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Bava R, Lupia C, Castagna F, Ruga S, Nucera S, Caminiti R, Bulotta RM, Naccari C, Carresi C, Musolino V, Statti G, Britti D, Mollace V, Palma E. Bergamot Polyphenolic Fraction for the Control of Flupyradifurone-Induced Poisoning in Honeybees. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:608. [PMID: 38396576 PMCID: PMC10886160 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Flupyradifurone (FLU) is a butenolide insecticide that has come onto the market relatively recently. It is used in agriculture to control aphids, psyllids, and whiteflies. Toxicity studies have decreed its low toxicity to honeybees. However, recent research has challenged these claims; oral exposure to the pesticide can lead to behavioral abnormalities and in the worst cases, lethal phenomena. Compounds with antioxidant activity, such as flavonoids and polyphenols, have been shown to protect against the toxic effects of pesticides. The aim of this research was to evaluate the possible protective effect of the bergamot polyphenolic fraction (BPF) against behavioral abnormalities and lethality induced by toxic doses of FLU orally administered to honeybees under laboratory conditions. Honeybees were assigned to experimental groups in which two toxic doses of FLU, 50 mg/L and 100 mg/L were administered. In other replicates, three doses (1, 2 and 5 mg/kg) of the bergamot polyphenolic fraction (BPF) were added to the above toxic doses. In the experimental groups intoxicated with FLU at the highest dose tested, all caged subjects (20 individuals) died within the second day of administration. The survival probability of the groups to which the BPF was added was compared to that of the groups to which only the toxic doses of FLU were administered. The mortality rate in the BPF groups was statistically lower (p < 0.05) than in the intoxicated groups; in addition, a lower percentage of individuals exhibited behavioral abnormalities. According to this research, the ingestion of the BPF attenuates the harmful effects of FLU. Further studies are needed before proposing BPF incorporation into the honeybees' diet, but there already seem to be beneficial effects associated with its intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Bava
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (C.L.); (S.R.); (S.N.); (R.C.); (R.M.B.); (C.N.); (C.C.); (V.M.); (D.B.); (V.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Carmine Lupia
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (C.L.); (S.R.); (S.N.); (R.C.); (R.M.B.); (C.N.); (C.C.); (V.M.); (D.B.); (V.M.); (E.P.)
- Mediterranean Ethnobotanical Conservatory, 88054 Sersale, Italy
| | - Fabio Castagna
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (C.L.); (S.R.); (S.N.); (R.C.); (R.M.B.); (C.N.); (C.C.); (V.M.); (D.B.); (V.M.); (E.P.)
- Mediterranean Ethnobotanical Conservatory, 88054 Sersale, Italy
| | - Stefano Ruga
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (C.L.); (S.R.); (S.N.); (R.C.); (R.M.B.); (C.N.); (C.C.); (V.M.); (D.B.); (V.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Saverio Nucera
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (C.L.); (S.R.); (S.N.); (R.C.); (R.M.B.); (C.N.); (C.C.); (V.M.); (D.B.); (V.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Rosamaria Caminiti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (C.L.); (S.R.); (S.N.); (R.C.); (R.M.B.); (C.N.); (C.C.); (V.M.); (D.B.); (V.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Rosa Maria Bulotta
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (C.L.); (S.R.); (S.N.); (R.C.); (R.M.B.); (C.N.); (C.C.); (V.M.); (D.B.); (V.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Clara Naccari
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (C.L.); (S.R.); (S.N.); (R.C.); (R.M.B.); (C.N.); (C.C.); (V.M.); (D.B.); (V.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Cristina Carresi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (C.L.); (S.R.); (S.N.); (R.C.); (R.M.B.); (C.N.); (C.C.); (V.M.); (D.B.); (V.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Vincenzo Musolino
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (C.L.); (S.R.); (S.N.); (R.C.); (R.M.B.); (C.N.); (C.C.); (V.M.); (D.B.); (V.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Giancarlo Statti
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy;
| | - Domenico Britti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (C.L.); (S.R.); (S.N.); (R.C.); (R.M.B.); (C.N.); (C.C.); (V.M.); (D.B.); (V.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Vincenzo Mollace
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (C.L.); (S.R.); (S.N.); (R.C.); (R.M.B.); (C.N.); (C.C.); (V.M.); (D.B.); (V.M.); (E.P.)
- Center for Pharmacological Research, Food Safety, High Tech and Health (IRC-FSH), University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ernesto Palma
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (C.L.); (S.R.); (S.N.); (R.C.); (R.M.B.); (C.N.); (C.C.); (V.M.); (D.B.); (V.M.); (E.P.)
