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Xin Y, Yang X, Wan C, Wang R, Zhu Y, Yi Y, Zhang Z, Tang Y, Chen Q, Wang Z. Confinement effects of mandrel degradation in ICF target fabrication. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:164702. [PMID: 38647312 DOI: 10.1063/5.0196688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding and further regulating the degradation of mandrel materials is a key aspect of target fabrication in inertial confinement fusion (ICF). Here, a quasi-one-dimensional confinement model is developed using a series of single-walled carbon nanotubes with varying diameters (Dm), and the degradation of poly-α-methylstyrene (PAMS) as a typical mandrel material is investigated under such confined conditions by using the combined method of quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics. In comparison to the isolated system, the calculations show that confinement can decrease or increase the energy barriers of PAMS degradation, which directly depends on Dm. Following which a clear exponential relationship between the degradation rate of PAMS and its own density is derived, indicating that the density of PAMS can be used to regulate mandrel degradation. This work highlights the important effects of confinement on degradation and provides a valuable reference for further development of polymer degradation technologies in ICF target fabrication and other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xin
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xinrui Yang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Chenxi Wan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Key Laboratory of Material Simulation Methods and Software of Ministry of Education, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Key Laboratory of Material Simulation Methods and Software of Ministry of Education, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Yong Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental-Friendly Energy Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Zhanwen Zhang
- Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Yongjian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental-Friendly Energy Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
- Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Key Laboratory of Material Simulation Methods and Software of Ministry of Education, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
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Wang P, Cutts WD, Ning H, Pillay S, Liu S. Effects of chemical and autoclave sterilization treatments on medical personal protective equipment made of nonwoven polypropylene fibers for recycling. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [PMCID: PMC9343241 DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03217-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Medical personal protective equipment (PPE) made from nonwoven thermoplastic fibers has been intensively used, resulting in a large amount of biohazardous waste. Sterilization is indispensable before recycling medical waste. The aim of this work is to evaluate the effects of the decontamination treatments and help properly recycle the PPE materials. The study investigated the effects of three disinfection treatments (NaClO, H2O2, and autoclave) on chemical composition, molecular weight, thermal properties, crystallinity, crystallization kinetics, and mechanical tension of three types of PPE (Gown #1, Gown #2, and Wrap) made of isotactic polypropylene fibers. The chemical compositions of the materials were not evidently affected by any of the treatments. However, the Mw of the polymers decreased about 2–7% after the treatments, although the changes were not statistically significant. The treatments barely affected the melting and crystallization temperatures and the maximum force at break, but they tended to elevate the thermal degradation temperatures. Although the treatments did not notably influence the crystallinities, crystallization rates and crystal growths were altered based on the Avrami model regression. Since the detected changes would not significantly affect polymer processing, the treated materials were suitable for recycling. Meanwhile, evident differences in the three types of raw materials were recorded. Their initial properties fluctuated notably, and they often behaved differently during the treatments, which could affect recycling operation. Recyclers should test and sort the raw materials to assure product quality. The results in this study provide fundamental data for recycling medical PPE to reduce its environmental footprint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pixiang Wang
- Center for Materials and Manufacturing Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Troy University, Troy, AL 36082 USA
| | - William D. Cutts
- Center for Materials and Manufacturing Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Troy University, Troy, AL 36082 USA
| | - Haibin Ning
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
| | - Selvum Pillay
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
| | - Shaoyang Liu
- Center for Materials and Manufacturing Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Troy University, Troy, AL 36082 USA
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Tsochatzis ED, Berggreen IE, Vidal NP, Roman L, Gika H, Corredig M. Cellular lipids and protein alteration during biodegradation of expanded polystyrene by mealworm larvae under different feeding conditions. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 300:134420. [PMID: 35367488 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study reports the biodegradation of polystyrene (PS) by mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) following different feeding regimes. Changes in lipids and protein were studied to evaluate possible differences in the growth and metabolic pathways of the insects depending on the diets. Thermo-gravimetric analysis of the excretions (frass) revealed a decrease in the molecular mass of the PS polymers. The insects' biomass contained less protein when PS was part of the diet, suggesting that the insects undergo a certain level of stress compared to control diets. The frass also contained lower amount of nitrogen content compared to that from insects fed a control diet. NH4+ and other cations involved in biochemical processes were also measured in insects' frass, including potassium, sodium, magnesium, and calcium, combined with a small pH change. The decrease in the mineral content of the frass was attributed to increased cellular activity in PS-fed insects. A higher amount of ceramides and cardiolipins, biomarkers of apoptosis, were also found in association with PS consumption. It was concluded that the insects could metabolize PS, but this caused an increase in its stress levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Tsochatzis
