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Laporte H, Eggermont S. Pornography Use and the Acceptance of Gender Norm Violation in a School Context. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2024; 53:1827-1842. [PMID: 38553661 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-024-02848-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Although media effect studies have quite extensively investigated the association between pornography use and gendered attitudes, some questions remain. The present study aimed to address two of these questions by exploring how gendered attitudes and gender beliefs may be influenced by gender typicality and pornography use. First, the literature has not yet accounted for individual differences based on gender typicality. Second, the influence of pornography use on gender beliefs going beyond pornography's script application is understudied. This online cross-sectional study (N = 1,440, Mage = 23.86, SD = 4.79) contributes to the field by investigating the indirect association between pornography use and acceptance of gender norm violation through gendered attitudes and the moderating role of gender typicality. Acceptance of gender norm violation was measured via vignettes describing a school context in which a teacher and a student violated gender norms. Findings indicated that gendered attitudes negatively relate to the acceptance of gender norm violation. Moreover, compared to women, men's pornography use indirectly relates to lower acceptance rates through gendered attitudes. Additionally, for men, specific levels of gender typicality and atypicality form a strengthening and buffering role, respectively. This applies to the association between pornography use and gendered attitudes as well as to the indirect relationship of pornography use with acceptance of gender norm violation. These findings suggest that pornography use may also affect gender beliefs that are unrelated to the scripts present in pornography. Future studies should take into account the type of preferred pornography and unravel the specific impact of women's pornography use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Laporte
- School for Mass Communication Research, Faculty of Social Sciences, KU Leuven, Parkstraat 45, P.O. Box 3603, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Steven Eggermont
- School for Mass Communication Research, Faculty of Social Sciences, KU Leuven, Parkstraat 45, P.O. Box 3603, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
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Morgan C, Klein C. How online data informs forensic mental health evaluations of sexual behavior: An overview. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW 2024; 42:186-204. [PMID: 38459739 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
The Internet plays a pervasive role in modern life including the expression of human sexuality and sexual offending. A range of online sexual activities may be of interest in forensic mental health evaluations (FMHE), including those which are clearly illegal or those which are legal but functionally problematic. Online sexual offenses will clearly prompt forensic evaluators to consider the role of the Internet in these offending behaviors. The Internet may also be relevant in forensic evaluations of contact sexual offending including informing on history of mixed or cross-over offending, and Internet-facilitated contact offenses. A review of Internet-data may span several online domains, many of which provide the user with substantial anonymity and would likely not be available to the evaluator unless provided through the process of discovery. Early guidelines for the review of Internet-data in FMHEs have been proposed and support the Internet as a useful source of collateral data in the conduct of forensic evaluations of sexual behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Morgan
- Department of State Hospitals, Napa State Hospital, Napa, California, USA
| | - Carolina Klein
- Department of State Hospitals, Sacramento, California, USA
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3
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Wescott S, Kosmala K. Current Perspectives on Pornography Use by Individuals Convicted of a Sexual Offense. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2022; 24:671-678. [PMID: 36197630 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-022-01374-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review examines the literature on the impact of pornography use by individuals convicted of sexual offenses; specifically, it highlights relevant research regarding the effect pornography use has on sexual offense recidivism and explores the implications for treatment and supervision. RECENT FINDINGS The current literature suggests that the use of pornography, by itself, does not consistently increase risk for sexual recidivism. Research suggests that pornography use may increase risk for sexual recidivism among adult males who have been assessed as high-risk, while the same cannot be said for low-risk adult males. Pornography may reinforce attitudes supportive of sexual aggression, such as hostility and sexual preoccupation, both variables that have been shown to relate to further acts of sexual offending. Pornography use is more predictive of risk when matched to the type of offense. The extent to which pornography impacts the conceptualization of risk (and therefore treatment and supervision plans) depends on several factors such as the type of pornographic material viewed, the congruence of that material with the individual's offending history, and the expectations regarding the use of pornography within the treatment/supervision context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Wescott
- Counterpoise Wellness, LLC, 8575 W. 110th Street, Suite 110, Overland Park, KS, 66210, USA.
