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Ahye N, Bellizzi A, May D, Wollebo HS. The Role of the JC Virus in Central Nervous System Tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176236. [PMID: 32872288 PMCID: PMC7503523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of mortality worldwide. The study of DNA tumor-inducing viruses and their oncoproteins as a causative agent in cancer initiation and tumor progression has greatly enhanced our understanding of cancer cell biology. The initiation of oncogenesis is a complex process. Specific gene mutations cause functional changes in the cell that ultimately result in the inability to regulate cell differentiation and proliferation effectively. The human neurotropic Polyomavirus JC (JCV) belongs to the family Polyomaviridae and it is the causative agent of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), which is a fatal neurodegenerative disease in an immunosuppressed state. Sero-epidemiological studies have indicated JCV infection is prevalent in the population (85%) and that initial infection usually occurs during childhood. The JC virus has small circular, double-stranded DNA that includes coding sequences for viral early and late proteins. Persistence of the virus in the brain and other tissues, as well as its potential to transform cells, has made it a subject of study for its role in brain tumor development. Earlier observation of malignant astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in PML, as well as glioblastoma formation in non-human primates inoculated with JCV, led to the hypothesis that JCV plays a role in central nervous system (CNS) tumorigenesis. Some studies have reported the presence of both JC viral DNA and its proteins in several primary brain tumor specimens. The discovery of new Polyomaviruses such as the Merkel cell Polyomavirus, which is associated with Merkel cell carcinomas in humans, ignited our interest in the role of the JC virus in CNS tumors. The current evidence known about JCV and its effects, which are sufficient to produce tumors in animal models, suggest it can be a causative factor in central nervous system tumorigenesis. However, there is no clear association between JCV presence in CNS and its ability to initiate CNS cancer and tumor formation in humans. In this review, we will discuss the correlation between JCV and tumorigenesis of CNS in animal models, and we will give an overview of the current evidence for the JC virus’s role in brain tumor formation.
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Delbue S, Comar M, Ferrante P. Review on the role of the human Polyomavirus JC in the development of tumors. Infect Agent Cancer 2017; 12:10. [PMID: 28174598 PMCID: PMC5292005 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-017-0122-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost one fifth of human cancers worldwide are associated with infectious agents, either bacteria or viruses, and this makes the possible association between infections and tumors a relevant research issue. We focused our attention on the human Polyomavirus JC (JCPyV), that is a small, naked DNA virus, belonging to the Polyomaviridae family. It is the recognized etiological agent of the Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML), a fatal demyelinating disease, occurring in immunosuppressed individuals. JCPyV is able to induce cell transformation in vitro when infecting non-permissive cells, that do not support viral replication and JCPyV inoculation into small animal models and non human primates drives to tumor formation. The molecular mechanisms involved in JCPyV oncogenesis have been extensively studied: the main oncogenic viral protein is the large tumor antigen (T-Ag), that is able to bind, among other cellular factors, both Retinoblastoma protein (pRb) and p53 and to dysregulate the cell cycle, but also the early proteins small tumor antigen (t-Ag) and Agnoprotein appear to cooperate in the process of cell transformation. Consequently, it is not surprising that JCPyV genomic sequences and protein expression have been detected in Central Nervous System (CNS) tumors and colon cancer and an association between this virus and several brain and non CNS-tumors has been proposed. However, the significances of these findings are under debate because there is still insufficient evidence of a casual association between JCPyV and solid cancer development. In this paper we summarized and critically analyzed the published literature, in order to describe the current knowledge on the possible role of JCPyV in the development of human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Delbue
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, Via Pascal, 36-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Manola Comar
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.,Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Pasquale Ferrante
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, Via Pascal, 36-20133 Milan, Italy.,Istituto Clinico Città Studi, Milan, Italy
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Cason C, Campisciano G, Zanotta N, Valencic E, Delbue S, Bella R, Comar M. SV40 Infection of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells From Wharton's Jelly Drives the Production of Inflammatory and Tumoral Mediators. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:3060-3066. [PMID: 27925194 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from umbilical cord Wharton's jelly (WJSCs) are a source of cells with high potentiality for the treatment of human immunological disorders. Footprints of the oncogenic viruses Simian Virus 40 (SV40) and JC Virus (JCPyV) have been recently detected in human WJSCs specimens. The aim of this study is to evaluate if WJSCs can be efficiently infected by these Polyomaviruses and if they can potentially exert tumoral activity. Cell culture experiments indicated that WJSCs could sustain both SV40 and JCPyV infections. A transient and lytic replication was observed for JCPyV, while SV40 persistently infected WJSCs over a long period of time, releasing a viral progeny at low titer without evident cytopathic effect (CPE). Considering the association between SV40 and human tumors and the reported ability of the oncogenic viruses to drive the host innate immune response to cell transformation, the expression profile of a large panel of immune mediators was evaluated in supernatants by the Bioplex platform. RANTES, IL-3, MIG, and IL-12p40, involved in chronic inflammation, cells differentiation, and transformation, were constantly measured at high concentration comparing to control. These findings represent a new aspect of SV40 biological activity in the humans, highlighting its interaction with specific host cellular pathways. In view of these results, it seems to be increasingly urgent to consider Polyomaviruses in the management of WJSCs for their safely use as promising therapeutic source. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 3060-3066, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Cason
