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Lehto TPK, Kovanen RM, Lintula S, Malén A, Stürenberg C, Erickson A, Pulkka OP, Stenman UH, Diamandis EP, Rannikko A, Mirtti T, Koistinen H. Prognostic impact of kallikrein-related peptidase transcript levels in prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2023. [PMID: 37139608 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to study mRNA levels and prognostic impact of all 15 human kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) and their targets, proteinase-activated receptors (PARs), in surgically treated prostate cancer (PCa). Seventy-nine patients with localized grade group 2-4 PCas represented aggressive cases, based on metastatic progression during median follow-up of 11 years. Eighty-six patients with similar baseline characteristics, but no metastasis during follow-up, were assigned as controls. Transcript counts were detected with nCounter technology. KLK12 protein expression was investigated with immunohistochemistry. The effects of KLK12 and KLK15 were studied in LNCaP cells using RNA interference. KLK3, -2, -4, -11, -15, -10 and -12 mRNA, in decreasing order, were expressed over limit of detection (LOD). The expression of KLK2, -3, -4 and -15 was decreased and KLK12 increased in aggressive cancers, compared to controls (P < .05). Low KLK2, -3 and -15 expression was associated with short metastasis-free survival (P < .05) in Kaplan-Meier analysis. PAR1 and -2 were expressed over LOD, and PAR1 expression was higher, and PAR2 lower, in aggressive cases than controls. Together, KLKs and PARs improved classification of metastatic and lethal disease over grade, pathological stage and prostate-specific antigen combined, in random forest analyses. Strong KLK12 immunohistochemical staining was associated with short metastasis-free and PCa-specific survival in Kaplan-Meier analysis (P < .05). Knock-down of KLK15 reduced colony formation of LNCaP cells grown on Matrigel basement membrane preparation. These results support the involvement of several KLKs in PCa progression, highlighting, that they may serve as prognostic PCa biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo-Pekka K Lehto
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Urology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ruusu-Maaria Kovanen
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susanna Lintula
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Adrian Malén
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carolin Stürenberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrew Erickson
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- iCAN-Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli-Pekka Pulkka
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Antti Rannikko
- Department of Urology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- iCAN-Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuomas Mirtti
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- iCAN-Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hannu Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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2
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Prostate cancer small extracellular vesicles participate in androgen-independent transformation of prostate cancer by transferring let-7a-5p. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12114. [PMID: 36578414 PMCID: PMC9791359 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a standard treatment for advanced prostate cancer (PCa). However, after 2-3 years ADT treatment, prostate cancer inevitably transits from androgen-dependent PCa (ADPC) to androgen-independent PCa (AIPC), which has a poor prognosis owing to its unclear mechanism and lack of effective therapeutic targets. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) play a vital role in the development of cancer. However, the role of PCa sEVs in the transformation of AIPC remains poorly understood. Materials and methods Two different cell models were employed and compared. sEVs from ADPC cells (LNCaP) and AIPC cells (LNCaP-AI + F cells) were isolated and characterized. After co-culture of LNCaP-AI + F sEVs with LNCaP cells and of LNCaP sEVs with LNCaP-AI + F cells, androgen-independent transformation was determined respectively. Mechanically, small RNA sequencing was performed. Androgen-independent transformation was examined by the upregulation and downregulation of miRNA and downstream pathways were analyzed. Results LNCaP-AI + F sEVs promoted the androgen-independent transformation of LNCaP cells. Interestingly, LNCaP sEVs exhibited a capacity to reverse the process.Let-7a-5p transfer was demonstrated. Furthermore, let-7a-5p overexpression promotes the androgen-independent transformation and let-7a-5p down-regulation reverses the process. Androgen receptor (AR) and PI3K/Akt pathways were identified and demonstrated by both let-7a-5p regulation and PCa sEVs coculture. Conclusions PCa sEVs are intimately involved in the regulation of androgen-independent transformation of prostate cancer by transferring the key sEVs molecular let-7a-5p and then activating the AR and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. Our results provide new perspectives for the development of sEVs and sEVs molecular targeted treatment approaches for AIPC patients.
