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Dasenaki M, Papatzani M, Gounari E, Magnisali P, Papadopoulou-Marketou N, Kanaka-Gantenbein C, Moutsatsou P, Thomaidis NS. Simultaneous Determination of Free Cortisol, Cortisone and their Tetrahydrometabolites in Urine by Single Solvent Extraction and Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2019.1602629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Dasenaki
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Papatzani
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Gounari
- Pediatric Intensive Care, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Paraskevi Magnisali
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Medical School National and Kapodistrian University of Athens University Hospital “ATTIKO”, Athens, Greece
| | - Nektaria Papadopoulou-Marketou
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism First, Department of Paediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Agia Sophia Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece
- Department of Endocrinology, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Christina Kanaka-Gantenbein
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism First, Department of Paediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Agia Sophia Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Moutsatsou
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Medical School National and Kapodistrian University of Athens University Hospital “ATTIKO”, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos S. Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Hautaniemi EJ, Tikkakoski AJ, Eräranta A, Kähönen M, Hämäläinen E, Turpeinen U, Huhtala H, Mustonen J, Pörsti IH. Liquorice ingestion attenuates vasodilatation via exogenous nitric oxide donor but not via β2-adrenoceptor stimulation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223654. [PMID: 31626649 PMCID: PMC6799927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effect of liquorice ingestion on haemodynamic responses to exogenous nitric oxide donor (nitroglycerin) and β2-adrenoceptor agonist (salbutamol), and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity, in 21 volunteers and 21 reference subjects. Haemodynamic data was captured before and after sublingual nitroglycerin (0.25 mg) and inhaled salbutamol (400 μg) during orthostatic challenge utilising radial pulse wave analysis and whole-body impedance cardiography. The recordings were performed at baseline and following two weeks of liquorice intake (290-370 mg/d glycyrrhizin). Urinary cortisone and cortisol metabolites were examined. Liquorice intake elevated aortic systolic and diastolic blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance when compared with the reference group. Following research drug administration the liquorice-induced increase in systemic vascular resistance was observed in the presence of nitroglycerin (p<0.05) but no longer in the presence of salbutamol. Liquorice ingestion decreased cardiac chronotropic response to upright posture (p = 0.032) in unadjusted analysis, but when adjusted for age and sex the difference in the upright change in heart rate was no longer significant. The urinary cortisone to cortisol metabolite ratio decreased from 0.70 to 0.31 (p<0.001) after liquorice intake indicating significant inhibition of the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2. In the reference group the haemodynamic variables remained virtually unchanged. These results suggest that liquorice exposure impaired vasodilatation in vivo that was induced by exogenous nitric oxide donor but not that induced by β2-adrenoceptor stimulation. Trial registration: EU Clinical Trials Register 2006-002065-39 ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01742702.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina J. Hautaniemi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Antti J. Tikkakoski
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Arttu Eräranta
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Esa Hämäläinen
- HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Biomedicum, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Heini Huhtala
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jukka Mustonen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ilkka H. Pörsti
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- * E-mail:
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MATSUMOTO T, YAMAZAKI W, JO A, OGAWA S, MITAMURA K, IKEGAWA S, HIGASHI T. A Method for Quantification of Tetrahydroglucocorticoid Glucuronides in Human Urine by LC/MS/MS with Isotope-coded Derivatization. ANAL SCI 2018; 34:1003-1009. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18scp02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wataru YAMAZAKI
