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Xu W, Zhou C, Ji W, Zhang Y, Jiang Z, Bertram F, Shang Y, Zhang H, Shen C. Anisotropic Semicrystalline Homo polymer Dielectrics for High-Temperature Capacitive Energy Storage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202319766. [PMID: 38598769 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
High-temperature dielectric polymers are in high demand for powering applications in extreme environments. Here, we have developed high-temperature homopolymer dielectrics with anisotropy by leveraging the hierarchical structure in semicrystalline polymers. The lamellae have been aligned parallel to the surface in the dielectric films. This structural arrangement resembles the horizontal alignment of nanosheet fillers in polymer nanocomposites and nanosheet-like lamellae in block copolymers, which has been proven to provide the optimal topological structure for electrical energy storage. The unique ordering of lamellae in our dielectric films endue a significantly increased breakdown strength and a reduced leakage current compared to amorphous films. This novel approach of enhancing the capacitive energy storage properties by controlled orientation of lamellae in homopolymer offers a new perspective for the design of high-temperature polymer dielectrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhan Xu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Technology of High-Performance Polymer, Institution, College of Chemistry, Jilin University
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Chenyi Zhou
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Technology of High-Performance Polymer, Institution, College of Chemistry, Jilin University
| | - Wenhai Ji
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yunhe Zhang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Technology of High-Performance Polymer, Institution, College of Chemistry, Jilin University
| | - Zhenhua Jiang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Technology of High-Performance Polymer, Institution, College of Chemistry, Jilin University
| | - Florian Bertram
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yingshuang Shang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Technology of High-Performance Polymer, Institution, College of Chemistry, Jilin University
| | - Haibo Zhang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Technology of High-Performance Polymer, Institution, College of Chemistry, Jilin University
| | - Chen Shen
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
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2
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Tang Y, Xu W, Yao H, Qin H, Jiang Z, Zhang Y. Constructing Novel High Dielectric Constant Polyimides Containing Dipolar Pendant Groups with Enhanced Orientational Polarization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300699. [PMID: 38224144 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Polymer dielectrics with high dielectric constant are urgently demanded for potential electrical and pulsed power applications. The design of polymers with side chains containing dipolar groups is considered an effective method for preparing materials with a high dielectric constant and low loss. This study synthesizes and comprehensively compare the dielectric properties of novel polyimides with side chains containing urea (BU-PI), carbamate (BC-PI), and sulfonyl (BS-PI) functional groups. The novel polyimides exhibit relatively high dielectric constant and low dielectric loss values due to the enhanced orientational polarization and suppressed dipole-dipole interactions of dipolar groups. In particular, BU-PI containing urea pendant groups presents the highest dielectric constant of 6.14 and reasonably low dielectric loss value of 0.0097. The strong γ transitions with low activation energies derived from dielectric spectroscopy measurements have been further evaluated to demonstrate the enhanced free rotational motion of urea pendant dipoles. In energy storage applications, BU-PI achieves a discharged energy density of 6.92 J cm-3 and a charge-discharge efficiency above 83% at 500 MV m-1. This study demonstrates that urea group, as dipolar pendant group, can provide polymers with better dielectric properties than the most commonly used sulfonyl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Tang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Wenhan Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Hongyan Yao
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Hao Qin
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Zhenhua Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Yunhe Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
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3
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Li Z, Wu C, Chen L, Wang Y, Mutulu Z, Uehara H, Zhou J, Cakmak M, Ramprasad R, Cao Y. Probing Electronic Band Structures of Dielectric Polymers via Pre-Breakdown Conduction. Adv Mater 2024:e2310497. [PMID: 38215240 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
The electronic band structure, especially the defect states at the conduction band tail, dominates electron transport and electrical degradation of a dielectric material under an extremely high electric field. However, the electronic band structure in a dielectric is barely well studied due to experimental challenges in detecting the electrical conduction to an extremely high electric field, i.e., prebreakdown. In this work, the electronic band structure of polymer dielectric films is probed through an in situ prebreakdown conduction measurement method in conjunction with a space-charge-limited-current spectroscopic analysis. An exponential distribution of defect states at the conduction band tail with varying trap levels is observed in accordance with the specific morphological disorder in the polymer dielectric, and the experimental defect states show also a favorable agreement with the calculated density of states from the density functional theory. The methodology demonstrated in this work bridges the molecule-structure-determined electronic band structure and the macro electrical conduction behavior with a highly improved understanding of material properties that control the electrical breakdown, and paves a way for guiding the modification of existing material and the exploration of novel materials for high electric field applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongze Li
- Electrical Insulation Research Center, University of Connecticut, 97 N Eagleville Rd, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, 371 Fairfield Way, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Chao Wu
- Electrical Insulation Research Center, University of Connecticut, 97 N Eagleville Rd, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, 371 Fairfield Way, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Lihua Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Yifei Wang
- Electrical Insulation Research Center, University of Connecticut, 97 N Eagleville Rd, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, 371 Fairfield Way, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Zeynep Mutulu
- Departments of Materials Engineering and Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Hiroaki Uehara
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Kanto Gakuin University, 1-50-1 Mutsuura-higashi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-8501, Japan
| | - Jierui Zhou