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark; CiFOOD, Centre for Innovative Food Research, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - I E Berggreen
- Aarhus University, Department of Animal Science, Blichers Alle 20, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - N Prieto Vidal
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark; CiFOOD, Centre for Innovative Food Research, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark; Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - L Roman
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark; CiFOOD, Centre for Innovative Food Research, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - H Gika
- Food Omics GR Research Infrastructure, AUTh Node, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center B1.4, 10th Km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, GR 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece; School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - M Corredig
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark; CiFOOD, Centre for Innovative Food Research, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
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Gan R, Li J, Cao X, Huang J, Qian L. Mixed Solvents in Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors (MLCC) Electronic Paste and Their Effects on the Properties of Organic Vehicle. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14040685. [PMID: 35215598 PMCID: PMC8879018 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The copper end paste used in multilayer ceramic capacitors sintered in nitrogen atmosphere leads to carbon residues of organic vehicles, which leads to a reduction in electrode conductivity and high scrap rate. With an attempt to leave no residue in the sintering, the compatibility of solvents and thickeners should be improved because it has an important influence on the hierarchical volatilization and carbon residue of organic vehicles. In this work, the volatility of different solvents was compared, and several solvents were mixed in a definite proportion to prepare an organic vehicle with polyacrylate resins. The hierarchical volatility and solubility parameters of mixed solvents were effectively adjusted by changing proportions of different components. The thermogravimetric curves of resins and organic vehicles were measured by thermogravimetric analyzer, and the effect of solubility parameter on the dissolvability of resins in the solvent and the residual of organic vehicles were studied. Results showed that the hierarchical volatilization of solvents can be obtained by mixing different solvents; the intrinsic viscosity of the organic vehicle is higher, and the thermal decomposition residue of polyacrylate resins is lower when the solubility parameters of mixed solvents and polyacrylate resins are closer. The low residual sintering of organic vehicles can be achieved by using a mixed solvent with hierarchical volatility and approximate solubility parameters as resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruolong Gan
- School of Light Industry and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China;
| | - Junrong Li
- School of Light Industry and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China;
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (L.Q.); Tel.: +86-20-87111770 (J.L.)
| | - Xiuhua Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Electronic Components, Zhaoqing 526020, China; (X.C.); (J.H.)
| | - Jun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Electronic Components, Zhaoqing 526020, China; (X.C.); (J.H.)
| | - Liying Qian
- School of Light Industry and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China;
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (L.Q.); Tel.: +86-20-87111770 (J.L.)
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The structural, thermal, pasting and gel properties of the mixtures of enzyme-treated potato protein and potato starch. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Molecular Weight Enables Fine-Tuning the Thermal and Dielectric Properties of Polymethacrylates Bearing Sulfonyl and Nitrile Groups as Dipolar Entities. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13030317. [PMID: 33498200 PMCID: PMC7863962 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, polymethacrylates containing sulfonyl and nitrile functional groups were successfully prepared by conventional radical polymerization and reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization (RAFT). The thermal and dielectric properties were evaluated, for the first time, considering differences in their molecular weights and dispersity values. Variations of the aforementioned properties do not seem to substantially affect the polarized state of these materials, defined in terms of the parameters ε'r, ε"r and tan (δ). However, the earlier appearance of dissipative phenomena on the temperature scale for materials with lower molecular weights or broader molecular weight distributions, narrows the range of working temperatures in which they exhibit high dielectric constants along with low loss factors. Notwithstanding the above, as all polymers showed, at room temperature, ε'r values above 9 and loss factors below 0.02, presenting higher dielectric performance when compared to conventional polymer materials, they could be considered as good candidates for energy storage applications.
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