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Akihiro JO
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Shoujiro OGAWA
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | | | | | - Tatsuya HIGASHI
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
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Honour JW, Conway E, Hodkinson R, Lam F. The evolution of methods for urinary steroid metabolomics in clinical investigations particularly in childhood. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 181:28-51. [PMID: 29481855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The metabolites of cortisol, and the intermediates in the pathways from cholesterol to cortisol and the adrenal sex steroids can be analysed in a single separation of steroids by gas chromatography (GC) coupled to MS to give a urinary steroid profile (USP). Steroids individually and in profile are now commonly measured in plasma by liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with MS/MS. The steroid conjugates in urine can be determined after hydrolysis and derivative formation and for the first time without hydrolysis using GC-MS, GC-MS/MS and liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The evolution of the technology, practicalities and clinical applications are examined in this review. The patterns and quantities of steroids changes through childhood. Information can be obtained on production rates, from which children with steroid excess and deficiency states can be recognised when presenting with obesity, adrenarche, adrenal suppression, hypertension, adrenal tumours, intersex condition and early puberty, as examples. Genetic defects in steroid production and action can be detected by abnormalities from the GC-MS of steroids in urine. New mechanisms of steroid synthesis and metabolism have been recognised through steroid profiling. GC with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) has been used for the tentative identification of unknown steroids in urine from newborn infants with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Suggestions are made as to areas for future research and for future applications of steroid profiling. As routine hospital laboratories become more familiar with the problems of chromatographic and MS analysis they can consider steroid profiling in their test repertoire although with LC-MS/MS of urinary steroids this is unlikely to become a routine test because of the availability, cost and purity of the internal standards and the complexity of data interpretation. Steroid profiling with quantitative analysis by mass spectrometry (MS) after chromatography now provides the most versatile of tests of adrenal function in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Honour
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 74 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6AU, UK.
| | - E Conway
- Clinical Biochemistry, HSL Analytics LLP, Floor 2, 1 Mabledon Place, London, WC1H 9AX, UK
| | - R Hodkinson
- Clinical Biochemistry, HSL Analytics LLP, Floor 2, 1 Mabledon Place, London, WC1H 9AX, UK
| | - F Lam
- Clinical Biochemistry, HSL Analytics LLP, Floor 2, 1 Mabledon Place, London, WC1H 9AX, UK
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Temporomandibular Disorders Related to Stress and HPA-Axis Regulation. Pain Res Manag 2018; 2018:7020751. [PMID: 29854038 PMCID: PMC5954859 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7020751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are characterized by pain and dysfunction in the masticatory apparatus and the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Previous trauma, stress symptoms, psychosocial impairment, and catastrophizing have been related to TMD. To assess if the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is upregulated in TMD patients, we performed a cross-sectional study with saliva from 44 TMD patients and 44 healthy sex- and age-matched controls for cortisol (F) and cortisone (E) with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Furthermore, we calculated the F/E ratio for the evaluation of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. We also assessed anxiety/depression and pain catastrophizing scores from a questionnaire that participants completed prior to the examination. We found that F (P=0.01), E (P=0.04), the F/E ratio (P=0.002), and the sum of glucocorticoids (E + E) in saliva (P=0.02) were significantly higher in the TMD group. Anxiety/depression and catastrophizing scores were also significantly higher in the TMD group (P < 0.0001). Our findings indicate that patients with TMDs may have an upregulated HPA axis with higher F secretion from the adrenal cortex. Anxiety/depression and pain catastrophizing scores were significantly higher in the TMD group, and psychological factors may contribute to chronic upregulation of the HPA axis.