- Center for Pharmacological Research, Food Safety, High Tech and Health (IRC-FSH), University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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Lupia C, Castagna F, Bava R, Naturale MD, Zicarelli L, Marrelli M, Statti G, Tilocca B, Roncada P, Britti D, Palma E. Use of Essential Oils to Counteract the Phenomena of Antimicrobial Resistance in Livestock Species. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:163. [PMID: 38391549 PMCID: PMC10885947 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13020163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is an increasingly widespread phenomenon that is of particular concern because of the possible consequences in the years to come. The dynamics leading to the resistance of microbial strains are diverse, but certainly include the incorrect use of veterinary drugs both in terms of dosage and timing of administration. Moreover, the drug is often administered in the absence of a diagnosis. Many active ingredients in pharmaceutical formulations are, therefore, losing their efficacy. In this situation, it is imperative to seek alternative treatment solutions. Essential oils are mixtures of compounds with different pharmacological properties. They have been shown to possess the antibacterial, anti-parasitic, antiviral, and regulatory properties of numerous metabolic processes. The abundance of molecules they contain makes it difficult for treated microbial species to develop pharmacological resistance. Given their natural origin, they are environmentally friendly and show little or no toxicity to higher animals. There are several published studies on the use of essential oils as antimicrobials, but the present literature has not been adequately summarized in a manuscript. This review aims to shed light on the results achieved by the scientific community regarding the use of essential oils to treat the main agents of bacterial infection of veterinary interest in livestock. The Google Scholar, PubMed, SciELO, and SCOPUS databases were used for the search and selection of studies. The manuscript aims to lay the foundations for a new strategy of veterinary drug use that is more environmentally friendly and less prone to the emergence of drug resistance phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Lupia
- Mediterranean Ethnobotanical Conservatory, Sersale (CZ), 88054 Catanzaro, Italy
- National Ethnobotanical Conservatory, Castelluccio Superiore, 85040 Potenza, Italy
| | - Fabio Castagna
- Mediterranean Ethnobotanical Conservatory, Sersale (CZ), 88054 Catanzaro, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Roberto Bava
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Diana Naturale
- Ministry of Health, Directorate General for Health Programming, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Ludovica Zicarelli
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy
| | - Mariangela Marrelli
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Statti
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy
| | - Bruno Tilocca
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Paola Roncada
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Domenico Britti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ernesto Palma
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Center for Pharmacological Research, Food Safety, High Tech and Health (IRC-FSH), University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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Castagna F, Bava R, Palma E, Morittu V, Spina A, Ceniti C, Lupia C, Cringoli G, Rinaldi L, Bosco A, Ruga S, Britti D, Musella V. Effect of pomegranate ( Punica granatum) anthelmintic treatment on milk production in dairy sheep naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1347151. [PMID: 38384955 PMCID: PMC10879392 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1347151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Anthelmintic drug resistance has proliferated across Europe in sheep gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs). Sheep welfare and health are adversely impacted by these phenomena, which also have an impact on productivity. Finding alternatives for controlling GINs in sheep is thus of utmost importance. In this study, the anthelmintic effectiveness (AE) of a Calabrian ethnoveterinary aqueous macerate based on Punica granatum (whole fruits) was assessed in Comisana pregnant sheep. Furthermore, an examination, both qualitative and quantitative, was conducted on milk. Forty-five sheep were selected for the investigation. The sheep were divided by age, weight, physiological state (pluripara at 20 days before parturition), and eggs per gram of feces (EPG) into three homogeneous groups of 15 animals each: PG received a single oral dosage of P. granatum macerate at a rate of 50 mL per sheep; AG, treated with albendazole, was administered orally at 3.75 mg/kg/bw; and CG received no treatment. Timelines were as follows: D0, treatments, group assignment, fecal sampling, and AE assessment; D7, D14, D21, fecal sampling, and AE evaluation. The FLOTAC technique was used to evaluate the individual GIN fecal egg count (FEC) using a sodium chloride flotation solution (specific gravity = 1.20) and 100 × (1-[T2/C2]) as the formula for evaluating FEC reduction. Following the lambs' weaning, milk was collected on the following days (DL) in order to quantify production: DL35, DL42, DL49, DL56, DL63, DL70, DL77, and DL84. The amount of milk produced by every animal was measured and reported in milliliters (ml) for quantitative evaluations. Using MilkoScan TM fT + foss electric, Denmark, the quality of the milk (casein, lactose, protein concentration, and fat, expressed as a percentage) was assessed. The macerate demonstrated a considerable AE (51.8%). Moreover, its use has resulted in higher milk production rates quantitatively (15.5%) and qualitatively (5.12% protein, 4.12% casein, 4.21% lactose, and 8.18% fat). The study showed that green veterinary pharmacology could be the easiest future approach to counteracting anthelmintic resistance in sheep husbandry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Castagna
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy
- Mediterranean Ethnobotanical Conservatory, Sersale (CZ), Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Roberto Bava
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ernesto Palma
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FISH), University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Valeria Morittu
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonella Spina
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carlotta Ceniti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carmine Lupia
- Mediterranean Ethnobotanical Conservatory, Sersale (CZ), Catanzaro, Italy
- National Ethnobotanical Conservatory, Castelluccio Superiore, Potenza, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cringoli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Bosco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Ruga
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Domenico Britti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center Veterinary Service for Human and Animal Health (CISVet-SUA), University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Musella
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center Veterinary Service for Human and Animal Health (CISVet-SUA), University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy
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Bava R, Castagna F, Lupia C, Ruga S, Conforti F, Marrelli M, Argentieri MP, Musella V, Britti D, Statti G, Palma E. Phytochemical Composition and Pharmacological Efficacy Evaluation of Calamintha nepeta, Calamintha sylvatica, Lavandula austroapennina and Mentha piperita Essential Oils for the Control of Honeybee ( Apis mellifera) Varroosis. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:69. [PMID: 38200800 PMCID: PMC10778109 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Varroa destructor is currently considered the parasite that causes the greatest damage and economic losses to honeybee farms. Its presence is often associated with that of viral and bacterial pathogens, which ultimately leads to colony collapse. Careful control of the parasitic load is therefore necessary to avoid the onset of these events. Although chemical treatments are often in easily and quickly administered formulations, in recent years, there have been increasingly frequent reports of the onset of drug resistance phenomena, which must lead to reconsidering their use. Furthermore, chemical compounds can easily accumulate in the food matrices of the hive, with possible risks for the final consumer. In such a condition, it is imperative to find alternative treatment solutions. Essential oils (EOs) prove to be promising candidates due to their good efficacy and good environmental biodegradability. In this study, the acaricidal efficacy of the EOs of Calamintha sylvatica Bromf., Calamintha nepeta Savi, Lavandula austroapennina N.G. Passal. Tundis & Upson and Mentha piperita L., extracted from botanical species belonging to the Lamiaceae family, was evaluated. The test chosen for the evaluation was residual toxicity by contact. The examined EOs were diluted in Acetone to a concentration of 2, 1 and 0.5 mg/mL. At the highest concentration, the EOs demonstrated an acaricidal activity equal to 52% for C. nepeta, 60% for C. sylvatica, 80% for L. austroapennina and 68% for M. piperita. Of the EOs tested, therefore, Lavender proves to be a good candidate for subsequent evaluations in semi-field and field studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Bava
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, CZ, Italy; (R.B.); (C.L.); (S.R.); (V.M.); (D.B.); (E.P.)
| | - Fabio Castagna
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, CZ, Italy; (R.B.); (C.L.); (S.R.); (V.M.); (D.B.); (E.P.)