- Electrical Insulation Research Center, University of Connecticut, 97 N Eagleville Rd, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, 371 Fairfield Way, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Miko Cakmak
- Departments of Materials Engineering and Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Rampi Ramprasad
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Yang Cao
- Electrical Insulation Research Center, University of Connecticut, 97 N Eagleville Rd, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, 371 Fairfield Way, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
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4
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Tang X, Ding C, Yu S, Zhong C, Luo H, Chen S. Mechanism Study of Molecular Trap in All-Organic Polystyrene-Based Dielectric Composite. Small 2023:e2306034. [PMID: 38126675 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
It is a huge challenge to explore how charge traps affect the electric breakdown of polymer-based dielectric composites. In this paper, alkane and aromatic molecules with different substituents are investigated according to DFT theoretical method. The combination of strong electron-withdrawing groups and aromatic rings can establish high electron affinity molecules. 4'-Nitro-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (NAABZ) with a vertical electron affinity of 1.39 eV and a dipole moment of 10.15 D is introduced into polystyrene (PSt) to analyze the influence of charge traps on electric properties. Marcus charge transfer theory is applied to calculate the charge transfer rate between PSt and NAABZ. The nature of charge traps is elaborated from a dynamic perspective. The enhanced breakdown mechanism of polymers-based composites stems from the constraint of carrier mobility caused by the change in transfer rate. But the electrophile nature of high electron affinity filler can decrease the potential barriers at the metal-polymer interface. Simultaneously, the relationship between the electron affinity of fillers and the breakdown strength of polymer-based composites is nonlinear because of the presence of the inversion region. Based on the deep understanding of the molecular trap, this work provides the theoretical calculation for the design and development of high-performance polymer dielectrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxuan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials and Application Technology of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China
| | - Cuilian Ding
- Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials and Application Technology of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China
| | - Shiqi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials and Application Technology of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China
| | - Cheng Zhong
- Huber Key Laboratory on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Hang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials and Application Technology of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China
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5
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Yang M, Wang Z, Zhao Y, Liu Z, Pang H, Dang ZM. Unifying and Suppressing Conduction Losses of Polymer Dielectrics for Superior High-Temperature Capacitive Energy Storage. Adv Mater 2023:e2309640. [PMID: 38100119 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/31/2023]
Abstract
Superior high-temperature capacitive performance of polymer dielectrics is critical for the modern film capacitor demanded in the harsh-environment electronic and electrical systems. Unfortunately, the capacitive performance degrades rapidly at elevated temperatures owing to the exponential growth of conduction loss. The conduction loss is mainly composed of electrode and bulk-limited conduction. Herein, the contribution of surface and bulk factors is unified to conduction loss, and the loss is thoroughly suppressed. The experimental results demonstrate that the polar oxygen-containing groups on the surface of polymer dielectrics can act as the charge trap sites to immobilize the injected charges from electrode, which can in turn establish a built-in field to weaken the external electric field and augment the injection barrier height. Wide bandgap aluminum oxide (Al2 O3 ) nanoparticle fillers can serve as deep traps to constrain the transport of injected or thermally activated charges in the bulk phase. From this, at 200 °C, the discharged energy density with a discharge-charge efficiency of 90% increases by 1058.06% from 0.31 J cm-3 for pristine polyetherimide to 3.59 J cm-3 for irradiated composite film. The principle of simultaneously inhibiting the electrode and bulk-limited conduction losses could be easily extended to other polymer dielectrics for high-temperature capacitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhao Yang
- Institute of Energy Power Innovation, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
- State Key Laboratory of Power System Operation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zepeng Wang
- Institute of Energy Power Innovation, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yanlong Zhao
- Institute of Energy Power Innovation, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Zeren Liu
- Institute of Energy Power Innovation, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Hui Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
- Huairou Laboratory, Beijing, 101499, China
| | - Zhi-Min Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Power System Operation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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6
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Nimbalkar P, Bhaskar P, Kathaperumal M, Swaminathan M, Tummala RR. A Review of Polymer Dielectrics for Redistribution Layers in Interposers and Package Substrates. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3895. [PMID: 37835944 PMCID: PMC10575375 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The ever-increasing demand for faster computing has led us to an era of heterogeneous integration, where interposers and package substrates have become essential components for further performance scaling. High-bandwidth connections are needed for faster communication between logic and memory dies. There are several limitations to current generation technologies, and dielectric buildup layers are a key part of addressing those issues. Although there are several polymer dielectrics available commercially, there are numerous challenges associated with incorporating them into interposers or package substrates. This article reviewed the properties of polymer dielectric materials currently available, their properties, and the challenges associated with their fabrication, electrical performance, mechanical reliability, and electrical reliability. The current state-of-the-art is discussed, and guidelines are provided for polymer dielectrics for the next-generation interposers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Nimbalkar
- 3D Systems Packaging Research Center, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; (P.B.); (M.K.); (R.R.T.)
| | - Pragna Bhaskar
- 3D Systems Packaging Research Center, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; (P.B.); (M.K.); (R.R.T.)
| | - Mohanalingam Kathaperumal
- 3D Systems Packaging Research Center, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; (P.B.); (M.K.); (R.R.T.)
| | - Madhavan Swaminathan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Rao R. Tummala
- 3D Systems Packaging Research Center, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; (P.B.); (M.K.); (R.R.T.)