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Kosicka K, Siemiątkowska A, Pałka D, Szpera-Goździewicz A, Bręborowicz GH, Główka FK. Detailed analysis of cortisol, cortisone and their tetrahydro- and allo-tetrahydrometabolites in human urine by LC–MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 140:174-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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Moog NK, Entringer S, Heim C, Wadhwa PD, Kathmann N, Buss C. Influence of maternal thyroid hormones during gestation on fetal brain development. Neuroscience 2017; 342:68-100. [PMID: 26434624 PMCID: PMC4819012 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) play an obligatory role in many fundamental processes underlying brain development and maturation. The developing embryo/fetus is dependent on maternal supply of TH. The fetal thyroid gland does not commence TH synthesis until mid gestation, and the adverse consequences of severe maternal TH deficiency on offspring neurodevelopment are well established. Recent evidence suggests that even more moderate forms of maternal thyroid dysfunction, particularly during early gestation, may have a long-lasting influence on child cognitive development and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders. Moreover, these observed alterations appear to be largely irreversible after birth. It is, therefore, important to gain a better understanding of the role of maternal thyroid dysfunction on offspring neurodevelopment in terms of the nature, magnitude, time-specificity, and context-specificity of its effects. With respect to the issue of context specificity, it is possible that maternal stress and stress-related biological processes during pregnancy may modulate maternal thyroid function. The possibility of an interaction between the thyroid and stress systems in the context of fetal brain development has, however, not been addressed to date. We begin this review with a brief overview of TH biology during pregnancy and a summary of the literature on its effect on the developing brain. Next, we consider and discuss whether and how processes related to maternal stress and stress biology may interact with and modify the effects of maternal thyroid function on offspring brain development. We synthesize several research areas and identify important knowledge gaps that may warrant further study. The scientific and public health relevance of this review relates to achieving a better understanding of the timing, mechanisms and contexts of thyroid programing of brain development, with implications for early identification of risk, primary prevention and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Moog
- Department of Medical Psychology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Luisenstrasse 57, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Entringer
- Department of Medical Psychology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Luisenstrasse 57, 10117 Berlin, Germany; University of California, Irvine, Development, Health, and Disease Research Program, 333 The City Drive West, Suite 1200, Orange, CA 92868, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, 505 South Main Street, Suite 525, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - C Heim
- Department of Medical Psychology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Luisenstrasse 57, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, College of Health and Human Development, 219 Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - P D Wadhwa
- University of California, Irvine, Development, Health, and Disease Research Program, 333 The City Drive West, Suite 1200, Orange, CA 92868, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, 505 South Main Street, Suite 525, Orange, CA 92868, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, 3117 Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility, 837 Health Sciences Drive, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, 3117 Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility, 837 Health Sciences Drive, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, 3117 Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility, 837 Health Sciences Drive, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - N Kathmann
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Rudower Chaussee 18, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - C Buss
- Department of Medical Psychology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Luisenstrasse 57, 10117 Berlin, Germany; University of California, Irvine, Development, Health, and Disease Research Program, 333 The City Drive West, Suite 1200, Orange, CA 92868, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, 505 South Main Street, Suite 525, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
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Chiesa L, Panseri S, Pavlovic R, Cannizzo FT, Biolatti B, Divari S, Villa R, Arioli F. HPLC-ESI-MS/MS assessment of the tetrahydro-metabolites of cortisol and cortisone in bovine urine: promising markers of dexamethasone and prednisolone treatment. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:1175-89. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1202453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Chiesa
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Panseri