- Mediterranean Ethnobotanical Conservatory, 88054 Sersale, CZ, Italy
| | - Carmine Lupia
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, CZ, Italy; (R.B.); (C.L.); (S.R.); (V.M.); (D.B.); (E.P.)
- Mediterranean Ethnobotanical Conservatory, 88054 Sersale, CZ, Italy
| | - Stefano Ruga
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, CZ, Italy; (R.B.); (C.L.); (S.R.); (V.M.); (D.B.); (E.P.)
| | - Filomena Conforti
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy; (F.C.); (M.M.); (G.S.)
| | - Mariangela Marrelli
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy; (F.C.); (M.M.); (G.S.)
| | - Maria Pia Argentieri
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, BA, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Musella
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, CZ, Italy; (R.B.); (C.L.); (S.R.); (V.M.); (D.B.); (E.P.)
| | - Domenico Britti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, CZ, Italy; (R.B.); (C.L.); (S.R.); (V.M.); (D.B.); (E.P.)
| | - Giancarlo Statti
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy; (F.C.); (M.M.); (G.S.)
| | - Ernesto Palma
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, CZ, Italy; (R.B.); (C.L.); (S.R.); (V.M.); (D.B.); (E.P.)
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FISH), University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, CZ, Italy
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l., Complesso Ninì Barbieri, Roccelletta di Borgia, 88021 Catanzaro, CZ, Italy
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Bava R, Castagna F, Lupia C, Ruga S, Musella V, Conforti F, Marrelli M, Argentieri MP, Britti D, Statti G, Palma E. Chemical Profile of Essential Oils of Selected Lamiaceae Plants and In Vitro Activity for Varroosis Control in Honeybees (Apis mellifera). Vet Sci 2023; 10:701. [PMID: 38133253 PMCID: PMC10747025 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10120701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The most significant ectoparasitic mite of honeybees, Varroa destructor, has a detrimental effect on bee health and honey output. The principal strategy used by the control programs is the application of synthetic acaricides. All of this has resulted in drug resistance, which is now a major worry for beekeeping. As a result, research on alternate products and techniques for mite management is now required. The aim of this study was to determine whether essential oils (EOs) extracted from botanical species of Lamiacae, typical of the Calabria region of Southern Italy, could reduce the population of the mite V. destructor. Among the best-known genera of the Lamiaceae family are oregano, rosemary and thyme, whose EOs were employed in this study. By steam distillation, the EOs were extracted from Origanum vulgare subsp. viridulum (Martrin-Donos) Nyman, Thymus capitatus Hoffmanns. and Link, Thymus longicaulis C.Presl and Salvia rosmarinus Schleid. plant species harvested directly on the Calabrian territory in their balsamic time. Each EO went to the test in vitro (contact toxicity) against V. destructor. Fifty adult female mites, five for each EO and the positive and negative control, were used in each experimental replicate. The positive controls comprised five individuals treated to Amitraz dilute in acetone, and the negative controls included five individuals exposed to acetone alone. To create the working solution to be tested (50 μL/tube), the EOs were diluted (0.5 mg/mL, 1 mg/mL, 2 mg/mL and 4 mg/mL) in HPLC-grade acetone. After 1 h of exposure, mite mortality was manually assessed. Origanum vulgare subsp. viridulum, Thymus capitatus and Thymus longicaulis were the EOs with the highest levels of efficiency at 2 mg/mL, neutralizing (dead + inactivated), 94%, 92% and 94% of parasites, respectively. Salvia rosmarinus EO gave a lower efficacy, resulting in a percentage of 38%. Interestingly, no adverse effects were highlighted in toxicity tests on honeybees. These results show that these OEs of the Lamiaceae family have antiparasitic action on V. destructor. Therefore, they could be used, individually or combined, to exploit the synergistic effect for a more sustainable control of this parasite mite in honeybee farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Bava
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (C.L.); (S.R.); (V.M.); (D.B.); (E.P.)
| | - Fabio Castagna
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (C.L.); (S.R.); (V.M.); (D.B.); (E.P.)
- Mediterranean Ethnobotanical Conservatory, 88054 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carmine Lupia
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (C.L.); (S.R.); (V.M.); (D.B.); (E.P.)
- Mediterranean Ethnobotanical Conservatory, 88054 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefano Ruga
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (C.L.); (S.R.); (V.M.); (D.B.); (E.P.)
| | - Vincenzo Musella
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (C.L.); (S.R.); (V.M.); (D.B.); (E.P.)
| | - Filomena Conforti
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (F.C.); (M.M.); (G.S.)
| | - Mariangela Marrelli
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (F.C.); (M.M.); (G.S.)
| | - Maria Pia Argentieri
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy;
| | - Domenico Britti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (C.L.); (S.R.); (V.M.); (D.B.); (E.P.)
| | - Giancarlo Statti
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (F.C.); (M.M.); (G.S.)
| | - Ernesto Palma
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (C.L.); (S.R.); (V.M.); (D.B.); (E.P.)
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FISH), University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l., Complesso Ninì Barbieri, 88021 Catanzaro, Italy
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Bava R, Castagna F, Ruga S, Nucera S, Caminiti R, Serra M, Bulotta RM, Lupia C, Marrelli M, Conforti F, Statti G, Domenico B, Palma E. Plants and Their Derivatives as Promising Therapeutics for Sustainable Control of Honeybee ( Apis mellifera) Pathogens. Pathogens 2023; 12:1260. [PMID: 37887776 PMCID: PMC10610010 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12101260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The most important pollinator for agricultural crops is the Western honeybee (Apis mellifera). During the winter and summer seasons, diseases and stresses of various kinds endanger honeybee numbers and production, resulting in expenses for beekeepers and detrimental effects on agriculture and ecosystems. Researchers are continually in search of therapies for honeybees using the resources of microbiology, molecular biology, and chemistry to combat diseases and improve the overall health of these important pollinating insects. Among the most investigated and most promising solutions are medicinal plants and their derivatives. The health of animals and their ability to fight disease can be supported by natural products (NPs) derived from living organisms such as plants and microbes. NPs contain substances that can reduce the effects of diseases by promoting immunity or directly suppressing pathogens, and parasites. This literature review summarises the advances that the scientific community has achieved over the years regarding veterinary treatments in beekeeping through the use of NPs. Their impact on the prevention and control of honeybee diseases is investigated both in trials that have been conducted in the laboratory and field studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Bava
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (S.R.); (S.N.); (R.C.); (M.S.); (R.M.B.); (B.D.); (E.P.)