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy.,Department of Medical Science, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Nunzia Zanotta
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Erica Valencic
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Serena Delbue
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical, and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Ramona Bella
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical, and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Manola Comar
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy.,Department of Medical Science, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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4
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Trofe J, Gordon J, Roy-Chaudhury P, Koralnik IJ, Atwood WJ, Alloway RR, Khalili K, Woodle ES. Polyomavirus Nephropathy in Kidney Transplantation. Prog Transplant 2016; 14:130-40; quiz 141-2. [PMID: 15264457 DOI: 10.1177/152692480401400207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Polyomavirus nephropathy has become an important complication in kidney transplantation, with a prevalence of 1% to 8%. Unfortunately, the risk factors for polyomavirus nephropathy and renal allograft loss are not well defined. The definitive diagnosis is made through assessment of a kidney transplant biopsy. Recently, noninvasive urine and serum markers have been used to assist in polyomavirus nephropathy diagnosis and monitoring. Primary treatment is immunosuppression reduction, but must be balanced with the risks of rejection. No antiviral treatments for polyomavirus nephropathy have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Although cidofovir has shown in vitro activity against murine polyomaviruses, and has been effective in some patients, it is associated with significant nephrotoxicity. Graft loss due to polyomavirus nephropathy should not be a contraindication to retransplantation; however, experience is limited. This review presents potential risk factors, screening, diagnostic and monitoring methods, therapeutic management, and retransplantation experience for polyomavirus nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Trofe
- University of Cincinnati, Division of Transplantation, Ohio, USA
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Högfeldt T, Jaing C, Loughlin KM, Thissen J, Gardner S, Bahnassy AA, Gharizadeh B, Lundahl J, Österborg A, Porwit A, Zekri ARN, Khaled HM, Mellstedt H, Moshfegh A. Differential expression of viral agents in lymphoma tissues of patients with ABC diffuse large B-cell lymphoma from high and low endemic infectious disease regions. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:2782-2788. [PMID: 27698858 PMCID: PMC5038175 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the most common type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in adults, accounts for approximately 30-40% of newly diagnosed lymphomas worldwide. Environmental factors, such as viruses and bacteria, may contribute to cancer development through chronic inflammation and the integration of oncogenes, and have previously been indicated in cervical cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric cancer and lymphoproliferative disorders. In the present study, the presence of microbial agents was analyzed in the lymphoma tissue of patients with activated B-cell like (ABC) DLBCL. The present study compared two groups of patients from geographically varied regions that possess a difference in the prevalence of viral and other microbial agents. The patient populations were from Sweden (a low endemic infectious disease region) and Egypt (a high endemic infectious disease region). A differential expression of several viruses in lymphoma tissues was noted when comparing Swedish and Egyptian patients. JC polyomavirus (JCV) was detected in Swedish and Egyptian patients and, uniquely, the complete hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome was detected only in Egyptian lymphoma patients. None of these viruses were detected in control lymph tissues from Sweden or Egypt. In total, 38% of the Egyptian patients were found to have HBV surface antigens (HBsAgs) in their serum; however, HBsAgs were not found in any of the Swedish patients. The percentage of serum HBsAgs in Egyptian patients with ABC DLBCL was significantly increased compared with the general Egyptian population (P<0.05). The present study may support a notion that viral agents, including JCV and HBV, may be involved in the tumorigenesis of DLBCL in regions of high infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Högfeldt
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Crystal Jaing
- Chemistry, Materials, Earth and Life Sciences, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Kevin Mc Loughlin
- Computation, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - James Thissen
- Chemistry, Materials, Earth and Life Sciences, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Shea Gardner
- Computation, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Abeer A. Bahnassy
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 11796, Egypt
| | - Baback Gharizadeh
- Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Joachim Lundahl
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Österborg
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Porwit
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Abdel-Rahman N. Zekri
- Department of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 11796, Egypt
| | - Hussein M. Khaled
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 11796, Egypt
| | - Håkan Mellstedt