| | - Kimberly Kosmala
- Counterpoise Wellness, LLC, 8575 W. 110th Street, Suite 110, Overland Park, KS, 66210, USA
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Bergenfeld I, Cheong YF, Minh TH, Trang QT, Yount KM. Effects of exposure to sexually explicit material on sexually violent behavior among first-year university men in Vietnam. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275246. [PMID: 36166441 PMCID: PMC9514651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adolescence and emerging adulthood represent a period of heightened vulnerability to sexual violence (SV). While some research suggests that exposure to sexually explicit material (SEM) among adolescents and college students is associated with sexually violent behavior, our understanding of this relationship is limited. This study aimed to assess the relationship between prior exposure to several types of SEM and sexually violent behavior in a sample of first-year university men in Vietnam. Methods and findings A cohort of 739 first-year male university students completed three survey waves over 14 months, providing information on contact and non-contact sexually violent behavior, exposure to SEM, and other theorized confounders of the SEM-SV relationship. Controlling for these covariates, we estimated the average treatment effect of SEM on contact and non-contact SV using the propensity score method. We also conducted a dose-response analysis for the effect of violent SEM on SV based on frequency-of-exposure classes derived from latent class analysis. The majority of the sample reported exposure to SEM in the prior six months, with 41% of the sample reporting exposure to violent SEM. In propensity-adjusted models, exposure to violent SEM, but not other types, had a small but significant positive effect on contact and non-contact SV. These effects increased for frequent viewers of violent SEM. Models of contact SV showed endogeneity, warranting caution. Conclusions Exposure to violent SEM is prevalent among university men in Vietnam and may be contributing to sexually violent behavior. Incorporating media literacy into SV prevention programs to mitigate these potential effects may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Bergenfeld
- Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yuk Fai Cheong
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tran Hung Minh
- Center for Creative Initiatives in Health and Population, Cầu Giấy, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Quach Thu Trang
- Center for Creative Initiatives in Health and Population, Cầu Giấy, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Kathryn M. Yount
- Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Keulen-de Vos M, Benbouriche M. Early Treatment Change in Perpetrators of Sexual Versus Non-Sexual Violence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2021:306624X211065578. [PMID: 34920679 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x211065578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to assess treatment change at both a group and individual level in a sample of 81 Dutch male patients who received mandated care for either violent (non-sexual) behavior or sexual violent behavior. Psychiatric nurses rated patients' social skills, insight, hostility, physical violence with the BEST-Index every 6 months over the course of 2 years after patients were admitted to hospital. Mixed analysis of covariances and the reliable change index indicated that patients, irrespective of offense type, showed treatment change over time with exception of physical violence. This study shows that general treatment may be useful in the first 18 month for risk factors common to different types of offenses, but that specialized treatment is needed to establish further change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marije Keulen-de Vos
- De Rooyse Wissel, Venray, The Netherlands
- Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Kohut T, Landripet I, Štulhofer A. Testing the Confluence Model of the Association Between Pornography Use and Male Sexual Aggression: A Longitudinal Assessment in Two Independent Adolescent Samples from Croatia. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2021; 50:647-665. [PMID: 33083941 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-020-01824-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
According to confluence model theorizing, pornography use contributes to sexual violence, but only among men who are predisposed to sexual aggression. Support for this assertion is limited to cross-sectional research, which cannot speak to the temporal ordering of assumed causes and consequences. To address this issue, we employed generalized linear mixed modeling to determine whether hostile masculinity, impersonal sexuality, and pornography use, and their interactions, predicted change in the odds of subsequently reported sexual aggression in two independent panel samples of male Croatian adolescents (N1 = 936 with 2808 observations; N2 = 743 with 2972 observations). While we observed the link between hostile masculinity and self-reported sexual aggression in both panels, we found no evidence that impersonal sexuality and pornography use increased the odds of subsequently reporting sexual aggression-regardless of participants' predisposed risk. This study's findings are difficult to reconcile with the view that pornography use plays a causal role in male sexual violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Kohut
- Department of Sociology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Science, University of Western Ontario, 7430 Social Science Centre, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada.
| | - Ivan Landripet
- Department of Sociology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Aleksandar Štulhofer
- Department of Sociology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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7
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Egan V. Sexual behaviour as a natural laboratory for understanding individual differences. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Dawson K, Noone C, Nic Gabhainn S, MacNeela P. Using vignette methodology to study comfort with consensual and nonconsensual depictions of pornography content. PSYCHOLOGY & SEXUALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/19419899.2020.1769159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate Dawson
- School of Psychology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway Ireland
| | - Chris Noone
- School of Psychology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway Ireland
| | - Saoirse Nic Gabhainn
- Discipline of Health Promotion, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway Ireland
| | - Padraig MacNeela
- School of Psychology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway Ireland
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van Oosten JMF, Vandenbosch L. Predicting the Willingness to Engage in Non-Consensual Forwarding of Sexts: The Role of Pornography and Instrumental Notions of Sex. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2020; 49:1121-1132. [PMID: 32006206 PMCID: PMC7145774 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-019-01580-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Although non-consensual forwarding of sexts (NCFS) is an important type of online sexual harassment behavior, the predictors of this behavior are currently understudied. The present study aimed to fill this gap by investigating online pornography use as a predictor of adolescents' and emerging adults' willingness to engage in NCFS in different contexts (i.e., forwarding a sexually explicit picture of a dating partner, relationship partner, friend, stranger or ex-partner). Based on previous literature on the role of pornography in the prediction of sexual harassment, we hypothesized that this relationship would depend on individuals' prior endorsement of sexual stereotypical attitudes (i.e., instrumental attitudes toward sex). We further investigated whether this would differ for adolescent and young adult males and females. We used data from a two-wave short-term (2 months between waves) longitudinal survey among 1947 participants (aged 13-25 years). Results from cross-lagged autoregressive latent SEM models showed that pornography use significantly predicted a higher willingness to forward sexts from a stranger, but mostly among adolescent boys (aged 13-17) with high levels of instrumental attitudes toward sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M F van Oosten
