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Anbarci DN, McKey1 J, Levic DS, Bagnat M, Capel B. Rediscovering the Rete Ovarii: a secreting auxiliary structure to the ovary. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.11.08.566085. [PMID: 37986754 PMCID: PMC10659334 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.08.566085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The rete ovarii (RO) is an appendage of the ovary that has been given little attention. Although the RO appears in drawings of the ovary in early versions of Gray's Anatomy, it disappeared from recent textbooks, and is often dismissed as a functionless vestige in the adult ovary. Using PAX8 immunostaining and confocal microscopy, we characterized the fetal development of the RO in the context of the ovary. The RO consists of three distinct regions that persist in adult life, the intraovarian rete (IOR), the extraovarian rete (EOR), and the connecting rete (CR). While the cells of the IOR appear to form solid cords within the ovary, the EOR rapidly develops into a convoluted tubular epithelium ending in a distal dilated tip. Cells of the EOR are ciliated and exhibit cellular trafficking capabilities. The CR, connecting the EOR to the IOR, gradually acquires tubular epithelial characteristics by birth. Using microinjections into the distal dilated tip of the EOR, we found that luminal contents flow towards the ovary. Mass spectrometry revealed that the EOR lumen contains secreted proteins potentially important for ovarian function. We show that the cells of the EOR are closely associated with vasculature and macrophages, and are contacted by neuronal projections, consistent with a role as a sensory appendage of the ovary. The direct proximity of the RO to the ovary and its integration with the extraovarian landscape suggest that it plays an important role in ovary development and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilara N. Anbarci
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710
| | - Jennifer McKey1
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710
- Section of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora CO 80045
| | - Daniel S. Levic
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710
| | - Michel Bagnat
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710
| | - Blanche Capel
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710
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Guo YJ, Yan XJ, Zhao HX, Wen XD, Wang J, Du YY, Wang N, Yang Y. Quantitative Evaluation of the Normal Cervix, Cervical Cancer, and Cervical Precancerous Changes Via Real-Time Shear Wave Elastography. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2023; 42:345-354. [PMID: 35338721 DOI: 10.1002/jum.15981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study aims to evaluate the clinical application values of ultrasound real-time shear wave elastography (SWE) in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of cervical cancer (CC). METHODS A total of 285 married female patients were screened and divided into three groups according to the results of the pathological examination and the cervical ThinPrep cytologic test: 1) the CC group (n = 94); 2) the cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) group (n = 91); and 3) the normal control group (n = 100). The maximum Young's modulus (Emax), mean Young's modulus (Emean), minimum Young's modulus (Emin), and Young's modulus stability (Esd) in each group were measured and statistically analyzed. RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences in Emax, Emean, Emin, and Esd values between the anterior and posterior cervical walls, premenopausal and postmenopausal women, and nonparturient and parturient women in the normal control group. The Emax, Emean, Emin, and Esd values in the CIN group showed no statistically significant differences in different periods when compared with the control group. The differences between the normal control group and the CC group were statistically significant; the CC group showed no statistically significant differences in Emax, Emean, Emin, and Esd values at different clinical stages and in different pathological types. The cutoff value of Emax for CC diagnosis, which was of the highest accuracy (89.7%), was 43.48 kpa. CONCLUSION Ultrasound real-time SWE can be applied to CC diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jing Guo
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics Ultrasound, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Yan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics Ultrasound, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hai-Xia Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics Ultrasound, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiao-Duo Wen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics Ultrasound, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics Ultrasound, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Du
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics Ultrasound, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics Ultrasound, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics Ultrasound, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Jha K, Aryal R, Khaniya B, Maskey S, Ojha N. Cyst of rete ovarii: A case report. Clin Case Rep 2022; 10:e6623. [DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.6623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Jha
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital Kathmandu Nepal
| | - Roshan Aryal
- Maharajgunj Medical Campus Institute of Medicine Maharajgunj Nepal
| | - Bishal Khaniya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital Kathmandu Nepal
| | - Suvana Maskey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital Kathmandu Nepal
| | - Neebha Ojha
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital Kathmandu Nepal