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ali Moshfegh
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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Chronic viral infection and primary central nervous system malignancy. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2010; 5:387-403. [PMID: 20387126 PMCID: PMC2914282 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-010-9204-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors cause significant morbidity and mortality in both adults and children. While some of the genetic and molecular mechanisms of neuro-oncogenesis are known, much less is known about possible epigenetic contributions to disease pathophysiology. Over the last several decades, chronic viral infections have been associated with a number of human malignancies. In primary CNS malignancies, two families of viruses, namely polyomavirus and herpesvirus, have been detected with varied frequencies in a number of pediatric and adult histological tumor subtypes. However, establishing a link between chronic viral infection and primary CNS malignancy has been an area of considerable controversy, due in part to variations in detection frequencies and methodologies used among researchers. Since a latent viral neurotropism can be seen with a variety of viruses and a widespread seropositivity exists among the population, it has been difficult to establish an association between viral infection and CNS malignancy based on epidemiology alone. While direct evidence of a role of viruses in neuro-oncogenesis in humans is lacking, a more plausible hypothesis of neuro-oncomodulation has been proposed. The overall goals of this review are to summarize the many human investigations that have studied viral infection in primary CNS tumors, discuss potential neuro-oncomodulatory mechanisms of viral-associated CNS disease and propose future research directions to establish a more firm association between chronic viral infections and primary CNS malignancies.
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Maginnis MS, Atwood WJ. JC virus: an oncogenic virus in animals and humans? Semin Cancer Biol 2009; 19:261-9. [PMID: 19505654 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2009.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Revised: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
JC virus (JCV) is a human polyomavirus of the Polyomaviridae family, which also includes BK virus and simian vacuolating virus 40 (SV40). JC virus was first isolated in 1971 from the brain of a patient with Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML). Like other polyomaviruses, JCV has a restricted host range. The virus infects the majority of the human population with seroconversion occurring during adolescence. JCV has a limited and specific tissue tropism infecting the kidney and oligodendrocytes and astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS). Initial JCV infection is generally asymptomatic in immunocompetent hosts, and it establishes a persistent infection in the kidney and possibly bone marrow. In immunocompromised individuals JCV can cause a lytic infection in the CNS and lead to development of the fatal, demyelinating disease PML. The name polyoma is derived from the Greek terms: poly, meaning many, and oma, meaning tumors, owing to the capacity of this group of viruses to cause tumors. JCV inoculation of small animal models and non-human primates, which are not permissive to a productive JCV infection, leads to tumor formation. Given the ubiquitous nature of the virus and its strong association with cancer in animal models, it is hypothesized that JCV plays a role in human cancers. However, the role for JCV in human cancers and tumor formation is not clear. Some researchers have reported an association of JCV with human cancers including brain tumors, colorectal cancers, and cancers of the gastrointestinal tract, while other groups report no correlation. Here, we review the role of JCV in cancers in animal models and present the findings on JCV in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S Maginnis
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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Mancuso R, Biffi R, Valli M, Bellinvia M, Tourlaki A, Athanasia T, Ferrucci S, Brambilla L, Delbue S, Ferrante P, Tinelli C, Clerici M. HHV8 a subtype is associated with rapidly evolving classic Kaposi's sarcoma. J Med Virol 2008; 80:2153-60. [PMID: 19040293 PMCID: PMC2596973 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The link between human herpesvirus 8 (KSHV) and Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) has been proven, but many important aspects including risk factors, genetic predisposition to tumor development, transmission of KSHV, and the pathogenic potential of different genotypes remain to be elucidated. Possible associations between clinical parameters and antibody levels, viral load fluctuations, and viral genotype were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR, an in-house developed IFA assay, and sequence analysis of ORF K1-VR1 in blood, serum and saliva of 38 subjects with classic KS (cKS). KSHV lytic antibodies were significantly increased in stage IV compared to stage I and II patients (p = 0.006 and p = 0.041, respectively). KSHV blood, serum, and saliva viral load was comparable in all stages. The highest viral loads were detected in saliva, and they decreased in stages III-IV compared to stages I-II patients. Higher concentrations of lytic antibodies and higher viral loads were observed in fast progressing cKS patients, in whom KSHV detection from blood was also more frequent. Type A KSHV strain was almost exclusively present in rapid progressors (12/17 cases), while C type was mainly present in slow progressing patients (6/7 cases). Finally, detection of type A KSHV strain associated with higher blood viral loads. KSHV lytic antibody levels and viral load can be used to monitor clinical evolution of cKS. Infection supported by KSHV A subtype is associated with more rapid progressive disease. Careful monitoring and aggressive therapeutic protocols should be considered in patients with KSHV A-supported infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Mancuso
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Don C Gnocchi Foundation, IRCCS S Maria Nascente, Milan, Italy.
