1
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Bond ACS, Crocker MA, Wilczek MP, DuShane JK, Sandberg AL, Bennett LJ, Leclerc NR, Maginnis MS. High-throughput drug screen identifies calcium and calmodulin inhibitors that reduce JCPyV infection. Antiviral Res 2024; 222:105817. [PMID: 38246207 PMCID: PMC10922812 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is a nonenveloped, double-stranded DNA virus that infects the majority of the population. Immunocompetent individuals harbor infection in their kidneys, while severe immunosuppression can result in JCPyV spread to the brain, causing the neurodegenerative disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Due to a lack of approved therapies to treat JCPyV and PML, the disease results in rapid deterioration, and is often fatal. In order to identify potential antiviral treatments for JCPyV, a high-throughput, large-scale drug screen was performed using the National Institutes of Health Clinical Collection (NCC). Drugs from the NCC were tested for inhibitory effects on JCPyV infection, and drugs from various classes that reduced JCPyV infection were identified, including receptor agonists and antagonists, calcium signaling modulators, and enzyme inhibitors. Given the role of calcium signaling in viral infection including Merkel cell polyomavirus and simian virus 40 polyomavirus (SV40), calcium signaling inhibitors were further explored for the capacity to impact JCPyV infection. Calcium and calmodulin inhibitors trifluoperazine (TFP), W-7, tetrandrine, and nifedipine reduced JCPyV infection, and TFP specifically reduced viral internalization. Additionally, TFP and W-7 reduced infection by BK polyomavirus, SV40, and SARS-CoV-2. These results highlight specific inhibitors, some FDA-approved, for the possible treatment and prevention of JCPyV and several other viruses, and further illuminate the calcium and calmodulin pathway as a potential target for antiviral drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery C S Bond
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Mason A Crocker
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Michael P Wilczek
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Jeanne K DuShane
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Amanda L Sandberg
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Lucas J Bennett
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Nicholas R Leclerc
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Melissa S Maginnis
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME, 04469, USA.
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2
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Maginnis MS. β-arrestins and G protein-coupled receptor kinases in viral entry: A graphical review. Cell Signal 2023; 102:110558. [PMID: 36509265 PMCID: PMC9811579 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Viruses rely on host-cell machinery in order to invade host cells and carry out a successful infection. G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)-mediated signaling pathways are master regulators of cellular physiological processing and are an attractive target for viruses to rewire cells during infection. In particular, the GPCR-associated scaffolding proteins β-arrestins and GPCR signaling effectors G-protein receptor kinases (GRKs) have been identified as key cellular factors that mediate viral entry and orchestrate signaling pathways that reprogram cells for viral replication. Interestingly, a broad range of viruses have been identified to activate and/or require GPCR-mediated pathways for infection, including polyomaviruses, flaviviruses, influenza virus, and SARS-CoV-2, demonstrating that these viruses may have conserved mechanisms of host-cell invasion. Thus, GPCR-mediated pathways highlight an attractive target for the development of broad antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S Maginnis
- Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, United States of America; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, The University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, United States of America.
