1
|
Bezruk D, Bahenský P, Marko D, Krajcigr M, Bahenský P, Novák-Nowická E, Mrkvička T. The Effect of Static Apnea Diving Training on the Physiological Parameters of People with a Sports Orientation and Sedentary Participants: A Pilot Study. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:140. [PMID: 38921834 PMCID: PMC11209488 DOI: 10.3390/sports12060140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Diver training improves physical and mental fitness, which can also benefit other sports. This study investigates the effect of eight weeks of static apnea training on maximum apnea time, and on the physiological parameters of runners, swimmers, and sedentary participants, such as forced vital capacity (FVC), minimum heart rate (HR), and oxygen saturation (SpO2). The study followed 19 participants, including five runners, swimmers, sedentary participants, and four competitive divers for reference values. The minimum value of SpO2, HR, maximum duration of apnea, and FVC were measured. Apnea training occurred four times weekly, consisting of six apneas with 60 s breathing pauses. Apnea duration was gradually increased by 30 s. The measurement started with a 30 s apnea and ended with maximal apnea. There was a change in SpO2 decreased by 6.8%, maximum apnea length increased by 15.8%, HR decreased by 9.1%, and FVC increased by 12.4% for the groups (p < 0.05). There were intra-groups changes, but no significant inter-groups difference was observed. Eight weeks of apnea training improved the maximum duration of apnea, FVC values and reduced the minimum values of SpO2 and HR in all groups. No differences were noted between groups after training. This training may benefit cardiorespiratory parameters in the population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Bezruk
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Education, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (D.B.); (D.M.); (M.K.); (P.B.J.); (E.N.-N.)
| | - Petr Bahenský
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Education, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (D.B.); (D.M.); (M.K.); (P.B.J.); (E.N.-N.)
| | - David Marko
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Education, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (D.B.); (D.M.); (M.K.); (P.B.J.); (E.N.-N.)
| | - Miroslav Krajcigr
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Education, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (D.B.); (D.M.); (M.K.); (P.B.J.); (E.N.-N.)
| | - Petr Bahenský
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Education, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (D.B.); (D.M.); (M.K.); (P.B.J.); (E.N.-N.)
| | - Eva Novák-Nowická
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Education, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (D.B.); (D.M.); (M.K.); (P.B.J.); (E.N.-N.)
| | - Tomáš Mrkvička
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Informatics, Faculty of Economics, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Baur DA, Baur KG, Buchanan BK, Ortiz MJ, Doody AG. Load carriage physiology in normoxia and hypoxia. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:925-943. [PMID: 37740748 PMCID: PMC10879375 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05320-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effects of load carriage in normoxia and normobaric hypoxia on ventilatory responses, hemodynamics, tissue oxygenation, and metabolism. METHODS Healthy males (n = 12) completed 3 randomly ordered baseline graded exercise tests in the following conditions: (1) unloaded normoxic (U: FIO2 = 20.93%), (2) loaded (~ 30 kg) normoxic (LN), and (3) loaded hypoxic simulating ~ 3650 m (LH: FIO2 = ~ 13%). Thereafter, experimental exercise trials were completed in quasi-randomized order (i.e., U completed first) consisting of 3 × 10 min of walking (separated by 5 min seated rest) with stages matched with the U condition (in ascending order) for relative intensity, absolute oxygen consumption ([VO2]; 1.7 L min-1), and walking speed (1.45 ± 0.15 m s-1). RESULTS Load carriage increased perceived exertion and reduced VO2max (LN: - 7%; LH: - 32%; p < 0.05). At matched VO2, stroke volume and tidal volume were reduced and maintained with LN and LH vs. U, respectively (p < 0.05). Increases in cardiac output and minute ventilation at matched VO2 (with LH) and speed (with LN and LH), were primarily accomplished via increases in heart rate and breathing frequency (p < 0.05). Cerebral oxygenated hemoglobin (O2HHb) was increased at all intensities with LN, but deoxygenated hemoglobin and total hemoglobin were increased with LH (p < 0.05). Muscle oxygen kinetics and substrate utilization were similar between LN and U, but LH increased CHO dependence and reduced muscle O2HHb at matched speed (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Load carriage reduces cardiorespiratory efficiency and increases physiological strain, particularly in hypoxic environments. Potential load carriage-induced alterations in cerebral blood flow may increase the risk for altitude illnesses and requires further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Baur
- Department of Human Performance and Wellness, Virginia Military Institute, 208 Cormack Hall, Lexington, VA, 24450, USA.