| | - Fabio Castagna
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (S.R.); (S.N.); (R.C.); (M.S.); (R.M.B.); (B.D.); (E.P.)
| | - Stefano Ruga
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (S.R.); (S.N.); (R.C.); (M.S.); (R.M.B.); (B.D.); (E.P.)
| | - Saverio Nucera
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (S.R.); (S.N.); (R.C.); (M.S.); (R.M.B.); (B.D.); (E.P.)
| | - Rosamaria Caminiti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (S.R.); (S.N.); (R.C.); (M.S.); (R.M.B.); (B.D.); (E.P.)
| | - Maria Serra
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (S.R.); (S.N.); (R.C.); (M.S.); (R.M.B.); (B.D.); (E.P.)
| | - Rosa Maria Bulotta
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (S.R.); (S.N.); (R.C.); (M.S.); (R.M.B.); (B.D.); (E.P.)
| | - Carmine Lupia
- Mediterranean Ethnobotanical Conservatory, Sersale (CZ), 88054 Catanzaro, Italy;
- National Ethnobotanical Conservatory, Castelluccio Superiore, 85040 Potenza, Italy
| | - Mariangela Marrelli
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (M.M.); (F.C.); (G.S.)
| | - Filomena Conforti
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (M.M.); (F.C.); (G.S.)
| | - Giancarlo Statti
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (M.M.); (F.C.); (G.S.)
| | - Britti Domenico
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (S.R.); (S.N.); (R.C.); (M.S.); (R.M.B.); (B.D.); (E.P.)
| | - Ernesto Palma
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (S.R.); (S.N.); (R.C.); (M.S.); (R.M.B.); (B.D.); (E.P.)
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FISH), University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l., Complesso Ninì Barbieri, Roccelletta di Borgia, 88021 Catanzaro, Italy
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7
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Musolino V, Macrì R, Cardamone A, Tucci L, Serra M, Lupia C, Maurotti S, Mare R, Nucera S, Guarnieri L, Marrelli M, Coppoletta AR, Carresi C, Gliozzi M, Mollace V. Salvia rosmarinus Spenn. (Lamiaceae) Hydroalcoholic Extract: Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant Activity and In Vitro Evaluation of Fatty Acid Accumulation. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:3306. [PMID: 37765470 PMCID: PMC10536996 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Salvia rosmarinus Spenn. is a native Mediterranean shrub belonging to the Lamiaceae family and is well-known as a flavoring and spicing agent. In addition to its classical use, it has drawn attention because its biological activities, due particularly to the presence of polyphenols, including carnosic acid and rosmarinic acid, and phenolic diterpenes as carnosol. In this study, the aerial part of rosemary was extracted with a hydroalcoholic solution through maceration, followed by ultrasound sonication, to obtain a terpenoids-rich Salvia rosmarinus extract (TRSrE) and a polyphenols-rich Salvia rosmarinus extract (PRSrE). After phytochemical characterization, both extracts were investigated for their antioxidant activity through a classical assay and with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) for their DPPH and hydroxyl radicals scavenging. Finally, their potential beneficial effects to reduce lipid accumulation in an in vitro model of NAFLD were evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Musolino
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.M.); (C.L.); (S.N.); (A.R.C.); (M.G.); (V.M.)
| | - Roberta Macrì
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.M.); (C.L.); (S.N.); (A.R.C.); (M.G.); (V.M.)
| | - Antonio Cardamone
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.M.); (C.L.); (S.N.); (A.R.C.); (M.G.); (V.M.)
| | | | - Maria Serra
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.M.); (C.L.); (S.N.); (A.R.C.); (M.G.); (V.M.)
| | - Carmine Lupia
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.M.); (C.L.); (S.N.); (A.R.C.); (M.G.); (V.M.)
| | - Samantha Maurotti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (S.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Rosario Mare
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (S.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Saverio Nucera
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.M.); (C.L.); (S.N.); (A.R.C.); (M.G.); (V.M.)
| | - Lorenza Guarnieri
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.M.); (C.L.); (S.N.); (A.R.C.); (M.G.); (V.M.)
| | - Mariangela Marrelli
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy;
| | - Anna Rita Coppoletta
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.M.); (C.L.); (S.N.); (A.R.C.); (M.G.); (V.M.)
| | - Cristina Carresi
- Veterinary Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Micaela Gliozzi
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.M.); (C.L.); (S.N.); (A.R.C.); (M.G.); (V.M.)
| | - Vincenzo Mollace
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.M.); (C.L.); (S.N.); (A.R.C.); (M.G.); (V.M.)