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Radmila Pavlovic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | | | | | - Sara Divari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Roberto Villa
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Arioli
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Cuzzola A, Mazzini F, Petri A. A comprehensive study for the validation of a LC–MS/MS method for the determination of free and total forms of urinary cortisol and its metabolites. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 94:203-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Koyama Y, Homma K, Hasegawa T. Urinary steroid profiling: a powerful method for the diagnosis of abnormal steroidogenesis. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2014; 9:273-282. [PMID: 30736166 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.2014.904199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we will focus on urinary steroid profiling by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and summarize its contribution to the diagnosis of abnormal steroidogenesis; congenital enzyme deficiency of steroid synthesis and metabolism, adrenal carcinoma and other steroid related diseases. Mass spectrometry technique, such as GC/MS and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), has become the main tool for steroid measurement and GC/MS is mainly used for urine sampling. We will discuss the pros and cons of urinary steroid profiling by GC/MS and LC-MS/MS. Although GC/MS analysis needs intricate pretreatment, time and expenses, sensitive and simultaneous measurement of whole pathway steroid measurements have improved the accuracy of diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhei Koyama
- a Mitsubishi Chemical Medience Co., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Homma
- b Keio University Hospital Central Clinical Laboratories, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomonobu Hasegawa
- c Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
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LC-MS/MS Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Free Urinary Steroids. Chromatographia 2014; 77:637-642. [PMID: 24683202 PMCID: PMC3967076 DOI: 10.1007/s10337-014-2638-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cortisol homeostasis is implicated in hypertension and metabolic syndrome. Two enzymes modulate cortisol availability; 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) preferentially converts inactive cortisone to cortisol, whereas 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2) converts cortisol to cortisone. In contrast, 5α and 5β reductases inactivate cortisol by conversion to its tetrahydrometabolites: tetrahydrocortisol, allo-tetrahydrocortisol and tetrahydrocortisone. A subtle local increase in cortisol can be detected by measuring 24-h urine metabolites, LC-MS/MS being the reference method. The 11β-HSD2 activity is assessed based on the cortisol/cortisone ratio, and the 11β-HSD1 activity on the (tetrahydrocortisol + allo-tetrahydrocortisol)/tetrahydrocortisone ratio. To better understand hypertension and/or metabolic syndrome pathogenesis a method for simultaneous determination of cortisol, cortisone, tetrahydrocortisol, allo-tetrahydrocortisol and tetrahydrocortisone was developed and validated in an LC coupled with the new detector AB Sciex QTrap® 4500 tandem mass spectrometer. The steroids were extracted from 1 mL urine, using cortisol-D4 as internal standard. The quantification range was 0.1-120 ng/mL for cortisol and cortisone, and 1-120 ng/mL for tetrahydrometabolites, with >89 % recovery for all analytes. The coefficient of variation and accuracy was <10 %, and 85-105 %, respectively. Our LC-MS/MS method is accurate and reproducible in accordance with Food and Drug Administration guidelines, showing good sensitivity and recovery. This method allows the assessment of 11β-HSD2 and 11β-HSD1 activities in a single analytical run providing an innovative tool to explain etiology of misclassified essential hypertension and/or metabolic syndrome.
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Campino C, Carvajal CA, Cornejo J, San Martín B, Olivieri O, Guidi G, Faccini G, Pasini F, Sateler J, Baudrand R, Mosso L, Owen GI, Kalergis AM, Padilla O, Fardella CE. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type-2 and type-1 (11β-HSD2 and 11β-HSD1) and 5β-reductase activities in the pathogenia of essential hypertension. Endocrine 2010; 37:106-14. [PMID: 19882252 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-009-9269-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cortisol availability is modulated by several enzymes: 11β-HSD2, which transforms cortisol (F) to cortisone (E) and 11β-HSD1 which predominantly converts inactive E to active F. Additionally, the A-ring reductases (5α- and 5β-reductase) inactivate cortisol (together with 3α-HSD) to tetrahydrometabolites: 5αTHF, 5βTHF, and THE. The aim was to assess 11β-HSD2, 11β-HSD1, and 5β-reductase activity in hypertensive patients. Free urinary F, E, THF, and THE were measured by HPLC-MS/MS in 102 essential hypertensive patients and 18 normotensive controls. 11β-HSD2 enzyme activity was estimated by the F/E ratio, the activity of 11β-HSD1 in compare to 11β-HSD2 was inferred by the (5αTHF + 5βTHF)/THE ratio and 5β-reductase activity assessed using the E/THE ratio. Activity was considered altered when respective ratios exceeded the maximum value observed in the normotensive controls. A 15.7% of patients presented high F/E ratio suggesting a deficit of 11β-HSD2 activity. Of the remaining 86 hypertensive patients, two possessed high (5αTHF + 5βTHF)/THE ratios and 12.8% had high E/THE ratios. We observed a high percentage of alterations in cortisol metabolism at pre-receptor level in hypertensive patients, previously misclassified as essential. 11β-HSD2 and 5β-reductase decreased activity and imbalance of 11β-HSDs should be considered in the future management of hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Campino