- The Amsterdam School of Communication Research (ASCoR), University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, Postbus 15791, 1001 NG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Mondal S, Mondal H. Online Pornography Seeking Behavior and Its Relation to Literacy Rate and Financial Status of Indian States. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOSEXUAL HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2631831819898563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pornography has become widely accessible due to the popularization of smartphones and internet connectivity. Consuming pornography has multiple effects on an individual and on society. Our research question was if pornography-seeking behavior has any correlation with education and financial status in Indian states. Objective: To find the online pornography-seeking behavior of Indian internet users according to states and find its correlation with the literacy level and per capita net state domestic product (NSDP). Methods: Trends of internet search about pornography-related keywords (namely, porn, XXX, Xvideos, and sex) were obtained from a public domain https://trends.google.com/trends . State-wise relative search volumes were compared with the literacy rate and NSDP of the state. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated with the help of GraphPad Prism 6.01 (GraphPad Software, Inc., California, USA). A P < .05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Northeastern states showed a higher volume of overall online pornography searches. There was no significant correlation between the literacy rate and relative search volumes of pornography-related keywords. Overall pornography-related search volume showed a significant negative ( r = –0.49, P = .003) correlation with NSDP. Conclusion: Online pornography seeking behaviors in Indian states are not related to the literacy rate of the state. A higher volume of searches is from states with lower NSDP. The underlying factors for this finding should be explored in a future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaikat Mondal
- Department of Physiology, Raiganj Government Medical College and Hospital, Raiganj, West Bengal, India
| | - Himel Mondal
- Department of Physiology, Bhima Bhoi Medical College and Hospital, Balangir, Odisha, India
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Levi G, Cohen C, Kaliche S, Sharaabi S, Cohen K, Tzur-Bitan D, Weinstein A. Sexual addiction, compulsivity, and impulsivity among a predominantly female sample of adults who use the internet for sex. J Behav Addict 2020; 9:83-92. [PMID: 32359233 PMCID: PMC8935197 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2020.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Compulsive sexual behavior is characterized by extensive sexual behavior and unsuccessful efforts to control excessive sexual behavior. The aim of the studies was to investigate compulsivity, anxiety and depression and impulsivity and problematic online sexual activities among adult males and females who use the Internet for finding sexual partners and using online pornography. METHODS Study 1- 177 participants including 143 women M = 32.79 years (SD = 9.52), and 32 men M = 30.18 years (SD = 10.79). The Sexual Addiction Screening Test (SAST), the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), Spielberger Trait-State Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T STAI-S) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Study 2- 139 participants including 98 women M = 24 years (SD = 5) and 41 men M = 25 years (SD = 4). The impulsivity questionnaire (BIS/BAS), Problematic online sexual activities (s-IAT-sex) and Sexual Addiction Screening Test (SAST). RESULTS Study 1- Multiple regression analysis has indicated that a model which included BDI, Y-BOCS, and STAI scores contributed to the variance of sexual addiction rates, and explained 33.3% of the variance. Study 2- Multiple regression analysis indicated that BIS/BAS and s-IAT scores contributed to the variance of sexual addiction rates, and explained 33% of the variance. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Obsessive-compulsive symptoms contributed to sexual addiction among individuals who use the Internet for finding sexual partners. Impulsivity and problematic online sexual activity contributed to ratings of sex addiction. These studies support the argument that sex addiction lies on the impulsive-compulsive scale and could be classified as a behavioral addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Levi
- Department of Behavioral Science, Ariel University, Science Park, Ariel, 40700, Israel
| | - Chen Cohen
- Department of Behavioral Science, Ariel University, Science Park, Ariel, 40700, Israel
| | - Sigal Kaliche
- Department of Behavioral Science, Ariel University, Science Park, Ariel, 40700, Israel
| | - Sagit Sharaabi
- Department of Behavioral Science, Ariel University, Science Park, Ariel, 40700, Israel
| | - Koby Cohen
- Department of Behavioral Science, Ariel University, Science Park, Ariel, 40700, Israel
| | - Dana Tzur-Bitan
- Department of Behavioral Science, Ariel University, Science Park, Ariel, 40700, Israel
| | - Aviv Weinstein
- Department of Behavioral Science, Ariel University, Science Park, Ariel, 40700, Israel,Corresponding author. Department of Behavioral Science and Integrative Brain and Cognition Center, University of Ariel, Ariel, Israel. Tel.: 972-3-9076555; fax: 972-3-9066629. E-mail: ;
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New age technology and social media: adolescent psychosocial implications and the need for protective measures. Curr Opin Pediatr 2019; 31:148-156. [PMID: 30507648 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0000000000000714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In recent years, breakthroughs and advancements in new age technology have revolutionized the way children communicate and interact with the world around them. As social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and Snapchat continue to grow in popularity, their usage has raised concerns about their role and impact on adolescent development and behavior. This review examines the psychosocial implications of social media usage on youth outcomes related to body image, socialization, and adolescent development. It discusses ways that clinicians and parents can effectively safeguard their children from the potential threats posed by digital media while providing a fact sheet for parents that addresses these concerns and summarizes recommended strategies to combat them. RECENT FINDINGS While social media platforms continue to experience surges in popularity, mounting evidence suggests significant correlations between their usage and adolescent mental health and behavioral issues. Increased social media usage has been linked to diminished self-esteem and body satisfaction, elevated risk of cyber-bullying, heightened exposure to pornographic material, and risky sexual behaviors. SUMMARY Given how new age technology is steadily permeating everyday life, greater efforts are needed to inform adolescent users and their families about the negative consequences of social media usage. Pediatricians and parents must take cautionary measures to reduce psychosocial risks and ensure the online safety of children.
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Fisher WA, Montgomery-Graham S, Kohut T. Pornography Problems Due to Moral Incongruence. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2019; 48:425-429. [PMID: 30128983 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-018-1291-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William A Fisher
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, ON, N6G 2 V4, Canada
| | | | - Taylor Kohut
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, ON, N6G 2 V4, Canada
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Wright PJ, Sun C, Steffen NJ, Tokunaga RS. Associative pathways between pornography consumption and reduced sexual satisfaction. SEXUAL AND RELATIONSHIP THERAPY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/14681994.2017.1323076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Wright
- The Media School, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Chyng Sun
- NYU School of Professional Studies, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Robert S. Tokunaga
- Department of Communicology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
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15
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The Effect of Sexual Programme Content on the Recall of Foreign Sexual and Non-sexual Advertisements. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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최영근. A Study on the Influence of Workplace Violence on Employees’ Internet Pornography Addiction. JOURNAL OF DISTRIBUTION SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.15722/jds.14.11.201611.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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17
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Newstrom NP, Harris SM. Pornography and Couples: What Does the Research Tell Us? CONTEMPORARY FAMILY THERAPY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10591-016-9396-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Foubert JD, Bridges AJ. Predicting Bystander Efficacy and Willingness to Intervene in College Men and Women. Violence Against Women 2016; 23:692-706. [DOI: 10.1177/1077801216648793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Students from two research universities completed items measuring the frequency of their using different kinds of pornography, and measures of their willingness and intent to intervene to help a bystander who might be experiencing sexual violence. Hierarchical logistic regressions showed that for men, violent/degrading pornography use, but not explicit but non-degrading pornography use, was significantly associated with reduced bystander willingness to intervene, but not associated with bystander efficacy. Women did not show the same impact of violent/degrading pornography use on the two bystander intervention variables. Results suggest violence/degrading pornography may contribute to a culture of acceptance of violence against women.