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Bennett JA, Oliva E. The complex and often confusing history, histology and histogenesis of mesonephric, STK11 adnexal tumour and mesonephric-like neoplasms of the upper female genital tract (including broad ligament). Histopathology 2022; 81:280-296. [PMID: 35395118 DOI: 10.1111/his.14662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mesonephric lesions in the female genital tract are uncommon, with those arising from the upper tract being much less frequent than those developing in the lower tract (mesonephric hyperplasia and carcinoma). The most common upper tract lesions include rete cyst/cystadenoma and female adnexal tumour of Wolffian origin (FATWO). The integration of morphological, immunohistochemical and molecular studies on FATWOs has enabled recognition of a novel entity, the STK11 adnexal tumour, which is often associated with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (~50%) and frequently has a salivary gland morphology but an unknown origin. Similarly, 'mesonephric-like' adenocarcinoma, an entity with striking similarities to mesonephric carcinoma but currently favoured to be of Müllerian derivation based on its association with other Müllerian tumours and molecular findings, has also been recently described, and may histologically mimic both FATWOs and STK11 adnexal tumours. In this review, we provide a historical overview of upper female genital tract mesonephric proliferations and discuss mesonephric lesions, STK11 adnexal tumour, mesonephric-like adenocarcinoma, and mimickers, the most common being endometrioid carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Bennett
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - E Oliva
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Histology of the Ovary of the Laying Hen (Gallus domesticus). Vet Sci 2017; 4:vetsci4040066. [PMID: 29232906 PMCID: PMC5753646 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci4040066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The laying hen (Gallus domesticus) is a robust animal model for epithelial ovarian cancer. The use of animal models is critical in identifying early disease markers and developing and testing chemotherapies. We describe the microscopic characteristics of the normally functioning laying hen ovary and proximal oviduct to establish baselines from which lesions associated with ovarian cancer can be more readily identified. Ovaries and oviducts were collected from 18-month-old laying hens (n = 18) and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Hematoxylin- and eosin-stained sections were examined by light microscopy. Both post-ovulatory follicular regression and atresia of small follicles produce remnant clusters of vacuolated cells with no histological evidence that scar tissue persists. Infiltrates of heterophils are associated with atresia of small follicles, a relationship not previously documented in laying hen ovaries. Because these tissues can be mistaken for cancerous lesions, we present a detailed histological description of remnant Wolffian tissues in the laying hen ovary. Immunohistochemical staining for pancytokeratin produced a positive response in ovarian surface epithelium and staining for vimentin produced a positive response in granulosa cells of follicles. Epithelial cells lining glands of the remnant epoöphoron had a positive response to both pancytokeratin and vimentin, a result also observed in women.
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Zamecnik M, Stanik M, Michal M. Smooth muscle/myoid differentiation in uterine tumour resembling ovarian sex-cord tumour (UTROSCT). Histopathology 2009; 55:619-20; author reply 620-1. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2009.03388.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Ram M, Abdulla A, Razvi K, Pandeva I, Al-Nafussi A. Cystadenofibroma of the rete ovarii: a case report with review of literature. Rare Tumors 2009; 1:e24. [PMID: 21139896 PMCID: PMC2994433 DOI: 10.4081/rt.2009.e24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Ram
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Basildon Hospital, Basildon & Thurrock University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon, UK
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Akihara Y, Shimoyama Y, Kawasako K, Komine M, Hirayama K, Terasawa A, Ohmachi T, Matsuda K, Okamoto M, Taniyama H. Histological and Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Canine Ovary. Reprod Domest Anim 2007; 42:495-501. [PMID: 17845605 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2006.00812.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, 15 canine ovaries without morphological lesions were examined histologically and immunohistochemically by using a large number of proteins including AE1/AE3, cytokeratin7 (CK7), CK13, CK20, vimentin, desmin, alpha smooth muscle actin (alphaSMA), calponin, S100, Neurofilaments, Inhibinalpha, placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) and neuron-specific enolase. Ovarian structures observed in this study included surface epithelium (SE), cortical tubules (CT), tunica albuginea (TA), stromal cells (SC), internal endocrine cells (IE), rete ovarii (RO) and fallopian tubes (FT). SE, CT, RO and FT were broadly immunoreactive for desmin. Besides AE1/AE3 and vimentin, desmin was also closely linked to these structures. Rete ovarii forming a reticular structure showed a positive reaction to S100. Surface epithelium was immunoreactive for PLAP at a significantly high level. In conclusion, these results indicate a specific segment of immunoreactivity as well as the broad range of immunoreactivity in canine ovary. The distinct patterns of immunoreactive for various kinds of proteins will play an important role in facilitating their identification and discrimination even in a normal canine ovary with a complex structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Akihara
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