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7
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Chen X, Sun YF, Wu X, Shi S, Wang Z, Zhang J, Fang WH, Huang W. Breaking the Trade-Off Between Polymer Dielectric Constant and Loss via Aluminum Oxo Macrocycle Dopants for High-Performance Neuromorphic Electronics. Adv Mater 2023:e2306260. [PMID: 37660306 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The dielectric layer is crucial in regulating the overall performance of field-effect transistors (FETs), the key component in central processing units, sensors, and displays. Despite considerable efforts being devoted to developing high-permittivity (k) dielectrics, limited progress is made due to the inherent trade-off between dielectric constant and loss. Here, a solution is presented by designing a monodispersed disk-shaped Ce-Al-O-macrocycle as a dopant in polymer dielectrics. The molecule features a central Ce(III) core connected with eight Al atoms through sixteen bridging hydroxyls and eight 3-aminophenyl peripheries. The incorporation of this macrocycle in polymer dielectrics results in an up to sevenfold increase in dielectric constants and up to 89% reduction in dielectric loss at low frequencies. Moreover, the leakage-current densities decrease, and the breakdown strengths are improved by 63%. Relying on the above merits, FETs bearing cluster-doped polymer dielectrics give near three-orders source-drain current increments while maintaining low-level leakage/off currents, resulting in much higher charge-carrier mobilities (up to 2.45 cm2 V-1 s-1 ) and on/off ratios. This cluster-doping strategy is generalizable and shows great promise for ultralow-power photoelectric synapses and neuromorphic retinas. This work successfully breaks the trade-off between dielectric constant and loss and offers a unique design for polymer composite dielectrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Fan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiaosong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shuhui Shi
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Zhongrui Wang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Hui Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Weiguo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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8
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Wu D, Luo M, Yang R, Hu X, Lu C. Achieve High Dielectric and Energy-Storage Density Properties by Employing Cyanoethyl Cellulose as Fillers in PVDF-Based Polymer Composites. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:4201. [PMID: 37374385 DOI: 10.3390/ma16124201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Fluoropolymer/inorganic nanofiller composites are considered to be ideal polymer dielectrics for energy storage applications because of their high dielectric constant and high breakdown strength. However, these advantages are a trade-off with the unavoidable aggregation of the inorganic nanofillers, which result in a reduced discharge of the energy storage density. To address this problem, we developed polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) graft copolymer/cellulose-derivative composites to achieve high-dielectric and energy-storage density properties. An enhanced dielectric constant and improved energy density were achieved with this structure. The optimal composites exhibited a high discharge energy density of 8.40 J/cm3 at 300 MV/m. This work provides new insight into the development of all-organic composites with bio-based nanofillers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deqi Wu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Mingxuan Luo
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Rui Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Xin Hu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Chunhua Lu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing 211800, China
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9
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Cheng XY, Feng QK, Dang ZM, Du FS, Li ZC. Alternating [1.1.1]Propellane-(Meth)Acrylate Copolymers: A New Class of Dielectrics with High Energy Density for Film Capacitors. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200888. [PMID: 36583944 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Polymer dielectrics with high energy density are of urgent demand in electric and electronic devices, but the tradeoff between dielectric constant and breakdown strength is still unsolved. Herein, the synthesis and molar mass control of three alternating [1.1.1]propellane-(meth)acrylate copolymers, denoted as P-MA, P-MMA, and P-EA, respectively, are reported. These copolymers exhibit high thermal stability and are semi-crystalline with varied glass transition temperatures and melting temperatures. The rigid bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane units in the polymer backbone promote the orientational polarization of the polar ester groups, thus enhancing the dielectric constants of these polymers, which are 4.50 for P-EA, 4.55 for P-MA, and 5.11 for P-MMA at 10 Hz and room temperature, respectively. Moreover, the high breakdown strength is ensured by the non-conjugated nature of bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane unit. As a result, these copolymers show extraordinary energy storage performance; P-MA exhibits a discharge energy density of 9.73 J cm-3 at 750 MV m-1 and ambient temperature. This work provides a new type of promising candidates as polymer dielectrics for film capacitors, and offers an efficient strategy to improve the dielectric and energy storage properties by introducing rigid non-conjugated bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane unit into the polymer backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yue Cheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polym. Chem. & Physics of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qi-Kun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhi-Min Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Du
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polym. Chem. & Physics of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zi-Chen Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polym. Chem. & Physics of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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10