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Kim DH, Im E, Lee DY, Lee H, Sim DY, Park JE, Ahn C, Koo JI, Pak J, Kim S. Antitumor mechanism of combination of
Angelica gigas
and
Torilis japonica
in
LNCaP
prostate cancer cells via
G1
arrest and inhibition of Wnt/β‐catenin and androgen receptor signaling. Phytother Res 2022; 36:2999-3008. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hee Kim
- College of Korean Medicine Kyung Hee University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Im
- College of Korean Medicine Kyung Hee University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Young Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science Eumseong Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo‐Jung Lee
- College of Korean Medicine Kyung Hee University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Yong Sim
- College of Korean Medicine Kyung Hee University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eon Park
- College of Korean Medicine Kyung Hee University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Chi‐Hoon Ahn
- College of Korean Medicine Kyung Hee University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Il Koo
- College of Korean Medicine Kyung Hee University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Ji‐Na Pak
- College of Korean Medicine Kyung Hee University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Sung‐Hoon Kim
- College of Korean Medicine Kyung Hee University Seoul Republic of Korea
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4
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Koistinen H, Künnapuu J, Jeltsch M. KLK3 in the Regulation of Angiogenesis-Tumorigenic or Not? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413545. [PMID: 34948344 PMCID: PMC8704207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this focused review, we address the role of the kallikrein-related peptidase 3 (KLK3), also known as prostate-specific antigen (PSA), in the regulation of angiogenesis. Early studies suggest that KLK3 is able to inhibit angiogenic processes, which is most likely dependent on its proteolytic activity. However, more recent evidence suggests that KLK3 may also have an opposite role, mediated by the ability of KLK3 to activate the (lymph)angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factors VEGF-C and VEGF-D, further discussed in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannu Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (M.J.)
| | - Jaana Künnapuu
- Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Michael Jeltsch
- Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Wihuri Research Institute, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (M.J.)
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5
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Kryza T, Parent C, Pardessus J, Petit A, Burlaud-Gaillard J, Reverdiau P, Iochmann S, Labas V, Courty Y, Heuzé-Vourc'h N. Human kallikrein-related peptidase 12 stimulates endothelial cell migration by remodeling the fibronectin matrix. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6331. [PMID: 29679011 PMCID: PMC5910384 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24576-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidase 12 (KLK12) is a kallikrein family peptidase involved in angiogenesis - a complex biological process in which the sprouting, migration and stabilization of endothelial cells requires extracellular matrix remodeling. To characterize the molecular mechanisms associated with KLK12's proangiogenic activity, we evaluated its ability to hydrolyze various matrix proteins. Our results show that KLK12 efficiently cleaved the human extracellular matrix proteins fibronectin and tenascin, both of which are involved in the regulation of endothelial cell adhesion and migration. For fibronectin, the major proteolytic product generated by KLK12 was a 29 kDa fragment containing the amino-terminal domain and the first five type I fibronectin-domains, which are essential for regulating fibronectin assembly. We also demonstrated that KLK12-mediated fibronectin proteolysis antagonizes fibronectin polymerization and fibronectin fibril formation by endothelial cells, leading to an increase in cell migration. Furthermore, a polyclonal antibody raised against KLK12's proteolytic cleavage site on fibronectin prevented the KLK12-dependent inhibition of fibronectin polymerization and the KLK12-mediated pro-migratory effect on endothelial cells. Taken as a whole, our results indicate that KLK12's proangiogenic effect is mediated through several molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kryza
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, U1100, F-37032, Tours, France.,Université François Rabelais de Tours, F-37032, Tours, France.,Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - C Parent
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, U1100, F-37032, Tours, France.,Université François Rabelais de Tours, F-37032, Tours, France
| | - J Pardessus
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, U1100, F-37032, Tours, France.,Université François Rabelais de Tours, F-37032, Tours, France
| | - A Petit
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, U1100, F-37032, Tours, France.,Université François Rabelais de Tours, F-37032, Tours, France
| | - J Burlaud-Gaillard
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, F-37032, Tours, France.,Plateforme IBiSA de Microscopie Electronique, Université François Rabelais de Tours, F-37032, Tours, France
| | - P Reverdiau
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, U1100, F-37032, Tours, France.,Université François Rabelais de Tours, F-37032, Tours, France
| | - S Iochmann
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, U1100, F-37032, Tours, France.,Université François Rabelais de Tours, F-37032, Tours, France
| | - V Labas
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, Université François Rabelais de Tours, IFCE, F-37380, Nouzilly, France.,PAIB, CIRE, INRA, CHRU de Tours, Université François Rabelais de Tours, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Y Courty
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, U1100, F-37032, Tours, France.,Université François Rabelais de Tours, F-37032, Tours, France
| | - N Heuzé-Vourc'h
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, U1100, F-37032, Tours, France. .,Université François Rabelais de Tours, F-37032, Tours, France.
