Rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis with different cerebral involvements: infarct, hemorrhage, and ophthalmoplegia

Imaging Features of Invasive Fungal Rhinosinusitis: A Systematic Review

Fungal rhinosinusitis (FRS) includes non-invasive and invasive subtypes with the latter having significant morbidity and mortality. This systematic review aims to identify the imaging features most correlated with invasive fungal rhinosinusitis (IFRS) and present a checklist of these features to aid diagnosis. PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL, and Science Direct were searched from inception to May 2023, in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines. Primary research articles published in English describing the imaging features of IFRS were included. The systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Forty-eight articles were identified for inclusion. Six studies examined radiological features in acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis (AIFRS), and 9 studies of chronic invasive fungal rhinosinusitis (CIFRS). A majority of studies did not specify whether IFRS cases were acute or chronic. On CT, bony erosion and mucosal thickening were the most common features. Other features include nasal soft tissue thickening, nasal cavity opacification, opacification of the affected sinus, and perisinus soft tissue infiltration. Extra-sinus extension was commonly observed on MRI, most often invading intraorbitally and intracranially. Other sites of extra-sinus extension included the cavernous sinus, pterygopalatine fossa, infratemporal fossa, masticator space, and facial soft tissue. IFRS is a condition with potential for high morbidity and mortality. Several radiological features are highly suggestive of IFRS. Early identification of high-risk radiological features using a checklist may aid prompt diagnosis and early treatment. Future research investigating the radiological differentiation between IFRS and other significant pathology including bacterial orbital cellulitis would be beneficial.

Infectious optic neuropathy (ION), how to recognise it and manage it

Optic neuropathy can be of infectious or non-infectious/idiopathic aetiology. Many infectious organisms can cause optic neuropathy that can be of varied presentation including papillitis, retrobulbar optic neuritis, neuroretinitis, and optic perineuritis. Detailed history, ocular, systemic/neurologic examination along with appropriate laboratory evaluation can help clinicians to identify the infectious agent causing optic neuropathy. In spite of recent advanced techniques in serological testing and molecular diagnostics like polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the identification of these pathogens is still a diagnostic challenge. It is ideal to have an infectious disease (ID) consultant in the management team, as most of these infections are multisystem involving diseases. Most infectious agents can be effectively treated with specific antibiotics, with or without corticosteroid therapy, but visual recovery is highly variable and depends entirely on early diagnosis of the causative agent. This review article will provide an overview of common pathogens involved in ION and will describe their management paradigms.

Magnetic resonance imaging spectrum of COVID-associated rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis and assessment of anatomical severity

OBJECTIVES

To describe the extent and imaging findings of COVID-associated rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis on magnetic resonance imaging and to evaluate the value of MRI severity score in grading the extent of involvement.

METHODS

Proven cases of ROCM with a history of concurrent or recently (<6 weeks) treated COVID-19 underwent MRI at the initial presentation. Findings were charted for each anatomical structure and the extent of involvement was scored for sinonasal, extra-sinus soft tissues, orbits, and brain. MR severity score was defined by summing up the individual scores of each compartment (sinonasal 20, orbital 20, soft tissue 10, and brain 10) and a total score out of 60 was assigned.

RESULTS

A total of 47 patients were included in our study with variable involvement of sinonasal compartment (n = 43), extra-sinus soft tissue (n = 25), orbits (n = 23), and brain (n = 17). In the sinonasal compartment, T2, DWI, and post-contrast T1 were the most useful sequences. A significantly higher mean sinonasal score was associated with mortality (p = 0.007). In the orbits, a combination of STIR (orbital fat and extraconal muscles), DWI (optic nerves), and post-contrast images (superior ophthalmic vein) were the most accurate sequences. A higher mean orbital score was associated with vision loss (p = 0.001). Patients with uncontrolled diabetes had greater extent of cranial involvement.

CONCLUSION

A combination of magnetic resonance sequences is required to correctly evaluate the involvement of individual structures and thus to assign the correct MR scoring. The proposed MR severity score can effectively and objectively evaluate the severity of COVID-associated ROCM.