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Pei JY, Yin LJ, Zhong SL, Dang ZM. Suppressing the Loss of Polymer-Based Dielectrics for High Power Energy Storage. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2203623. [PMID: 35924412 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202203623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polymer-based dielectrics have received intensive interest from academic community in the field of high-power energy storage owing to their superior flexibility and fast charge-discharge ability. Recently, how to suppress the loss of polymer-based dielectrics has been increasingly recognized as a critical point to attain a high charge-discharge efficiency in the film capacitors. Some achievements are made in analyzing the source of loss and suppressing loss via Edison's trial and error method. In this review, the significance of suppressing loss in polymer-based dielectrics is firstly emphasized. Then, different sources of loss are discussed carefully and an in-depth analysis of the related measurements is presented. Next, recent research results in suppressing loss are summarized and discussed in detail according to different strategies. Finally, the challenges and opportunities in the loss suppression research for the rational design of high-efficiency polymer-based dielectrics are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yao Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Power System, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Li-Juan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Power System, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Shao-Long Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Power System, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Min Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Power System, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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11
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Mishra B, Chen YM. All-Aerosol-Jet-Printed Carbon Nanotube Transistor with Cross-Linked Polymer Dielectrics. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:4487. [PMID: 36558340 PMCID: PMC9785390 DOI: 10.3390/nano12244487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The printability of reliable gate dielectrics and their influence on the stability of the device are some of the primary concerns regarding the practical application of printed transistors. Major ongoing research is focusing on the structural properties of dielectric materials and deposition parameters to reduce interface charge traps and hysteresis caused by the dielectric-semiconductor interface and dielectric bulk. This research focuses on improving the dielectric properties of a printed polymer material, cross-linked polyvinyl phenol (crPVP), by optimizing the cross-linking parameters as well as the aerosol jet printability. These improvements were then applied to the fabrication of completely printed carbon nanotube (CNT)-based thin-film transistors (TFT) to reduce the gate threshold voltage (Vth) and hysteresis in Vth during device operation. Finally, a fully aerosol-jet-printed CNT device was demonstrated using a 2:1 weight ratio of PVP with the cross-linker poly(melamine-co-formaldehyde) methylated (PMF) in crPVP as the dielectric material. This device shows significantly less hysteresis and can be operated at a gate threshold voltage as low as -4.8 V with an on/off ratio of more than 104.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagyashree Mishra
- Materials Science, Engineering, and Commercialization, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
| | - Yihong Maggie Chen
- Materials Science, Engineering, and Commercialization, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
- Ingram School of Engineering, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
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12
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Luo H, Wang F, Guo R, Zhang D, He G, Chen S, Wang Q. Progress on Polymer Dielectrics for Electrostatic Capacitors Application. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2202438. [PMID: 35981884 PMCID: PMC9561874 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202202438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polymer dielectrics are attracting increasing attention for electrical energy storage owing to their advantages of mechanical flexibility, corrosion resistance, facile processability, light weight, great reliability, and high operating voltages. However, the dielectric constants of most dielectric polymers are less than 10, which results in low energy densities and limits their applications in electrostatic capacitors for advanced electronics and electrical power systems. Therefore, intensive efforts have been placed on the development of high-energy-density polymer dielectrics. In this perspective, the most recent results on the all-organic polymer dielectrics are summarized, including molecular structure design, polymer blends, and layered structured polymers. The challenges in the field and suggestions for future research on high-energy-density polymer dielectrics are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Powder MetallurgyCentral South UniversityChangshaHunan Province410083China
| | - Fan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder MetallurgyCentral South UniversityChangshaHunan Province410083China
| | - Ru Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Powder MetallurgyCentral South UniversityChangshaHunan Province410083China
| | - Dou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder MetallurgyCentral South UniversityChangshaHunan Province410083China
| | - Guanghu He
- Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials and Application Technology of Hunan ProvinceCollege of ChemistryXiangtan UniversityXiangtanHunan Province411105China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials and Application Technology of Hunan ProvinceCollege of ChemistryXiangtan UniversityXiangtanHunan Province411105China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA
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13
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Taguchi K, Uemura T, Namba N, Petritz A, Araki T, Sugiyama M, Stadlober B, Sekitani T. Heterogeneous Functional Dielectric Patterns for Charge-Carrier Modulation in Ultraflexible Organic Integrated Circuits. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2104446. [PMID: 34545628 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Flexible electronics have gained considerable attention for application in wearable devices. Organic transistors are potential candidates to develop flexible integrated circuits (ICs). A primary technique for maximizing their reliability, gain, and operation speed is the modulation of charge-carrier behavior in the respective transistors fabricated on the same substrate. In this work, heterogeneous functional dielectric patterns (HFDP) of ultrathin polymer gate dielectrics of poly((±)endo,exo-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-ene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, diphenylester) (PNDPE) are introduced. The HFDP that are obtained via the photo-Fries rearrangement by ultraviolet radiation in the homogeneous PNDPE provide a functional area for charge-carrier modulation. This leads to programmable threshold voltage control over a wide range (-1.5 to +0.2 V) in the transistors with a high patterning resolution, at 2 V operational voltage. The transistors also exhibit high operational stability over 140 days and under the bias-stress duration of 1800 s. With the HFDP, the performance metrics of ICs, for example, the noise margin and gain of the zero-VGS load inverters and the oscillation frequency of ring oscillators are improved to 80%, 1200, and 2.5 kHz, respectively, which are the highest among the previously reported zero-VGS -based organic circuits. The HFDP can be applied to much complex and ultraflexible ICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Taguchi
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
- Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takafumi Uemura
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
- Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoko Namba
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
- Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Andreas Petritz
- JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, MATERIALS-Institute for Surface Technologies and Photonics, Franz-Pichler-Straße 30, Weiz, 8160, Austria
| | - Teppei Araki
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
- Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sugiyama
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
- Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Barbara Stadlober
- JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, MATERIALS-Institute for Surface Technologies and Photonics, Franz-Pichler-Straße 30, Weiz, 8160, Austria
| | - Tsuyoshi Sekitani
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
- Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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14
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Kim J, Jang SC, Bae K, Park J, Kim HD, Lahann J, Kim HS, Lee KJ. Chemically Tunable Organic Dielectric Layer on an Oxide TFT: Poly( p-xylylene) Derivatives. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:43123-43133. [PMID: 34472836 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c13865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic materials such as SiOx and SiNx are commonly used as dielectric layers in thin-film transistors (TFTs), but recent advancements in TFT devices, such as inclusion in flexible electronics, require the development of novel types of dielectric layers. In this study, CVD-deposited poly(p-xylylene) (PPx)-based polymers were evaluated as alternative dielectric layers. CVD-deposited PPx can produce thin, conformal, and pinhole-free polymer layers on various surfaces, including oxides and metals, without interfacial defects. Three types of commercial polymers were successfully deposited on various substrates and exhibited stable dielectric properties under frequency and voltage sweeps. Additionally, TFTs with PPx as a dielectric material and an oxide semiconductor exhibited excellent device performance; a mobility as high as 22.72 cm2/(V s), which is the highest value among organic gate dielectric TFTs, to the best of our knowledge. Because of the low-temperature deposition process and its unprecedented mechanical flexibility, TFTs with CVD-deposited PPx were successfully fabricated on a flexible plastic substrate, exhibiting excellent durability over 10000 bending cycles. Finally, a custom-synthesized functionalized PPx was introduced into top-gated TFTs, demonstrating the possibility for expanding this concept to a wide range of chemistries with tunable gate dielectric layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, College of Engineering, Chungnam National University, 34134 Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Cheol Jang
- Department of Materials Science and, College of Engineering, Chungnam National University, 34134 Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihyeon Bae
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, College of Engineering, Chungnam National University, 34134 Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimin Park
- Department of Materials Science and, College of Engineering, Chungnam National University, 34134 Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Do Kim
- Department of Materials Science and, College of Engineering, Chungnam National University, 34134 Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Joerg Lahann
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Hyun-Suk Kim
- Department of Materials Science and, College of Engineering, Chungnam National University, 34134 Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Jin Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, College of Engineering, Chungnam National University, 34134 Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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15
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Zhang B, Liu J, Ren M, Wu C, Moran TJ, Zeng S, Chavez SE, Hou Z, Li Z, LaChance AM, Jow TR, Huey BD, Cao Y, Sun L. Reviving the "Schottky" Barrier for Flexible Polymer Dielectrics with a Superior 2D Nanoassembly Coating. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2101374. [PMID: 34288156 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The organic insulator-metal interface is the most important junction in flexible electronics. The strong band offset of organic insulators over the Fermi level of electrodes should theoretically impart a sufficient impediment for charge injection known as the Schottky barrier. However, defect formation through Anderson localization due to topological disorder in polymers leads to reduced barriers and hence cumbersome devices. A facile nanocoating comprising hundreds of highly oriented organic/inorganic alternating nanolayers is self-coassembled on the surface of polymer films to revive the Schottky barrier. Carrier injection over the enhanced barrier is further shunted by anisotropic 2D conduction. This new interface engineering strategy allows a significant elevation of the operating field for organic insulators by 45% and a 7× improvement in discharge efficiency for Kapton at 150 °C. This superior 2D nanocoating thus provides a defect-tolerant approach for effective reviving of the Schottky barrier, one century after its discovery, broadly applicable for flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boya Zhang
- Electrical Insulation Research Center, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Ming Ren
- Electrical Insulation Research Center, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Chao Wu
- Electrical Insulation Research Center, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Thomas J Moran
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Songshan Zeng
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Sonia E Chavez
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Zaili Hou
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Zongze Li
- Electrical Insulation Research Center, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Anna Marie LaChance
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - T Richard Jow
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD, 20783, USA
| | - Bryan D Huey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Yang Cao
- Electrical Insulation Research Center, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Luyi Sun
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
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16
