances from 10 to 30 km, with aggregations lasting between 1 and 5 years. Kernel smoothing indicated areas of elevated relative risk in different years, and these were further detailed by spatial-scan statistics. We identified disease clusters and successfully estimated their size, location and duration. The majority of clusters did not persist in all years, indicating that management measures may lead to localized extinction of the disease. Whilst less common, persistent clusters likely indicate potential endemic or exotic risk points. The application of robust epidemiological approaches to improve the control of AFB is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen C Mill
- School of Biology, Newcastle University, Ridley Building, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 4RU, UK
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46
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Martinello M, Baggio A, Gallina A, Mutinelli F. Distribution of sulfathiazole in honey, beeswax, and honeybees and the persistence of residues in treated hives. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:9275-9279. [PMID: 23978000 DOI: 10.1021/jf4027052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study was performed to evaluate the distribution and depletion of sulfathiazole in different beehive matrices: honey, honeybees, "pre-existing" honeycomb, "new" honeycomb, and capping wax. Sulfathiazole was dissolved in sugar syrup or directly powdered on the combs, the matrices were sampled at different time points, and sulfathiazole residues were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. In honey, the higher concentration of sulfathiazole (180 mg kg(-1)) occurred 2 weeks after the last treatment in syrup. In beeswax, drug concentration was higher than in honey, particularly with powder administration, with a maximum level (340 mg kg(-1)) 3 days following the last treatment. The strongest contamination in honeybees (28 mg kg(-1)) was achieved with sulfathiazole administered in powder 3 days after the second treatment. The high persistence of sulfathiazole in the different beehive matrices suggests that it could be a reliable marker of previous treatments performed by beekeepers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Martinello
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per l'Apicoltura, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie , Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro (Padova), Italy
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Garrido-Bailón E, Higes M, Martínez-Salvador A, Antúnez K, Botías C, Meana A, Prieto L, Martín-Hernández R. The prevalence of the honeybee brood pathogens Ascosphaera apis, Paenibacillus larvae and Melissococcus plutonius in Spanish apiaries determined with a new multiplex PCR assay. Microb Biotechnol 2013; 6:731-9. [PMID: 23919248 PMCID: PMC3815939 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The microorganisms Ascosphaera apis, Paenibacillus larvae and Melissococcus plutonius are the three most important pathogens that affect honeybee brood. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of these pathogens in honeybee colonies and to elucidate their role in the honeybee colony losses in Spain. In order to get it, a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed to simultaneously amplify the16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene of P. larvae and M. plutonius, and the 5.8S rRNA gene of A. apis. The multiplex PCR assay provides a quick and specific tool that successfully detected the three infectious pathogens (P. larvae, M. plutonius and A. apis) in brood and adult honeybee samples without the need for microbiological culture. This technique was then used to evaluate the prevalence of these pathogens in Spanish honeybee colonies in 2006 and 2007, revealing our results a low prevalence of these pathogens in most of the geographic areas studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Encarna Garrido-Bailón
- Bee Pathology Laboratory, Centro Apícola Regional (CAR), Junta de Comunidades de Castilla La Mancha, 19180, Marchamalo, Spain
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Umpiérrez ML, Santos E, Mendoza Y, Altesor P, Rossini C. Essential oil from Eupatorium buniifolium leaves as potential varroacide. Parasitol Res 2013; 112:3389-400. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3517-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Özkırım A, Keskin N, Kürkçüoğlu M, Başer KHC. Evaluation of some essential oils as alternative antibiotics against American foulbrood agentPaenibacillus larvaeon honey beesApis melliferaL. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2012.703504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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50
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Ryba S, Kindlmann P, Titera D, Haklova M, Stopka P. A new low-cost procedure for detecting nucleic acids in low-incidence samples: a case study of detecting spores of Paenibacillus larvae from bee debris. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2012; 105:1487-1491. [PMID: 23156141 DOI: 10.1603/ec12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
American foulbrood, because of its virulence and worldwide spread, is currently one of the most dangerous diseases of honey bees. Quick diagnosis of this disease is therefore vitally important. For its successful eradication, however, all the hives in the region must be tested. This is time consuming and costly. Therefore, a fast and sensitive method of detecting American foulbrood is needed. Here we present a method that significantly reduces the number of tests needed by combining batches of samples from different hives. The results of this method were verified by testing each sample. A simulation study was used to compare the efficiency of the new method with testing all the samples and to develop a decision tool for determining when best to use the new method. The method is suitable for testing large numbers of samples (over 100) when the incidence of the disease is low (10% or less).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stepan Ryba
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
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