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Ylikangas H, Mattsson JM, Stenman UH, Koistinen H, Poso A, Lahtela-Kakkonen M. Virtual Screening of Small Drug-Like Compounds Stimulating the Enzymatic Activity of Kallikrein-Related Peptidase 3 (KLK3). ChemMedChem 2016; 11:2043-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henna Ylikangas
- School of Pharmacy; University of Eastern Finland; P.O. Box 1627 70211 Kuopio Finland
| | - Johanna M. Mattsson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry; Biomedicum Helsinki; University ofHelsinki and; Helsinki University Central Hospital; 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry; Biomedicum Helsinki; University ofHelsinki and; Helsinki University Central Hospital; 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Hannu Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry; Biomedicum Helsinki; University ofHelsinki and; Helsinki University Central Hospital; 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Antti Poso
- School of Pharmacy; University of Eastern Finland; P.O. Box 1627 70211 Kuopio Finland
- University Hospital Tübingen; Department of Internal Medicine 1; Division of Molecular Oncology of Solid Tumors; Otfried-Müller-Strasse 10 72076 Tübingen Germany
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7
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The kallikrein-related peptidase family: Dysregulation and functions during cancer progression. Biochimie 2015; 122:283-99. [PMID: 26343558 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death with 14 million new cases and 8.2 million cancer-related deaths worldwide in 2012. Despite the progress made in cancer therapies, neoplastic diseases are still a major therapeutic challenge notably because of intra- and inter-malignant tumour heterogeneity and adaptation/escape of malignant cells to/from treatment. New targeted therapies need to be developed to improve our medical arsenal and counter-act cancer progression. Human kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) are secreted serine peptidases which are aberrantly expressed in many cancers and have great potential in developing targeted therapies. The potential of KLKs as cancer biomarkers is well established since the demonstration of the association between KLK3/PSA (prostate specific antigen) levels and prostate cancer progression. In addition, a constantly increasing number of in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate the functional involvement of KLKs in cancer-related processes. These peptidases are now considered key players in the regulation of cancer cell growth, migration, invasion, chemo-resistance, and importantly, in mediating interactions between cancer cells and other cell populations found in the tumour microenvironment to facilitate cancer progression. These functional roles of KLKs in a cancer context further highlight their potential in designing new anti-cancer approaches. In this review, we comprehensively review the biochemical features of KLKs, their functional roles in carcinogenesis, followed by the latest developments and the successful utility of KLK-based therapeutics in counteracting cancer progression.