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Wright PJ, Tokunaga RS. Men's Objectifying Media Consumption, Objectification of Women, and Attitudes Supportive of Violence Against Women. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2016; 45:955-964. [PMID: 26585169 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-015-0644-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A recent White House Council Report on Women and Girls called attention to sexual assault on college campuses and encouraged continued research on this important public health problem. Media that sexually objectify women have been identified by feminist scholars as encouraging of sexual assault, but some researchers question why portrayals that do not feature sexual assault should affect men's attitudes supportive of violence against women. Guided by the concepts of specific and abstract sexual scripting in Wright's (Communication Yearbook 35:343-386, 2011) sexual script acquisition, activation, application model of sexual media socialization, this study proposed that the more men are exposed to objectifying depictions, the more they will think of women as entities that exist for men's sexual gratification (specific sexual scripting), and that this dehumanized perspective on women may then be used to inform attitudes regarding sexual violence against women (abstract sexual scripting). Data were gathered from collegiate men sexually attracted to women (N = 187). Consistent with expectations, associations between men's exposure to objectifying media and attitudes supportive of violence against women were mediated by their notions of women as sex objects. Specifically, frequency of exposure to men's lifestyle magazines that objectify women, reality TV programs that objectify women, and pornography predicted more objectified cognitions about women, which, in turn, predicted stronger attitudes supportive of violence against women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Wright
- The Media School and Kinsey Institute, Indiana University, 1229 East 7th St., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
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Fairweather A, Kingston DA, Lalumière ML. Nudity as a Disinhibiting Cue in a Date Rape Analogue. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2016; 45:821-828. [PMID: 26566899 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-015-0633-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Situational factors likely play a role in date rape. The sexual inhibition hypothesis suggests that men are typically sexually inhibited by violence and non-consent, but that inhibition can also be disrupted. We attempted to determine if female nudity reduces inhibition of sexual arousal to non-consensual cues in sexually non-aggressive men. In two studies, heterosexual men (aged 18-25) were presented with six 2-min audiotaped narratives depicting consensual sexual interactions, non-consensual sexual interactions (rape), and non-sexual interactions (neutral) involving a man and a woman. In the first study, 20 participants saw pictures depicting nude or clothed women while listening to the stories. In the second study, 20 other participants saw videos depicting nude or clothed women exercising, also while listening to the stories. Genital responses and subjective sexual arousal were measured. Results suggested that nudity may have a disinhibitory effect on sexual arousal to non-consensual cues, but only when presented in the form of moving images.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Drew A Kingston
- Integrated Forensic Program, Royal Ottawa Health Care Group, Brockville, ON, Canada
| | - Martin L Lalumière
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
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van Oosten JMF. Sexually Explicit Internet Material and Adolescents' Sexual Uncertainty: The Role of Disposition-Content Congruency. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2016; 45:1011-22. [PMID: 26373650 PMCID: PMC4820469 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-015-0594-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has suggested that adolescents' exposure to sexually explicit internet material (SEIM) may result in sexual uncertainty because the content of SEIM may conflict with what adolescents have learned about sex. However, research on which type of adolescent is most susceptible to the relation between SEIM use and sexual uncertainty is lacking. This study therefore investigated whether the relationship between SEIM use and sexual uncertainty depends on within-gender differences in sexual dispositions (i.e., impersonal sex orientation and hypergendered orientation). Using data from a representative two-wave panel survey among 1765 Dutch adolescents (aged 13-17), I found that SEIM use predicted sexual uncertainty only among girls with a low hypergendered orientation and girls with a relatively high impersonal sex orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M F van Oosten
- The Amsterdam School of Communication Research, ASCoR, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 15791, 1001 NG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Montgomery-Graham S, Kohut T, Fisher W, Campbell L. How the popular media rushes to judgment about pornography and relationships while research lags behind. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN SEXUALITY 2015. [DOI: 10.3138/cjhs.243-a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pornography has been a major source of public concern for decades. In recent years, apprehension about the deleterious impact of pornography on romantic and marital relationships has joined a list of previously asserted harms, including claimed associations of pornography with communism, organized crime, aggression against women, and sex addiction. The current research systematically sampled public discourse in the media concerning the impact of pornography on the couple relationship and compared media assertions and conclusions with available evidence of academic research in this area. Magazine features, newspaper articles, and Internet postings mentioning the impact of pornography on heterosexual couples were systematically sampled and analyzed with Thematic Analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006). Five prominent themes emerged in media discussions of the impact of pornography on relationships: (1) pornography addiction; (2) pornography is good for sexual relationships; (3) pornography use is a form of adultery; (4) partner's pornography use makes one feel inadequate; and (5) pornography use changes expectations about sexual behaviour. Academic research was then reviewed that addressed these identified themes. Two of five identified popular media themes were in accord with the academic literature. The extent to which popular media and academic research are having the same discussions and reaching the same, or different, conclusions was explored, and we discuss implications for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Taylor Kohut
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, ON
| | - William Fisher
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, ON
| | - Lorne Campbell
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, ON
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Kohut T, Baer JL, Watts B. Is Pornography Really about "Making Hate to Women"? Pornography Users Hold More Gender Egalitarian Attitudes Than Nonusers in a Representative American Sample. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2015; 53:1-11. [PMID: 26305435 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2015.1023427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
According to radical feminist theory, pornography serves to further the subordination of women by training its users, males and females alike, to view women as little more than sex objects over whom men should have complete control. Composite variables from the General Social Survey were used to test the hypothesis that pornography users would hold attitudes that were more supportive of gender nonegalitarianism than nonusers of pornography. Results did not support hypotheses derived from radical feminist theory. Pornography users held more egalitarian attitudes--toward women in positions of power, toward women working outside the home, and toward abortion--than nonusers of pornography. Further, pornography users and pornography nonusers did not differ significantly in their attitudes toward the traditional family and in their self-identification as feminist. The results of this study suggest that pornography use may not be associated with gender nonegalitarian attitudes in a manner that is consistent with radical feminist theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Kohut