A Proposed Diagnostic Algorithm for Fungal Orbital Infections after 20 Years of Experience in a Tertiary Eye Care Center- Egypt

METHOD

Medical Records of cases with orbital fungal infection from January 2000 to December 2019 were reviewed.

RESULTS

The study included 45 patients. Mucormycosis was proven in 32 (71.1%) and aspergillosis in 13 (28.9%) patients. Thirty-five (77.8%) patients had predisposing factors mainly uncontrolled diabetes. Twenty-seven (60%) patients presented with orbital apex syndrome, 10 (22.2%) with orbital cellulitis and 8 (17.7%) with proptosis. The prognosis was generally poor (31.1% mortality, 8.88% exenteration and 11.1% self-evisceration). The proposed algorithm composed of six atypical clinical presentations mainly acute orbital apex and fulminating orbital cellulitis plus any radiological or microbiological findings.

CONCLUSION

The proposed algorithm markedly reduced the complications after 5 years of the study. Once fungal orbital infection is suspected, treatment should start immediately.

COVID-Associated Sinonasal Mucormycosis: Radiological Pathological Correlation and Prognostic Value of MR Imaging

Purpose  Our aim was to assess the sinonasal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis (AIFRS) in coronavirus disease (COVID)-associated mucormycosis (CAM) and to correlate these with histopathology and patient outcome in terms of duration of hospital stay and survival at 10 weeks. Methods  Twenty patients with histopathologically confirmed sinonasal CAM underwent MRI (including postcontrast T1-weighted and diffusion-weighted imaging). Histopathological findings (presence of coagulative necrosis, granulomatous reaction, and fungal burden) were recorded and all patients were followed up at 6 and 10 weeks. Statistical analysis was done using chi-square test and Fischer's exact test. Results  Enhancement patterns seen in our subjects included homogeneous, heterogeneous, and lack of contrast enhancement (LOC), with LOC being the most common (65%). Diffusion restriction was found in 90% patients. Statistically significant correlation was found between LOC pattern and presence of coagulative necrosis ( p -value = 0.007), extent of fungal hyphae ( p -value = 0.047), and duration of hospital stay ( p -value = 0.004). Restricted diffusion was also seen to correlate with a high fungal load ( p -value = 0.007). Conclusion  Our study describes the MRI findings of AIFRS in CAM and highlights the imaging features which may be surrogate markers for coagulative necrosis and fungal burden.

Successful treatment of rhino-cerebral mucormycosis with dual antifungal therapy and minimal surgical debridement

The authors report the case of a 42-year-old female with history of type I diabetes mellitus and recent episode of diabetic ketoacidosis who presented with symptoms of epistaxis, gastrointestinal upset, hyperglycemia, confusion, and a cough. She was found to have rhino-cerebral mucormycosis with associated multi-focal strokes and a left internal carotid artery pseudoaneurysm. Her infection was successfully treated with dual-antifungal therapy consisting of liposomal amphotericin B and isavuconazole, and required only minimal surgical debridement.

Facial Nerve Palsy as a Common Presentation during the Epidemic of Coronavirus Disease Associated Rhinocerebral Mucormycosis

Purpose

The main purpose of this study is to highlight the involvement of the facial nerve as one of the presenting symptoms in patients suspected of coronavirus disease associated mucormycosis (CAM).

Methods

This is a retrospective observational study conducted at a tertiary care referral centre which included 300 patients with past history of being treated for coronavirus disease and who presented to our department with symptoms of invasive fungal sinusitis. All the patients were evaluated clinically and radiologically for presence of facial nerve palsy (FNP) in suspected cases of CAM. All the patients were managed with combined modality treatment with antifungal therapy and radical endoscopic debridement of the necrotic tissue and fungal debris.

Results

The data were analysed to assess the possible epidemiological factors linked to CAM. Diabetes mellitus was the most common associated factor identified for aggravating of CAM. FNP is also one of the common presentation seen among 53 patients with CAM.

Conclusion

FNP is an unusual but significant sign in presentation of mucormycosis. It could be easily misdiagnosed as cerebrovascular accident leading to delay in the treatment. During this era of Covid-19 pandemic where wearing of masks has become mandatory, there is a high probability of this finding to be missed. Thus, our study emphasises for thorough cranial nerve examination in all cases of CAM, for an early and an immediate intervention to prevent the spread of the disease and also to improve the overall general condition of the patient.