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8
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Chadha KC, Nair B, Godoy A, Rajnarayanan R, Nabi E, Zhou R, Patel NR, Aalinkeel R, Schwartz SA, Smith GJ. Anti-angiogenic activity of PSA-derived peptides. Prostate 2015; 75:1285-99. [PMID: 25963523 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PSA is a biomarker for diagnosis and management of prostate cancer. PSA is known to have anti-tumorigenic activities, however, the physiological role of PSA in prostate tumor progression is not well understood. METHODS Five candidate peptides identified based upon computer modeling of the PSA crystal structure and hydrophobicity were synthesized at >95% purity. The peptides in a linear form, and a constrained form forced by a di-sulfide bond joining the two ends of the peptide, were investigated for anti-angiogenic activity in HUVEC. RESULTS None of the five PSA-mimetic peptides exhibited PSA-like serine protease activity. Two of the peptides demonstrated significant anti-angiogenic activity in HUVEC based on (i) inhibition of cell migration and invasion; (ii) inhibition of tube formation in Matrigel; (iii) anti-angiogenic activity in a sprouting assay; and (iv) altered expression of pro- and anti-angiogenic growth factors. Constrained PSA-mimetic peptides had greater anti-angiogenic activity than the corresponding linearized form. Complexing of PSA with ACT eliminated PSA enzymatic activity and reduced anti-angiogenic activity. In contrast, ACT had no effect on the anti-angiogenic effects of the linear or constrained PSA-mimetic peptides. Modeling of the ACT-PSA complex demonstrated ACT sterically blocks the anti-angiogenic activity of the two bioactive peptides. CONCLUSIONS The interaction of a hydrophilic domain on the surface of the PSA molecule with a target on the cell membrane of prostate endothelial and epithelial cells was responsible for the anti-angiogenic or anti-tumorigenic activity of PSA: enzymatic activity was not associated with anti-angiogenic effects. Furthermore, since PSA and ACT are both expressed within the human prostate tissue microenvironment, the balance of their expression may represent a mechanism for endogenous regulation of tissue angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailash C Chadha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Bindukumar Nair
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
- Division of Allergy/Immunology & Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Alejandro Godoy
- Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rajendram Rajnarayanan
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NewYork
| | - Erik Nabi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Rita Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Neel R Patel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Ravikumar Aalinkeel
- Division of Allergy/Immunology & Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Stanley A Schwartz
- Division of Allergy/Immunology & Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Gary J Smith
- Department of Urologic Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
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9
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Abstract
This review describes studies performed by our group and other laboratories in the field aimed at development of biomarkers not only for cancer but also for other diseases. The markers covered include tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor (TATI), tumor-associated trypsin (TAT), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and their various molecular forms, their biology and diagnostic use. The discovery of TATI was the result of a hypothesis-driven project aimed at finding new biomarkers for ovarian cancer among urinary peptides. TATI has since proved to be a useful prognostic marker for several cancers. Recently, it has been named Serine Peptidase Inhibitor Kazal Type 1 (SPINK1) after being rediscovered by several groups as a tumor-associated peptide by gene expression profiling and proteomic techniques and shown to promote tumor development by stimulating the EGF receptor. To explain why a trypsin inhibitor is strongly expressed in some cancers, research focused on the protease that it inhibited led to the finding of tumor-associated trypsin (TAT). Elevated serum concentrations of TAT-2 were found in some cancer types, but fairly high background levels of pancreatic trypsinogen-2 limited the use of TAT-2 for cancer diagnostics. However, trypsinogen-2 and its complex with α1-protease inhibitor proved to be very sensitive and specific markers for pancreatitis. Studies on hCG were initiated by the need to develop more rapid and sensitive pregnancy tests. These studies showed that serum from men and non-pregnant women contains measurable concentrations of hCG derived from the pituitary. Subsequent development of assays for the subunits of hCG showed that the β subunit of hCG (hCGβ) is expressed at low concentrations by most cancers and that it is a strong prognostic marker. These studies led to the formation of a working group for standardization of hCG determinations and the development of new reference reagents for several molecular forms of hCG. The preparation of intact hCG has been adopted as the fifth international standard by WHO. Availability of several well-defined forms of hCG made it possible to characterize the epitopes of nearly 100 monoclonal antibodies. This will facilitate design of immunoassays with pre-defined specificity. Finally, the discovery of different forms of immunoreactive PSA in serum from a prostate cancer patient led to identification of the complex between PSA and α1-antichymotrypsin, and the use of assays for free and total PSA in serum for improved diagnosis of prostate cancer. Epitope mapping of PSA antibodies and establishment of PSA standards has facilitated establishment well-standardized assays for the various forms of PSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- a Department of Clinical Chemistry , Biomedicum, Helsinki University and Helsinki University Central Hospital (HUCH) , Helsinki , Finland
