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Ermisch J. The recent decline in period fertility in England and Wales: Differences associated with family background and intergenerational educational mobility. POPULATION STUDIES 2024; 78:325-339. [PMID: 37285867 DOI: 10.1080/00324728.2023.2215224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
During 2010-20, period fertility in England and Wales fell to its lowest recorded level. The aim of this paper is to improve our understanding of the decline in period fertility in two dimensions: differentials by the education of a woman's parents (family background) and by a woman's education in relation to that of her parents (intergenerational educational mobility). The analysis finds a substantial decline in fertility in each education group, whether defined by a woman's parents' education alone or by a woman's own education relative to her parents' education. Considering parents' and women's own education together helps differentiate fertility further than analysing either generation's education in isolation. Using these educational mobility groups more clearly shows a narrowing of TFR differentials over the decade, but timing differences persist.
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Baizan P, Nie W. The Impact of Education on Fertility During the Chinese Reform Era (1980-2018): Changes Across Birth Cohorts and Interaction with Fertility Policies. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF POPULATION = REVUE EUROPEENNE DE DEMOGRAPHIE 2024; 40:7. [PMID: 38289489 PMCID: PMC10828303 DOI: 10.1007/s10680-023-09691-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
We examined the influence of education on fertility decisions in contemporary China, drawing upon theoretical insights that emphasise the role of social institutions, gender relations, and life course dynamics in shaping family behaviour. This led us to propose a set of hypotheses that explain the differential effect of education on each parity. We used information on female cohorts born between 1960 and 1989, coming from the China Family Panel Studies for 2010-2018. We applied event history models with both independent and simultaneous equations models to account for selection and endogeneity effects. The results point to a substantial contribution of the increased educational attainment in the population in the fertility decline and current low levels of fertility, beyond the role of fertility policies. Consistent with our hypotheses, the results show that woman's educational attainment has a strong negative effect on the hazard of bearing a second or third child. Male partner's educational attainment also has a negative effect on the hazard of transition to a second or third birth, yet with a weaker intensity. We also found that the negative effect of education on second birth rates significantly declines across birth cohorts. The results show little educational differentials in the probability of bearing a first child, while the better educated postpone first births. Moreover, the effect of fertility policies, measured at the individual level, gradually increases with the level of education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Baizan
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 23 Passeig de Lluís Companys, 08010, Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Political and Social Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, 25 Ramon Trias Fargas street, 08005, Spain.
| | - Wanli Nie
- Department of Statistical Sciences Paolo Fortunati, University of Bologna, Via Belle Arti, 41, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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Nisén J, Bijlsma MJ, Martikainen P, Wilson B, Myrskylä M. The gendered impacts of delayed parenthood: A dynamic analysis of young adulthood. ADVANCES IN LIFE COURSE RESEARCH 2022; 53:100496. [PMID: 36652214 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcr.2022.100496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Young adulthood is a dynamic and demographically dense stage in the life course. This poses a challenge for research on the socioeconomic consequences of parenthood timing, which most often focuses on women. We chart the dynamics of delayed parenthood and its implications for educational and labor market trajectories for young adult women and men using a novel longitudinal analysis approach, the parametric g-formula. This method allows the estimation of both population-averaged effects (among all women and men) and average treatment effects (among mothers and fathers). Based on high-quality data from Finnish registers, we find that later parenthood exacerbates the educational advantage of women in comparison to men and attenuates the income advantage of men in comparison to women across young adult ages. Gender differences in the consequences of delayed parenthood on labor market trajectories are largely not explained by changes in educational trajectories. Moreover, at the time of entering parenthood, delayed parenthood improves the incomes of fathers more than those of mothers, thereby exacerbating existing gender differences. The results provide population-level evidence on how the delay of parenthood has contributed to the strengthening of women's educational position relative to that of men. Further, the findings on greater increases in fathers' than mothers' incomes at the time of entering parenthood, as followed by postponement, may help explain why progress in achieving gender equality in the division of paid and unpaid work in families has been slow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Nisén
- Invest Research Flagship & Department of Social Research, University of Turku, Assistentinkatu 7, 20500 Turku, Finland; Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Konrad-Zuse-Straße 1, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Maarten J Bijlsma
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Konrad-Zuse-Straße 1, 18057 Rostock, Germany; Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, PTEE, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Pekka Martikainen
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Konrad-Zuse-Straße 1, 18057 Rostock, Germany; Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, PL 18 (Unioninkatu 35), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ben Wilson
- Demography Unit (SUDA), Stockholm University, Department of Sociology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Social Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom
| | - Mikko Myrskylä
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Konrad-Zuse-Straße 1, 18057 Rostock, Germany; Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, PL 18 (Unioninkatu 35), 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Social Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom
