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Gómez JS, Trébosc J, Tuan Duong N, Pourpoint F, Lafon O, Amoureux JP. Comparison of through-space homonuclear correlations between quadrupolar nuclei in solids. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2023; 348:107388. [PMID: 36841183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2023.107388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Various two-dimensional (2D) homonuclear correlation experiments have been proposed to observe proximities between identical half-integer spin quadrupolar nuclei in solids. These experiments select either the single- or double-quantum coherences during the indirect evolution period, t1. We compare here the efficiency and the robustness of the 2D double-quantum to single-quantum (DQ-SQ) and SQ-SQ homonuclear correlations for two half-integer spin quadrupolar isotopes subject to small chemical shift anisotropy (CSA): 11B with a nuclear spin I = 3/2 and 27Al with I = 5/2. Such a comparison is performed using experiments on two model samples: Li2B4O7 for 11B and AlPO4-14 for 27Al. For both isotopes, the DQ-SQ homonuclear correlations are recommended since they allow probing the proximities between nuclei with close or identical frequencies. In the case of small or moderate isotropic chemical shift differences (e.g. 11B) the [SR221] or [BR221] bracketed DQ-SQ recoupling schemes are recommended; whereas it is the BR221 un-bracketed one otherwise (e.g. 27Al).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Gómez
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 - UCCS - Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, Lille 59000, France
| | - Julien Trébosc
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, FR 2638 - IMEC - Fédération Chevreul, Lille 59000, France
| | - Nghia Tuan Duong
- Nano-Crystallography Unit, RIKEN-JEOL Collaboration Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Frédérique Pourpoint
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 - UCCS - Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, Lille 59000, France
| | - Olivier Lafon
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 - UCCS - Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, Lille 59000, France.
| | - Jean-Paul Amoureux
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 - UCCS - Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, Lille 59000, France; Bruker Biospin, 34 rue de l'industrie, Wissembourg 67166, France.
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2
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Duong NT, Lee D, Mentink-Vigier F, Lafon O, De Paëpe G. On the use of radio-frequency offsets for improving double-quantum homonuclear dipolar recoupling of half-integer-spin quadrupolar nuclei. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2021; 59:991-1008. [PMID: 33624858 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Detecting proximities between nuclei is crucial for atomic-scale structure determination with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Different from spin-1/2 nuclei, the methodology for quadrupolar nuclei is limited for solids due to the complex spin dynamics under simultaneous magic-angle spinning (MAS) and radio-frequency irradiation. Herein, the performances of several homonuclear rotary recoupling (HORROR)-based homonuclear dipolar recoupling sequences are evaluated for 27 Al (spin-5/2). It is shown numerically and experimentally on mesoporous alumina that BR 2 2 1 outperforms the supercycled S3 sequence and its pure double-quantum (DQ) (bracketed) version, [S3 ], both in terms of DQ transfer efficiency and bandwidth. This result is surprising since the S3 sequence is among the best low-power recoupling schemes for spin-1/2. The superiority of BR 2 2 1 is thoroughly explained, and the crucial role of radio-frequency offsets during its spin dynamics is highlighted. The analytical approximation of BR 2 2 1 , derived in an offset-toggling frame, clarifies the interplay between offset and DQ efficiency, namely, the benefits of off-resonance irradiation and the trough in DQ efficiency for BR 2 2 1 when the irradiation is central between two resonances, both for spin-1/2 and half-integer-spin quadrupolar nuclei. Additionally, density matrix propagations show that the BR 2 2 1 sequence, applied to quadrupolar nuclei subject to quadrupolar interaction much larger than radio-frequency frequency field, can create single- and multiple-quantum coherences for near on-resonance irradiation. This significantly perturbs the creation of DQ coherences between central transitions of neighboring quadrupolar nuclei. This effect explains the DQ efficiency trough for near on-resonance irradiation, in the case of both cross-correlation and autocorrelation peaks. Overall, this work aids experimental acquisition of homonuclear dipolar correlation spectra of half-integer-spin quadrupolar nuclei and provides theoretical insights towards improving recoupling schemes at high magnetic field and fast MAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nghia Tuan Duong
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, IRIG-MEM, Grenoble, 38000, France
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 - UCCS - Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Daniel Lee
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, IRIG-MEM, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | | | - Olivier Lafon
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 - UCCS - Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, Lille, F-59000, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, 75231, France
| | - Gaël De Paëpe
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, IRIG-MEM, Grenoble, 38000, France
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3