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Lira 85, 5° Piso, Santiago, Chile
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Cuzzola A, Petri A, Mazzini F, Salvadori P. Application of hyphenated mass spectrometry techniques for the analysis of urinary free glucocorticoids. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:2975-2982. [PMID: 19681065 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Alteration of levels of glucocorticoids in plasma and urine can be related to several diseases. In particular, the determination of endogenous glucocorticoids in urine has been reported to provide information on cortisol and cortisone status, on the activities of steroid hormone enzymes and on glucocorticoid metabolism. In this study, the application of hyphenated mass spectrometry techniques (GC/MS without derivatization and LC/MS) for the simultaneous analysis of free urinary cortisol (F), cortisone (E), tetrahydrocortisol (THF), allo-tetrahydrocortisol (A-THF) and tetrahydrocortisone (THE) was evaluated. A sample preparation protocol by solid-phase extraction, mass spectrometry parameters and chromatographic conditions for both techniques were carefully optimized in terms of extracting phase and solvents, matrix effects, recovery, sensitivity and compound resolution. Baseline separation was achieved for the five underivatized analytes both in GC and LC. The LC/MS/MS technique was more suitable for the analysis of urine samples, being less influenced by matrix effects and showing excellent sensitivity and selectivity. A preliminary application of the reported method for the diagnosis of metabolic diseases was also described. The determination of each analyte in its free form, described for the first time in the paper, offers new perspectives in the application of glucocorticoid analysis for diagnostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Cuzzola
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa, Via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Honour JW. Diagnosis of diseases of steroid hormone production, metabolism and action. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2009; 1:209-26. [PMID: 21274298 PMCID: PMC3005746 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.v1i5.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Biochemical tests have been the basis for investigations of disorders affecting steroid hormones. In recent years it has been possible however to study the genes that determine functional enzymes, cofactors, receptors, transcription factors and signaling systems that are involved in the process. Analyses of mutations are available as a diagnostic service for only a few of these genes although research laboratories may be able to provide a service. Both biochemical and genetic research have brought to light new disorders. Some genes for transcription factors involved in the development of the endocrine organs have also been identified and patients with defects in these processes have been found. This paper will review general aspects of adrenal disorders with emphasis on clinical and laboratory findings. As with all endocrine investigations there are few single measurements that provide a definitive answer to a diagnosis. Timing of samples in relation to age, gender and time of day needs to be considered.
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Baudrand R, Carvajal CA, Riquelme A, Morales M, Solis N, Pizarro M, Escalona A, Boza C, Pérez G, Domínguez A, Arrese M, Fardella CE. Overexpression of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in hepatic and visceral adipose tissue is associated with metabolic disorders in morbidly obese patients. Obes Surg 2009; 20:77-83. [PMID: 19690925 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-009-9937-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The enzyme 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) catalyzes intracellular glucocorticoid reactivation by conversion of cortisone to cortisol in different tissues and have been implicated in several metabolic disorders associated with obesity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the 11beta-HSD1 expression in liver, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) in morbidly obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery and its correlations with clinical, anthropometric, and biochemical variables. METHODS A prospective study was conducted over a 27-month period. Hepatic, VAT, and SAT samples were obtained at the time of surgery. 11beta-HSD1 and 18S gene expression was measured using real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Forty nine patients met the inclusion criteria [mean age: 42.2 +/- 10 years, body mass index (BMI): 42 +/- 6 kg/m(2), 71% women and 63% with metabolic syndrome (MS)]. 