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Açarı İK, Sel E, Özcan İ, Ateş B, Köytepe S, Thakur VK. Chemistry and engineering of brush type polymers: Perspective towards tissue engineering. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 305:102694. [PMID: 35597039 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
In tissue engineering, it is imperative to control the behaviour of cells/stem cells, such as adhesion, proliferation, propagation, motility, and differentiation for tissue regeneration. Surfaces that allow cells to behave in this way are critical as support materials in tissue engineering. Among these surfaces, brush-type polymers have an important potential for tissue engineering and biomedical applications. Brush structure and length, end groups, bonding densities, hydrophilicity, surface energy, structural flexibility, thermal stability, surface chemical reactivity, rheological and tribological properties, electron and energy transfer ability, cell binding and absorption abilities for various biological molecules of brush-type polymers were increased its importance in tissue engineering applications. In addition, thanks to these functional properties and adjustable surface properties, brush type polymers are used in different high-tech applications such as electronics, sensors, anti-fouling, catalysis, purification and energy etc. This review comprehensively highlights the use of brush-type polymers in tissue engineering applications. Considering the superior properties of brush-type polymer structures, it is believed that in the future, it will be an effective tool in structure designs containing many different biomolecules (enzymes, proteins, etc.) in the field of tissue engineering.
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Xu X, Billing M, Ruths M, Klok HA, Yu J. Structure and Functionality of Polyelectrolyte Brushes: A Surface Force Perspective. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:3411-3436. [PMID: 30080310 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The unique functionality of polyelectrolyte brushes depends on several types of specific interactions, including solvent structure effects, hydrophobic forces, electrostatic interactions, and specific ion interactions. Subtle variations in the solution environment can lead to conformational and surface structural changes of the polyelectrolyte brushes, which are mainly discussed from a surface-interaction perspective in this Focus Review. A brief overview is given of recent theoretical and experimental progress in the structure of polyelectrolyte brushes in various environments. Two important techniques for surface-force measurements are described, the surface forces apparatus (SFA) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), and some recent results on polyelectrolyte brushes are shown. Lastly, this Focus Review highlights the use of these surface-grafted polyelectrolyte brushes in the creation of functional surfaces for various applications, including nonfouling surfaces, boundary lubricants, and stimuli-responsive surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.,Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Mark Billing
- Institut des Matériaux et Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marina Ruths
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Harm-Anton Klok
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.,Institut des Matériaux et Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jing Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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McKenna GB. Soft matter: rubber and networks. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2018; 81:066602. [PMID: 29671408 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aaafe2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Rubber networks are important and form the basis for materials with properties ranging from rubber tires to super absorbents and contact lenses. The development of the entropy ideas of rubber deformation thermodynamics provides a powerful framework from which to understand and to use these materials. In addition, swelling of the rubber in the presence of small molecule liquids or solvents leads to materials that are very soft and 'gel' like in nature. The review covers the thermodynamics of polymer networks and gels from the perspective of the thermodynamics and mechanics of the strain energy density function. Important relationships are presented and experimental results show that the continuum ideas contained in the phenomenological thermodynamics are valid, but that the molecular bases for some of them remain to be fully elucidated. This is particularly so in the case of the entropic gels or swollen networks. The review is concluded with some perspectives on other networks, ranging from entropic polymer networks such as thermoplastic elastomers to physical gels in which cross-link points are formed by glassy or crystalline domains. A discussion is provided for other physical gels in which the network forms a spinodal-like decomposition, both in thermoplastic polymers that form a glassy network upon phase separation and for colloidal gels that seem to have a similar behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory B McKenna
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Whitacre College of Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3121, United States of America. Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle, CNRS UMR7615, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris, ESPCI ParisTech, 10, rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France