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10
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Tilli TM, Ferreira LB, Gimba ERP. Osteopontin-c mediates the upregulation of androgen responsive genes in LNCaP cells through PI3K/Akt and androgen receptor signaling. Oncol Lett 2015; 9:1845-1850. [PMID: 25789054 PMCID: PMC4356391 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.2939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) signaling is a key pathway modulating prostate cancer (PCa) progression. Several steps in this pathway have been investigated in order to propose novel treatment strategies for advanced PCa. Total osteopontin (OPN) has been described as a biomarker for PCa, in addition to its role in activating the progression of this tumor. Based on the known effects of the OPNc splice variant on PCa progression, the present study investigated whether this isoform can also modulate AR signaling. In order to test this, an in vitro model was used in which LNCaP cells were cultured in the presence of conditioned medium (CM) secreted by PCa cells overexpressing OPNc (OPNc-CM). The activation of AR signaling was evaluated by measuring the expression levels of AR-responsive genes (ARGs) using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and specific oligonucleotides. The data demonstrated that all nine tested ARGs (Fgf8, TMPRSS2, Greb1, Cdk2, Ndrg1, Cdk1, Pmepa1, Psa and Ar) are significantly upregulated in response to OPNc-CM compared with LNCaP cells cultured in CM secreted by control cells transfected with empty expression vector. The specific involvement of OPNc was demonstrated by depleting OPNc from OPNc-CM using an anti-OPNc neutralizing antibody. In addition, by using a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-specific inhibitor and AR antagonists, such as flutamide and bicalutamide, it was also observed that upregulation of ARGs in response to OPNc-CM involves PI3K signaling and depends on the AR. In conclusion, these data indicated that OPNc is able to activate AR signaling through the PI3K pathway and the AR. These data further corroborate our previous data, revealing the OPNc splice variant to be a key molecule that is able to modulate key signaling pathways involved in PCa progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Martins Tilli
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Program, Research Coordination, National Institute of Cancer, Rio de Janeiro 22743-051, Brazil
| | - Luciana Bueno Ferreira
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto 4200-465, Portugal
| | - Etel Rodrigues Pereira Gimba
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Program, Research Coordination, National Institute of Cancer, Rio de Janeiro 22743-051, Brazil ; Natural Sciences Department, Health and Humanities Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Rio das Ostras, Rio de Janeiro 28895-532, Brazil
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11
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Mattsson JM, Ravela S, Hekim C, Jonsson M, Malm J, Närvänen A, Stenman UH, Koistinen H. Proteolytic activity of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) towards protein substrates and effect of peptides stimulating PSA activity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107819. [PMID: 25237904 PMCID: PMC4169579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA or kallikrein-related peptidase-3, KLK3) exerts chymotrypsin-like proteolytic activity. The main biological function of PSA is the liquefaction of the clot formed after ejaculation by cleavage of semenogelins I and II in seminal fluid. PSA also cleaves several other substrates, which may explain its putative functions in prostate cancer and its antiangiogenic activity. We compared the proteolytic efficiency of PSA towards several protein and peptide substrates and studied the effect of peptides stimulating the activity of PSA with these substrates. An endothelial cell tube formation model was used to analyze the effect of PSA-degraded protein fragments on angiogenesis. We showed that PSA degrades semenogelins I and II much more efficiently than other previously identified protein substrates, e.g., fibronectin, galectin-3 and IGFBP-3. We identified nidogen-1 as a new substrate for PSA. Peptides B2 and C4 that stimulate the activity of PSA towards small peptide substrates also enhanced the proteolytic activity of PSA towards protein substrates. Nidogen-1, galectin-3 or their fragments produced by PSA did not have any effect on endothelial cell tube formation. Although PSA cleaves several other protein substrates, in addition to semenogelins, the physiological importance of this activity remains speculative. The PSA levels in prostate are very high, but several other highly active proteases, such as hK2 and trypsin, are also expressed in the prostate and may cleave protein substrates that are weakly cleaved by PSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M. Mattsson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi Ravela
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Can Hekim
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Magnus Jonsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Section for Clinical Chemistry, Lund University and Laboratory Medicine Skåne, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Malm
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Section for Clinical Chemistry, Lund University and Laboratory Medicine Skåne, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ale Närvänen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