| | - Katherine G Baur
- Department of Human Performance and Wellness, Virginia Military Institute, 208 Cormack Hall, Lexington, VA, 24450, USA
| | - Beverley K Buchanan
- Department of Human Performance and Wellness, Virginia Military Institute, 208 Cormack Hall, Lexington, VA, 24450, USA
| | - Miles J Ortiz
- Department of Human Performance and Wellness, Virginia Military Institute, 208 Cormack Hall, Lexington, VA, 24450, USA
| | - Abaigeal G Doody
- Department of Human Performance and Wellness, Virginia Military Institute, 208 Cormack Hall, Lexington, VA, 24450, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shei RJ, Paris HL, Sogard AS, Mickleborough TD. Time to Move Beyond a "One-Size Fits All" Approach to Inspiratory Muscle Training. Front Physiol 2022; 12:766346. [PMID: 35082689 PMCID: PMC8784843 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.766346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) has been studied as a rehabilitation tool and ergogenic aid in clinical, athletic, and healthy populations. This technique aims to improve respiratory muscle strength and endurance, which has been seen to enhance respiratory pressure generation, respiratory muscle weakness, exercise capacity, and quality of life. However, the effects of IMT have been discrepant between populations, with some studies showing improvements with IMT and others not. This may be due to the use of standardized IMT protocols which are uniformly applied to all study participants without considering individual characteristics and training needs. As such, we suggest that research on IMT veer away from a standardized, one-size-fits-all intervention, and instead utilize specific IMT training protocols. In particular, a more personalized approach to an individual's training prescription based upon goals, needs, and desired outcomes of the patient or athlete. In order for the coach or practitioner to adjust and personalize a given IMT prescription for an individual, factors, such as frequency, duration, and modality will be influenced, thus inevitably affecting overall training load and adaptations for a projected outcome. Therefore, by integrating specific methods based on optimization, periodization, and personalization, further studies may overcome previous discrepancies within IMT research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Jay Shei
- Global Medical Department, Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals Company, Hampton, NJ, United States
| | - Hunter L Paris
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, United States
| | - Abigail S Sogard
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Timothy D Mickleborough
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bahenský P, Bunc V, Malátová R, Marko D, Grosicki GJ, Schuster J. Impact of a Breathing Intervention on Engagement of Abdominal, Thoracic, and Subclavian Musculature during Exercise, a Randomized Trial. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10163514. [PMID: 34441810 PMCID: PMC8397177 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10163514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Breathing technique may influence endurance exercise performance by reducing overall breathing work and delaying respiratory muscle fatigue. We investigated whether a two-month yoga-based breathing intervention could affect breathing characteristics during exercise. Methods: Forty-six endurance runners (age = 16.6 ± 1.2 years) were randomized to either a breathing intervention or control group. The contribution of abdominal, thoracic, and subclavian musculature to respiration and ventilation parameters during three different intensities on a cycle ergometer was assessed pre- and post-intervention. Results: Post-intervention, abdominal, thoracic, and subclavian ventilatory contributions were altered at 2 W·kg−1 (27:23:50 to 31:28:41), 3 W·kg−1 (26:22:52 to 28:31:41), and 4 W·kg−1 (24:24:52 to 27:30:43), whereas minimal changes were observed in the control group. More specifically, a significant (p < 0.05) increase in abdominal contribution was observed at rest and during low intensity work (i.e., 2 and 3 W·kg−1), and a decrease in respiratory rate and increase of tidal volume were observed in the experimental group. Conclusions: These data highlight an increased reliance on more efficient abdominal and thoracic musculature, and less recruitment of subclavian musculature, in young endurance athletes during exercise following a two-month yoga-based breathing intervention. More efficient ventilatory muscular recruitment may benefit endurance performance by reducing energy demand and thus optimize energy requirements for mechanical work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Bahenský
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Education, University of South Bohemia, 371 15 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (R.M.); (D.M.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +42-038-777-3171
| | - Václav Bunc
- Sports Motor Skills Laboratory, Faculty of Sports, Physical Training and Education, Charles University, 165 52 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Renata Malátová
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Education, University of South Bohemia, 371 15 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (R.M.); (D.M.); (J.S.)
| | - David Marko
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Education, University of South Bohemia, 371 15 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (R.M.); (D.M.); (J.S.)
| | - Gregory J. Grosicki
- Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Biodynamics and Human Performance Center, Armstrong Campus, Georgia Southern University, Savannah, GA 31419, USA;
| | - Jan Schuster
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Education, University of South Bohemia, 371 15 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (R.M.); (D.M.); (J.S.)
| |
Collapse
|