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Isakova A, Novakovic K. Oscillatory chemical reactions in the quest for rhythmic motion of smart materials. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Du X, Zhou J, Shi J, Xu B. Supramolecular Hydrogelators and Hydrogels: From Soft Matter to Molecular Biomaterials. Chem Rev 2015; 115:13165-307. [PMID: 26646318 PMCID: PMC4936198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1258] [Impact Index Per Article: 139.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this review we intend to provide a relatively comprehensive summary of the work of supramolecular hydrogelators after 2004 and to put emphasis particularly on the applications of supramolecular hydrogels/hydrogelators as molecular biomaterials. After a brief introduction of methods for generating supramolecular hydrogels, we discuss supramolecular hydrogelators on the basis of their categories, such as small organic molecules, coordination complexes, peptides, nucleobases, and saccharides. Following molecular design, we focus on various potential applications of supramolecular hydrogels as molecular biomaterials, classified by their applications in cell cultures, tissue engineering, cell behavior, imaging, and unique applications of hydrogelators. Particularly, we discuss the applications of supramolecular hydrogelators after they form supramolecular assemblies but prior to reaching the critical gelation concentration because this subject is less explored but may hold equally great promise for helping address fundamental questions about the mechanisms or the consequences of the self-assembly of molecules, including low molecular weight ones. Finally, we provide a perspective on supramolecular hydrogelators. We hope that this review will serve as an updated introduction and reference for researchers who are interested in exploring supramolecular hydrogelators as molecular biomaterials for addressing the societal needs at various frontiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Du
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Junfeng Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
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Dunderdale GJ, Urata C, Hozumi A. An underwater superoleophobic surface that can be activated/deactivated via external triggers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:13438-13446. [PMID: 25318101 DOI: 10.1021/la503492e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Poly[(2-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (pDMAEMA) brush surfaces were prepared using a facile aqueous Activators ReGenerated by Electron Transfer Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ARGET-ATRP) protocol at ambient temperature without any need to purge reaction solutions of oxygen. This produced underwater superoleophobic surfaces, which exhibited high advancing (θA, 164-166°) and receding (θR, 153-165°) contact angles (CAs) and low CA hysteresis (1-11°) with a variety of oils. Both in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry and dynamic CA measurements confirmed that pDMAEMA brush surfaces responded to three different external stimuli (pH, ionic strength, and temperature) by changing their thicknesses, degree of hydration, or their chemical composition. Increasing pH resulted in the largest decrease in hydration, followed by increasing temperature, and increasing ionic strength gave the smallest change in hydration. Coincident with these structural changes, stimulus-responsive dynamic dewetting behavior with various oils was observed. Increasing pH or ionic strength drastically reduced the θR values of oil drops and increased CA hysteresis, resulting in a sticky surface on which oil drops were pinned. No noticeable changes in dynamic oleophobicity were observed with increasing temperature. In addition, when oil drops impacted onto the brush surface instead of being gently placed, surfaces did not exhibit stimulus-responsive dewetting properties, being oleophobic under all conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary J Dunderdale
- Materials Research Institute for Sustainable Development, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , 2266-98, Anagahora, Shimoshidami, Moriyama, Nagoya 463-8560, Japan
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Dunderdale GJ, Fairclough JPA. Coupling pH-responsive polymer brushes to electricity: switching thickness and creating waves of swelling or collapse. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:3628-3635. [PMID: 23441938 DOI: 10.1021/la3049949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Electrolysis of water is proposed as a method to couple the pH-responsive behavior of polymer brushes to an electrical stimulus. It is shown that an electrode in close proximity to a pH-responsive polymer brush can change the local solution pH, inducing either swelling or collapse of the polymer brush. By alternating the bias of the voltage applied to the electrode, either acidic or alkaline conditions can be generated, and reproducible cycles of polymer brush swelling and collapse can be achieved. It was found that the length of time which the electrical stimulus is applied to the electrodes can be as short as 10 s and that, once "switched", polymer brushes remain in the switched state for many minutes after the electrical stimulus is turned off. In other experiments, two electrodes were positioned 10 cm apart with a pH-responsive brush in between. Under these conditions waves of either acidic or alkaline solution pH could be generated which caused a coincident wave of polymer brush swelling or collapse. These waves originate from one electrode and travel across the brush surface toward the opposite electrode with a velocity of ~40 μm s(-1).