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3
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Mehmood K, Wilczek MP, DuShane JK, Parent MT, Mayberry CL, Wallace JN, Levasseur FL, Fong TM, Hess ST, Maginnis MS. Dynamics and Patterning of 5-Hydroxytryptamine 2 Subtype Receptors in JC Polyomavirus Entry. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122597. [PMID: 36560603 PMCID: PMC9782046 DOI: 10.3390/v14122597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The organization and dynamics of plasma membrane receptors are a critical link in virus-receptor interactions, which finetune signaling efficiency and determine cellular responses during infection. Characterizing the mechanisms responsible for the active rearrangement and clustering of receptors may aid in developing novel strategies for the therapeutic treatment of viruses. Virus-receptor interactions are poorly understood at the nanoscale, yet they present an attractive target for the design of drugs and for the illumination of viral infection and pathogenesis. This study utilizes super-resolution microscopy and related techniques, which surpass traditional microscopy resolution limitations, to provide both a spatial and temporal assessment of the interactions of human JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) with 5-hydroxytrypamine 2 receptors (5-HT2Rs) subtypes during viral entry. JCPyV causes asymptomatic kidney infection in the majority of the population and can cause fatal brain disease, and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), in immunocompromised individuals. Using Fluorescence Photoactivation Localization Microscopy (FPALM), the colocalization of JCPyV with 5-HT2 receptor subtypes (5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C) during viral attachment and viral entry was analyzed. JCPyV was found to significantly enhance the clustering of 5-HT2 receptors during entry. Cluster analysis of infected cells reveals changes in 5-HT2 receptor cluster attributes, and radial distribution function (RDF) analyses suggest a significant increase in the aggregation of JCPyV particles colocalized with 5-HT2 receptor clusters in JCPyV-infected samples. These findings provide novel insights into receptor patterning during viral entry and highlight improved technologies for the future development of therapies for JCPyV infection as well as therapies for diseases involving 5-HT2 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashif Mehmood
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Michael P. Wilczek
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Jeanne K. DuShane
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Matthew T. Parent
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Colleen L. Mayberry
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Jaqulin N. Wallace
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Francois L. Levasseur
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Tristan M. Fong
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Samuel T. Hess
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, The University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
- Correspondence: (S.T.H.); (M.S.M.)
| | - Melissa S. Maginnis
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, The University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
- Correspondence: (S.T.H.); (M.S.M.)
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4
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Regan DP, Fong C, Bond ACS, Desjardins C, Hardcastle J, Hung SH, Holmes AP, Schiffman JD, Maginnis MS, Howell C. Improved Recovery of Captured Airborne Bacteria and Viruses with Liquid-Coated Air Filters. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:50543-50556. [PMID: 36331290 PMCID: PMC10028737 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c14754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed the importance of the detection of airborne pathogens. Here, we present composite air filters featuring a bioinspired liquid coating that facilitates the removal of captured aerosolized bacteria and viruses for further analysis. We tested three types of air filters: commercial polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), which is well known for creating stable liquid coatings, commercial high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters, which are widely used, and in-house-manufactured cellulose nanofiber mats (CNFMs), which are made from sustainable materials. All filters were coated with omniphobic fluorinated liquid to maximize the release of pathogens. We found that coating both the PTFE and HEPA filters with liquid improved the rate at which Escherichia coli was recovered using a physical removal process compared to uncoated controls. Notably, the coated HEPA filters also increased the total number of recovered cells by 57%. Coating the CNFM filters did not improve either the rate of release or the total number of captured cells. The most promising materials, the liquid-coated HEPA, filters were then evaluated for their ability to facilitate the removal of pathogenic viruses via a chemical removal process. Recovery of infectious JC polyomavirus, a nonenveloped virus that attacks the central nervous system, was increased by 92% over uncoated controls; however, there was no significant difference in the total amount of genomic material recovered compared to that of controls. In contrast, significantly more genomic material was recovered for SARS-CoV-2, the airborne, enveloped virus, which causes COVID-19, from liquid-coated filters. Although the amount of infectious SARS-CoV-2 recovered was 58% higher, these results were not significantly different from uncoated filters due to high variability. These results suggest that the efficient recovery of airborne pathogens from liquid-coated filters could improve air sampling efforts, enhancing biosurveillance and global pathogen early warning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Regan