MR imaging spectrum in COVID associated Rhino-Orbito-Cerebral mucormycosis with special emphasis on intracranial disease and impact on patient prognosis

In the wake of the ongoing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, a new epidemic of COVID associated mucormycosis (CAM) emerged in India. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment of this deadly disease are of paramount importance in improving patient survival. MRI is the cornerstone of diagnosis of early extrasinus disease, particularly intracranial complications which have traditionally been associated with a high mortality rate. In this review, we depict the sinonasal, perisinus, orbital and intracranial involvement in CAM. Special emphasis is laid on intracranial disease which is categorized into vascular, parenchymal, meningeal, bony involvement and perineural spread. Vascular complications are the most common form of intracranial involvement. Some unusual yet interesting imaging findings such as nerve abscesses involving the optic, trigeminal and mandibular nerves and long segment vasculitis of the internal carotid artery extending till its cervical segment are also illustrated. In our experience, patient outcome in CAM (survival rate of 88.5%) was better compared to the pre-pandemic era. Presence of intracranial disease also did not affect prognosis as poorly as traditionally expected (survival rate of 82.8%). Involvement of brain parenchyma was the only subset of intracranial involvement that was associated with higher mortality (p value 0.016). The aim of this review is to familiarise the reader with the MR imaging spectrum of CAM with special focus on intracranial complications and a brief account of their impact on patient prognosis in our experience.

Rhino-Orbital-Cerebral Mycosis and Extranodal Natural Killer or/and T-Cell Lymphoma, Nasal Type

Background

Extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type is a syndrome of middle face destruction with an association to Epstein-Barr virus. Fungi have been recovered from the diseased tissue now and then but were often seen as a lymphoma-associated secondary infection. However, there are ENKTL-NT cases with the recoveries of fungi and complete recovery with antifungal therapy, which are quite similar to rhino-orbital-cerebral mycosis (ROCM) that often confuses the physicians.

Methods

We searched Medline for English-language manuscripts limited to “human” and “case reports,” “letters,” “reviews,” and “clinical conferences” from 1966 to 2022. We used MeSH terms “lymphoma, extranodal nk-t-cell” [MeSH Terms] or “lethal midline granuloma” [MeSH Terms], in combination with MeSH terms “microbiology” [subheading] or “microbiology” [all fields] or “fungi” [all fields] or “fungi” [MeSH Terms] for ENKTL-NT with infections. We used MeSH terms “Mycoses” in combination with “Nose” [Mesh] OR “Orbital Diseases” [Mesh] for rhino-orbital-cerebral fungal infections.

Results

We appraised 149 included articles and extracted references related to ENKTL-NT and/or ROCM. Themes and subcategories were subsequently derived. Our findings revealed that ROCM and ENKTL-NT are characterized by progressive and destructive ulcers in the midline face or rhino-orbital structures. ROCM is mainly caused by fungi in the order of Mucorales, and ENKTL-NT is usually associated with Epstein-Barr virus and sometimes fungi. Radiologically, both are characterized by non-specific features of sinusitis, soft tissue infection, and necrosis. Pathologically, ROCM and ENKTL-NT share the same characteristics of inflammation, necrosis, and granuloma. ROCM is characterized by the detection of fungi in tissue, while ENKTL-NT is typically positive for NK/T-cell markers and cytotoxic granule-associated proteins, proliferation, and vascular damage of angioinvasion, which could be incited by Mucor irregularis and Rhizopus arrhizus in patients and mice.

Conclusion

ENKTL-NT and ROCM share many similarities in clinical presentations, radiology, and histopathology, and might have the same etiology. This may explain why the two diseases are tangled together in the reported cases, and suggests the role that the fungi may play in the development of these ENKTL-NT/ROCM diseases. The reason why ENKTL-NT and ROCM are sometimes confused is that the main pathogens of ROCM, Mucor irregularis and Rhizopus arrhizus, are the fungal causative agents of ENKTL-NT.