11beta-HSD1 mRNA levels were higher in liver than fat tissue (p < 0.001), being higher in SAT than in VAT (p < 0.001) without gender-specific differences. Hepatic expression of 11beta-HSD1 correlated positively with SAT and VAT, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and serum glucose and was inversely associated with BMI. 11beta-HSD1 mRNA in VAT correlated positively with insulinemia, ALT, and LDL cholesterol. There were no associations between 11beta-HSD1 mRNA in SAT and the variables analyzed. CONCLUSIONS 11beta-HSD1 expression is higher in liver in comparison to adipose tissue in obese patients. The observed correlations between hepatic and VAT 11beta-HSD1 expression with dyslipidemia and insulin resistance suggest that this enzyme might have a pathogenic role in obesity and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Baudrand
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty Of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile, Lira 85, 5 Masculine Piso, Santiago, Chile
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Yamashita K, Nakagawa R, Okuyama M, Honma S, Takahashi M, Numazawa M. Simultaneous determination of tetrahydrocortisol, allotetrahydrocortisol and tetrahydrocortisone in human urine by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Steroids 2008; 73:727-37. [PMID: 18394666 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2008.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Revised: 02/16/2008] [Accepted: 02/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous quantification method of three major metabolites of cortisone and cortisol, tetrahydrocortisol, allotetrahydrocortisol and tetrahydrocortisone by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) was investigated in a positive mode using a recently developed picolinyl derivatization. Conversion of each steroid into the corresponding picolinyl derivatives (1b, 2b or 3b) was performed by mixed anhydride method using picolinic acids and 2-methyl-6-nitrobenzoic anhydride. Derivatization proceeded smoothly to afford the corresponding 3, 21-dipicolinyl derivatives. Positive ion-ESI mass spectra of the picolinyl derivatives were dominated by an appearance of [M+H](+) as base peaks in all cases. The picolinyl derivatives provided 15 to 80-fold higher ESI response in the LC-ESI-MS/MS (selected reaction monitoring: SRM) when compared to those of underivatized molecules in a positive LC-ESI mode. The use of the picolinyl ester, solid-phase extraction, and deuterium labeled internal standards enabled the concentrations of these metabolites in human urine to be determined simultaneously by LC-ESI-MS/MS (SRM) with a small sample volume of less than 1microl urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouwa Yamashita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan.
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11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 is overexpressed in subcutaneous adipose tissue of morbidly obese patients. Obes Surg 2008; 19:764-70. [PMID: 18592327 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-008-9616-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) enzyme catalyzes interconversion of inactive cortisone to active cortisol. Its expression in adipose tissue has been associated with obesity and some of its metabolic disorders. Controversies regarding which fat depots [subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) or visceral adipose tissue (VAT)] have higher expression still remain. The aim of this work was to evaluate 11beta-HSD1 expression in SAT and VAT of obese patients and evaluate its association to metabolic features of metabolic syndrome. METHODS In 32 morbidly obese patients, paired samples of SAT and VAT were collected. All patients, 40.2+/-12.3 years and 36.7+/-3.8 body mass index (BMI), underwent sleeve gastrectomy or laparoscopic gastric bypass. Gene expression of 11beta-HSD1 in adipose tissue samples were determined by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Spearman correlation test was used to evaluate relationships between 11beta-HSD1 levels and clinical and biochemical parameters. RESULTS 11beta-HSD1 mRNA levels were higher in SAT than in VAT, with median expression levels of 11.4 arbitrary units (AU) and 7.8 AU, respectively (p=0.03). SAT 11beta-HSD1 mRNA were correlated with VAT mRNA levels (r=-0.6, p=0.018) and hip circumference (r=0.66, p=0.018). SAT 11beta-HSD1 levels increase parallel according to BMI category. We did not find a correlation between SAT or VAT with fasting glucose (r=0.15, p=NS), total cholesterol (r=0.13, p=NS), triglycerides (r=0.04, p=NS), and high-density lipoprotein (r=-0.16, p=NS). However, SAT expression in patients with features of MS was higher than those without features of MS. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that SATs express higher 11beta-HSD1 mRNA levels than VAT. This finding highlights the importance of SAT in obesity and its possible role on metabolic disorders associated with obesity.
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2006; 41:1654-1665. [PMID: 17136768 DOI: 10.1002/jms.959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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