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Fitzpatrick B, Creran B, Cooke G, Rotello VM. Flavin-Functionalized Amphiphilic Block Copolymer Gels. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201200225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Topham PD, Ryan AJ. Stimuli-Responsive and Motile Supramolecular Soft Materials. Supramol Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470661345.smc141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Dunlop IE, Thomas RK, Titmus S, Osborne V, Edmondson S, Huck WTS, Klein J. Structure and collapse of a surface-grown strong polyelectrolyte brush on sapphire. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:3187-3193. [PMID: 22292571 DOI: 10.1021/la204655h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We have used neutron reflectometry to investigate the behavior of a strong polyelectrolyte brush on a sapphire substrate, grown by atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) from a silane-anchored initiator layer. The initiator layer was deposited from vapor, following treatment of the substrate with an Ar/H(2)O plasma to improve surface reactivity. The deposition process was characterized using X-ray reflectometry, indicating the formation of a complete, cross-linked layer. The brush was grown from the monomer [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride (METAC), which carries a strong positive charge. The neutron reflectivity profile of the swollen brush in pure water (D(2)O) showed that it adopted a two-region structure, consisting of a dense surface region ∼100 Å thick, in combination with a diffuse brush region extending to around 1000 Å from the surface. The existence of the diffuse brush region may be attributed to electrostatic repulsion from the positively charged surface region, while the surface region itself most probably forms due to polyelectrolyte adsorption to the hydrophobic initiator layer. The importance of electrostatic interactions in maintaining the brush region is confirmed by measurements at high (1 M) added 1:1 electrolyte, which show a substantial transfer of polymer from the brush to the surface region, together with a strong reduction in brush height. On addition of 10(-4) M oppositely charged surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate), the brush undergoes a dramatic collapse, forming a single dense layer about 200 Å in thickness, which may be attributed to the neutralization of the monomers by adsorbed dodecyl sulfate ions in combination with hydrophobic interactions between these dodecyl chains. Subsequent increases in surfactant concentration result in slow increases in brush height, which may be caused by stiffening of the polyelectrolyte chains due to further dodecyl sulfate adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain E Dunlop
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK.
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Abstract
There is an increasing demand on the development of "smart" switchable interfaces since controlling surface topography and chemical functionality on a nanometer scale is crucial for numerous biomedical applications. Those surfaces, which are based on stimuli responsive polymers (SRPs), are able to modify their interactions with cells, biomolecules responding to different physical (e.g., temperature) or chemical (e.g., pH) stimuli. Such behavior may partially mimic complex dynamic properties of natural systems that are regulated by many biological stimuli. This paper reviews major studies and applications of SRPs as biointerfaces in a form of thin polymeric films (gels) and surface tethered polymers (brushes).
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Akhoury A, Bromberg L, Hatton TA. Redox-responsive gels with tunable hydrophobicity for controlled solubilization and release of organics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2011; 3:1167-1174. [PMID: 21410169 DOI: 10.1021/am200002b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The hydrophobicity of the chemical environment within a redox-responsive polymer gel synthesized by copolymerization of hydroxybutyl methacrylate (HBMA) and vinylferrocene (VF) can be controlled by tuning the oxidation state of the redox-responsive moiety, ferrocene. When ferrocene is in the uncharged reduced state, the gel is hydrophobic and selectively extracts butanol from aqueous solution. Upon oxidation to ferricenium ions, charge is induced at the ferrocene sites making the gel hydrophilic, with a reduced capacity for butanol relative to water. Equilibrium distribution coefficients and separation factors provide quantitative evidence for this changing preference for butanol depending on oxidation state. The selection of the monomer constituting the polymer backbone, HBMA, was based on an initial screening using the Hansen solubility parameters of commercially available monomers. The effect of the various constituents of the gel on the gel's butanol extraction ability has been ascertained experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Akhoury
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Carboxylated core–shell particles: II. Experimental and theoretical comparison of salt-induced swelling. J Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 354:70-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2010.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Kelby TS, Huck WTS. Controlled Bending of Microscale Au−Polyelectrolyte Brush Bilayers. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma100624h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim S. Kelby
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Wilhelm T. S. Huck