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8
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Perri MR, Pellegrino M, Marrelli M, Aquaro S, Cavaliere F, Grande F, Occhiuzzi MA, Lupia C, Toma CC, Conforti F, Statti G. Identification of Pinosylvin in Pinus nigra subsp. laricio: A Naturally Occurring Stilbenoid Suppressing LPS-Induced Expression of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and Mediators and Inhibiting the JAK/STAT Signaling Pathway. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16050718. [PMID: 37242501 DOI: 10.3390/ph16050718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Stilbenoids, a group of phytoalexin polyphenols produced by plants as a defence mechanism in response to stress conditions, are known for their anti-inflammatory potential. Pinosylvin, a naturally occurring molecule traditionally found in pinus trees, was here identified in Pinus nigra subsp. laricio var. calabrica from Southern Italy through HPLC analysis. Both this molecule and its well-known analogue resveratrol, the most famous wine polyphenol, were compared for their in vitro potential anti-inflammatory activity. Pinosylvin significantly inhibited the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) and NO mediator in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, its ability to inhibit the JAK/STAT signaling pathway was assessed: Western blot analyses showed a downregulation of both phosphorylated JAK2 and STAT3 proteins. Finally, in order to verify whether this biological activity could be attributed to a direct interaction of pinosylvin with JAK2, a molecular docking study was performed, confirming the capability of pinosylvin to bind the active site of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosaria Perri
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Michele Pellegrino
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Mariangela Marrelli
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Stefano Aquaro
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Fabiola Cavaliere
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Fedora Grande
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | | | - Carmine Lupia
- Mediterranean Ethnobotanical Conservatory, 88054 Sersale, Italy
- National Ethnobotanical Conservatory, 85040 Castelluccio Superiore, Italy
| | - Claudia-Crina Toma
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, 87 L. Rebreanu Str., 310045 Arad, Romania
| | - Filomena Conforti
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Statti
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
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9
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Bava R, Castagna F, Palma E, Ceniti C, Millea M, Lupia C, Britti D, Musella V. Prevalence of Varroa destructor in Honeybee (Apis mellifera) Farms and Varroosis Control Practices in Southern Italy. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1228. [PMID: 37317203 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of honeybee farms in industrialized countries currently base their Varroa destructor control programs on the use of acaricides in conjunction with other management practices. However, the outcomes of these practices are often misunderstood and have only been studied to a limited extent. Better yields are guaranteed by having hives with low infection levels in the spring. Therefore, it is crucial to understand which beekeeping practices can result in increased control effectiveness. This study aimed to analyze the potential effects of environmental factors and beekeeping practices on the dynamics of V. destructor population. Experimental evidence was obtained by interpolating percentage infestation data from diagnoses conducted on several apiaries in the Calabria region (Southern Italy) with data acquired from a questionnaire on pest control strategies. Data on climatic temperature during the different study periods were also taken into account. The study was conducted over two years and involved 84 Apis mellifera farms. For each apiary, the diagnosis of infestation was made on a minimum of 10 hives. In total, 840 samples of adult honeybees were analyzed in the field to determine the level of infestation. In 2020, 54.7% of the inspected apiaries tested positive for V. destructor, and in 2021, 50% tested positive, according to a study of the field test findings (taking into account a threshold of 3% in July). A significant effect of the number of treatments on parasite prevalence was found. The results showed a significant reduction in the infestation rate in apiaries that received more than two treatments each year. Furthermore, it was shown that management practices, such as drone brood removal and frequent queen replacement, have a statistically significant impact on the infestation rate. The analysis of the questionnaires revealed some critical issues. In particular, only 50% of the interviewed beekeepers diagnosed infestation on samples of adult bees, and only 69% practiced drug rotation. In conclusion, it is only possible to maintain the infestation rate at an acceptable threshold by implementing integrated pest management (IPM) programs and using good beekeeping practices (GBPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Bava
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center Veterinary Service for Human and Animal Health, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, CISVetSUA, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Fabio Castagna
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center Veterinary Service for Human and Animal Health, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, CISVetSUA, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ernesto Palma
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FISH), Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l., Complesso Ninì Barbieri, Roccelletta di Borgia, 88021 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carlotta Ceniti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center Veterinary Service for Human and Animal Health, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, CISVetSUA, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maurizio Millea
- ARA Calabria (Calabria Regional Breeders Association), Via Umberto Boccioni, 88046 Lamezia Terme, Italy
| | - Carmine Lupia
- National Ethnobotanical Conservatory, Castelluccio Superiore, 85040 Potenza, Italy
- Mediterranean Ethnobotanical Conservatory, Sersale (CZ), 88054 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Domenico Britti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center Veterinary Service for Human and Animal Health, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, CISVetSUA, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Musella
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center Veterinary Service for Human and Animal Health, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, CISVetSUA, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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10
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Bava R, Castagna F, Palma E, Marrelli M, Conforti F, Musolino V, Carresi C, Lupia C, Ceniti C, Tilocca B, Roncada P, Britti D, Musella V. Essential Oils for a Sustainable Control of Honeybee Varroosis. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10050308. [PMID: 37235392 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10050308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The Varroa destructor parasite is the main obstacle to the survival of honey bee colonies. Pest control mainly involves the use of synthetic drugs which, used with the right criteria and in rotation, are able to ensure that infestation levels are kept below the damage threshold. Although these drugs are easy to use and quick to apply, they have numerous disadvantages. Their prolonged use has led to the emergence of pharmacological resistance in treated parasite populations; furthermore, the active ingredients and/or their metabolites accumulate in the beehive products with the possibility of risk for the end consumer. Moreover, the possibility of subacute and chronic toxicity phenomena for adult honeybees and their larval forms must be considered. In this scenario, eco-friendly products derived from plant species have aroused great interest over the years. In recent decades, several studies have been carried out on the acaricidal efficacy of plant essential oils (EOs). Despite the swarming of laboratory and field studies, however, few EO products have come onto the market. Laboratory studies have often yielded different results even for the same plant species. The reason for this discrepancy lies in the various study techniques employed as well as in the variability of the chemical compositions of plants. The purpose of this review is to take stock of the research on the use of EOs to control the V. destructor parasite. It begins with an extensive discussion of the characteristics, properties, and mechanisms of action of EOs, and then examines the laboratory and field tests carried out. Finally, an attempt is made to standardize the results and open up new lines of study in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Bava