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Maine, 5737 Jenness Hall, Orono, Maine04469, United States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, 42 Stodder Hall, Orono, Maine04469, United States
| | - ChunKi Fong
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, 42 Stodder Hall, Orono, Maine04469, United States
| | - Avery C S Bond
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, 320 Hitchner Hall, Orono, Maine04469, United States
| | - Claudia Desjardins
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, 320 Hitchner Hall, Orono, Maine04469, United States
| | - Justin Hardcastle
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, 42 Stodder Hall, Orono, Maine04469, United States
| | - Shao-Hsiang Hung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts01003-9303, United States
| | - Andrew P Holmes
- Cooperative Extension, University of Maine, 17 Godfrey Drive, Orono, Maine04473, United States
| | - Jessica D Schiffman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts01003-9303, United States
| | - Melissa S Maginnis
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, 42 Stodder Hall, Orono, Maine04469, United States
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, 320 Hitchner Hall, Orono, Maine04469, United States
| | - Caitlin Howell
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Maine, 5737 Jenness Hall, Orono, Maine04469, United States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, 42 Stodder Hall, Orono, Maine04469, United States
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5
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Wilczek MP, Armstrong FJ, Geohegan RP, Mayberry CL, DuShane JK, King BL, Maginnis MS. The MAPK/ERK Pathway and the Role of DUSP1 in JCPyV Infection of Primary Astrocytes. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091834. [PMID: 34578413 PMCID: PMC8473072 DOI: 10.3390/v13091834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is a neuroinvasive pathogen causing a fatal, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) known as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Within the CNS, JCPyV predominately targets two cell types: oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. The underlying mechanisms of astrocytic infection are poorly understood, yet recent findings suggest critical differences in JCPyV infection of primary astrocytes compared to a widely studied immortalized cell model. RNA sequencing was performed in primary normal human astrocytes (NHAs) to analyze the transcriptomic profile that emerges during JCPyV infection. Through a comparative analysis, it was validated that JCPyV requires the mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) pathway, and additionally requires the expression of dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSPs). Specifically, the expression of DUSP1 is needed to establish a successful infection in NHAs, yet this was not observed in an immortalized cell model of JCPyV infection. Additional analyses demonstrated immune activation uniquely observed in NHAs. These results support the hypothesis that DUSPs within the MAPK/ERK pathway impact viral infection and influence potential downstream targets and cellular pathways. Collectively, this research implicates DUSP1 in JCPyV infection of primary human astrocytes, and most importantly, further resolves the signaling events that lead to successful JCPyV infection in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Wilczek
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA; (M.P.W.); (F.J.A.); (R.P.G.); (C.L.M.); (J.K.D.); (B.L.K.)
| | - Francesca J. Armstrong
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA; (M.P.W.); (F.J.A.); (R.P.G.); (C.L.M.); (J.K.D.); (B.L.K.)
| | - Remi P. Geohegan
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA; (M.P.W.); (F.J.A.); (R.P.G.); (C.L.M.); (J.K.D.); (B.L.K.)
| | - Colleen L. Mayberry
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA; (M.P.W.); (F.J.A.); (R.P.G.); (C.L.M.); (J.K.D.); (B.L.K.)
| | - Jeanne K. DuShane
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA; (M.P.W.); (F.J.A.); (R.P.G.); (C.L.M.); (J.K.D.); (B.L.K.)
| | - Benjamin L. King
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA; (M.P.W.); (F.J.A.); (R.P.G.); (C.L.M.); (J.K.D.); (B.L.K.)
- Graduate School in Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Melissa S. Maginnis
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA; (M.P.W.); (F.J.A.); (R.P.G.); (C.L.M.); (J.K.D.); (B.L.K.)
- Graduate School in Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
- Correspondence:
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6
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Mayberry CL, Bond AC, Wilczek MP, Mehmood K, Maginnis MS. Sending mixed signals: polyomavirus entry and trafficking. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 47:95-105. [PMID: 33690104 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Polyomaviruses are mostly non-pathogenic, yet some can cause human disease especially under conditions of immunosuppression, including JC, BK, and Merkel cell polyomaviruses. Direct interactions between viruses and the host early during infection dictate the outcome of disease, many of which remain enigmatic. However, significant work in recent years has contributed to our understanding of how this virus family establishes an infection, largely due to advances made for animal polyomaviruses murine and SV40. Here we summarize the major findings that have contributed to our understanding of polyomavirus entry, trafficking, disassembly, signaling, and immune evasion during the infectious process and highlight major unknowns in these processes that are open areas of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen L Mayberry
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Avery Cs Bond
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Michael P Wilczek
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Kashif Mehmood
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Melissa S Maginnis
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA; Graduate School in Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.