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Parnell AJ, Martin SJ, Dang CC, Geoghegan M, Jones RA, Crook CJ, Howse JR, Ryan AJ. Synthesis, characterization and swelling behaviour of poly(methacrylic acid) brushes synthesized using atom transfer radical polymerization. POLYMER 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Autonomous Rhythmic Drug Delivery Systems Based on Chemical and Biochemomechanical Oscillators. CHEMOMECHANICAL INSTABILITIES IN RESPONSIVE MATERIALS 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-2993-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Ahn SK, Kasi RM, Kim SC, Sharma N, Zhou Y. Stimuli-responsive polymer gels. SOFT MATTER 2008; 4:1151-1157. [PMID: 32907254 DOI: 10.1039/b714376a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive polymer gels have received considerable attention due to their singular mechanical properties, which make them materials of choice for niche applications. Polymer gels comprising either physical or chemical cross-links can undergo controlled and reversible shape changes in response to an applied field. The stimulus or external field applied may include thermal, electrical, magnetic, pH, UV/visible light, ionic or metallic interactions or combinations thereof. The shape change can manifest itself in two-dimensional actuation, bending motion, or three-dimensional actuation, volume change. This reversible contraction and expansion of polymer gels as well as their mechanical properties are similar to that of biological muscles. This review will describe and critique some of the recent advances in the field of stimuli-responsive polymer gels including the design of new classes of polymeric gels, controlled actuation in response to external stimuli, and ability to tailor material properties for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk-Kyun Ahn
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, 97 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Rajeswari M Kasi
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, 97 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA and Chemistry Department, University of Connecticut, 97 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Seong-Cheol Kim
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, 97 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Nitin Sharma
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, 97 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Yuxiang Zhou
- Chemistry Department, University of Connecticut, 97 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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Nykänen A, Nuopponen M, Hiekkataipale P, Hirvonen SP, Soininen A, Tenhu H, Ikkala O, Mezzenga R, Ruokolainen J. Direct Imaging of Nanoscopic Plastic Deformation below Bulk Tg and Chain Stretching in Temperature-Responsive Block Copolymer Hydrogels by Cryo-TEM. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma702496j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antti Nykänen
- Department of Engineering Physics and Center for New Materials, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O Box 5100, FI-02015 TKK, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Physics and Fribourg Center for Nanomaterials, University of Fribourg, Perolles Fribourg, CH-1700 Switzerland; and Nestlé Research Center, Vers-Chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Markus Nuopponen
- Department of Engineering Physics and Center for New Materials, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O Box 5100, FI-02015 TKK, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Physics and Fribourg Center for Nanomaterials, University of Fribourg, Perolles Fribourg, CH-1700 Switzerland; and Nestlé Research Center, Vers-Chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Panu Hiekkataipale
- Department of Engineering Physics and Center for New Materials, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O Box 5100, FI-02015 TKK, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Physics and Fribourg Center for Nanomaterials, University of Fribourg, Perolles Fribourg, CH-1700 Switzerland; and Nestlé Research Center, Vers-Chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Sami-Pekka Hirvonen
- Department of Engineering Physics and Center for New Materials, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O Box 5100, FI-02015 TKK, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Physics and Fribourg Center for Nanomaterials, University of Fribourg, Perolles Fribourg, CH-1700 Switzerland; and Nestlé Research Center, Vers-Chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Antti Soininen
- Department of Engineering Physics and Center for New Materials, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O Box 5100, FI-02015 TKK, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Physics and Fribourg Center for Nanomaterials, University of Fribourg, Perolles Fribourg, CH-1700 Switzerland; and Nestlé Research Center, Vers-Chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Heikki Tenhu
- Department of Engineering Physics and Center for New Materials, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O Box 5100, FI-02015 TKK, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Physics and Fribourg Center for Nanomaterials, University of Fribourg, Perolles Fribourg, CH-1700 Switzerland; and Nestlé Research Center, Vers-Chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Olli Ikkala
- Department of Engineering Physics and Center for New Materials, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O Box 5100, FI-02015 TKK, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Physics and Fribourg Center for Nanomaterials, University of Fribourg, Perolles Fribourg, CH-1700 Switzerland; and Nestlé Research Center, Vers-Chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Raffaele Mezzenga