Imaging features of rhinocerebral mucormycosis: from onset to vascular complications

Rhinocerebral mucormycosis (RCM) may result in severe intracranial ischemic and hemorrhagic lesions. Both computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) play an essential role in the diagnosis of RCM, but whereas CT is better for assessing bone erosion, MRI is superior in evaluating soft tissue, intraorbital extension, and in assessing intracranial and vascular invasion. Specific CT and MRI techniques, such as CT angiography or enhanced MR angiography, and more advanced MRI sequences such as gadolinium-3D Black Blood imaging, contribute to the assessment of the extension of vascular invasion.In this pictorial review, we describe specific CT and MRI signs of RCM, mainly focusing on its life-threatening complications due to vascular involvement.

Spectrum of intracranial complications of rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis - resurgence in the era of COVID-19 pandemic: a pictorial essay

Rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM) has regained significance following its resurgence in the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in India. Rapid and progressive intracranial spread occurs either by direct extension across the neural foraminae, cribriform plate/ethmoid, walls of sinuses, or angioinvasion. Having known to have a high mortality rate, especially with intracranial extension of disease, it becomes imperative to familiarise oneself with its imaging features. MRI is the imaging modality of choice. This pictorial essay aims to depict and detail the various intracranial complications of mucormycosis and to serve as a broad checklist of structures and pathologies that must be looked for in a known or suspected case of ROCM.

Invasive Fungal Sinusitis with Ophthalmological Complications: Case Series and Review of the Literature

Invasive fungal sinusitis can lead to dramatic complications in immunocompromised patients and requires prompt diagnosis. Here we report three cases with ophthalmological complications secondary to invasive fungal sinusitis in immunocompromised patients. From an ophthalmological point of view, these cases illustrate different clinical presentations, evolutions, complications, treatments, prognoses, and highlight different pathophysiological mechanisms. Diagnoses were delayed in all cases. In none of the cases did patients recover better vision than counting fingers at 24 months follow up, and two patients died. This case series highlights key points useful for quickly recognising this highly morbid infection in immunocompromised patients.

Epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of cerebral mucormycosis in diabetic patients: A systematic review of case reports and case series

BACKGROUND

Patients with diabetes are known as an important high-risk group for cerebral mucormycosis (CM).

METHOD

We conducted a structured search using PubMed/MEDLINE to collect both case reports and case series case (ie including at least two patients) onto CM in diabetic patient published between 2000 and March 2020.

RESULTS

Forty-five reports of individual cases and eighteen case series articles were included. India accounted for the largest share of reports with 37.7% and 38.8% of individual cases and case series, respectively. Mortality ranged from 0% to 100% in the case series. The overall mortality in the individual cases was 46.3%, and 64.2% of deaths were reported in patients with ketoacidosis diabetes. Facial swelling (53.3%), headache (44.4%), loss of vision (35.5%) and ophthalmoplegia (35.5%) were the most frequently reported clinical symptoms. In all patients except 4 (91.1%), CM was treated surgically; however, in many cases (42%), despite the use of surgery, death occurred. Amphotericin B deoxycholate (AMB) and lipid-based AMB (LAMB) were used as the first lines of treatment for all patients; however, posaconazole, echinocandins, hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) and deferasirox were used in combination for a number of patients. Posaconazole has been shown to have positive therapeutic effect; however, posaconazole, LAMB and HBOT are not commonly used in low-income and health-challenged countries.

CONCLUSION

Cerebral mucormycosis is a rapidly progressive infection in diabetic patients and carries immense morbidity despite early diagnosis and treatment. Low-income countries have had the highest number of reports of the disease in recent years, indicating the need to control diabetes in these countries.

Developments in identifying and managing mucormycosis in hematologic cancer patients

INTRODUCTION

Mucormycoses represent a rare but very aggressive class of mold infections occurring in patients with hematological malignancies (HMs). In the past, patients at high risk of invasive mucomycosis (IM) were those affected by acute myeloid leukemia but over the last ten years the prophylaxis with a very effective mold-active drug, such as posaconazole, has completely modified the epidemiology. In fact, IM is now observed more frequently in patients with lymphoproliferative disorders who do not receive antifungal prophylaxis.

AREAS COVERED

The attention was focused on the epidemiology, diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment of IM in HMs. Authors excluded pediatric patients considering the different epidemiology and differences in treatment given the limitation of the use of azoles in the pediatric field. A systematic literature review was performed using PubMed database listings between February 2014 and February 2020 using the following MeSH terms: leukemia, hematological malignancies, stem cell transplantation, mucormycosis, molds, prophilaxis, treatment.