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7
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Mayberry CL, Maginnis MS. Taking the Scenic Route: Polyomaviruses Utilize Multiple Pathways to Reach the Same Destination. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101168. [PMID: 33076363 PMCID: PMC7602598 DOI: 10.3390/v12101168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the Polyomaviridae family differ in their host range, pathogenesis, and disease severity. To date, some of the most studied polyomaviruses include human JC, BK, and Merkel cell polyomavirus and non-human subspecies murine and simian virus 40 (SV40) polyomavirus. Although dichotomies in host range and pathogenesis exist, overlapping features of the infectious cycle illuminate the similarities within this virus family. Of particular interest to human health, JC, BK, and Merkel cell polyomavirus have all been linked to critical, often fatal, illnesses, emphasizing the importance of understanding the underlying viral infections that result in the onset of these diseases. As there are significant overlaps in the capacity of polyomaviruses to cause disease in their respective hosts, recent advancements in characterizing the infectious life cycle of non-human murine and SV40 polyomaviruses are key to understanding diseases caused by their human counterparts. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms by which different polyomaviruses hijack cellular processes to attach to host cells, internalize, traffic within the cytoplasm, and disassemble within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), prior to delivery to the nucleus for viral replication. Unraveling the fundamental processes that facilitate polyomavirus infection provides deeper insight into the conserved mechanisms of the infectious process shared within this virus family, while also highlighting critical unique viral features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen L. Mayberry
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA;
| | - Melissa S. Maginnis
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA;
- Graduate School in Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, The University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
- Correspondence:
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8
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Assetta B, Morris-Love J, Gee GV, Atkinson AL, O'Hara BA, Maginnis MS, Haley SA, Atwood WJ. Genetic and Functional Dissection of the Role of Individual 5-HT 2 Receptors as Entry Receptors for JC Polyomavirus. Cell Rep 2020; 27:1960-1966.e6. [PMID: 31091436 PMCID: PMC6544161 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is a ubiquitous human pathogen that causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). The entry receptors for JCPyV belong to the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2 receptor (5-HT2R) family, but how individual members of the family function to facilitate infection is not known. We used proximity ligation assay (PLA) to determine that JCPyV interacts with each of the 5-HT2 receptors (5-HT2Rs) in a narrow window of time during entry. We used CRISPR-Cas9 to randomly introduce stop codons in the gene for each receptor and discovered that the second intracellular loop of each was necessary for infection. This loop contains a motif possibly involved in receptor internalization by β-arrestin. Mutation of this motif and small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of β-arrestin recapitulated the results of our CRISPR-Cas9 screen, showing that this motif is critical. Our results have implications for the role these receptors play in virus infection and for their normal functioning as receptors for serotonin. 5-HT2 receptors are important for infection of cells by JC virus (JCPyV). Assetta et al. show that JCPyV interacts transiently with each of three 5-HT2 receptors during entry and pinpoint a critical role for a proline in the second intracellular loop of each receptor in facilitating virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Assetta
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jenna Morris-Love
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Graduate Program in Pathobiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Gretchen V Gee
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Abigail L Atkinson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Bethany A O'Hara
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Melissa S Maginnis
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Sheila A Haley
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Walter J Atwood
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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Abstract
The extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) comprise a particular branch of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades (MAPK) that transmits extracellular signals into the intracellular environment to trigger cellular growth responses. Similar to other MAPK cascades, the MAPK-ERK pathway signals through three core kinases—Raf, MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK), and ERK—which drive the signaling mechanisms responsible for the induction of cellular responses from extracellular stimuli including differentiation, proliferation, and cellular survival. However, pathogens like DNA viruses alter MAPK-ERK signaling in order to access DNA replication machineries, induce a proliferative state in the cell, or even prevent cell death mechanisms in response to pathogen recognition. Differential utilization of this pathway by multiple DNA viruses highlights the dynamic nature of the MAPK-ERK pathway within the cell and the importance of its function in regulating a wide variety of cellular fates that ultimately influence viral infection and, in some cases, result in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne K DuShane
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME 04401, USA
| | - Melissa S Maginnis
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME 04401, USA.
- Graduate School in Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, The University of Maine, Orono, ME 04401, USA.