- Department of Engineering Physics and Center for New Materials, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O Box 5100, FI-02015 TKK, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Physics and Fribourg Center for Nanomaterials, University of Fribourg, Perolles Fribourg, CH-1700 Switzerland; and Nestlé Research Center, Vers-Chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Janne Ruokolainen
- Department of Engineering Physics and Center for New Materials, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O Box 5100, FI-02015 TKK, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Physics and Fribourg Center for Nanomaterials, University of Fribourg, Perolles Fribourg, CH-1700 Switzerland; and Nestlé Research Center, Vers-Chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
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Geoghegan M, Ruiz-Pérez L, Dang CC, Parnell AJ, Martin SJ, Howse JR, Jones RAL, Golestanian R, Topham PD, Crook CJ, Ryan AJ, Sivia DS, Webster JRP, Menelle A. The pH-induced swelling and collapse of a polybase brush synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization. SOFT MATTER 2006; 2:1076-1080. [PMID: 32680210 DOI: 10.1039/b611847j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We have used neutron reflectometry to characterize the swelling behaviour of brushes of poly[2-(diethyl amino)ethyl methacrylate], a polybase, as a function of pH. The brushes, synthesized by the "" method of atom transfer radical polymerization, were observed to approximately double their thickness in low pH solutions, although the p is shifted to a lower pH than in dilute solution. The composition-depth profile obtained from the reflectometry experiments for the swollen brushes reveals a region depleted in polymer between the substrate and the extended part of the brush.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Geoghegan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, United KingdomS3 7RH.
| | - Lorena Ruiz-Pérez
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, United KingdomS3 7RH.
| | - Cheen C Dang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, United KingdomS3 7RH.
| | - Andrew J Parnell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, United KingdomS3 7RH.
| | - Simon J Martin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, United KingdomS3 7RH.
| | - Jonathan R Howse
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, United KingdomS3 7RH.
| | - Richard A L Jones
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, United KingdomS3 7RH.
| | - Ramin Golestanian
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, United KingdomS3 7RH.
| | - Paul D Topham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, United KingdomS3 7HF
| | - Colin J Crook
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, United KingdomS3 7HF
| | - Anthony J Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, United KingdomS3 7HF
| | - Devinderjit S Sivia
- ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, United KingdomOX11 OQX
| | - John R P Webster
- ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, United KingdomOX11 OQX
| | - Alain Menelle
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin (CEA-CNRS), CEA Saclay, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette Cédex, France
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21
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Alexeev A, Verberg R, Balazs AC. Modeling the interactions between deformable capsules rolling on a compliant surface. SOFT MATTER 2006; 2:499-509. [PMID: 32680246 DOI: 10.1039/b602417c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
By integrating mesoscale models for hydrodynamics and micromechanics, we examine the fluid-driven motion of pairs of capsules on a compliant, adhesive substrate. The capsules, modeled as fluid filled elastic shells, represent cells or polymeric microcapsules. We show that both the relative and the average velocities of two closely spaced, rolling capsules depends on the elasticity of the capsules, the adhesive interaction between the capsules and the substrate, and the compliance of the substrate. We first focused on a stiff surface and found that pairs of rigid capsules always separate from each other, while for deformable capsules, the dynamic behavior depends critically on the strength of the adhesive interaction. For strong adhesion to the substrate, the capsules again roll away from each other, while for a relatively weak adhesion, the capsules actually approach each other. In the case of soft substrates, any significant deformations of the surface that are caused by the capsules give rise to a force that propels the particles to move rapidly apart. Thus, in the case of strong adhesion between the capsules and the soft substrates, both rigid and flexible capsules are driven to separate. On the other hand, for weak adhesion, the elastic particles approach each other, similar to the behavior on stiff surfaces. These findings reveal that the interactions between the capsules are mediated by the nature of the underlying layer. We can harness this information to design surfaces that actively control the relative separation between the capsules. This could be utilized to regulate the motion of biological cells, as well as polymeric microcapsules, and thus, could prove to be useful in various biological assays or tissue engineering studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Alexeev
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261.
| | - Rolf Verberg
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261.
| | - Anna C Balazs
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261.
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