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, CISVetSUA, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center Veterinary Service for Human and Animal Health, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, CISVetSUA, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Fabio Castagna
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, CISVetSUA, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center Veterinary Service for Human and Animal Health, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, CISVetSUA, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ernesto Palma
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, CISVetSUA, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FISH), University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l., Complesso Ninì Barbieri, Roccelletta di Borgia, 88021 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Mariangela Marrelli
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy
| | - Filomena Conforti
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Musolino
- Pharmaceutical Biology Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FISH), University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Cristina Carresi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, CISVetSUA, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Pharmaceutical Biology Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FISH), University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carmine Lupia
- Mediterranean Etnobotanical Conservatory, Sersale (CZ), 88054 Catanzaro, Italy
- National Etnobotanical Conservatory, Castelluccio Superiore, 85040 Potenza, Italy
| | - Carlotta Ceniti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, CISVetSUA, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center Veterinary Service for Human and Animal Health, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, CISVetSUA, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Bruno Tilocca
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, CISVetSUA, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center Veterinary Service for Human and Animal Health, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, CISVetSUA, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Paola Roncada
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, CISVetSUA, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center Veterinary Service for Human and Animal Health, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, CISVetSUA, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Domenico Britti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, CISVetSUA, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center Veterinary Service for Human and Animal Health, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, CISVetSUA, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Musella
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, CISVetSUA, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center Veterinary Service for Human and Animal Health, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, CISVetSUA, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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11
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Marrelli M, Giordano F, Perri MR, Amodeo V, Baldino N, Lupia C, Uzunov D, Musolino V, Conforti F, Panno ML. Phytochemical Profile and In Vitro Antioxidant and Photobiological Properties of Different Extracts from Prangos ferulacea Lindl. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020384. [PMID: 36829943 PMCID: PMC9952047 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Interesting photobiological properties have been demonstrated for some Cachrys species, including C. libanotis L., C. sicula L., and C. pungens Jan. The present study was designed to assess the photocytotoxic activity of Prangos ferulacea Lindl. (synonym of C. ferulacea (L.) Calest.). This plant was previously considered a Cachrys species but, at present, it is part of the Prangos genus. P. ferulacea is an orophilous plant present in the eastern Mediterranean and in western Asia. Three different extraction techniques were utilized. Obtained extracts were compared both for their phytochemical content and for their photobiological properties on human melanoma cells irradiated with UVA light. The apoptotic responses, together with the antioxidant activity, were also assessed. P. ferulacea extracts were able to affect cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner, with the sample obtained through supercritical CO2 extraction showing the highest activity (IC50 = 4.91 μg/mL). This research points out the interesting content in the photoactive compounds of this species, namely furanocoumarins, and could provide a starting point for further studies aimed at finding new photosensitizing agents useful in cancer photochemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Marrelli
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Francesca Giordano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Perri
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Valentina Amodeo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Noemi Baldino
- Department of Information, Modeling, Electronics and System Engineering (D.I.M.E.S.), University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Carmine Lupia
- Mediterranean Etnobotanical Conservatory, Sersale, 88054 Catanzaro, Italy
- National Etnobotanical Conservatory, Castelluccio Superiore, 85040 Potenza, Italy
| | - Dimitar Uzunov
- National Museum of Natural History, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Vincenzo Musolino
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Filomena Conforti
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0984-493168
| | - Maria Luisa Panno
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
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12
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Musolino V, Macrì R, Cardamone A, Serra M, Coppoletta AR, Tucci L, Maiuolo J, Lupia C, Scarano F, Carresi C, Nucera S, Bava I, Marrelli M, Palma E, Gliozzi M, Mollace V. Nocellara Del Belice ( Olea europaea L. Cultivar): Leaf Extract Concentrated in Phenolic Compounds and Its Anti-Inflammatory and Radical Scavenging Activity. Plants (Basel) 2022; 12:27. [PMID: 36616158 PMCID: PMC9824270 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Olea europaea L. is a plant belonging to the Oleaceae family, widely grown around the Mediterranean Basin and its leaves are a source of phenolic compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity. Among these, oleuropein and luteolin-7-O-glucoside represent two major polyphenolic compounds in olive-leaf extract. Herein, a polystyrene resin was used to recover the polyphenolic fraction from the acetone-water leaf extract from Nocellara del Belice cultivar, which showed the higher level of analysed bioactive compounds, compared to Carolea cultivar. The antioxidant activity of the extract concentrated in phenolic compounds (OLECp) was evaluated through a classical assay and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) for DPPH and hydroxyl radicals scavenging. Thus, the anti-inflammatory activity and the potential beneficial effects in reducing lipid accumulation in an in vitro model of NAFLD using McA-RH7777 cells exposed to oleic acid (OA) were evaluated. Nile Red and Oil Red O have been used to stain the lipid accumulation, while the inflammatory status was assessed by Cytokines Bioplex Assay. OLECp (TPC: 92.93 ± 9.35 mg GAE/g, TFC: 728.12 ± 16.04 mg RE/g; 1 g of extract contains 315.250 mg of oleuropein and 17.44 mg of luteolin-7-O-glucoside) exerted a good radical scavenging capability (IC50: 2.30 ± 0.18 mg/mL) with a neutralizing power against DPPH and hydroxyl radicals, as confirmed by the decreased signal area of the EPR spectra. Moreover, OLECp at concentration of 25, 50 and 100 μg/mL counteracted the intracellular inflammatory status, as result of decreased intracellular lipid content. Our results highlighted the multiple properties and applications of an O. europaea extract concentrated in polyphenols, and the possibility to formulate novel nutraceuticals with antioxidant properties, destined to ameliorate human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Musolino
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Roberta Macrì
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Cardamone
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Serra
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Coppoletta
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Luigi Tucci
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Jessica Maiuolo
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carmine Lupia
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Federica Scarano
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Cristina Carresi