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10
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DuShane JK, Wilczek MP, Crocker MA, Maginnis MS. High-Throughput Characterization of Viral and Cellular Protein Expression Patterns During JC Polyomavirus Infection. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:783. [PMID: 31065251 PMCID: PMC6489551 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is a ubiquitous human pathogen and the causative agent of a fatal demyelinating disease in severely immunocompromised individuals. Due to the lack of successful pharmacological interventions, the study of JCPyV infection strategies in a rapid and highly sensitive manner is critical for the characterization of potential antiviral therapeutics. Conventional methodologies for studying viral infectivity often utilize the detection of viral proteins through immunofluorescence microscopy-based techniques. While these methodologies are well established in the field, they require significant time investments and lack a high-throughput modality. Scanning imager-based detection methods like the In-cell Western (ICW)TM have been previously utilized to overcome these challenges incurred by traditional microscopy-based infectivity assays. This automated technique provides not only rapid detection of viral infection status, but can also be optimized to detect changes in host-cell protein expression during JCPyV challenge. Compared to traditional manual determinations of infectivity through microscopy-based techniques, the ICW provides an expeditious and robust determination of JCPyV infection. The optimization of the ICW for the detection of viral and cellular proteins during JCPyV infection provides significant time and cost savings by diminishing sample preparation time and increasing resource utilization. While the ICW cannot provide single-cell analysis information and is limited in the detection of quantitation of low-expressing proteins, this assay provides a high-throughput system to study JCPyV, previously unavailable to the field. Thus, the high-throughput nature and dynamic experimental range of the ICW can be applied to the study of JCPyV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne K DuShane
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
| | - Michael P Wilczek
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
| | - Mason A Crocker
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
| | - Melissa S Maginnis
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States.,Graduate School in Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
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11
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Curthoys NM, Mlodzianoski MJ, Parent MT, Butler MB, Raut P, Wallace JN, Lilieholm J, Mehmood K, Maginnis MS, Waters H, Busse B, Zimmerberg J, Hess ST. Evidence for an Interaction between Influenza Hemagglutinin and PIP2. Biophys J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.11.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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12
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Curthoys NM, Mlodzianoski MJ, Parent M, Butler MB, Raut P, Wallace J, Lilieholm J, Mehmood K, Maginnis MS, Waters H, Busse B, Zimmerberg J, Hess ST. Influenza Hemagglutinin Modulates Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate Membrane Clustering. Biophys J 2019; 116:893-909. [PMID: 30773293 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) forms nanoscopic clusters in cell plasma membranes; however, the processes determining PIP2 mobility and thus its spatial patterns are not fully understood. Using super-resolution imaging of living cells, we find that PIP2 is tightly colocalized with and modulated by overexpression of the influenza viral protein hemagglutinin (HA). Within and near clusters, HA and PIP2 follow a similar spatial dependence, which can be described by an HA-dependent potential gradient; PIP2 molecules move as if they are attracted to the center of clusters by a radial force of 0.079 ± 0.002 pN in HAb2 cells. The measured clustering and dynamics of PIP2 are inconsistent with the unmodified forms of the raft, tether, and fence models. Rather, we found that the spatial PIP2 distributions and how they change in time are explained via a novel, to our knowledge, dynamic mechanism: a radial gradient of PIP2 binding sites that are themselves mobile. This model may be useful for understanding other biological membrane domains whose distributions display gradients in density while maintaining their mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki M Curthoys
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Maine, Orono, Maine
| | | | - Matthew Parent
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Maine, Orono, Maine
| | - Michael B Butler
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Maine, Orono, Maine
| | - Prakash Raut
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Maine, Orono, Maine
| | - Jaqulin Wallace
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Maine, Orono, Maine
| | | | - Kashif Mehmood
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Maine, Orono, Maine; Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine
| | - Melissa S Maginnis
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine
| | - Hang Waters
- Section on Integrative Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Brad Busse
- Section on Integrative Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joshua Zimmerberg
- Section on Integrative Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Samuel T Hess
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Maine, Orono, Maine.