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Zhang M, Li B, Wang JJ, Huang HB, Zhang L, Chen LQ. Polymer Dielectrics with Simultaneous Ultrahigh Energy Density and Low Loss. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2008198. [PMID: 33876872 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polymer dielectrics are highly desirable in capacitor applications due to their low cost, high breakdown strength, and unique self-healing capability. However, existing polymer dielectrics suffer from either a low energy density or a high dielectric loss, thereby hindering the development of compact, efficient, and reliable power electronics. Here, a novel type of polymer dielectrics simultaneously exhibiting an extraordinarily high recoverable energy density of 35 J cm-3 and a low dielectric loss is reported. It is synthesized by grafting zwitterions onto the short side chains of a poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) (PMP)-based copolymer, which increases its dielectric constant from ≈2.2 to ≈5.2 and significantly enhances its breakdown strength from ≈700 MV m-1 to ≈1300 MV m-1 while maintaining its low dielectric loss of <0.002 and high charge-discharge efficiency of >90%. Based on a combination of the phase-field method description of mesoscale structures, Maxwell equations, and theoretical analysis, it is demonstrated that the outstanding combination of high energy density and low dielectric loss of zwitterions-grafted copolymers is attributed to the covalent-bonding restricted ion polarization and the strong charge trapping by the zwitterions. This work represents a new strategy in polymer dielectrics for achieving simultaneous high energy density and low dielectric loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Bo Li
- PolyK Technologies, State College, PA, 16803, USA
| | - Jian-Jun Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Hou-Bing Huang
- Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Media Lab, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Long-Qing Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Mathematics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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17
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Kim I, Ju B, Zhou Y, Li BM, Jur JS. Microstructures in All-Inkjet-Printed Textile Capacitors with Bilayer Interfaces of Polymer Dielectrics and Metal-Organic Decomposition Silver Electrodes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:24081-24094. [PMID: 33988966 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c01827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Soft printed electronics exhibit unique structures and flexibilities suited for a plethora of wearable applications. However, forming scalable, reliable multilayered electronic devices with heterogeneous material interfaces on soft substrates, especially on porous and anisotropic structures, is highly challenging. In this study, we demonstrate an all-inkjet-printed textile capacitor using a multilayered structure of bilayer polymer dielectrics and particle-free metal-organic decomposition (MOD) silver electrodes. Understanding the inherent porous/anisotropic microstructure of textiles and their surface energy relationship was an important process step for successful planarization. The MOD silver ink formed a foundational conductive layer through the uniform encapsulation of individual fibers without blocking fiber interstices. Urethane-acrylate and poly(4-vinylphenol)-based bilayers were able to form a planarized dielectric layer on polyethylene terephthalate textiles. A unique chemical interaction at the interfaces of bilayer dielectrics performed a significant role in insulating porous textile substrates resulting in high chemical and mechanical durability. In this work, we demonstrate how textiles' unique microstructures and bilayer dielectric layer designs benefit reliability and scalability in the inkjet process as well as the use in wearable electronics with electromechanical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inhwan Kim
- Fiber and Polymer Science Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Beomjun Ju
- Fiber and Polymer Science Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Ying Zhou
- Fiber and Polymer Science Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Braden M Li
- Fiber and Polymer Science Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Jesse S Jur
- Fiber and Polymer Science Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
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18
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Bonardd S, Saldías C, Leiva Á, Díaz Díaz D, Kortaberria G. Molecular Weight Enables Fine-Tuning the Thermal and Dielectric Properties of Polymethacrylates Bearing Sulfonyl and Nitrile Groups as Dipolar Entities. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:317. [PMID: 33498200 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, polymethacrylates containing sulfonyl and nitrile functional groups were successfully prepared by conventional radical polymerization and reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization (RAFT). The thermal and dielectric properties were evaluated, for the first time, considering differences in their molecular weights and dispersity values. Variations of the aforementioned properties do not seem to substantially affect the polarized state of these materials, defined in terms of the parameters ε'r, ε"r and tan (δ). However, the earlier appearance of dissipative phenomena on the temperature scale for materials with lower molecular weights or broader molecular weight distributions, narrows the range of working temperatures in which they exhibit high dielectric constants along with low loss factors. Notwithstanding the above, as all polymers showed, at room temperature, ε'r values above 9 and loss factors below 0.02, presenting higher dielectric performance when compared to conventional polymer materials, they could be considered as good candidates for energy storage applications.
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19
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Wu C, Deshmukh AA, Li Z, Chen L, Alamri A, Wang Y, Ramprasad R, Sotzing GA, Cao Y. Flexible Temperature-Invariant Polymer Dielectrics with Large Bandgap. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e2000499. [PMID: 32249991 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Flexible dielectrics operable under simultaneous electric and thermal extremes are critical to advanced electronics for ultrahigh densities and/or harsh conditions. However, conventional high-performance polymer dielectrics generally have conjugated aromatic backbones, leading to limited bandgaps and hence high conduction loss and poor energy densities, especially at elevated temperatures. A polyoxafluoronorbornene is reported, which has a key design feature in that it is a polyolefin consisting of repeating units of fairly rigid fused bicyclic structures and alkenes separated by freely rotating single bonds, endowing it with a large bandgap of ≈5 eV and flexibility, while being temperature-invariantly stable over -160 to 160 °C. At 150 °C, the polyoxafluoronorbornene exhibits an electrical conductivity two orders of magnitude lower than the best commercial high-temperature polymers, and features an unprecedented discharged energy density of 5.7 J cm-3 far outperforming the best reported flexible dielectrics. The design strategy uncovered in this work reveals a hitherto unexplored space for the design of scalable and efficient polymer dielectrics for electrical power and electronic systems under concurrent harsh electrical and thermal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wu