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10
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Khwaja FW. Prognostic markers of astrocytoma: how to predict the unpredictable? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 1:463-79. [PMID: 23496354 DOI: 10.1517/17530059.1.4.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytomas are the most frequent tumors originating in the human nervous system. They carry a dismal prognosis as high-grade astroctyoma patients (World Health Organization [WHO] grade III and IV) rarely live beyond 5 years. At present, these tumors are mainly diagnosed through the difficult task of histologic examination of tissue obtained through stereotactic biopsy or tumor resection. In addition to determining the malignancy grade through histologic studies, the only other prognostic factors used in clinical setting are patient age and performance status. To overcome current limitations, research is underway to develop molecular approaches for glioma classification. These include identification, characterization and expansion of clinical (patient characteristics and imaging variables), histologic (WHO classification criteria) and molecular (genetic and proteomic) factors with prognostic potential. In this review the established classification characteristics, along with recent advances that may lead to the addition of new parameters and thus improve patient management and survival, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima W Khwaja
- Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Basic Science Lab, Abdul Hafeez Research Wing, 77A, Block R/8, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan +92 042 5180727 ext. 2523 ; +92 042 5945207 ;
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Mancuso R, Delbue S, Borghi E, Pagani E, Calvo MG, Caputo D, Granieri E, Ferrante P. Increased prevalence of varicella zoster virus DNA in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with multiple sclerosis. J Med Virol 2007; 79:192-9. [PMID: 17177306 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the possible involvement of viruses in Multiple Sclerosis (MS), the study evaluated the presence of viral genomic sequences in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as markers of viral replication within the central nervous system (CNS). A total of 85 CSF samples were collected from 38 MS patients, 28 patients with other neurological diseases and 19 subjects without neurological diseases. Using nested-PCR, the investigation focused on the presence of human herpes virus DNA, including herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2), the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), varicella zoster virus (VZV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6) and JC virus (JCV). All the CSF samples from the individuals without neurological diseases were negative for viral DNA. Genomic sequences of HSV-1, HCMV, EBV, HHV6, and JCV were found in patients with MS and other neurological diseases without significant differences between the two groups. VZV DNA was detected more frequently (P < 0.05) in the MS group (31.6%), particularly among the relapsing-remitting MS patients (43.5%), compared with patients with other neurological diseases (10.7%). In addition, the results indicated that JCV and HHV-6 were replicating actively in the CNS of a small, but significant number of patients with MS and other neurological diseases. Most importantly, the study revealed a high frequency of VZV DNA in the CSF of patients with MS, suggesting a possible role of this virus in the pathogenesis of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Mancuso
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Roskopf J, Trofe J, Stratta RJ, Ahsan N. Pharmacotherapeutic options for the management of human polyomaviruses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2006; 577:228-54. [PMID: 16626040 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-32957-9_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Polyomaviruses [BK virus (BKV), JC virus (JCV) and simian virus 40 (SV40)] have been known to be associated with diseases in humans for over thirty years. BKV-associated nephropathy and JCV-induced progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) were for many years rare diseases occurring only in patients with underlying severe impaired immunity. Over the past decade, the use of more potent immunosuppression (IS) in transplantation, and the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) epidemic, have coincided with a significant increase in the prevalence of these viral complications. Prophylactic and therapeutic interventions for human polyomavirus diseases are limited by our current understanding of polyomaviral pathogenesis. Clinical trials are limited by small numbers of patients affected with clinically significant diseases, lack of defined risk factors and disease definitions, no proven effective treatment and the overall significant morbidity and mortality associated with these diseases. This chapter will focus on a review of the current and future research related to therapeutic targets and interventions for polyomavirus-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Roskopf
- Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Barbanti-Brodano G, Sabbioni S, Martini F, Negrini M, Corallini A, Tognon M. BK virus, JC virus and Simian Virus 40 infection in humans, and association with human tumors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2006; 577:319-41. [PMID: 16626046 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-32957-9_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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14