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Valge M, Meitern R, Hõrak P. Sexually antagonistic selection on educational attainment and body size in Estonian children. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1516:271-285. [PMID: 35815461 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Natural selection is a key mechanism of evolution, which results from the differential reproduction of phenotypes. We describe fecundity selection at different parity transitions on 15 anthropometric traits and educational attainment in Estonian children sampled in the middle of 20th century. The direction of selection on educational attainment and bodily traits was sexually antagonistic, and it occurred via different parity transitions in boys and girls. Compared to boys with primary education, obtaining tertiary education was associated with 3.5 times and secondary education two times higher odds of becoming a father. Transition to motherhood was not related to educational attainment, while education above primary was associated with lower odds (OR = 0.5-0.7) to progression to parities above one and two. Selection on anthropometric traits occurred almost exclusively via childlessness in boys, while among the girls, most of the traits that were associated with becoming a mother were additionally associated with a transition from one child to higher parities. Male (but not female) fitness was thus primarily determined by traits related to mating success. Selection favored stronger and larger boys and smaller girls. Selection on girls favored some traits that associate with perceived femininity, while other feminine traits were selected against.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Valge
- Department of Zoology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Peeter Hõrak
- Department of Zoology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Lazzari E, Mogi R, Canudas-Romo V. Educational composition and parity contribution to completed cohort fertility change in low-fertility settings. Population Studies 2021; 75:153-167. [PMID: 33780319 DOI: 10.1080/00324728.2021.1895291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Extensive literature has documented the contribution of rising women's education to decreases in completed cohort fertility (CCF). A key question related to the education-fertility relationship is to what extent the decrease in fertility is the result of changes in educational composition vs changes in fertility behaviours within educational categories. This study quantified the effect of educational expansion on fertility levels by decomposing the overall change in CCF into educational composition and education-specific fertility, and explored the changes in parity-specific components of CCF by education for cohorts born between 1940 and 1970. The results show that, despite the decline in CCF being caused mostly by changes in fertility behaviours, educational composition had a considerable impact for some cohorts. The decline in third and higher-order births played a central role in the fall in CCF across educational groups, while the effects of transitions to first and second births varied substantially.
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March AN, Villar R, Ubalde-Lopez M, G. Benavides F, Serra L. Do birthrates contribute to sickness absence differences in women? A cohort study in Catalonia, Spain, 2012-2014. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237794. [PMID: 32845930 PMCID: PMC7449461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study explores the differences in sickness absence trends in women according to reproductive age group and medical diagnoses. METHODS Data were obtained from two administrative registries: the Continuous Working Life Sample and the Catalonian Institute of Medical Evaluations from 2012 to 2014, containing 47,879 female employees. Incidence rates and incidence risk ratios derived from Poisson and negative binomial models were calculated to compare sickness absence trends among reproductive age groups based on Catalonian birthrates: early-reproductive (25-34 years old), middle-reproductive (35-44) and late-reproductive (45-54), according to diagnostic groups, selected diseases, type of contract, occupational category, and country of origin. RESULTS Younger women show a higher incidence of overall sickness absence compared to late-reproductive-aged women. Incidence risk ratios of sickness absence decreased significantly from early-reproductive to late-reproductive age for low back pain, hemorrhage in early pregnancy, nausea and vomiting, and abdominal and pelvic pain. DISCUSSION The higher incidence of sickness absence due to pregnancy-related health conditions in early-reproductive women compared to other reproductive age groups, may explain the sickness absence differences by age in women. Proper management of sickness absence related to pregnancy should be a goal to reduce the sickness absence gap between younger and older women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N. March
- Center for Research in Occupational Health, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rocío Villar
- Center for Research in Occupational Health, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
- IMIM Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Fernando G. Benavides
- Center for Research in Occupational Health, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
- IMIM Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Serra
- Research Group on Statistics, Econometrics and Health (GRECS), University of Girona, Girona, Spain
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Miettinen A, Jalovaara M. Unemployment delays first birth but not for all. Life stage and educational differences in the effects of employment uncertainty on first births. ADVANCES IN LIFE COURSE RESEARCH 2020; 43:100320. [PMID: 36726257 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcr.2019.100320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates how unemployment is associated with the transition to parenthood among men and women in times of increased instability in the labour market. We provide novel insights into how education and life stage might modify the link between unemployment and fertility. We focus on a Nordic welfare state, Finland, and apply event history models to a rich register sample covering the years 1988-2009 (N = 306,413). We find that unemployment or a weaker labour market attachment tends to delay parenthood among both men and women, but the association is stronger for men. In most groups, the accumulation of unemployment periods is associated with a lower rate of entry into parenthood. However, among young, low-educated women, even long-term or recurring unemployment seems to promote first childbearing, and the generally negative association between unemployment and entry into parenthood does not apply to young, low-educated men. The effect of unemployment is largely mediated by the low income of unemployed persons. Overall, our findings suggest that in a modern, gender-egalitarian welfare society, better employment prospects promote transition to parenthood in a very similar fashion among men and women, but the effects are strongly modified by education and life course stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneli Miettinen
- The Population Research Institute, Väestöliitto, POBOX 846, 00101 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Marika Jalovaara
- University of Turku, Faculty of Social Sciences, 20014 University of Turku, Finland.