- a Department of Psychology , Western University , London , Ontario , Canada
| | - Jodie L Baer
- a Department of Psychology , Western University , London , Ontario , Canada
| | - Brendan Watts
- b Department of Sociology , Western University , London , Ontario , Canada
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Baer JL, Kohut T, Fisher WA. Is pornography use associated with anti-woman sexual aggression? Re-examining the Confluence Model with third variable considerations. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN SEXUALITY 2015. [DOI: 10.3138/cjhs.242-a6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Confluence Model of sexual aggression (Malamuth, Addison, & Koss, 2000) states that pornography use, thought to promote sexual coercion of women through presentation of submissive female imagery, works in conjunction with sexual promiscuity (SP) and hostile masculinity (HM), proposed sexual aggression risk factors, to produce anti-woman sexual aggression. An Internet based survey (N=183 adult males) replicated results of previous Confluence Model research, such that men who were high in HM and SP were more likely to report sexual coercion when they frequently, rather than infrequently, used pornography. Exploring new ground, this study also found that HM and SP together were strong predictors of consumption of violent sexual media, in comparison to non-violent sexual media, which suggests that men at high risk of sexual aggression consume different types of sexual material than men at low risk. Further, individual differences in sex drive were found to account for the effects previously attributed to pornography use in statistical tests of the Confluence Model. In the light of third variable considerations, these findings warrant a careful reappraisal of the Confluence Model's assertion that pornography use is a causal determinant of anti-woman sexual aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie L. Baer
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, ON
| | - Taylor Kohut
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, ON
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25
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Hald GM, Malamuth NN. Experimental effects of exposure to pornography: the moderating effect of personality and mediating effect of sexual arousal. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2015; 44:99-109. [PMID: 24729134 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-014-0291-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Using a randomly selected community sample of 200 Danish young adult men and women in a randomized experimental design, the study investigated the effects of a personality trait (agreeableness), past pornography consumption, and experimental exposure to non-violent pornography on attitudes supporting violence against women (ASV). We found that lower levels of agreeableness and higher levels of past pornography consumption significantly predicted ASV. In addition, experimental exposure to pornography increased ASV but only among men low in agreeableness. This relationship was found to be significantly mediated by sexual arousal with sexual arousal referring to the subjective assessment of feeling sexually excited, ready for sexual activities, and/or bodily sensations associated with being sexually aroused. In underscoring the importance of individual differences, the results supported the hierarchical confluence model of sexual aggression and the media literature on affective engagement and priming effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert Martin Hald
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, Building 15.0.18, Copenhagen K, 1153, Denmark,
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26
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Silvera RJ, Grov C, Stein DJ, Hagerty R, Marmor M. Level of ‘outness’ and pornography use among men who have sex with men: results from an online survey. PSYCHOLOGY & SEXUALITY 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/19419899.2014.984907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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27
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Peter J, Valkenburg PM. Does exposure to sexually explicit Internet material increase body dissatisfaction? A longitudinal study. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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28
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Kor A, Zilcha-Mano S, Fogel YA, Mikulincer M, Reid RC, Potenza MN. Psychometric development of the Problematic Pornography Use Scale. Addict Behav 2014; 39:861-8. [PMID: 24583276 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite the increased social acceptance and widespread use of pornography over the past few decades, reliable and valid instruments assessing problematic use of pornography are lacking. This paper reports the findings of three studies aimed at developing and validating a new scale measuring problematic pornography use. The Problematic Pornography Use Scale (PPUS) items showed high internal consistency, convergent validity, and construct validity. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed four core factors relating to proposed domains of problematic pornography use. High PPUS scores were positively correlated with measures of psychopathology, low self-esteem and poor attachment. Although PPUS scores were related to other behavioral addictions, problematic pornography use as operationalized in the current paper appears to be uniquely distinguished from features of behavioral addictions relating to gambling and Internet use. Findings highlight the potential use of the PPUS for future research and possible clinical applications by defining problematic pornography use as a behavioral addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Kor
- Teachers College, Columbia University, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Rory C Reid
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, USA; Department of Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, USA
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29
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Mercer D, Perkins L. Theorising sexual media and sexual violence in a forensic setting: men's talk about pornography and offending. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2014; 37:174-182. [PMID: 24304705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This article reports findings from a discourse analytic study which critically explored the language of mental health nurses, and detained sexual offenders, in relation to pornography in one high-security hospital. It recognised previous empirical investigation, and pro-feminist theorising, into mediated representations and male sexual violence, but situated the research process in a forensic nursing context. Decision-making about access to, or restriction of, commercial sexual literature, as a component of therapeutic intervention and offender management, reveals tensions between service-user rights and treatment goals. The aim was to access nurse and patient talk in a specific culture. Semi-structured interviews with eighteen nursing staff, and nine patients, were used to co-construct accounts of pornography, sexual offending, and treatment. Analysis and data collection were undertaken concurrently. Interviews were audio-taped and transcribed. Data was coded to identify theoretical/conceptual themes and sub-themes representing discursive repertoires. Attention was given to how textual variation positioned respondents in relation to each other and the institution. Findings suggested collective male talk textured the environment, promoted gendered inequality, marginalised female nurses, and undermined rehabilitation. Shared discourse enabled male staff and patients to relate to each other as men, while maintaining distance through constructions of otherness. Discussion focuses on discriminatory discursive-practices, where men's talk about pornography and sexual violence embodied gendered knowledge/experience and contributed to a toxic culture. Consideration is given to ways of resisting institutional impediments and promoting positive therapeutic relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave Mercer
- The University of Liverpool, The Whelan Building, The Quadrangle, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L69 3GB, England, United Kingdom.