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Delbue S, Pagani E, Guerini FR, Agliardi C, Mancuso R, Borghi E, Rossi F, Boldorini R, Veggiani C, Car PG, Ferrante P. Distribution, characterization and significance of polyomavirus genomic sequences in tumors of the brain and its covering. J Med Virol 2005; 77:447-54. [PMID: 16173013 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of brain tumors and meningiomas is still unknown. Several factors have been considered, such as genetic predisposition and environmental risk factors, but the hypothesis that one or more infectious agents may play a role in tumor pathogenesis has also been investigated. Therefore, emphasis was placed on the neurooncogenic family Polyomaviridae and the presence of human polyomavirus DNA sequences and JCV mRNA were examined in malignant human brain biopsies. Italian patients affected with different types of neoplasias of the brain and its covering were enrolled. The patients underwent surgical tumor excision and the presence of the polyomavirus genome in biopsy and other body fluids was evaluated by PCR. In addition, the genomic organization of JCV was examined in depth, with the aim of providing information on genotype distribution and TCR rearrangements in the population affected with intracranial neoplasms. On the whole, polyomavirus DNA was found in 50% of the biopsy specimens studied, JC virus DNA and BK virus DNA were amplified in 40.6% mainly glioblastomas and 9.4% of the tissue specimens, respectively, while none of the biopsy specimens tested contained Simian virus 40 DNA. Genotype 1 and Mad 4 TCR organization were the most frequent in the population enrolled. Although a cause and effect was not demonstrated and the specific role of the viruses remains unknown, the findings appear to confirm the hypothesis that JCV and BKV could be important co-factors in tumor pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Delbue
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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15
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Trofe J, Gordon J, Roy-Chaudhury P, Koralnik IJ, Atwood WJ, Alloway RR, Khalili K, Woodle ES. Polyomavirus nephropathy in kidney transplantation. Prog Transplant 2004. [PMID: 15264457 DOI: 10.7182/prtr.14.2.6r72583266835340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Polyomavirus nephropathy has become an important complication in kidney transplantation, with a prevalence of 1% to 8%. Unfortunately, the risk factors for polyomavirus nephropathy and renal allograft loss are not well defined. The definitive diagnosis is made through assessment of a kidney transplant biopsy. Recently, noninvasive urine and serum markers have been used to assist in polyomavirus nephropathy diagnosis and monitoring. Primary treatment is immunosuppression reduction, but must be balanced with the risks of rejection. No antiviral treatments for polyomavirus nephropathy have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Although cidofovir has shown in vitro activity against murine polyomaviruses, and has been effective in some patients, it is associated with significant nephrotoxicity. Graft loss due to polyomavirus nephropathy should not be a contraindication to retransplantation; however, experience is limited. This review presents potential risk factors, screening, diagnostic and monitoring methods, therapeutic management, and retransplantation experience for polyomavirus nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Trofe
- University of Cincinnati, Division of Transplantation, Ohio, USA
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16
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Venter M, Smit SB, Leman P, Swanepoel R. Phylogenetic evidence of widespread distribution of genotype 3 JC virus in Africa and identification of a type 7 isolate in an African AIDS patient. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:2215-2219. [PMID: 15269361 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80027-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
JC virus (JCV) is the cause of progressive multifocal leukoencephalophathy (PML) in immunocompromised patients. The paucity of reports from Africa has led to the hypothesis that PML is rare because of an absence of virus genotypes associated with the condition. Genotypes 3 and 6 have been identified in East and West Africa but the distribution of types across the rest of Africa is unknown. Full-length sequences of five JCV cerebrospinal fluid samples from PML patients in South Africa are reported here. Three isolates from African AIDS patients grouped with type 3A or 3B, and one with type 7, while one from a Caucasian leukaemia patient grouped with type 2D. Widespread distribution of type 3 on the continent may reflect migration patterns in antiquity, but this is the first report of type 7 in an African individual. Type 2D has only been isolated previously in South Asia, although transmission of this genotype to Europeans who later settled in South Africa is not unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marietjie Venter
- Special Pathogen Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Private Bag X4, Sandringham 2131, South Africa
| | - Sheilagh B Smit
- Special Pathogen Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Private Bag X4, Sandringham 2131, South Africa
| | - Patricia Leman
- Special Pathogen Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Private Bag X4, Sandringham 2131, South Africa
| | - Robert Swanepoel
- Special Pathogen Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Private Bag X4, Sandringham 2131, South Africa
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