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Suur-Uski J, Pekkala J, Blomgren J, Pietiläinen O, Rahkonen O, Mänty M. Occupational Class Differences in Long-Term Sickness Absence Due to Breast Cancer during 2005-2013: A Population-Based Study among Finnish Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E3477. [PMID: 31540506 PMCID: PMC6766186 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16183477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in Western countries with clear socioeconomic differences. Higher occupational class is associated with higher breast cancer incidence but with better survival from the disease, whereas lower occupational class is associated with higher risk of sickness absence. We are not aware of previous studies examining changes over time in occupational class differences in sickness absence due to breast cancer. This paper focuses on occupational class differences in the incidence and duration of sickness absence due to breast cancer over the period of 2005-2013. Age-adjusted occupational class differences in the cumulative incidence and duration of sickness absence due to breast cancer were calculated utilising a nationally representative 70% random sample of employed Finnish women aged 35-64 years (yearly N varying between 499,778 and 519,318). The results show that higher occupational class was associated with higher annual cumulative incidence of sickness absence due to breast cancer. Lower occupational class was associated with longer duration of absence. Occupational class differences in both cumulative incidence and duration of absence remained broadly stable. As a conclusion, these results suggest that measures should be targeted particularly to promotion of work capacity among employees with breast cancer in lower occupational classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Suur-Uski
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Johanna Pekkala
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Jenni Blomgren
- The Social Insurance Institution of Finland, FIN-00100 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Olli Pietiläinen
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Ossi Rahkonen
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Minna Mänty
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Research, Development and InnovationLaurea University of Applied Sciences, City of Vantaa, FIN 01200 Vantaa, Finland.
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Nisén J, Martikainen P, Myrskylä M, Silventoinen K. Education, Other Socioeconomic Characteristics Across the Life Course, and Fertility Among Finnish Men. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF POPULATION-REVUE EUROPEENNE DE DEMOGRAPHIE 2018; 34:337-366. [PMID: 30147207 PMCID: PMC6096873 DOI: 10.1007/s10680-017-9430-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The level of education and other adult socioeconomic characteristics of men are known to associate with their fertility, but early-life socioeconomic characteristics may also be related. We studied how men’s adult and early-life socioeconomic characteristics are associated with their eventual fertility and whether the differences therein by educational level are explained or mediated by other socioeconomic characteristics. The data on men born in 1940–1950 (N = 37,082) were derived from the 1950 Finnish census, which is linked to later registers. Standard and sibling fixed-effects Poisson and logistic regression models were used. Education and other characteristics were positively associated with the number of children, largely stemming from a higher likelihood of a first birth among the more socioeconomically advantaged men. The educational gradient in the number of children was not explained by early socioeconomic or other characteristics shared by brothers, but occupational position and income in adulthood mediated approximately half of the association. Parity-specific differences existed: education and many other socioeconomic characteristics predicted the likelihood of a first birth more strongly than that of a second birth, and the mediating role of occupational position and income was also strongest for first births. Relatively small differences were found in the likelihood of a third birth. In men, education is positively associated with eventual fertility after controlling for early socioeconomic and other characteristics shared by brothers. Selective entry into fatherhood based on economic provider potential may contribute considerably to educational differentials in the number of children among men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Nisén
- Population Research Unit, Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 18 (Unioninkatu 35), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Konrad-Zuse-Straße 1, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Pekka Martikainen
- Population Research Unit, Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 18 (Unioninkatu 35), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Konrad-Zuse-Straße 1, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- Centre for Health Equity Studies (CHESS), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikko Myrskylä
- Population Research Unit, Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 18 (Unioninkatu 35), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Konrad-Zuse-Straße 1, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- Department of Social Policy, London School of Economics, London, UK
| | - Karri Silventoinen