- Electrical Insulation Research Center, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Ajinkya A Deshmukh
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Zongze Li
- Electrical Insulation Research Center, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Lihua Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Abdullah Alamri
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Yifei Wang
- Electrical Insulation Research Center, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Rampi Ramprasad
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Gregory A Sotzing
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Yang Cao
- Electrical Insulation Research Center, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
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20
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Lapointe F, Sapkota A, Ding J, Lefebvre J. Polymer Encapsulants for Threshold Voltage Control in Carbon Nanotube Transistors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:36027-36034. [PMID: 31532620 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b09857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although carbon nanotube transistors present outstanding performances based on key metrics, large-scale uniformity and repeatability required in printable electronics depend greatly on proper control of the electrostatic environment. Through a survey of polymer dielectric encapsulants compatible with printing processes, a simple correlation is found between the measured interfacial charge density and the onset of conduction in a transistor, providing a rational route to control the electrical characteristics of carbon nanotube transistors. Smooth and continuous balancing of the properties between unipolar p-type and n-type transport is achieved using a molar fraction series of poly(styrene-co-2-vinylpyridine) statistical copolymers combined with an electron-donating molecule. We further demonstrate the easy fabrication of a p-n diode which shows a modest rectification of 8:1.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Lapointe
- National Research Council Canada , 1200 Montreal Road , Ottawa K1A 0R6 , Ontario , Canada
| | - Ashish Sapkota
- National Research Council Canada , 1200 Montreal Road , Ottawa K1A 0R6 , Ontario , Canada
- Department of Printed Electronics Engineering , Sunchon National University , Sunchon 540-742 , Korea
| | - Jianfu Ding
- National Research Council Canada , 1200 Montreal Road , Ottawa K1A 0R6 , Ontario , Canada
| | - Jacques Lefebvre
- National Research Council Canada , 1200 Montreal Road , Ottawa K1A 0R6 , Ontario , Canada
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21
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Bonardd S, Alegria A, Saldias C, Leiva A, Kortaberria G. Polyitaconates: A New Family of "All-Polymer" Dielectrics. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:38476-38492. [PMID: 30346120 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b14636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This work presents the synthesis of new poly(itaconate)s containing sulfone or nitrile pendant groups through conventional radical polymerization together with their characterization and comparison with poly(methacrylate)s containing identical groups. Structural and thermal characterization has been carried out in terms of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, nuclear magnetic resonance, and thermogravimetric analysis. Characterized by broad band dielectric spectroscopy (BDS), all polymers showed dielectric constant values between 7 and 10 (at 25 °C and 1 kHz) and relative low dielectric loss values (≈0.02). BDS measurements showed, for all the polymers analyzed, notorious subglass transitions even at temperatures below -100 °C, resulting in a broad temperature interval in which these polymers exhibit high dielectric constant and could work without high losses. Therefore, these materials seem to be good candidates for dielectric applications such as energy storage, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Bonardd
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Casilla 302, Correo 22 , Santiago 7820436 , Chile
- "Materials + Technologies" Group, Departamento Ingeniería Química y Medio Ambiente, Escuela Univ Politécnica , Universidad País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea , Pza Europa 1 , 20018 . Donostia-San Sebastián , Spain
| | - Angel Alegria
- Materials Physics Center, CSIC-UPV/EHU , Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 5 , San Sebastian 20018 , Spain
- Departamento Física de Materiales , Universidad del País Vasco , Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3 , San Sebastian 20018 , Spain
| | - Cesar Saldias
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Casilla 302, Correo 22 , Santiago 7820436 , Chile
| | - Angel Leiva
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Casilla 302, Correo 22 , Santiago 7820436 , Chile
| | - Galder Kortaberria
- "Materials + Technologies" Group, Departamento Ingeniería Química y Medio Ambiente, Escuela Univ Politécnica , Universidad País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea , Pza Europa 1 , 20018 . Donostia-San Sebastián , Spain
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22
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Park H, Kwon J, Kang B, Kim W, Kim YH, Cho K, Jung S. Control of Concentration of Nonhydrogen-Bonded Hydroxyl Groups in Polymer Dielectrics for Organic Field-Effect Transistors with Operational Stability. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:24055-24063. [PMID: 29938485 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b06653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Poly(4-vinylphenol) (PVP) is a promising gate dielectric material for organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) and circuits fabricated on plastic substrates. Thermal cross-linking of PVP with a cross-linker, such as poly(melamine- co-formaldehyde) methylated (PMF), at a high temperature (above 170 °C) is widely considered an effective method to remove residual hydroxyl groups that induce polarization effects in the dielectric bulk. However, the threshold voltage shift in transfer characteristics is still observed for an OFET with a PVP-PMF dielectric when it is operated at a slow gate voltage sweep rate. The present study examines the cause of the undesired hysteresis phenomenon and suggests a route to enable a reliable operation. We systematically investigate the effect of the PVP-PMF weight ratio and their annealing temperature on the transfer characteristics of OFETs. We discover that the size of the hysteresis is closely related to the concentration of nonhydrogen-bonded hydroxyl groups in the dielectric bulk and this is controlled by the weight ratio. At a ratio of 0.5:1, a complete elimination of hysteresis was observed irrespective of the annealing temperature. We finally demonstrate a highly reliable operation of small-molecule-based OFETs fabricated on a plastic substrate at a low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yun-Hi Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Science , Gyeongsang National University , 501 Jinju Daero , Jinju , Gyeongnam 52828 , Republic of Korea