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Dash P. Reconnoitring the status of prostate specific antigen and its role in women. Indian J Clin Biochem 2014; 30:124-33. [PMID: 25883418 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-014-0451-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Prostate specific antigen is considered to be a tumour marker having maximum utility and specificity for prostate cancer since decades. After the discovery of methods to quantify different molecular fractions of prostate specific antigen (PSA), its usefulness in diagnosing early prostate cancer cases has increased tremendously. The "specificity" of PSA, is now challenged by many studies which proved that PSA, once believed to be secreted exclusively by prostatic epithelium, is also present in females. The exact biological role of extraprostatic PSA is still debatable though many theories substantiated by in vitro evidence has been put forward. With the advent of ultrasensitive analytical techniques, PSA is now quantifiable in female serum in its various molecular forms and this has led to many assumptions of it being useful as a marker in female breast cancers. In a similar scenario to prostate cancer, the ratio of free to total PSA is shown to be useful in detecting early breast cancer cases. It is also shown to be a good prognostic indicator and a predictor of response to therapy and recurrence. Apart from its role in breast cancer, it has been advocated to be a marker of hyper androgenic states in women like hirsutism and polycystic ovarian syndrome. Conflicting reports regarding the role of extra prostatic PSA is accumulating but it has been proven beyond doubt that PSA is no longer specific and confined to prostate gland. Various studies have registered that PSA is an ubiquitous molecule, secreted by hormone responsive organs and its synthesis is stimulated by androgens and progesterone but not oestrogens. In this article, a review of various literatures is done about the presence of extra prostatic PSA, its probable role in those sites as well as its utility as a tumour marker in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakruti Dash
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar-19, Odisha India
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Mattsson JM, Närvänen A, Stenman UH, Koistinen H. Peptides binding to prostate-specific antigen enhance its antiangiogenic activity. Prostate 2012; 72:1588-94. [PMID: 22430591 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteolytically active prostate-specific antigen (PSA or kallikrein-related peptidase 3, KLK3) has been shown to exert antiangiogenic properties. High levels of PSA in prostatic tumors may thus slow down cancer progression by inhibiting angiogenesis. We hypothesize that factors stimulating the activity of PSA could be used to reduce prostate tumor growth. Using phage display, we have developed peptides C4 and B2 that stimulate the enzymatic activity of PSA. Our aim was to study whether these peptides enhance the antiangiogenic activity of PSA. METHODS We used an in vitro angiogenesis assay where human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) form tubular networks when they are grown on Matrigel. Proteolytically active PSA and peptides that stimulate the activity of PSA were added to the cells. Endothelial cell tube formation was quantified and expressed as an angiogenesis index. RESULTS PSA reduced the angiogenesis index to ∼50% of controls both in serum-containing and serum-free medium. The addition of peptide C4 or B2 together with PSA caused a significant further decrease in angiogenesis index to ∼70% of that caused by PSA alone. A similar decrease in angiogenesis index was observed when PSA concentration was increased 2.4-fold of that used with peptides. CONCLUSIONS The inhibitory effect of PSA on tube formation can be enhanced by the addition of peptides that stimulate the activity of PSA. This supports our hypothesis that stimulation of PSA activity can be used to reduce angiogenesis and thereby inhibit prostate tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Mattsson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Jain R, Poisson L, Narang J, Scarpace L, Rosenblum ML, Rempel S, Mikkelsen T. Correlation of perfusion parameters with genes related to angiogenesis regulation in glioblastoma: a feasibility study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2012; 33:1343-8. [PMID: 22422183 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a2956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Integration of imaging and genomic data is critical for a better understanding of gliomas, particularly considering the increasing focus on the use of imaging biomarkers for patient survival and treatment response. The purpose of this study was to correlate CBV and PS measured by using PCT with the genes regulating angiogenesis in GBM. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighteen patients with WHO grade IV gliomas underwent pretreatment PCT and measurement of CBV and PS values from enhancing tumor. Tumor specimens were analyzed by TCGA by using Human Gene Expression Microarrays and were interrogated for correlation between CBV and PS estimates across the genome. We used the GO biologic process pathways for angiogenesis regulation to select genes of interest. RESULTS We observed expression levels for 92 angiogenesis-associated genes (332 probes), 19 of which had significant correlation with PS and 9 of which had significant correlation with CBV (P < .05). Proangiogenic genes such as TNFRSF1A (PS = 0.53, P = .024), HIF1A (PS = 0.62, P = .0065), KDR (CBV = 0.60, P = .0084; PS = 0.59, P = .0097), TIE1 (CBV = 0.54, P = .022; PS = 0.49, P = .039), and TIE2/TEK (CBV = 0.58, P = .012) showed a significant positive correlation; whereas antiangiogenic genes such as VASH2 (PS = -0.72, P = .00011) showed a significant inverse correlation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings are provocative, with some of the proangiogenic genes showing a positive correlation and some of the antiangiogenic genes showing an inverse correlation with tumor perfusion parameters, suggesting a molecular basis for these imaging biomarkers; however, this should be confirmed in a larger patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Jain
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Henry Ford Health System, 2799 West Grand Blvd, Detroit MI, 48202, USA.