EXPERT OPINION

The epidemiology of mucormycosis in HMs is changing in the last years. The availability of drugs more effective than in the past against this infection has reduced the mortality; however, a timely diagnosis remains a relevant problem potentially influencing the outcome of hematologic patients with IM.

[Invasive fungal brain abscess: a case report]

Mucormycsois, also known as zygomycosis, is an extremely serious acute invasive fungal infection（IFI）. The disease progresses rapidly and the mortality rate is high. Even if cured, it may leave behind serious sequelae. Immunocompromise is at high risk of mucormycosis. Rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis（ROCM） is the most common type of mucormycosis. It can manifest as headache, nasal obstruction, exophthalmos, ophthalmoplegia and nerve palsy, loss of vision, arterial embolism, etc. A case of ROCM is reported in this paper. The etiology, course of development, clinical and imaging manifestations and treatment of ROCM are described in detail.

Diabetes mellitus as the major risk factor for mucormycosis in Mexico: Epidemiology, diagnosis, and outcomes of reported cases

Mucormycosis is an emerging infectious disease with high rates of associated mortality and morbidity. Little is known about the characteristics of mucormycosis or entomophthoromycosis occurring in Mexico. A search strategy was performed of literature published in journals found in available databases and theses published online at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) library website reporting clinical cases or clinical case series of mucormycosis and entomophthoromycosis occurring in Mexico between 1982 and 2016. Among the 418 cases identified, 72% were diabetic patients, and sinusitis accounted for 75% of the reported cases. Diabetes mellitus was not a risk factor for entomophthoromycosis. Mortality rate was 51% (125/244). Rhizopus species were the most frequent isolates (59%, 148/250). Amphotericin B deoxycholate was used in 89% of cases (204/227), while surgery and antifungal management as combined treatment was used in 90% (172/191). In diabetic individuals, this combined treatment approach was associated with a higher probability of survival (95% vs 66%, OR = 0.1, 95% CI, 0.02-0.43' P = .002). The most common complications were associated with nephrotoxicity and prolonged hospitalization due to IV antifungal therapy. An algorithm is proposed to establish an early diagnosis of rhino-orbital cerebral (ROC) mucormycosis based on standardized identification of warning signs and symptoms and performing an early direct microbiological exam and histopathological identification through a multidisciplinary medical and surgical team. In summary, diabetes mellitus was the most common risk factor for mucormycosis in Mexico; combined antifungal therapy and surgery in ROC mucormycosis significantly improved survival.

Fungal infections of the orbit

Fungal infections of the orbit can lead to grave complications. Although the primary site of inoculation of the infective organism is frequently the sinuses, the patients can initially present to the ophthalmologist with ocular signs and symptoms. Due to its varied and nonspecific clinical features, especially in the early stages, patients are frequently misdiagnosed and even treated with steroids which worsen the situation leading to dire consequences. Ophthalmologists should be familiar with the clinical spectrum of disease and the variable presentation of this infection, as early diagnosis and rapid institution of appropriate therapy are crucial elements in the management of this invasive sino-orbital infection. In this review, relevant clinical, microbiological, and imaging findings are discussed along with the current consensus on local and systemic management. We review the recent literature and provide a comprehensive analysis. In the immunocompromised, as well as in healthy patients, a high index of suspicion must be maintained as delay in diagnosis of fungal pathology may lead to disfiguring morbidity or even mortality. Obtaining adequate diagnostic material for pathological and microbiological examination is critical. Newer methods of therapy, particularly oral voriconazole and topical amphotericin B, may be beneficial in selected patients.

Facial nerve paralysis: A case report of rare complication in uncontrolled diabetic patient with mucormycosis

Mucormycosis is a rare opportunistic aggressive and fatal infection caused by mucor fungus. Seven types of mucormycosis are identified based on the extension and involvement of the lesion, of which the rhino orbital mucormycosis is most common in the head and neck region. Although it is widely spread in nature, clinical cases are rare and observed only in immunocompromised patients and patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. Early symptoms include fever, nasal ulceration or necrosis, periorbital edema or facial swelling, paresthesia and reduced vision. Involvement of cranial nerves although not common, facial nerve palsy is a rare finding. The infection may spread through cribriform plate to the brain resulting in extensive cerebellar infarctions. Timely diagnosis and early recognition of the signs and symptoms, correction of underlying medical disorders, and aggressive medical and surgical intervention are necessary for successful therapeutic outcome.