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13
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Abstract
Virus–receptor interactions play a key regulatory role in viral host range, tissue tropism, and viral pathogenesis. Viruses utilize elegant strategies to attach to one or multiple receptors, overcome the plasma membrane barrier, enter, and access the necessary host cell machinery. The viral attachment protein can be viewed as the “key” that unlocks host cells by interacting with the “lock”—the receptor—on the cell surface, and these lock-and-key interactions are critical for viruses to successfully invade host cells. Many common themes have emerged in virus–receptor utilization within and across virus families demonstrating that viruses often target particular classes of molecules in order to mediate these events. Common viral receptors include sialylated glycans, cell adhesion molecules such as immunoglobulin superfamily members and integrins, and phosphatidylserine receptors. The redundancy in receptor usage suggests that viruses target particular receptors or “common locks” to take advantage of their cellular function and also suggests evolutionary conservation. Due to the importance of initial virus interactions with host cells in viral pathogenesis and the redundancy in viral receptor usage, exploitation of these strategies would be an attractive target for new antiviral therapeutics. Viral receptors are key regulators of host range, tissue tropism, and viral pathogenesis. Many viruses utilize common viral receptors including sialic acid, cell adhesion molecules such as immunoglobulin superfamily members and integrins, and phosphatidylserine receptors. Detailed molecular interactions between viruses and receptors have been defined through elegant biochemical analyses including glycan array screens, structural–functional analyses, and cell-based approaches providing tremendous insights into these initial events in viral infection. Commonalities in virus–receptor interactions present promising targets for the development of broad-spectrum antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S Maginnis
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469-5735, USA.
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14
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Dimitriadi M, Derdowski A, Kalloo G, Maginnis MS, O'Hern P, Bliska B, Sorkaç A, Nguyen KCQ, Cook SJ, Poulogiannis G, Atwood WJ, Hall DH, Hart AC. Decreased function of survival motor neuron protein impairs endocytic pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E4377-86. [PMID: 27402754 PMCID: PMC4968725 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1600015113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is caused by depletion of the ubiquitously expressed survival motor neuron (SMN) protein, with 1 in 40 Caucasians being heterozygous for a disease allele. SMN is critical for the assembly of numerous ribonucleoprotein complexes, yet it is still unclear how reduced SMN levels affect motor neuron function. Here, we examined the impact of SMN depletion in Caenorhabditis elegans and found that decreased function of the SMN ortholog SMN-1 perturbed endocytic pathways at motor neuron synapses and in other tissues. Diminished SMN-1 levels caused defects in C. elegans neuromuscular function, and smn-1 genetic interactions were consistent with an endocytic defect. Changes were observed in synaptic endocytic proteins when SMN-1 levels decreased. At the ultrastructural level, defects were observed in endosomal compartments, including significantly fewer docked synaptic vesicles. Finally, endocytosis-dependent infection by JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) was reduced in human cells with decreased SMN levels. Collectively, these results demonstrate for the first time, to our knowledge, that SMN depletion causes defects in endosomal trafficking that impair synaptic function, even in the absence of motor neuron cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dimitriadi
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912; Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron Derdowski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Geetika Kalloo
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Melissa S Maginnis
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912; Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469
| | - Patrick O'Hern
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Bryn Bliska
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Altar Sorkaç
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Ken C Q Nguyen
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Steven J Cook
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - George Poulogiannis
- Chester Beatty Labs, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
| | - Walter J Atwood
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - David H Hall
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Anne C Hart
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912;
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15
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Bouley SJ, Maginnis MS, Derdowski A, Gee GV, O'Hara BA, Nelson CD, Bara AM, Atwood WJ, Dugan AS. Host cell autophagy promotes BK virus infection. Virology 2014; 456-457:87-95. [PMID: 24889228 PMCID: PMC7112032 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is important for a variety for virus life cycles. We sought to determine the role of autophagy in human BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) infection. The addition excess amino acids during viral infection reduced BKPyV infection. Perturbing autophagy levels using inhibitors, 3-MA, bafilomycin A1, and spautin-1, also reduced infection, while rapamycin treatment of host cells increased infection. siRNA knockdown of autophagy genes, ATG7 and Beclin-1, corresponded to a decrease in BKPyV infection. BKPyV infection not only correlated with autophagosome formation, but also virus particles localized to autophagy-specific compartments early in infection. These data support a novel role for autophagy in the promotion of BKPyV infection. Amino acid supplementation decreases BKPyV infection. Autophagy inhibitors, 3-MA, bafilomycin A, and spautin-1, decrease BKPyV infection, while rapamycin increases infection. Inhibitors are most effective when added early in viral life cycle. Knockdown of autophagy genes, Beclin-1 and ATG7, in host cells decreases BKPyV infection levels. BKPyV localizes to LC3+ autophagosome 3 h post infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Bouley
- Department of Natural Sciences, Assumption College, Worcester, MA 01609, United States
| | - Melissa S Maginnis
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States
| | - Aaron Derdowski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States
| | - Gretchen V Gee
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States
| | - Bethany A O'Hara
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States
| | - Christian D Nelson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States
| | - Anne M Bara
- Department of Natural Sciences, Assumption College, Worcester, MA 01609, United States
| | - Walter J Atwood
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States
| | - Aisling S Dugan
- Department of Natural Sciences, Assumption College, Worcester, MA 01609, United States.