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Chadha KC, Nair BB, Chakravarthi S, Zhou R, Godoy A, Mohler JL, Aalinkeel R, Schwartz SA, Smith GJ. Enzymatic activity of free-prostate-specific antigen (f-PSA) is not required for some of its physiological activities. Prostate 2011; 71:1680-90. [PMID: 21446007 PMCID: PMC4498389 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is a well known biomarker for early diagnosis and management of prostate cancer. Furthermore, PSA has been documented to have anti-angiogenic and anti-tumorigenic activities in both in vitro and in vivo studies. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism(s) involved in regulation of these processes, in particular the role of the serine-protease enzymatic activity of PSA. METHODS Enzymatic activity of PSA isolated directly from seminal plasma was inhibited specifically (>95%) by incubation with zinc2+ . Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were utilized to compare/contrast the physiological effects of enzymatically active versus inactive PSA. RESULTS Equimolar concentrations of enzymatically active PSA and PSA enzymatically inactivated by incubation with Zn2+ had similar physiological effects on HUVEC, including inhibiting the gene expression of pro-angiogenic growth factors, like VEGF and bFGF, and up-regulation of expression of the anti-angiogenic growth factor IFN-γ; suppression of mRNA expression for markers of blood vessel development, like FAK, FLT, KDR, TWIST-1; P-38; inhibition of endothelial tube formation in the in vitro Matrigel Tube Formation Assay; and inhibition of endothelial cell invasion and migration properties. DISCUSSION Our data provides compelling evidence that the transcriptional regulatory and the anti-angiogenic activities of human PSA are independent of the innate enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailash C Chadha
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA.
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Härkönen HH, Mattsson JM, Määttä JAE, Stenman UH, Koistinen H, Matero S, Windshügel B, Poso A, Lahtela-Kakkonen M. The discovery of compounds that stimulate the activity of kallikrein-related peptidase 3 (KLK3). ChemMedChem 2011; 6:2170-8. [PMID: 21953896 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 09/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidase 3 (KLK3), also known as prostate-specific antigen (PSA), is the most useful biomarker for prostate cancer (PCa). KLK3 is suggested to play a role in regulating cancer growth through anti-angiogenic activity in vivo and in vitro. This feature, together with its specificity for prostate tissue, makes KLK3 an intriguing target for the design of new therapies for PCa. 3D pharmacophores for KLK3-stimulating compounds were generated based on peptides that bind specifically to KLK3 and increase its enzymatic activity. As a result of pharmacophore-based virtual screening, four small, drug-like compounds with affinity for KLK3 were discovered and validated by capillary differential scanning calorimetry. One of the compounds also stimulated the activity of KLK3, and is therefore the first published small molecule with such an activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henna H Härkönen
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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LeBeau AM, Kostova M, Craik CS, Denmeade SR. Prostate-specific antigen: an overlooked candidate for the targeted treatment and selective imaging of prostate cancer. Biol Chem 2010; 391:333-43. [PMID: 20180648 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2010.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The role of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) or kallikrein-related peptidase 3 (KLK3) as a biomarker for prostate cancer is well known; however, the precise physiological role of it's serine protease activity in prostate cancer remains a mystery. PSA is produced at high levels by both androgen-dependent and -independent prostate cancers. Studies have documented high levels of active PSA in the milieu surrounding osseous and soft tissue metastases. This evidence, coupled with growing experimental evidence, suggests that PSA plays an important role in the pathobiology of prostate cancer. These observations support the development of PSA-selective inhibitors as useful tools for the targeted treatment and imaging of prostate cancer. Here, we review the research that has been conducted to date on developing selective inhibitors for PSA. The different approaches used to determine PSA substrate specificity and for creating inhibitors are discussed. In addition, the unique active site characteristics of PSA and how these motifs aided our research in developing PSA targeted agents are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M LeBeau
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 2131, USA.
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