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Yu Y, Keil P, Stevensson B, Hansen MR, Edén M. Assessment of new symmetry-based dipolar recoupling schemes for homonuclear magnetization exchange between quadrupolar nuclei in two-dimensional correlation MAS NMR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2020; 316:106734. [PMID: 32590307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2020.106734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We provide an extensive experimental and numerical evaluation of MQ-phase (S)M supercycles with M={3,4} of three groups of symmetry-based homonuclear dipolar recoupling rf-pulse sequences, [Formula: see text] , for establishing proximities among half-integer spin quadrupolar nuclei under moderately fast magic-angle-spinning (MAS) conditions in single-quantum-single-quantum (1Q-1Q) correlation NMR experiments. The relative merits of the (S)M schemes for variations in resonance offsets and rf-amplitude errors were assessed by numerically simulated magnetization transfers in spin-3/2 pairs with variable isotropic chemical shifts and quadrupolar coupling constants. Experimental demonstrations of 23Na (spin-3/2) NMR on Na2MoO4·2H2O and 27Al (spin-5/2) NMR on AlPO-CJ19 [(NH4)2Al4(PO4)4HPO4·H2O] are presented at 14.1 T and 24 kHz MAS. We recommend using the (SR221)3 or (SR221)4 supercycles for samples that exhibit small chemical-shift dispersions (<3 kHz), and any (SRNNN/2)3 scheme with N⩾10 for larger spreads of isotropic chemical shifts. However, because the (SRNNN/2)3 sequences recouple heteronuclear dipolar interactions, their application to proton-bearing samples requires high-power proton decoupling during the mixing period. Alternatively, the (SR241)3 and (SR241)4 schemes may be employed in the absence of proton decoupling, but with poorer compensation to resonance-offsets and rf-amplitude errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philipp Keil
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, DE-48 149 Münster, Germany
| | - Baltzar Stevensson
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, DE-48 149 Münster, Germany
| | - Mattias Edén
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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4
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Yu Y, Keil P, Hansen MR, Edén M. Improved Magnetization Transfers among Quadrupolar Nuclei in Two-Dimensional Homonuclear Correlation NMR Experiments Applied to Inorganic Network Structures. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25020337. [PMID: 31947638 PMCID: PMC7024165 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate that supercycles of previously introduced two-fold symmetry dipolar recoupling schemes may be utilized successfully in homonuclear correlation nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for probing proximities among half-integer spin quadrupolar nuclei in network materials undergoing magic-angle-spinning (MAS). These (SR221)M, (SR241)M, and (SR281)M recoupling sequences with M=3 and M=4 offer comparably efficient magnetization transfers in single-quantum–single-quantum (1Q–1Q) correlation NMR experiments under moderately fast MAS conditions, as demonstrated at 14.1 T and 24 kHz MAS in the contexts of 11B NMR on a Na2O–CaO–B2O3–SiO2 glass and 27Al NMR on the open framework aluminophosphate AlPO-CJ19 [(NH4)2Al4(PO4)4HPO4·H2O]. Numerically simulated magnetization transfers in spin–3/2 pairs revealed a progressively enhanced tolerance to resonance offsets and rf-amplitude errors of the recoupling pulses along the series (SR221)M< (SR241)M< (SR281)M for increasing differences in chemical shifts between the two nuclei. Nonetheless, for scenarios of a relatively minor chemical-shift dispersions (≲3 kHz), the (SR221)M supercycles perform best both experimentally and in simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Philipp Keil
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, DE-48 149 Münster, Germany; (P.K.); (M.R.H.)
| | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, DE-48 149 Münster, Germany; (P.K.); (M.R.H.)
| | - Mattias Edén
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Correspondence:
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5
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Brinkmann A, Edén M. Central-transition double-quantum sideband NMR spectroscopy of half-integer quadrupolar nuclei: estimating internuclear distances and probing clusters within multi-spin networks. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:7037-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp00029c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Clusters within quadrupolar spin networks are probed and internuclear distances between quadrupolar nuclei are estimated by central-transition double-quantum sideband NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Brinkmann
- Measurement Science and Standards
- National Research Council Canada
- Ottawa, Canada
| | - Mattias Edén
- Physical Chemistry Division
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry
- Arrhenius Laboratory
- Stockholm University
- 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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6
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Mananga ES. Applications of Floquet-Magnus expansion, average Hamiltonian theory and Fer expansion to study interactions in solid state NMR when irradiated with the magic-echo sequence. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2013; 55-56:54-62. [PMID: 24034855 PMCID: PMC5378413 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This work presents the possibility of applying the Floquet-Magnus expansion and the Fer expansion approaches to the most useful interactions known in solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance using the magic-echo scheme. The results of the effective Hamiltonians of these theories and average Hamiltonian theory are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Stephane Mananga
- Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Advanced Medical Imaging Sciences, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Physics, Department of Radiology, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States.