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16
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Nelson CDS, Derdowski A, Maginnis MS, O'Hara BA, Atwood WJ. The VP1 subunit of JC polyomavirus recapitulates early events in viral trafficking and is a novel tool to study polyomavirus entry. Virology 2012; 428:30-40. [PMID: 22516137 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
JC polyomavirus (JCV) is an important human pathogen that causes the fatal demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). In this study we further delineate the early events of JCV entry in human glial cells and demonstrate that a pentameric subunit of the viral capsid is able to recapitulate early events in viral trafficking. We show that JCV traffics to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by 6h post infection, and that VP1 pentamers arrive at the ER with similar kinetics. Further, this JCV localization to the ER is critical for infection, as treatment of cells with agents that prevent ER trafficking, ER function, or ER quality control reduce JCV infectivity. These pentamers represent a new tool to study polyomavirus entry, and will be particularly useful in studying recently identified polyomaviruses that are difficult to propagate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian D S Nelson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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17
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Neu U, Maginnis MS, Palma AS, Ströh LJ, Nelson CDS, Feizi T, Atwood WJ, Stehle T. Structure-function analysis of the human JC polyomavirus establishes the LSTc pentasaccharide as a functional receptor motif. Cell Host Microbe 2010; 8:309-19. [PMID: 20951965 PMCID: PMC2957469 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The human JC polyomavirus (JCV) causes a fatal demyelinating disease, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), in immunocompromised individuals. Current treatment options for PML are inadequate. Sialylated oligosaccharides and the serotonin receptor are known to be necessary for JCV entry, but the molecular interactions underlying JCV attachment remain unknown. Using glycan array screening and viral infectivity assays, we identify a linear sialylated pentasaccharide with the sequence NeuNAc-α2,6-Gal-β1,4-GlcNAc-β1,3-Gal-β1,4-Glc (LSTc) present on host glycoproteins and glycolipids as a specific JCV recognition motif. The crystal structure of the JCV capsid protein VP1 was solved alone and in complex with LSTc. It reveals extensive interactions with the terminal sialic acid of the LSTc motif and specific recognition of an extended conformation of LSTc. Mutations in the JCV oligosaccharide-binding sites abolish cell attachment, viral spread, and infectivity, further validating the importance of this interaction. Our findings provide a powerful platform for the development of antiviral compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Neu
- Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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18
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Maginnis MS, Atwood WJ. JC virus: an oncogenic virus in animals and humans? Semin Cancer Biol 2009; 19:261-9. [PMID: 19505654 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2009.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Revised: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
JC virus (JCV) is a human polyomavirus of the Polyomaviridae family, which also includes BK virus and simian vacuolating virus 40 (SV40). JC virus was first isolated in 1971 from the brain of a patient with Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML). Like other polyomaviruses, JCV has a restricted host range. The virus infects the majority of the human population with seroconversion occurring during adolescence. JCV has a limited and specific tissue tropism infecting the kidney and oligodendrocytes and astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS). Initial JCV infection is generally asymptomatic in immunocompetent hosts, and it establishes a persistent infection in the kidney and possibly bone marrow. In immunocompromised individuals JCV can cause a lytic infection in the CNS and lead to development of the fatal, demyelinating disease PML. The name polyoma is derived from the Greek terms: poly, meaning many, and oma, meaning tumors, owing to the capacity of this group of viruses to cause tumors. JCV inoculation of small animal models and non-human primates, which are not permissive to a productive JCV infection, leads to tumor formation. Given the ubiquitous nature of the virus and its strong association with cancer in animal models, it is hypothesized that JCV plays a role in human cancers. However, the role for JCV in human cancers and tumor formation is not clear. Some researchers have reported an association of JCV with human cancers including brain tumors, colorectal cancers, and cancers of the gastrointestinal tract, while other groups report no correlation. Here, we review the role of JCV in cancers in animal models and present the findings on JCV in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S Maginnis