- Population Research Unit, Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 18 (Unioninkatu 35), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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Zhao J, Shan N, Yang X, Li Q, Xia Y, Zhang H, Qi H. Effect of second child intent on delivery mode after Chinese two child policy implementation: a cross sectional and prospective observational study of nulliparous women in Chongqing. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e018823. [PMID: 29282269 PMCID: PMC5770909 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the influence of second child intent on the delivery preferences and final delivery modes of nulliparous women, particularly caesarean delivery on maternal request (CDMR), after implementation of China's two child policy. DESIGN Cross sectional and prospective observational study. SETTING A tertiary teaching hospital in Chongqing, China. PARTICIPANTS 1000 low risk nulliparous women were initially involved, and were divided into two groups based on their intent on having a second child. 814 women who completed all interviews were analysed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Preferred mode of delivery in second trimester and at admission; final delivery mode, CDMR. RESULTS 814 women who completed all interviews were analysed, in whom 51.2% intended to have a second child. The preference for caesarean delivery (CD) at the second trimester between the intent and no intent group was 6.2% versus 17.9% (adjusted RR 0.35, 95% CI 0.20 to 0.63) and increased to 24.2% versus 37.3% (adjusted RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.94) at admission, respectively. The overall CD rates between the two groups were 41.0% versus 50.4% (adjusted RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.60 to 1.18), and the CDMR rates were 16.7% versus 29.0% (adjusted RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.86), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Women who intend to have a second child are less likely to request a CD, and high rates of CD and CDMR in nulliparous women may have decreased after implementation of China's two child policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Nan Shan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaochang Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yinyin Xia
- School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongbo Qi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Tropf FC, Mandemakers JJ. Is the Association Between Education and Fertility Postponement Causal? The Role of Family Background Factors. Demography 2017; 54:71-91. [PMID: 28070853 DOI: 10.1007/s13524-016-0531-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A large body of literature has demonstrated a positive relationship between education and age at first birth. However, this relationship may be partly spurious because of family background factors that cannot be controlled for in most research designs. We investigate the extent to which education is causally related to later age at first birth in a large sample of female twins from the United Kingdom (N = 2,752). We present novel estimates using within-identical twin and biometric models. Our findings show that one year of additional schooling is associated with about one-half year later age at first birth in ordinary least squares (OLS) models. This estimate reduced to only a 1.5-month later age at first birth for the within-identical twin model controlling for all shared family background factors (genetic and family environmental). Biometric analyses reveal that it is mainly influences of the family environment-not genetic factors-that cause spurious associations between education and age at first birth. Last, using data from the Office for National Statistics, we demonstrate that only 1.9 months of the 2.74 years of fertility postponement for birth cohorts 1944-1967 could be attributed to educational expansion based on these estimates. We conclude that the rise in educational attainment alone cannot explain differences in fertility timing between cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix C Tropf
- Department of Sociology/Nuffield College, University of Oxford, Manor Road, Oxford, OX13UQ, UK.
- University of Groningen/ICS, Grote Rozenstraat 31a, 9712 TG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jornt J Mandemakers
- Department of Social Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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14
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Einiö E, Nisén J, Martikainen P. Number of children and later-life mortality among Finns born 1938-50. Population Studies 2016; 70:217-38. [PMID: 27362776 DOI: 10.1080/00324728.2016.1195506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the association between number of offspring and later-life mortality of Finnish men and women born 1938-50, and whether the association was explained by living conditions in own childhood and adulthood, chronic conditions, fertility timing, and unobserved characteristics common to siblings. We used a longitudinal 1950 census sample to estimate mortality at ages 50-72. Relative to parents of two children, all-cause mortality is highest among childless men and women, and elevated among those with one child, independently of observed confounders. Fixed-effect models, which control for unobserved characteristics shared by siblings, clearly support these findings among men. Cardiovascular mortality is higher among men with no, one, or at least four children than among those with two. Living conditions in adulthood contribute to the association between the number of children and mortality to a greater extent than childhood background, and chronic conditions contribute to the excess mortality of the childless.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pekka Martikainen
- a University of Helsinki.,b University of Stockholm / Karolinska Institute.,c Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research
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15
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Barclay K, Keenan K, Grundy E, Kolk M, Myrskylä M. Reproductive history and post-reproductive mortality: A sibling comparison analysis using Swedish register data. Soc Sci Med 2016; 155:82-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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16
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Age-specific fertility by educational level in the Finnish male cohort born 1940‒1950. DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.4054/demres.2014.31.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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