| | - Liz Perkins
- The University of Liverpool, The Eleanor Rathbone Building, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L69 3GB, England, United Kingdom.
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30
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van Oosten JMF, Peter J, Boot I. Women's critical responses to sexually explicit material: the role of hyperfemininity and processing style. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2014; 52:306-316. [PMID: 24511896 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2013.858305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Previous research on women's responses to male-targeted sexually explicit material (SEM) suggests that women may be critical toward such content. However, women's critical responses to SEM have not been explained empirically. The present study had two goals: (1) to investigate whether women's critical responses to male-targeted SEM depend on individual differences in gender role orientation (i.e., hyperfemininity) and (2) to explain the effect of hyperfemininity on critical responses to SEM by looking at the way sexual material is processed. In an online experiment among women aged 18 to 30 (N = 195), both the type of SEM (a male- versus female-targeted erotic story) and processing style (stimulus- versus response-focused) were manipulated. In addition, participants were divided into three groups based on low, moderate, or high hyperfemininity. When using stimulus-focused processing (i.e., attending to the characters and situational context of the story), women were more critical toward male-targeted SEM (relative to female-targeted material), but only when they had low and moderate degrees of hyperfemininity.
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Kuyper L, de Wit J, Smolenski D, Adam P, Woertman L, van Berlo W. Gender differences in patterns of experienced sexual coercion and associated vulnerability factors among young people in the Netherlands. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2013; 28:3149-3170. [PMID: 23711989 DOI: 10.1177/0886260513488689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of effective policies and programs to prevent sexual coercion among young people requires thorough understanding of the diversity of coercive sexual experiences, patterns in such types of experiences, and similarities and differences between subgroups, especially by gender, in patterns of coercive sexual experiences and associations with potential vulnerability factors. The present online self-report study assessed a wide range of coercive sexual experiences and potential vulnerability factors among a sociodemographically diverse sample of 1,319 young people (16-25 years old) in The Netherlands. Findings confirm that sexual coercion comprises a diversity of experiences, with rates differing substantially across types of coercion. Latent class analysis revealed distinct patterns of coercive sexual experiences for young women and young men. Among young men, three patterns of experiences were found: no coercive sexual experiences, experience with verbal pressure, and experience with verbal pressure as well as coercion related to alcohol intoxication. Among young women, four patterns of coercive experiences were identified. In addition to the three patterns observed among young men, a fourth pattern encompassed experiences with verbal pressure as well as the use of force or violence. Higher numbers of sexual partners, lower levels of sexual refusal skills, and higher levels of token resistance were consistently associated with increased vulnerability. Findings illustrate the importance of communication skills and suggest that sexual communication training should be an integral part of sexuality education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisette Kuyper
- The Netherlands Institute for Social Research, The Hague, the Netherlands
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32
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Leka J, McClelland A, Furnham A. Memory for Sexual and Nonsexual Television Commercials as a Function of Viewing Context and Viewer Gender. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.2939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jona Leka
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology; University College London; London; UK
| | - Alastair McClelland
- Research Department of Cognitive, Perceptual and Brain Sciences; University College London; London; UK
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Abstract
The current paper reviews research findings concerning the association of pornography with sexual violence and paraphilic interests. Little clarity concerning the causal impact of pornography on sexual aggression or child-oriented sexual behavior has been achieved in the scientific literature. Laboratory experimentation demonstrates that violent pornography may contribute to antiwoman aggression, but the artificiality and constraints of the experimental setting severely limit generalization of these findings to real-world situations, and observational studies in natural settings consistently find no association or an inverse association of pornography with sexual aggression. In addition, although pedophiles often use child pornography, the causal impact of child pornography on child sexual offending is not conclusive. The current analysis considers the confluence of predisposing factors and pornography use as issues requiring clinical judgment in the reduction of sexual aggression and management of paraphilic interest in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Fisher
- Department of Psychology and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Social Science Centre 7428, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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34
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McKibbin WF, Pham MN, Shackelford TK. Human sperm competition in postindustrial ecologies: sperm competition cues predict adult DVD sales. Behav Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/art031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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35
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Prichard J, Spiranovic C, Watters P, Lueg C. Young people, child pornography, and subcultural norms on the Internet. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/asi.22816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Prichard
- School of Law; University of Tasmania; Private Bag 89; Hobart; Tasmania; 7001; Australia
| | - Caroline Spiranovic
- School of Law; University of Tasmania; Private Bag 89; Hobart; Tasmania; 7001; Australia
| | - Paul Watters
- School of Science, Information Technology & Engineering; University of Ballarat; PO 663; Ballarat; VIC; 3353; Australia
| | - Christopher Lueg
- School of Computing and Information Systems; University of Tasmania; Private Bag 100; Hobart; Tasmania; 7001; Australia
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36
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Elliott IA, Beech AR, Mandeville-Norden R. The psychological profiles of internet, contact, and mixed internet/contact sex offenders. SEXUAL ABUSE : A JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2013; 25:3-20. [PMID: 22434344 DOI: 10.1177/1079063212439426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A sample of 526 contact offenders, 459 internet offenders, and 143 mixed contact/internet offenders was compared on a range of self-report psychological measures assessing offense-supportive beliefs, socioaffective functioning, emotional management, and socially desirable responding. A multivariate general linear model found a mixed offender profile that was similar to internet offenders rather than contact offenders. The contact group demonstrated lower victim empathy, a greater level of pro-offending attitudes, an externalized locus of control, more assertiveness, a diminished ability to relate to fictional characters, and greater impulsivity than the internet and mixed offender groups. The mixed offender group demonstrated a higher level of empathic concern than the other two groups. The mixed offender group could also be distinguished from the internet group by increased personal distress and perspective-taking ability. A discriminant function analysis highlighted the key linear factor distinguishing between the groups to be one relating to offense-supportive attitudes and identification with fictional characters. A second factor was related to higher levels of empathic concern and poor self-management. These findings are discussed in the context of the potential pathways between internet and contact sexual offenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Elliott
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.