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Saverio Nucera
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Irene Bava
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Mariangela Marrelli
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Ernesto Palma
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Micaela Gliozzi
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mollace
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health IRC-FSH, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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13
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Perri MR, Pellegrino M, Aquaro S, Cavaliere F, Lupia C, Uzunov D, Marrelli M, Conforti F, Statti G. Cachrys spp. from Southern Italy: Phytochemical Characterization and JAK/STAT Signaling Pathway Inhibition. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:plants11212913. [PMID: 36365365 PMCID: PMC9655331 DOI: 10.3390/plants11212913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Different phytochemical compounds have been demonstrated to modulate the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Here, three Cachrys species from Southern Italy were investigated for both the phytochemical profile and the potential anti-inflammatory properties. The aerial parts were extracted with methanol through Naviglio Extractor®, an innovative solid-liquid extraction technique that allows to obtain high quality extracts by working with gradient pressure. Extracts were analyzed with GC-MS and standardized in furanocoumarin content, resulting rich in xanthotoxin, bergapten and isopimpinellin. Given the known ability of bergapten to inhibit the JAK/STAT signaling pathway by decreasing the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6) and inflammatory mediators (NO) in RAW 264.7 cells activated by LPS, Cachrys extracts were investigated for their biological properties. The results obtained in this study showed that Cachrys pungens extract, presenting the highest content in furanocoumarins (7.48 ± 0.48 and 2.94 ± 0.16 mg/50 mg of extract for xanthotoxin and bergapten, respectively), significantly decreased STAT3 protein levels, pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6) and increased IL-10 anti-inflammatory cytokine. Cachrys ferulacea significantly decreased JAK2 phosphorylation, being even more effective than bergapten. In conclusion, investigated extracts could be potential candidates for the search of novel anti-inflammatory agents acting via inhibiting the JAK/STAT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosaria Perri
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Michele Pellegrino
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Stefano Aquaro
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Fabiola Cavaliere
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Carmine Lupia
- Mediterranean Etnobotanical Conservatory, 88054 Sersale, Italy
- National Etnobotanical Conservatory, 85040 Castelluccio Superiore, Italy
| | - Dimitar Uzunov
- National Museum of Natural History, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Mariangela Marrelli
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Filomena Conforti
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Statti
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
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14
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Castagna F, Bava R, Musolino V, Piras C, Cardamone A, Carresi C, Lupia C, Bosco A, Rinaldi L, Cringoli G, Palma E, Musella V, Britti D. Potential New Therapeutic Approaches Based on Punica granatum Fruits Compared to Synthetic Anthelmintics for the Sustainable Control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12202883. [PMID: 36290268 PMCID: PMC9598348 DOI: 10.3390/ani12202883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The spread of helminths resistant to the most common classes of anthelmintic drugs in sheep and the presence of drug residues in the environment has prompted research to find sustainable alternative solutions for gastrointestinal nematodes control. This study reports the results of in vivo studies on the efficacy of an aqueous Punica granatum-based macerate, used in southern Italy for the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep. The anthelmintic efficacy was evaluated in parallel in sheep infected with gastrointestinal nematodes, using, as a positive control, the treatment with Ivermectin and Albendazole. The results of the study show a good anthelmintic efficacy, suggesting the use of this ethnoveterinary macerate as an alternative and sustainable therapeutical remedy for the helminthiasis control in the sheep. Abstract Parasites, in particular, gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) represent one of the main burdens affecting small ruminant farming and pose a serious threat to their health, welfare, productivity, and reproduction. The correct management of animals and the correct use of anthelmintic drugs are the pillars of the GIN control programs for small ruminants. However, globally due to the indiscriminate use of synthetic anthelmintics, there is a significant increase in anthelmintic resistance phenomena to one or more classes of drugs. Even if such a problem never represented a serious threat in southern Italy because of the favourable environmental conditions and because of the good farm management, the phenomenon is actually showing a steep increasing trend and requires alternative treatment measures and constant monitoring. The use of phytotherapies is considered a valuable alternative approach for GIN control in small ruminants and could help with reducing the amount of synthetic drugs used and the forthcoming anthelmintic resistance. From this perspective, the Calabria territory offers a wide number of plants with anthelmintic efficacy that could be helpful for this purpose. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of aqueous pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) macerate compared to the treatment with Ivermectin and Albendazole in sheep naturally infected with GINs. The pomegranate macerate derives from the ethnoveterinary knowledge of the Calabria region, Southern Italy. The anthelmintic efficacy was evaluated according to the faecal egg count reduction test (FECRt) using the FLOTAC techniques in two sheep farms in Southern Italy. The FECR was calculated from individual samples using the formula FECR = 100 × (1 − [T2/C2]). The treatment with Albendazole in the first farm showed an efficacy of 99.8% after 14 days and 94.8% after 21 days, while the treatment with Ivermectin in the second farm showed an efficacy of 99.9% after 14 days and 96.5% after 21 days of treatment. The pomegranate macerate, in both farms, showed a value of efficacy of around 50% from day 7 to day 21 after the treatment. Previous studies highlighted the presence of gallic acid as the main component in the pomegranate macerate, and its efficacy in nematode control has been as well previously demonstrated in other plant extracts. This in vivo study demonstrated the unequivocal efficacy of plant macerate in easily reducing 50% of the number of GIN eggs in sheep faeces. These results, obtained without the use of synthetic anthelmintics, indicate the use of green veterinary pharmacology as a sustainable alternative to the use of synthetic drugs to reduce the increase in drug resistance phenomena and the environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Castagna
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center Veterinary Service for Human and Animal Health, CISVetSUA, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.C.); (E.P.)
| | - Roberto Bava
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center Veterinary Service for Human and Animal Health, CISVetSUA, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Musolino
- Pharmaceutical Biology Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FISH), University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Cristian Piras
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center Veterinary Service for Human and Animal Health, CISVetSUA, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Cardamone
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Cristina Carresi
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carmine Lupia
- National Ethnobotanical Conservatory, Castelluccio Superiore, 85040 Potenza, Italy
- Mediterranean Ethnobotanical Conservatory, Sersale (CZ), 88054 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Bosco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, Regione Campania, 80100 Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, Regione Campania, 80100 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cringoli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, Regione Campania, 80100 Naples, Italy
| | - Ernesto Palma
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l., Complesso Ninì Barbieri, Roccelletta di Borgia, 88021 Catanzaro, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.C.); (E.P.)