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7
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Perras FA, Bryce DL. Measuring dipolar and J coupling between quadrupolar nuclei using double-rotation NMR. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:174202. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4802192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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8
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Perras FA, Bryce DL. Residual dipolar coupling between quadrupolar nuclei under magic-angle spinning and double-rotation conditions. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2011; 213:82-89. [PMID: 21982836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2011.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 08/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Residual dipolar couplings between spin-1/2 and quadrupolar nuclei are often observed and exploited in the magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectra of spin-1/2 nuclei. These orientation-dependent splittings contain information on the dipolar interaction, which can be translated into structural information. The same type of splittings may also be observed for pairs of quadrupolar nuclei, although information is often difficult to extract from the quadrupolar-broadened lineshapes. Here, the complete theory for describing the dipolar coupling between two quadrupolar nuclei in the frequency domain by Hamiltonian diagonalization is given. The theory is developed under MAS and double-rotation (DOR) conditions, and is valid for any spin quantum numbers, quadrupolar coupling constants, asymmetry parameters, and tensor orientations at both nuclei. All terms in the dipolar Hamiltonian become partially secular and contribute to the NMR spectrum. The theory is validated using experimental 11B and 35/37Cl NMR experiments carried out on powdered B-chlorocatecholborane, where both MAS and DOR are used to help separate effects of the quadrupolar interaction from those of the dipolar interaction. It is shown that the lineshapes are sensitive to the quadrupolar coupling constant of both nuclei and to the J coupling (including its sign). From these experiments, the dipolar coupling constant for a heteronuclear spin pair of quadrupolar nuclei may be obtained as well as the sign of the quadrupolar coupling constant of the perturbing nucleus; these are two parameters that are difficult to obtain experimentally otherwise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric A Perras
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie Private, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
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9
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Fernandez C, Pruski M. Probing quadrupolar nuclei by solid-state NMR spectroscopy: recent advances. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2011; 306:119-88. [PMID: 21656101 DOI: 10.1007/128_2011_141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of quadrupolar nuclei has recently undergone remarkable development of capabilities for obtaining structural and dynamic information at the molecular level. This review summarizes the key achievements attained during the last couple of decades in solid-state NMR of both integer spin and half-integer spin quadrupolar nuclei. We provide a concise description of the first- and second-order quadrupolar interactions, and their effect on the static and magic angle spinning (MAS) spectra. Methods are explained for efficient excitation of single- and multiple-quantum coherences, and acquisition of spectra under low- and high-resolution conditions. Most of all, we present a coherent, comparative description of the high-resolution methods for half-integer quadrupolar nuclei, including double rotation (DOR), dynamic angle spinning (DAS), multiple-quantum magic angle spinning (MQMAS), and satellite transition magic angle spinning (STMAS). Also highlighted are methods for processing and analysis of the spectra. Finally, we review methods for probing the heteronuclear and homonuclear correlations between the quadrupolar nuclei and their quadrupolar or spin-1/2 neighbors.