Our 2014 approach to mucormycosis

Mucormycosis, previously termed as zygomycosis, is caused by fungi belonging to the order Mucorales and is a very severe disease in immunocompromised patients with an often unfavourable outcome. Given the high morbidity and mortality of mucormycosis, establishing a timely diagnosis followed by immediate treatment is of major importance. As randomised clinical trials are lacking, we present our current diagnostic and treatment pathways for mucormycosis in the immunocompromised host. Due to the difficulty to distinguish mucormycosis from other filamentous fungi, mucormycosis always has to be considered as differential diagnosis in predisposed patients. Diagnostic procedures comprise imaging, microscopy, culture and histopathology and need to be rigorously used. In patients with a high suspicion of mucormycosis, e.g. reversed halo sign on computed tomography scanning, our approach combines liposomal amphotericin B (LAmB) with surgical debridement. In light of the rapid deterioration and poor prognosis of these patients, we prefer a daily dose of LAmB of at least 5 mg kg(-1) despite nephrotoxicity. In patients with stable disease we switch to posaconazole 200 mg four times per day. In case of progression antifungal combination is an option.

Rhino-Orbital-Cerebral Mycosis and Cavernous Thrombosis

Rhino-orbital-cerebral mycosis (ROCM) is a life-threatening fungal disease associated mostly with Mucoralean fungi. The infection presents as headache, vision loss, proptosis, ptosis, painful ophthalmoplegia, and peripheral face palsy, with a high mortality (>80% for infections that spread to the brain) and severe morbidity, such as eyeball exenteration and vision loss. In our hospital, a 61-year-old woman with diabetes was diagnosed with rhino-orbital-cerebral infection caused by Alternaria infectoria. Cavernous sinus thromboses (CST) were seen in surgery, pathology, and MRI. She did not respond to potent antifungal therapy until the adding of anti-thrombosis drugs. By analyzing our case, together with the ones that have been published, we realized that fungal thrombosis in the cavernous sinus is the main pathophysiological problem in ROCM that typically shows mass enhancement within the cavernous sinus in radiographic images, thrombosis with characteristics of ischemia and infarction in pathology. Anticoagulation/antithrombus therapy might be helpful in the management of ROCM if potent antifungal treatment does not have effect.

Fatal outcome of rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis due to bilateral internal carotid occlusion in a child after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis is a rare fulminant opportunistic fungal infection that particularly occurs in immunocompromised patients. We present a case of fatal invasive rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis complicated by bilateral thrombotic occlusion of the internal carotid artery with consequent cerebral infarction in a 5-year-old boy after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for acute pre-B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia.

Mucormycosis-associated intracranial hemorrhage

Rhinoorbitocerebral mucormycosis is a devastating infection being increasingly recognized in immunocompromised hosts and carries poor prognosis. Early recognition and treatment are critical in order to improve clinical outcomes and decrease the development of complications. Fatal cerebral infarctions have been described in patients with rhinoorbitocerebral mucormycosis, likely due to the thrombotic occlusion of the affected blood vessels directly invaded by this aggressive mycotic infection. We report a patient that presented with aplastic anemia, subsequently complicated by systemic mucormycosis, which generated reactive plasmacytosis, and developed intracranial infarction and hemorrhage.

Cervicofacial tissue infarction in patients with acute invasive fungal sinusitis: prevalence and characteristic MR imaging findings

INTRODUCTION

Tissue infarction is known as one of the characteristic features of invasive fungal sinusitis (IFS). The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and characteristic MR imaging findings of cervicofacial tissue infarction (CFTI) associated with acute IFS.

METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed MR images in 23 patients with histologically or microbiologically proven acute IFS. CFTI was defined as an area of lack of enhancement in and around the sinonasal tract on contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images. We divided CFTI into two groups, i.e., intrasinonasal and extrasinonasal. Particular attention was paid to the location of extrasinonasal CFTI and the signal intensity of CFTI on T1- and T2-weighted images. The presence of bone destruction on CT scans was also recorded.

RESULTS

CFTI was found in 17 (74%) of 23 patients. All of these 17 patients had intrasinonasal CFTI, and 13 patients also had extrasinonasal CFTI. All 13 patients with extrasinonasal CFTI died of disease directly related to IFS. Various locations were involved in the 13 patients with extrasinonasal CFTI, including the orbit (n = 8), infratemporal fossa (n = 7), intracranial cavity (n = 3), and oral cavity and/or facial soft tissue (n = 4). Various signal intensities were noted at the area of CFTI on T1- and T2-weighted images. Bone destruction was found on CT scans in only 3 of 17 patients with CFTI.

CONCLUSION

CFTI with preservation of the bony wall of the involved sinonasal tract may be a characteristic MR imaging finding of acute IFS. The mortality is very high once the lesion extends beyond the sinonasal tract.

Neuro-ophthalmology of invasive fungal sinusitis: 14 consecutive patients and a review of the literature

BACKGROUND

Invasive fungal sinusitis is a rare condition that usually occurs in immunocompromised patients and often presents as an orbital apex syndrome. It is frequently misdiagnosed on presentation and is almost always lethal without early treatment.

DESIGN

Retrospective case series of 14 consecutive patients with biopsy-proven invasive fungal sinusitis from four tertiary hospitals.

PARTICIPANTS

Fourteen patients (10 men and 4 women; age range 46-82 years).

METHODS

Retrospective chart review of all patients presenting with invasive fungal sinusitis between 1994 and 2010 at each hospital, with a close analysis of the tempo of the disease to identify any potential window of opportunity for treatment.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Demographic data, background medical history (including predisposing factors), symptoms, signs, radiological findings, histopathological findings, treatment approach and subsequent clinical course were recorded and analysed.

RESULTS

Only one patient was correctly diagnosed at presentation. Only two patients were not diabetic or immunocompromised. The tempo was acute in two patients, subacute in nine patients and chronic in three patients. In the subacute and chronic cases, there was about 1 week of opportunity for treatment, from the time there was a complete orbital apex syndrome, and still a chance for saving the patient, to the time there was central nervous system invasion, which was invariably fatal. Only two patients survived - both had orbital exenteration, as well as antifungal drug treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Invasive fungal sinusitis can, rarely, occur in healthy individuals and should be suspected as a possible cause of a progressive orbital apex syndrome.

Rapidly Progressive Rhino-orbito-cerebral Mucormycosis Complicated with Unilateral Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion: A Case Report

Rhinocerebral mucormycosis is an acute fulminant opportunistic fungal infection usually seen in diabetic or immunocompromised patients. The fungi that cause mucormycosis inoculate the nasal mucosa and may spread to the paranasal sinuses, orbit, and brain. Our patient initially presented with mild ethmoid sinusitis. At that time, brain MRI and contrast-enhanced MR angiography were grossly normal. However, aggravation of sinusitis with extension to the right orbit and anterior cranial fossa rapidly developed within two months. Moreover, an occlusion of the right internal carotid artery was combined. We report a case of a pathologically-proven rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis with serial follow-up imaging for over one year.

A case of rhinoorbital mucormycosis in a leukemic patient with a literature review from Turkey

Mucormycosis (Zygomycosis) is a rare, invasive, opportunistic fungal infection of the paranasal sinuses, caused by a fungus of the order Mucorales. We report a case of rhinoorbital mucormycosis caused by Rhizopus oryzae in an acute lymphoblastic leukemia patient and review the 79 Mucormycosis cases reported in the last decade from Turkey. In our case, the diagnosis was made with endoscopic appearance, computerized tomography of the paranasal sinuses, and culture of the surgical materials. Following aggressive surgical debridement and parenteral amphotericin B therapy, the patient recovered completely. In Turkish literature, rhinocerebral manifestations were the most common form of the mucormycosis (64 cases), followed by pulmonary form (6 cases). The most common risk factor was hematologic malignancies (32 cases) and diabetes mellitus (32 cases), similar to those reported from the rest of the world. The etiologic agents responsible for the review cases were Rhizopus sp., Mucor spp., Rhizomucor spp., Rhizopus oryzae, Mucor circinelloides, and Lichtheimia corymbifera. Although various treatment modalities were used, amphotericin B was the mainstay of therapy. Mortality rate was found to be 49.4% in review cases. It seems that strong clinical suspicion and early diagnosis, along with aggressive antifungal therapy and endoscopic sinus surgery, have great importance for better prognosis in mucormycosis.