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Fleming JS, McQuillan HJ, Millier MJ, Beaugié CR, Livingstone V. E-cadherin expression and bromodeoxyuridine incorporation during development of ovarian inclusion cysts in age-matched breeder and incessantly ovulated CD-1 mice. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2007; 5:14. [PMID: 17425809 PMCID: PMC1855058 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-5-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Female CD-1/Swiss Webster mice subjected to incessant ovulation for 8 months and 12-month breeder mice both developed ovarian inclusion cysts similar to serous cystadenomas. The majority of cysts appeared to be dilated rete ovarii tubules, but high ovulation number resulted in more cortical inclusion cysts. We hypothesized that comparison of inclusion cyst pathology in animals of the same age, but with differences in total lifetime ovulation number, might allow us to determine distinguishing characteristics of the two types of cyst. METHODS Ovaries from breeder mice (BR) or females subjected to incessant ovulation (IO) were compared at 6-, 9- and 12-months of age. Ovaries were serially sectioned and cysts characterized with regard to location and histology, E-cadherin immunoreactivity and rates of BrdU incorporation. RESULTS Inclusion cysts developed with age in BR and IO ovaries. The majority of cysts were connected to the ovarian hilus. Two cortical inclusion cysts were observed in ten IO ovaries and one in ten BR ovaries. Low or no E-cadherin immuno-staining was seen in the OSE of all mice studied. Conversely, strong membrane immuno-staining was observed in rete ovarii epithelial cells. Variable E-cadherin immunoreactivity was seen in cells of hilar inclusion cysts, with strong staining observed in cuboidal ciliated cells and little or no staining in flat epithelial cells. Two of the three cortical cysts contained papillae, which showed E-cadherin immuno-staining at the edge of cells. However hilar and cortical cysts were not distinguishable by morphology, cell type or E-cadherin immunoreactivity. BrdU incorporation in cyst cells (1.4% [95% CI: 1.0 to 2.1]) was greater than in OSE (0.7% [95% CI: 0.4 to 1.2]) and very few BrdU-labeled cells were observed in rete ovarii at any age. Incessant ovulation significantly increased BrdU incorporation in OSE of older animals. CONCLUSION These experiments confirm ovarian inclusion cysts develop with age in the CD-1 mouse strain, irrespective of total ovulation burden. We conclude longer periods of incessant ovulation do not lead to significant changes in inclusion cyst formation or steroidogenesis in CD-1 mice and inclusion cyst type can not be distinguished by morphology, cell proliferation rate or E-cadherin immunoreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean S Fleming
- Eskitis Institute of Cell & Molecular Therapies, Griffith University Nathan campus, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - H James McQuillan
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, University of Otago School of Medical Sciences, PO Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Melanie J Millier
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, University of Otago School of Medical Sciences, PO Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Clare R Beaugié
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, University of Otago School of Medical Sciences, PO Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Vicki Livingstone
- Department of Preventive & Social Medicine, University of Otago Health Sciences, PO Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Fleming JS, Beaugié CR, Haviv I, Chenevix-Trench G, Tan OL. Incessant ovulation, inflammation and epithelial ovarian carcinogenesis: revisiting old hypotheses. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2006; 247:4-21. [PMID: 16297528 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2005.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2005] [Revised: 09/30/2005] [Accepted: 10/11/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is often a lethal disease because in many cases early symptoms go undetected. Although research proceeds apace, as yet there are few reliable and specific biomarkers for the early stages of the disease. EOC is an umbrella label for a highly heterogeneous collection of cancers, which includes tumours of low malignant potential, serous cystadenomas, mucinous and clear cell carcinomas, all of which are likely to arise from a number of epithelial cell types and a variety of progenitor lesions. Many, but not all types of EOC are thought to arise from the cells lining ovarian inclusion cysts. In this review, we discuss the hypotheses that have driven our ideas on epithelial ovarian carcinogenesis and examine the morphological and genetic evidence for pathways to EOC. The emergence of laser-capture microdissection and expression profiling by microarray technologies offers the promise of defining these pathways more accurately, as well as providing us with the tools for earlier diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean S Fleming
- Eskitis Institute for Cell & Molecular Therapies, School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, Griffith University Nathan Campus, Nathan, Qld 4111, Australia.
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Abstract
Two much-debated hypotheses regarding the aetiology of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) are incessant ovulation and gonadotrophin stimulation. A significant inverse correlation is found between the risk of EOC and number of pregnancies, duration of oral contraceptive use (about 10% risk reduction per year) and duration of breastfeeding. Whereas ovulation in the 20-29 year age group was associated with a 20% increase in risk for each year of ovulation, maximum protective effect was noticed in late childbirth (>35 years). Although both in-vitro and in-vivo studies showed that gonadotrophins may initiate and stimulate the growth of EOC, it is not known whether gonadotrophins promote EOC. FSH and LH receptors have been detected by ligand-binding assay and by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) and in malignant epithelial ovarian tissue. Key aetiological events for this cancer may occur in the premenopausal period. Although hormone replacement therapy (HRT) can lower FSH and LH concentrations substantially, it cannot reduce EOC. The ideal time of ovulation and/or gonadotrophin suppression for prevention of EOC, and why oral contraceptives (OC) can but HRT cannot reduce EOC effectively, are unknown. Various growth-related genes, factors, adhesion molecules and angiogenic factors are present in OSE. Pituitary ovarian axis hormones seem to maintain a delicate balance towards growth control whilst the resultant chain of abnormal growth-promoting events occur at cellular level. Reports regarding the relation of exogenous and endogenous hormones, especially oestrogen, and post-menopausal EOC are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmoy K Bose
- Health Department, Kolkata Municipal Corporation, Kolkata 700 013, India.
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