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10
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Leskes M, Madhu PK, Vega S. Floquet theory in solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2010; 57:345-380. [PMID: 20920756 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Leskes
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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11
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Wang Q, Hu B, Lafon O, Trébosc J, Deng F, Amoureux JP. Double-quantum homonuclear NMR correlation spectroscopy of quadrupolar nuclei subjected to magic-angle spinning and high magnetic field. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2009; 200:251-260. [PMID: 19646906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2009.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Revised: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We present a new application of the R2(2)(1) symmetry-based dipolar recoupling scheme, for exciting directly double-quantum (2Q) coherences between the central transition of homonuclear half-integer quadrupolar nuclei. With respect to previously published 2Q-recoupling methods (M. Eden, D. Zhou, J. Yu, Chem. Phys. Lett. 431 (2006) 397), the R2(2)(1) sequence is used without pi/2 bracketing pulses and with an original super-cycling. This leads to an improved efficiency (a factor of two for spin-5/2) and to a much higher robustness to radio-frequency field inhomogeneity and resonance offset. The 2Q-coherence excitation performances are demonstrated experimentally by (27)Al NMR experiments on the aluminophosphates berlinite, VPI5, AlPO(4)-14, and AlPO(4)-CJ3. The two-dimensional 2Q-1Q correlation experiments incorporating these recoupling sequences allow the observation of 2Q cross-peaks between central transitions, even at high magnetic field where the difference in offset between octahedral and tetrahedral (27)Al sites exceeds 10 kHz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Wang
- UCCS, CNRS-8181, Lille University, Fr-59652, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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12
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Edén M, Lo AYH. Supercycled symmetry-based double-quantum dipolar recoupling of quadrupolar spins in MAS NMR: I. Theory. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2009; 200:267-279. [PMID: 19648039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2009.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Revised: 07/04/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Using average Hamiltonian (AH) theory, we analyze recently introduced homonuclear dipolar recoupling pulse sequences for exciting central-transition double-quantum coherences (2QC) between half-integer spin quadrupolar nuclei undergoing magic-angle-spinning. Several previously observed differences among the recoupling schemes concerning their compensation to resonance offsets and radio-frequency (rf) inhomogeneity may qualitatively be rationalized by an AH analysis up to third perturbation order, despite its omission of first-order quadrupolar interactions. General aspects of the engineering of 2Q-recoupling pulse sequences applicable to half-integer spins are discussed, emphasizing the improvements offered from a diversity of supercycles providing enhanced suppression of undesirable AH cross-terms between resonance offsets and rf amplitude errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Edén
- Physical Chemistry Division, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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13
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Edén M. Homonuclear dipolar recoupling of half-integer spin quadrupolar nuclei: techniques and applications. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2009; 36:1-10. [PMID: 19595580 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We review recent advances in solid state NMR methodology for recovering homonuclear dipolar interactions among half-integer quadrupolar spins undergoing sample rotation. Existing dipolar recoupling techniques are contrasted, based on (i) the form of their associated dipolar Hamiltonian, (ii) the different experimental conditions necessitating their realization and (iii) their roles as components in multi-dimensional NMR correlation spectroscopy. Various types of structural information accessible from such solid state NMR experimentation is reviewed. Promises and limitations of methodologies targeting homonuclear dipolar couplings between half-integer spins under high-resolution conditions are discussed, with particular focus on the demands set for structural investigations of crystalline as well as structurally disordered (amorphous) inorganic network materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Edén
- Physical Chemistry Division, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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14
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Lo AYH, Edén M. Efficient symmetry-based homonuclear dipolar recoupling of quadrupolar spins: double-quantum NMR correlations in amorphous solids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:6635-44. [DOI: 10.1039/b808295b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Mali G. Spin-locking and recoupling of homonuclear dipolar interaction between spin-3/2 nuclei under magic-angle sample spinning. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2007; 185:318-25. [PMID: 17258483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2007.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2006] [Revised: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/10/2007] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Numerical simulations and experiments were used to examine the possibility of employing strong spin-lock fields for recoupling of homonuclear dipolar interactions between spin-3/2 quadrupolar nuclei and to compare it to the rotary-resonance recoupling at weak spin-lock fields. It was shown that strong spin-lock pulses under MAS conditions can lead to recoupling, provided that the electric-field gradient principal axes systems of the coupled nuclei are aligned and that their quadrupolar coupling constants are approximately the same. The phenomenon is based on the fact that strong spin-lock pulses induce adiabatic transfer of magnetization between the central-transition coherence and the triple-quantum coherence with equal periodicity as is the periodicity of the time-dependent dipolar coupling. Because of the synchronous variation of the state of the spin system and of the dipolar interaction, the effect of the latter on the central-transition coherence and on the triple-quantum coherence is not averaged out by sample rotation. The approach is, however, very sensitive to the relative orientation of the electric-field gradient principal axes systems and therefore less robust than the approach based on weak spin-lock pulses that satisfy rotary-resonance condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Mali