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Eaton LA, Cain DN, Pope H, Garcia J, Cherry C. The relationship between pornography use and sexual behaviours among at-risk HIV-negative men who have sex with men. Sex Health 2012; 9:166-70. [PMID: 22498161 DOI: 10.1071/sh10092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although pornography is widely available and frequently used among many adults in the USA, little is known about the relationship between pornography and risk factors for HIV transmission among men who have sex with men. METHODS Baseline assessments from a behavioural intervention trial for at-risk men who have sex with men were conducted in Atlanta, GA in 2009. Univariate and multivariate generalised linear models were used to assess the relationships between known risk factors for HIV infection, time spent viewing pornography, and sex behaviours. RESULTS One hundred forty-nine men reporting HIV-negative status and two or more unprotected anal sex partners in the past 6 months were enrolled in an intervention trial and completed survey assessments. Time spent viewing pornography was significantly associated with having more male sexual partners (B=0.45, SE=0.04, P<0.001) and unprotected insertive anal sex acts (B=0.28, SE=0.04, P<0.001). Moreover, increased substance use (drug use, B=0.61, SE=0.14, P<0.001; alcohol use, B=0.03, SE=0.01, P<0.01) and decreased perception of risk for HIV infection (B=-0.09, SE=0.04, P<0.05) were found to be significantly associated with greater time spent viewing pornography. CONCLUSIONS This exploratory study is novel in that it sheds light on the associations between viewing pornography and sexual risk taking for HIV infection. Future studies in this area should focus on understanding how the content of pornography; in particular, the viewing of unprotected and protected sex acts, may affect sexual risk taking behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Eaton
- University of Connecticut, Center for Health, Intervention, and Prevention, Storrs, CT 06269-1248, USA.
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38
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Sinković M, Stulhofer A, Božić J. Revisiting the association between pornography use and risky sexual behaviors: the role of early exposure to pornography and sexual sensation seeking. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2012; 50:633-641. [PMID: 22853694 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2012.681403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Among the suggested problems and harms associated with widespread pornography use among young people, risky sexual behaviors have been frequently mentioned. To further explore this public health concern, this article analyzed sexual sensation seeking (SSS) as a potential confounder of the association between pornography use and sexual risks using data collected in 2010 from a population-based sample of young Croatian adults aged 18 to 25 (n = 1,005). Significant, but small, correlations were found between the indicators of pornography use (age at first exposure, frequency of use in the past 12 months, and personal importance of pornography) and sexual risk taking. However, in a multivariate analysis, only age at first exposure to pornography remained a significant, albeit weak, predictor of sexual risk taking among both women and men. SSS, defined as the dispositional tendency toward the impulsive pursuit of sexual arousal and stimulation, neither confounded nor moderated this association. Overall, the findings do not support the notion that pornography use is substantially associated with sexual risk taking among young adults, but suggest that early exposure to sexually explicit material and high SSS are additive risk factors for sexual risk taking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matija Sinković
- Department of Sociology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
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39
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Stein DJ, Silvera RJ, Hagerty R, Marmor M. Viewing pornography depicting unprotected anal intercourse: are there implications for HIV prevention among men who have sex with men? ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2012; 41:411-9. [PMID: 21755381 PMCID: PMC3310969 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-011-9789-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We used an Internet-based questionnaire to investigate whether viewing pornography depicting unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) was associated with engaging in UAI in a sample of 821 non-monogamous men who have sex with men (MSM). In the 3 months prior to interview, 77.2% viewed pornography depicting UAI, 42.6% engaged in insertive UAI, and 38.9% engaged in receptive UAI. Polytomous logistic regression of the 751 subjects who provided data on pornography viewing showed significantly elevated odds ratios for having engaged in receptive UAI, insertive UAI, and both receptive and insertive UAI associated with increasing percentage of pornography viewed that depicted UAI. We also found independently significant associations of engaging in UAI with age, use of inhalant nitrites, and HIV status. Although the data cannot establish causality, our findings indicate that viewing pornography depicting UAI and engaging in UAI are correlated. Further research is needed to determine if this observation may have utility for HIV prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J Stein
- Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Center for AIDS Research, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Richard J Silvera
- Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Center for AIDS Research, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Robert Hagerty
- Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Center for AIDS Research, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Michael Marmor
- Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Center for AIDS Research, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY
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40
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Simons LG, Simons RL, Lei MK, Sutton TE. Exposure to harsh parenting and pornography as explanations for males' sexual coercion and females' sexual victimization. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2012; 27:378-395. [PMID: 22852438 DOI: 10.1891/0886-6708.27.3.378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Sexual violence against women is a major concern to researchers and policy makers, as well as to the general public. This study uses a sample of more than 2,000 college students to investigate the extent to which exposure to harsh parenting practices and sexually explicit materials contributes to perpetration and victimization. Findings indicate that frequent corporal punishment in the family of origin combined with consumption of pornographic materials increased the probability that males reported engaging in coercive sexual practices. For females, both frequent corporal punishment and exposure to paternal hostility combined with consumption of pornographic materials were associated with higher levels of reported sexual victimization. These results provide increased understanding of the impact of pornography use among a nonclinical sample, as well as the consequences of experiencing harsh corporal punishment in one's family of origin, on the sexual victimization of females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Gordon Simons