Imaging findings in intracranial aspergillus infection in immunocompetent patients

AIM

To study the neuroimaging features of craniocerebral aspergillosis infection in immunocompetent patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The clinical and imaging data of 12 patients of aspergillus fungal infection were retrospectively reviewed. Diagnosis of fungal infection was confirmed by histopathologic examination of surgically excised specimen, stereotactic biopsy material, or endoscopic sinus biopsy. The radiologic studies were evaluated for anatomic distribution of lesions, signal intensity, contrast enhancement, presence of hemorrhage, diffusion restriction, perfusion, and spectroscopy characteristics. Medical records, biopsy reports, and autopsy findings were also reviewed.

RESULTS

Twelve cases of aspergillosis infections in immunocompetent patients were diagnosed at our hospital over a period of 10 years. Lesions could be classified based on imaging of lesions of sinonasal origin, intracranial mass lesion including both parenchymal or extraparenchymal meningeal based and stroke. Coexisting meningitis was also noted in one patient. Disease of sinonasal origin commonly showed invasion of the cavernous sinus and orbital apex resulting in visual symptoms and multiple cranial nerve palsies. Intracranial mass lesions without sinonasal involvement were seen in five cases that included isolated parenchymal lesion in two patients and dural-based mass lesions in three patients. Isolated intraparenchymal lesions included two cases of fungal cerebritis. Dural-based lesions were large granulomas with a significant mass effect. Infarcts were seen in three patients and angiography showed vessel narrowing or occlusion in all the three patients. CT demonstrated isodense to hyperdense attenuation of primary sinus disease with evidence of bone destruction in all the cases of sinonasal origin. Primary parenchymal lesions showed heterogenous attenuation with predominantly low-density areas. Dural-based lesions showed isodense to hyperdense attenuation. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed isointense to hypointense signal intensity on both T(1)-weighted (T1W) and T(2)-weighted (T2W) images in all lesions of sinonasal origin and isolated dural-based mass lesions. Primary parenchymal lesions showed heterogenous signal intensity pattern with predominantly hypointense signal on T1W and hyperintense signal on T2W images. Diffusion weighted imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and perfusion-weighted imaging gave valuable ancillary information in these cases.

CONCLUSION

Sinonasal disease with intracranial extension is the commonest pattern of aspergillus infection followed by intracranial mass lesions. Hyperdense sinonasal disease with bone destruction and intracranial extension on computed tomography, hypointense signal intensity of the lesions on T2W magnetic resonance images, presence of areas of restricted diffusion, decreased perfusion on perfusion-weighted imaging, and presence of hemorrhages are key to the imaging diagnosis of fungal infection.

Isolated cerebellar mucormycosis, slowly progressive over 1 year in an immunocompetent patient

Background:

Mucormycosis is a rare, aggressive fungal disease with high mortality, typically presenting as rhinosinusitis in immunocompromised patients.

Case Description:

A 43-year-old man with a history of intravenous drug use, Hepatitis C, and no evidence of immunocompromise presented with worsening balance problems. He had received intravenous antibiotics 2.5 years earlier for local infection after injecting heroin into a neck vein. Imaging studies revealed a lesion, likely of neoplastic origin. At resection, purulent fluid sampled by neuropathology revealed right-angled, branching hyphae, suggesting mucormycosis. No further resection was performed, no other disease sites were found, and HIV findings were negative. Two weeks postoperatively, he developed renal failure; intravenous antifungal treatment and hemodialysis were discontinued. When kidney function recovered 2 weeks later, he declined additional treatment.

Conclusion:

In our immunocompetent patient, both the location of the infection in the posterior fossa and its slowly progressive characteristic were unique variations of this typically aggressive disease.