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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16
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Hung I, Howes A, Anupõld T, Samoson A, Massiot D, Smith M, Brown S, Dupree R. 27Al double rotation two-dimensional spin diffusion NMR: Complete unambiguous assignment of aluminium sites in 9Al2O3·2B2O3. Chem Phys Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2006.10.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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17
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Kentgens APM, van Eck ERH, Ajithkumar TG, Anupõld T, Past J, Reinhold A, Samoson A. New opportunities for double rotation NMR of half-integer quadrupolar nuclei. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2006; 178:212-9. [PMID: 16249109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2005.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2005] [Revised: 09/30/2005] [Accepted: 09/30/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A combined approach is presented which expands the applicability of double rotation (DOR) by overcoming its most prominent disadvantages: spinning stability and sensitivity. A new design using air-bearings for the inner rotor and a computer-assisted start-up procedure allows DOR operation over in principle unlimited time at outer rotor speeds of up to 2000Hz. Sensitivity enhancement of the DOR experiment is achieved by applying amplitude-modulated adiabatic pulses such as the double frequency sweep (DFS) before pulse excitation. Repeating the DFS enhancement and signal readout several times without allowing for spin-lattice relaxation leads to sensitivity enhancements of a factor 3 for (27)Al in various minerals. As a result, it becomes possible to study low sensitivity quadrupolar nuclei and various long duration 2D measurements can be performed routinely. Spinning is adequate to suppress residual homonuclear dipolar couplings in the spectral dimension of typical quadrupolar spin systems. In 2D-exchange spectroscopy, however, homonuclear correlation can still be established through dipolar-quadrupolar cross-terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno P M Kentgens
- Department of Physical Chemistry/Solid-State NMR, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, The Netherlands.
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18
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Ernst M, Geen H, Meier BH. Amplitude-modulated decoupling in rotating solids: a bimodal Floquet approach. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2006; 29:2-21. [PMID: 16216477 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2005.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2005] [Revised: 09/08/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper centers on a theoretical study of amplitude-modulated heteronuclear decoupling in solid-state NMR under magic-angle spinning (MAS). A spin system with a single isolated rare spin coupled to a large number of abundant spins is used in the analysis. The phase-alternating decoupling scheme (XiX decoupling) is analyzed using bimodal Floquet theory and the operator-based perturbation method developed by van Vleck. An effective Hamiltonian correct to second order is calculated for the spin system under XiX decoupling. The results of these calculations indicate that under XiX decoupling the main contribution to the residual line width comes from a cross-term between the heteronuclear and the homonuclear dipolar couplings. This is in contrast to continuous-wave decoupling, where the residual line width is dominated by the cross-term between the heteronuclear dipolar coupling and the chemical-shielding tensor of the irradiated spin. For high-power decoupling the method results in very good decoupling provided that certain unfavorable recoupling conditions, imposed by specific ratios of the amplitude modulation frequency and the MAS frequency, are avoided. For low-power decoupling, the method leads to acceptable decoupling when the pulse length corresponds to an integer multiple of a 2pi rotation and the rf-field amplitude is less than a quarter of the MAS frequency. The performance of the XiX scheme is analyzed over a range of values of the rf power, and numerical results that agree well with the most recent experimental observations are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Ernst
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Edén M, Annersten H, Zazzi Å. Pulse-assisted homonuclear dipolar recoupling of half-integer quadrupolar spins in magic-angle spinning NMR. Chem Phys Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2005.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Ajithkumar TG, van Eck ERH, Kentgens APM. Homonuclear correlation experiments for quadrupolar nuclei, spinning away from the magic angle. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2004; 26:180-186. [PMID: 15388182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2004.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2004] [Revised: 03/25/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We present a set of homonuclear correlation experiments for half-integer quadrupolar spins in solids. In all these exchange-type experiments, the dipolar interaction is retained during the mixing time by spinning the sample at angles other than the "regular magic angle" (54.7 degrees celsius). The second-order quadrupolar interaction is averaged by different strategies for the different experiments. The multiple-quantum off magic angle spinning (MQOMAS) exchange experiment is essentially a regular MQMAS experiment where the quadrupolar interaction is averaged by combining magic angle spinning with a multiple- to single-quantum correlation scheme. The sample is spun at the magic angle at all times except during the mixing time which is added to establish homonuclear correlation. In the multiple-quantum P4 magic angle spinning (MQP4MAS) exchange experiment, the sample is spun at one of the angles at which the fourth-order Legendre polynomial vanishes (P4 magic angle), the remaining second-order quadrupolar interaction now governed by a second-rank tensor is refocussed by the multiple to single-quantum correlation scheme. In the dynamic angle spinning (DAS) exchange experiment, the second-order quadrupolar interaction is averaged by correlating the evolution from two complementary angles. These experiments are demonstrated and compared, in view of their specific advantages and disadvantages, for 23Na in the model compound Na2SO3.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Ajithkumar