| | - Vincenzo Musella
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center Veterinary Service for Human and Animal Health, CISVetSUA, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Domenico Britti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center Veterinary Service for Human and Animal Health, CISVetSUA, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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15
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Castagna F, Piras C, Palma E, Musolino V, Lupia C, Bosco A, Rinaldi L, Cringoli G, Musella V, Britti D. Green Veterinary Pharmacology Applied to Parasite Control: Evaluation of Punica granatum, Artemisia campestris, Salix caprea Aqueous Macerates against Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Sheep. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8100237. [PMID: 34679067 PMCID: PMC8539373 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8100237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to anthelmintic drugs in gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) of sheep is of high concern for livestock production worldwide. In Calabria (southern Italy), many plants have been used in ethnoveterinary medicine for parasite control in small ruminants. Here, we present an in vivo evaluation of anthelmintic efficacy of three plant extracts. The first was based on bark and leaves of Salix caprea, the second and the third were based on the whole plant Artemisia campestris and whole fruit (seeds and peel) of Punica granatum, respectively. Anthelmintic efficacy was evaluated according to the fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) performed with the FLOTAC technique. The results showed a significant anthelmintic effect of Punica granatum macerate (50%), a low effectiveness of the Artemisia campestris macerate (20%), and a complete ineffectiveness of Salix caprea macerate (0.1%). With these outcomes, we report a P. granatum-based remedy reducing 50% GIN egg output. This result was obtained without using any synthetic drug, paving the way for the employment of green veterinary pharmacology (GVP) as a complementary and sustainable method to reduce the use of chemicals and to counteract anthelmintic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Castagna
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, CISVetSUA, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.P.); (E.P.); (C.L.); (V.M.); (D.B.)
- Correspondence: (F.C.); (V.M.)
| | - Cristian Piras
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, CISVetSUA, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.P.); (E.P.); (C.L.); (V.M.); (D.B.)
| | - Ernesto Palma
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, CISVetSUA, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.P.); (E.P.); (C.L.); (V.M.); (D.B.)
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l. Complesso Ninì Barbieri, Roccelletta di Borgia, 88021 Catanzaro, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FISH), University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Musolino
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, CISVetSUA, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.P.); (E.P.); (C.L.); (V.M.); (D.B.)
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FISH), University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.C.); (V.M.)
| | - Carmine Lupia
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, CISVetSUA, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.P.); (E.P.); (C.L.); (V.M.); (D.B.)
- Mediterranean Etnobotanical Conservatory, Sersale (CZ), 88054 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Bosco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR Regione Campania, 80137 Naples, Italy; (A.B.); (L.R.); (G.C.)
| | - Laura Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR Regione Campania, 80137 Naples, Italy; (A.B.); (L.R.); (G.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Cringoli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR Regione Campania, 80137 Naples, Italy; (A.B.); (L.R.); (G.C.)
| | - Vincenzo Musella
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, CISVetSUA, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.P.); (E.P.); (C.L.); (V.M.); (D.B.)
| | - Domenico Britti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, CISVetSUA, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.P.); (E.P.); (C.L.); (V.M.); (D.B.)
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16
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Bava R, Castagna F, Piras C, Palma E, Cringoli G, Musolino V, Lupia C, Perri MR, Statti G, Britti D, Musella V. In Vitro Evaluation of Acute Toxicity of Five Citrus spp. Essential Oils towards the Parasitic Mite Varroa destructor. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091182. [PMID: 34578214 PMCID: PMC8466118 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Varroa destructor is the most important ectoparasitic mite of honey bees that has a negative impact on bee health and honey production. The control programs are mainly based on the use of synthetic acaricides that are often administered indiscriminately. All this has led to drug resistance that now represent a great concern for honey bee farming. The research for alternative products/methods for mites’ control is now mandatory. The aim of this study was to test whether Citrus spp. essential oils could diminish the growth of the V. destructor mite. In Calabria (southern Italy), plants of the Citrus genus are very common and grow both spontaneously and cultured. The essential oils used in this study were extracted from bergamot (Citrus bergamia), grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), lemon (Citrus limon), orange (Citrus sinensis), and mandarin (Citrus reticulata) by hydrodistillation. Every EO was in vitro tested against V. destructor. Each experimental replicate was performed using 35 viable adult female mites (5 for each EO) collected the same day from the same apiary and included negative controls (5 individuals exposed to acetone only) and positive controls (5 individuals exposed to Amitraz diluted in acetone). The essential oils (Eos) were diluted (0.5 mg/mL, 1 mg/mL, and 2 mg/mL) in HPLC grade acetone to obtain the working solution to be tested (50 µL/tube). Mite mortality was manually assessed after 1 h exposure under controlled conditions. The essential oils that showed the best effectiveness at 0.5 mg/mL were bergamot, which neutralized (dead + inactivated) 80% (p ≤ 0.001) of the parasites; grapefruit, which neutralized 70% (p ≤ 0.001); and lemon, which neutralized 69% of them. Interestingly, the positive control (Amitraz) at the same concentration neutralized 60% of the parasites. These results demonstrate that Calabrian bergamot, grapefruit, and lemon Eos consistently reduced V. destructor viability and open the possibility for their utilization to control this parasite in honey bee farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Bava
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, CIS VetSUA, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (F.C.); (E.P.); (D.B.); (V.M.)
| | - Fabio Castagna
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, CIS VetSUA, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (F.C.); (E.P.); (D.B.); (V.M.)
| | - Cristian Piras
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, CIS VetSUA, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (F.C.); (E.P.); (D.B.); (V.M.)
- Correspondence: (C.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Ernesto Palma
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, CIS VetSUA, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (F.C.); (E.P.); (D.B.); (V.M.)
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l. Complesso Ninì Barbieri, Roccelletta di Borgia, 88021 Catanzaro, Italy
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FISH), Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cringoli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR Campania Region, 80137 Naples, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Musolino
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, CIS VetSUA, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (F.C.); (E.P.); (D.B.); (V.M.)
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FISH), Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Correspondence: (C.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Carmine Lupia
- Mediterranean Etnobotanical Conservatory, Sersale, 88054 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Maria Rosaria Perri
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87100 Cosenza, Italy; (M.R.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Giancarlo Statti
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87100 Cosenza, Italy; (M.R.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Domenico Britti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, CIS VetSUA, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (F.C.); (E.P.); (D.B.); (V.M.)
| | - Vincenzo Musella
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, CIS VetSUA, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (F.C.); (E.P.); (D.B.); (V.M.)
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