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23
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Lee SH, Xu Y, Khim D, Park WT, Kim DY, Noh YY. Effect of Polymer Gate Dielectrics on Charge Transport in Carbon Nanotube Network Transistors: Low-k Insulator for Favorable Active Interface. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:32421-32431. [PMID: 27933829 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b06882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Charge transport in carbon nanotube network transistors strongly depends on the properties of the gate dielectric that is in direct contact with the semiconducting carbon nanotubes. In this work, we investigate the dielectric effects on charge transport in polymer-sorted semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (s-SWNT-FETs) by using three different polymer insulators: A low-permittivity (εr) fluoropolymer (CYTOP, εr = 1.8), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA, εr = 3.3), and a high-εr ferroelectric relaxor [P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE), εr = 14.2]. The s-SWNT-FETs with polymer dielectrics show typical ambipolar charge transport with high ON/OFF ratios (up to ∼105) and mobilities (hole mobility up to 6.77 cm2 V-1 s-1 for CYTOP). The s-SWNT-FET with the lowest-k dielectric, CYTOP, exhibits the highest mobility owing to formation of a favorable interface for charge transport, which is confirmed by the lowest activation energies, evaluated by the fluctuation-induced tunneling model (FIT) and the traditional Arrhenius model (EaFIT = 60.2 meV and EaArr = 10 meV). The operational stability of the devices showed a good agreement with the activation energies trend (drain current decay ∼14%, threshold voltage shift ∼0.26 V in p-type regime of CYTOP devices). The poor performance in high-εr devices is accounted for by a large energetic disorder caused by the randomly oriented dipoles in high-k dielectrics. In conclusion, the low-k dielectric forms a favorable interface with s-SWNTs for efficient charge transport in s-SWNT-FETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hoon Lee
- Department of Nanobio Materials and Electronics, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Heeger Center for Advanced Materials, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 261 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University , 26 Pil-dong, 3-ga, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University , 26 Pil-dong, 3-ga, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongyoon Khim
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Won-Tae Park
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University , 26 Pil-dong, 3-ga, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Yu Kim
- Department of Nanobio Materials and Electronics, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Heeger Center for Advanced Materials, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 261 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Young Noh
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University , 26 Pil-dong, 3-ga, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
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24
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Mannodi-Kanakkithodi A, Treich GM, Huan TD, Ma R, Tefferi M, Cao Y, Sotzing GA, Ramprasad R. Rational Co-Design of Polymer Dielectrics for Energy Storage. Adv Mater 2016; 28:6277-6291. [PMID: 27167752 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201600377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Although traditional materials discovery has historically benefited from intuition-driven experimental approaches and serendipity, computational strategies have risen in prominence and proven to be a powerful complement to experiments in the modern materials research environment. It is illustrated here how one may harness a rational co-design approach-involving synergies between high-throughput computational screening and experimental synthesis and testing-with the example of polymer dielectrics design for electrostatic energy storage applications. Recent co-design efforts that can potentially enable going beyond present-day "standard" polymer dielectrics (such as biaxially oriented polypropylene) are highlighted. These efforts have led to the identification of several new organic polymer dielectrics within known generic polymer subclasses (e.g., polyurea, polythiourea, polyimide), and the recognition of the untapped potential inherent in entirely new and unanticipated chemical subspaces offered by organometallic polymers. The challenges that remain and the need for additional methodological developments necessary to further strengthen the co-design concept are then presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregory M Treich
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Tran Doan Huan
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Rui Ma
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Mattewos Tefferi
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Yang Cao
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Gregory A Sotzing
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Rampi Ramprasad
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
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25
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Vaklev NL, Müller R, Muir BVO, James DT, Pretot R, van der Schaaf P, Genoe J, Kim JS, Steinke JHG, Campbell AJ. High-Performance Flexible Bottom-Gate Organic Field-Effect Transistors with Gravure Printed Thin Organic Dielectric. Adv Mater Interfaces 2014; 1:1-6. [PMID: 26161300 PMCID: PMC4493673 DOI: 10.1002/admi.201300123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay L Vaklev
- Experimental Solid State Group and the Centre for Plastic Electronics, Department of Physics, Blackett Laboratory, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London London, SW7 2AZ, UK E-mail:
| | | | - Beinn V O Muir
- Experimental Solid State Group and the Centre for Plastic Electronics, Department of Physics, Blackett Laboratory, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London London, SW7 2AZ, UK E-mail: ; Department of Chemistry, RCS1, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - David T James
- Experimental Solid State Group and the Centre for Plastic Electronics, Department of Physics, Blackett Laboratory, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London London, SW7 2AZ, UK E-mail:
| | - Roger Pretot
- BASF Schweiz AG Klybeckstrasse 141, Basel, 4057, Switzerland
| | | | - Jan Genoe
- imec, PMELAE Kapeldreef 75, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Ji-Seon Kim
- Experimental Solid State Group and the Centre for Plastic Electronics, Department of Physics, Blackett Laboratory, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London London, SW7 2AZ, UK E-mail:
| | - Joachim H G Steinke
- Department of Chemistry, RCS1, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Alasdair J Campbell
- Experimental Solid State Group and the Centre for Plastic Electronics, Department of Physics, Blackett Laboratory, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London London, SW7 2AZ, UK E-mail:
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