- Department of Physical Chemistry/Solid-State NMR, NSRIM Center, University of Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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21
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Mali G, Fink G, Taulelle F. Double-quantum homonuclear correlation magic angle sample spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of dipolar-coupled quadrupolar nuclei. J Chem Phys 2004; 120:2835-45. [PMID: 15268430 DOI: 10.1063/1.1638741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A double-quantum homonuclear correlation nuclear magnetic resonance experiment for dipolar-coupled half-integer quadrupolar nuclei in solids is presented. The experiment is based on rotary resonance dipolar recoupling and uses bracketed spin-lock pulses to excite double-quantum coherence and later to convert it to the zero-quantum one. A central-transition-selective pi pulse at the beginning of the t1 evolution period differentiates coherence transfer pathways of double-quantum coherences arising from coupled spins and from a single spin, so that the latter can be efficiently filtered out by phase cycling. The experiment was tested on an aluminophosphate molecular sieve AlPO4-14, a material with a variety of aluminum quadrupolar coupling constants, isotropic chemical shifts and homonuclear distances. In a two-dimensional spectrum aluminum dipolar couplings with internuclear distances between 2.9 and 5.5 A were resolved. Although the experiment requires an application of weak radio-frequency fields, frequency offsets did not affect its performance crucially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Mali
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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22
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Liu Z, Deng F, Ding S. Effects of pulse strength, width, and sample spinning speed on the spectral spin diffusion of multiquantum coherences of spin-32 quadrupolar nuclei. J Chem Phys 2004; 120:740-8. [PMID: 15267909 DOI: 10.1063/1.1630569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of radio-frequency pulse strength, width, and sample spinning speed on the spin-diffusion spectrum of half-integer quadrupolar spins in solids have been studied by theoretical, numerical, and experimental investigations. It is revealed that the line shape of the cross peaks changes nonmonotonically with respect to the change of pulse strength, pulse width, or sample spinning speed. It is also found that the sample spinning speed has much more pronounced influence on the spin diffusion spectral line shape. In many cases of practical importance, the effect of sample spinning must be included in spectral analysis, in contrast to the practice of previous studies. Moreover, this effect can be exploited to further improve the precision in the determination of relative orientation of the electric-field gradient tensors of the exchange partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Liu
- Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
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23
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Edén M, Frydman L. Homonuclear NMR Correlations between Half-Integer Quadrupolar Nuclei Undergoing Magic-Angle Spinning. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp035794t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Edén
- Chemical Physics Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Lucio Frydman
- Chemical Physics Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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24
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Kwak HT, Srinivasan P, Quine J, Massiot D, Gan Z. Satellite transition rotational resonance of homonuclear quadrupolar spins: magic-angle effect on spin-echo decay and inversion recovery. Chem Phys Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(03)00958-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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25
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Ajithkumar TG, Kentgens APM. Homonuclear correlation experiments of half-integer quadrupolar nuclei using multiple-quantum techniques spinning at a P(4) magic angle. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:2398-9. [PMID: 12603120 DOI: 10.1021/ja0292647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new approach for obtaining structural information in half-integer quadrupolar nuclei is proposed and demonstrated. In this method, the two-dimensional multiple-quantum experiment is performed, spinning at one of the angles at which the fourth order Legendre polynomial vanishes (P4 magic angle). In such an experiment, the dipolar interaction is retained, whereas the second-order quadrupolar broadening is refocused by the MQ-1Q correlation scheme. By adding an exchange period to this pulse scheme, we performed efficient homonuclear correlation experiments in a regular magic angle spinning probe with minor modifications. The experiment is demonstrated on a model compound, and the results are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Ajithkumar
- Department of Physical Chemistry, NSRIM Center, University of Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, The Netherlands
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26
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Dowell NG, Ashbrook SE, Wimperis S. Relative Orientation of Quadrupole Tensors from High-Resolution NMR of Powdered Solids. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp021315z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G. Dowell
- School of Chemistry, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, U.K
| | - Sharon E. Ashbrook
- School of Chemistry, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, U.K
| | - Stephen Wimperis
- School of Chemistry, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, U.K
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27
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Abstract