- Department of Child and Family Development, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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41
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Pornography, Individual Differences in Risk and Men’s Acceptance of Violence Against Women in a Representative Sample. SEX ROLES 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-011-0082-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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42
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Morgan EM. Associations between young adults' use of sexually explicit materials and their sexual preferences, behaviors, and satisfaction. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2011; 48:520-30. [PMID: 21259151 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2010.543960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This study examined how levels of sexually explicit material (SEM) use during adolescence and young adulthood were associated with sexual preferences, sexual behaviors, and sexual and relationship satisfaction. Participants included 782 heterosexual college students (326 men and 456 women; M(age) = 19.9) who completed a questionnaire online. Results revealed high frequencies and multiple types and contexts of SEM use, with men's usage rates systematically higher than women's. Regression analyses revealed that both the frequency of SEM use and number of SEM types viewed were uniquely associated with more sexual experience (a higher number of overall and casual sexual intercourse partners, as well as a lower age at first intercourse). Higher frequencies of SEM use were associated with less sexual and relationship satisfaction. The frequency of SEM use and number of SEM types viewed were both associated with higher sexual preferences for the types of sexual practices typically presented in SEM. These findings suggest that SEM use can play a significant role in a variety of aspects of young adults' sexual development processes.
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Foubert JD, Brosi MW, Bannon RS. Pornography Viewing among Fraternity Men: Effects on Bystander Intervention, Rape Myth Acceptance and Behavioral Intent to Commit Sexual Assault. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10720162.2011.625552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Peter J, Valkenburg PM. The influence of sexually explicit Internet material on sexual risk behavior: a comparison of adolescents and adults. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2011; 16:750-65. [PMID: 21476164 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2011.551996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This study had three goals: first, to investigate whether sexually explicit Internet material (SEIM) affects sexual risk behavior; second, to study whether these effects differ between adolescents and adults; and third, to analyze, separately for adolescents and adults, whether gender and age moderate an influence of SEIM on sexual risk behavior. The authors conducted a 2-wave panel survey among nationally representative random samples of 1,445 Dutch adolescents and 833 Dutch adults. SEIM use increased sexual risk behavior among adults, but not among adolescents. More specifically, moderator analyses showed that SEIM use increased sexual risk behavior only among male adults, but not among female adults. In the adolescent sample, no moderating gender effect occurred. Neither among adolescents nor among adults did age moderate the effects. Our study shows that SEIM may influence outcomes related to people's sexual health. It also suggests that male adults may present a potential risk group for adverse effects of SEIM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Peter
- The Amsterdam School of Communication Research, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Ryan KM. The Relationship between Rape Myths and Sexual Scripts: The Social Construction of Rape. SEX ROLES 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-011-0033-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Weaver JB, Weaver SS, Mays D, Hopkins GL, Kannenberg W, McBride D. Mental‐ and Physical‐Health Indicators and Sexually Explicit Media Use Behavior by Adults. J Sex Med 2011; 8:764-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.02030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Reid RC, Li DS, Gilliland R, Stein JA, Fong T. Reliability, validity, and psychometric development of the pornography consumption inventory in a sample of hypersexual men. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2011; 37:359-85. [PMID: 21961444 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2011.607047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
This article reports the psychometric evaluation of the Pornography Consumption Inventory (PCI), which was developed to assess motivations for pornography use among hypersexual men. Initial factor structure and item analysis were conducted in a sample of men (N = 105) seeking to reduce their pornography consumption (Study 1), yielding a 4-factor solution. In a second sample of treatment-seeking hypersexual men (N = 107), the authors further investigated the properties of the PCI using confirmatory factor analytic procedures, reliability indices, and explored PCI associations with several other constructs to establish convergent and discriminant validity. These studies demonstrate psychometric evidence for the PCI items that measure tendencies of hypersexual men to use pornography (a) for sexual pleasure; (b) to escape, cope, or avoid uncomfortable emotional experiences or stress; (c) to satisfy sexual curiosity; and (d) to satisfy desires for excitement, novelty, and variety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory C Reid
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles 90024, USA.
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Hald GM, Malamuth NM, Yuen C. Pornography and attitudes supporting violence against women: revisiting the relationship in nonexperimental studies. Aggress Behav 2010; 36:14-20. [PMID: 19862768 DOI: 10.1002/ab.20328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A meta-analysis was conducted to determine whether nonexperimental studies revealed an association between men's pornography consumption and their attitudes supporting violence against women. The meta-analysis corrected problems with a previously published meta-analysis and added more recent findings. In contrast to the earlier meta-analysis, the current results showed an overall significant positive association between pornography use and attitudes supporting violence against women in nonexperimental studies. In addition, such attitudes were found to correlate significantly higher with the use of sexually violent pornography than with the use of nonviolent pornography, although the latter relationship was also found to be significant. The study resolves what appeared to be a troubling discordance in the literature on pornography and aggressive attitudes by showing that the conclusions from nonexperimental studies in the area are in fact fully consistent with those of their counterpart experimental studies. This finding has important implications for the overall literature on pornography and aggression.
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