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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19
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Dugan AS, Maginnis MS, Jordan JA, Gasparovic ML, Manley K, Page R, Williams G, Porter E, O'Hara BA, Atwood WJ. Human alpha-defensins inhibit BK virus infection by aggregating virions and blocking binding to host cells. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:31125-32. [PMID: 18782756 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m805902200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BK virus (BKV) is a polyomavirus that establishes a lifelong persistence in most humans and is a major impediment to success of kidney grafts. The function of the innate immune system in BKV infection and pathology has not been investigated. Here we examine the role of antimicrobial defensins in BKV infection of Vero cells. Our data show that alpha-defensin human neutrophil protein 1 (HNP1) and human alpha-defensin 5 (HD5) inhibit BKV infection by targeting an early event in the viral lifecycle. HD5 treatment of BKV reduced viral attachment to cells, whereas cellular treatment with HD5 did not. Colocalization studies indicated that HD5 interacts directly with BKV. Ultrastructural analysis revealed HD5-induced aggregation of virions. HD5 also inhibited infection of cells by other related polyomaviruses. This is the first study to demonstrate polyomavirus sensitivity to defensins. We also show a novel mechanism whereby HD5 binds to BKV leading to aggregation of virion particles preventing normal virus binding to the cell surface and uptake into cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling S Dugan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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20
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Kobayashi T, Antar AA, Boehme KW, Danthi P, Eby EA, Guglielmi KM, Holm GH, Johnson EM, Maginnis MS, Naik S, Skelton WB, Wetzel JD, Wilson GJ, Chappell JD, Dermody TS. A Plasmid-Based Reverse Genetics System for Animal Double-Stranded RNA Viruses. Cell Host Microbe 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2007.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Maginnis MS, Forrest JC, Kopecky-Bromberg SA, Dickeson SK, Santoro SA, Zutter MM, Nemerow GR, Bergelson JM, Dermody TS. Beta1 integrin mediates internalization of mammalian reovirus. J Virol 2006; 80:2760-70. [PMID: 16501085 PMCID: PMC1395463 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.6.2760-2770.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Reovirus infection is initiated by interactions between the attachment protein sigma1 and cell surface carbohydrate and junctional adhesion molecule A (JAM-A). Expression of a JAM-A mutant lacking a cytoplasmic tail in nonpermissive cells conferred full susceptibility to reovirus infection, suggesting that cell surface molecules other than JAM-A mediate viral internalization following attachment. The presence of integrin-binding sequences in reovirus outer capsid protein lambda2, which serves as the structural base for sigma1, suggests that integrins mediate reovirus endocytosis. A beta1 integrin-specific antibody, but not antibodies specific for other integrin subunits, inhibited reovirus infection of HeLa cells. Expression of a beta1 integrin cDNA, along with a cDNA encoding JAM-A, in nonpermissive chicken embryo fibroblasts conferred susceptibility to reovirus infection. Infectivity of reovirus was significantly reduced in beta1-deficient mouse embryonic stem cells in comparison to isogenic cells expressing beta1. However, reovirus bound equivalently to cells that differed in levels of beta1 expression, suggesting that beta1 integrins are involved in a postattachment entry step. Concordantly, uptake of reovirus virions into beta1-deficient cells was substantially diminished in comparison to viral uptake into beta1-expressing cells. These data provide evidence that beta1 integrin facilitates reovirus internalization and suggest that viral entry occurs by interactions of reovirus virions with independent attachment and entry receptors on the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S Maginnis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lamb Center for Pediatric Research, D7235 MCN, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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