Over the last decades, NMR spectroscopy has grown into an indispensable tool for chemical analysis, structure determination, and the study of dynamics in organic, inorganic, and biological systems. It is commonly used for a wide range of applications from the characterization of synthetic products to the study of molecular structures of systems such as catalysts, polymers, and proteins. Although most NMR experiments are performed on liquid-state samples, solid-state NMR is rapidly emerging as a powerful method for the study of solid samples and materials. This Review outlines some of the developments of solid-state NMR spectroscopy, including techniques such as cross-polarization, magic-angle spinning, multiple-pulse sequences, homo- and heteronuclear decoupling and recoupling techniques, multiple-quantum spectroscopy, and dynamic angle spinning, as well as their applications to structure determination. Modern solid-state NMR spectroscopic techniques not only produce spectra with a resolution close to that of liquid-state spectra, but also capitalize on anisotropic interactions, which are often unavailable for liquid samples. With this background, the future of solid-state NMR spectroscopy in chemistry appears to be promising, indeed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Laws
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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28
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29
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Edén M, Grinshtein J, Frydman L. High resolution 3D exchange NMR spectroscopy and the mapping of connectivities between half-integer quadrupolar nuclei. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:9708-9. [PMID: 12175220 DOI: 10.1021/ja020534v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach to the determination of structure and potential dynamics in the solid-state NMR spectroscopy of half-integer quadrupolar nuclei is proposed and demonstrated. The new experiment combines into a single three-dimensional sequence, 2D multiple-quantum magic-angle-spinning NMR and 2D exchange NMR protocols. The result separates for each inequivalent chemical site its spin-diffusion powder line shape to proximate homonuclei. A peculiar feature of the experiment is the asymmetry it displays in the individual 2D powder patterns, resulting from its encoding of isotropic shifts before the mixing period. The resulting spectra facilitate the interpretation of the structural and dynamic features for the individual sites; experimental applications of this new method to relative geometry determinations in 23Na-23Na spin pairs are presented, and the quantitative evaluation of the resulting data is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Edén
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Sciences, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
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30
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Painter AJ, Duer MJ. Double-quantum-filtered nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy applied to quadrupolar nuclei in solids. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1425831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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31
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Verel R, Ernst M, Meier BH. Adiabatic dipolar recoupling in solid-state NMR: the DREAM scheme. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2001; 150:81-99. [PMID: 11330986 DOI: 10.1006/jmre.2001.2310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A theoretical treatment of the DREAM adiabatic homonuclear recoupling experiment is given using Floquet theory. An effective Hamiltonian is derived analytically and the time evolution of the density operator in the adiabatic limit is described. Shape cycles are proposed and characterized experimentally. Application to spin-pair filtering and as a mixing period in a 2D correlation experiment is explored and the experimental results are compared to theoretical predictions and exact numerical simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Verel
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Honggerberg, Zurich, CH-8093, Switzerland
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32
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Samoson A, Tuherm T, Past J. Ramped-speed cross polarization MAS NMR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2001; 149:264-267. [PMID: 11318627 DOI: 10.1006/jmre.2001.2302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The inverse cubic dependency of the acceleration of a rotor on its diameter allows for mechanical dynamics comparable to spin dynamics in coupled spin systems. Rotor acceleration up to 300 kHz/s was measured. This feature can be used to simplify existing experiments and explore entirely new ones in the study of spin topologies and material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Samoson
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia Tee 23, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
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33
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Bryce DL, Wasylishen RE, Gee M. Characterization of Tricoordinate Boron Chemical Shift Tensors: Definitive High-Field Solid-State NMR Evidence for Anisotropic Boron Shielding. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp004068c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David L. Bryce
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Alberta, E3-24 Chemistry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2, and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4J3
| | - Roderick E. Wasylishen
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Alberta, E3-24 Chemistry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2, and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4J3
| | - Myrlene Gee
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Alberta, E3-24 Chemistry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2, and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4J3
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34
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Edén M, Frydman L. Quadrupolar-driven recoupling of homonuclear dipolar interactions in the nuclear magnetic resonance of rotating solids. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1344886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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35
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Bryce DL, Wasylishen RE. Dipolar-Chemical Shift and Rotational Resonance 13C NMR Studies of the Carboxyl−Methylene Carbon Spin Pair in Solid Phenylacetic Acid and Potassium Hydrogen Bisphenylacetate. J Phys Chem A 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0013661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David L. Bryce
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3H 4J3
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