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Alfadil A. Gastroprotective Effect of 2,3-Dimethylquinoxaline Against Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Ulcer in Rat. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:1983-1994. [PMID: 38566982 PMCID: PMC10986627 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s453425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Gastric ulcers pose a significant health risk due to an imbalance between protective and aggressive factors on the mucous membrane. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced gastric damage affects 25% of users. Quinoxaline compounds, known for their diverse biological properties, have potential applications in cancer therapy and as antimicrobial agents targeting various pathogens. Objective Our study aimed to investigate the impact of DMQ on gastroprotective mechanisms in an experimental model of indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer. Methods Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to five groups. Group 1 served as the control, while Group 2 received a single oral dose of IND (30 mg/kg). Groups 3 and 4 received oral DMQ (30 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg, respectively) for three days, with the final dose administered intragastrically one hour before IND administration. Group 5 received esomeprazole (30 mg/kg) orally for three days, with the final dose given one hour before IND administration. Rats were sacrificed four hours after IND induction. Results Indomethacin-induced ulcers were associated with epithelial damage and blood streaks on the gastric mucosa. However, DMQ significantly decreased levels of inflammatory biomarkers (TNF-α, IL-6, Cox-2, IFN-γ, and IL-β1) while increasing gastroprotective mediator prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and mucin levels. Histopathological analysis revealed a significant reduction in ulcer-induced pathological alterations and upregulation of tumor suppressor genes (NF-κB levels) following DMQ treatment. Rats treated with Indo+DMQ showed a significant decrease in ulcer index compared to the Indo group, with mild injuries observed. Conclusion DMQ demonstrated promising gastroprotective effects against IND-induced gastric ulcers, as evidenced by alterations in histopathological data and upregulation of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelbagi Alfadil
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Research Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Ozyigit F, Deger AN, Kocak FE, Ekici MF, Simsek H, Arık O. Protective effects of hesperidin in gastric damage caused by experimental ischemia-reperfusion injury model in rats. Acta Cir Bras 2024; 39:e391124. [PMID: 38477785 DOI: 10.1590/acb391124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study evaluated the protective effect of hesperidin on injury induced by gastric ischemia-reperfusion. METHODS Fifty male Sprague Dawley rats (250-300 g) were divided into five groups: control (C), sham (S), ischemia (I), ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) and hesperidin + ischemia-reperfusion (Hes + I/R). Hesperidin was injected intraperitoneally at the dose of 100 mg/kg one hour before the experimental stomach ischemia-reperfusion. Celiac artery was ligated. After 45 minutes ischemia and 60 minutes reperfusion period, blood samples were obtained under anesthesia. Then, animals were sacrificed, stomach tissues were excised for biochemical, and histopathological analyses were performed. Malondialdehyde levels and superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase activities and total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), protein, total thiol parameters were measured in plasma, and tissue homogenate samples. H + E, periodic acid-Schiff, hypoxia inducible factor, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeling (TUNEL), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) for cell proliferation as immunohistochemical parameters were determined. RESULTS Upon biochemical and histopathological assessment, hesperidin decreased stomach tissue changes in comparison with IR group. Ischemia-reperfusion injury led to a considerably increase in malondialdehyde, protein, and TOS levels (p < 0.001) in stomach tissue. Hesperidin treatment significantly decreased malondialdehyde, protein, and TOS levels (p < 0.001). Hesperidin increased superoxide dismutase, TAS, total thiol and glutathione peroxidase activities in comparison with IR group. Hesperidin reduced damage and also increased TUNEL and PCNA immunoreactivity in stomach tissue. CONCLUSIONS Hesperidin was able to decrease I/R injury of the stomach tissue due to inhibition of lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation, duration of antioxidant, and free radical scavenger properties. Consequently, hesperidin can provide a beneficial therapeutic choice for preventing stomach tissue ischemia-reperfusion injury in clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filiz Ozyigit
- Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University - Faculty of Medicine - Department of Pharmacology - Bandirma, Turkey
| | - Ayse Nur Deger
- Kutahya Health Sciences University - Faculty of Medicine - Department of Pathology - Kutahya, Turkey
| | - Fatma Emel Kocak
- Kutahya Health Sciences University - Faculty of Medicine - Department of Medical Biochemistry - Kutahya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Fatih Ekici
- Kutahya Health Sciences University - Faculty of Medicine - Department of General Surgery - Kutahya, Turkey
| | - Hasan Simsek
- Aksaray University - Faculty of Medicine - Department of Physiology - Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Arık
- Kutahya Health Sciences University - Faculty of Medicine - Department of Biostatistics - Kutahya, Turkey
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3
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Fan Y, Xu E, Ma J, Li X, Liu Y, Xu L, Luo A. Isolation, Structural Characteristics Analysis of a Vigna unguiculata Polysaccharide VUP80-3 and Its Protective Effect on GES-1 Cells In Vitro. Molecules 2023; 28:5566. [PMID: 37513438 PMCID: PMC10383257 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is one of the main edible legume vegetables in China, and it can improve spleen and stomach function. A polysaccharide component (VUP80-3) has been isolated from V. unguiculata in this study. The average molecular weight of VUP80-3 is 6.43 × 104 Da, and the main monosaccharide group is glucose. The mass ratio of monosaccharide groups in the polysaccharide was glucose:galactose:arabinose:rhamnose:xylose:mannose:fucose = 152.36:24.50:16.53:8.13:1.26:0.97:0.82. NMR analysis showed that VUP80-3 has →4)-α-D-Galp (1→ and →4)-α-D-Glcp(1→ main chain and →3,4)-β-D-Glcp(1→, →4,6)-α-D-Glcp(1→ branch chains, and the terminal sugar is α-D-Glcp(1→. Biological activity test results showed that VUP80-3 at 1000 μg·mL-1 significantly increased the activity of ethanol injured GES-1 cells (p < 0.01) and significantly reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in ethanol injured GES-1 cells and inflammatory factors (IL-8, IL-1β and TNF-α,) in GES-1 cells. This compound also reduced the apoptosis rate (p < 0.05), thereby significantly reducing the oxidative damage caused by ethanol in GES-1 cells. Therefore, VUP80-3 is a potential drug to protect the gastric mucosa from damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Fan
- Department of Landscape Plants, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Erya Xu
- Department of Landscape Plants, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Landscape Plants, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xuebing Li
- Department of Landscape Plants, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Department of Landscape Plants, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Linlong Xu
- Department of Landscape Plants, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Aoxue Luo
- Department of Landscape Plants, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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Foudah AI, Alqarni MH, Devi S, Singh A, Alam A, Alam P, Singh S. Analgesic Action of Catechin on Chronic Constriction Injury–Induced Neuropathic Pain in Sprague–Dawley Rats. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:895079. [PMID: 36034867 PMCID: PMC9403238 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.895079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic neuropathy is a common and debilitating problem that poses a significant challenge to health care worldwide. Natural compounds have received considerable attention as potential sources of new drugs for the treatment of neuropsychiatric pain. Catechin is a well-known novel flavonoid with several therapeutic properties, notably in neurodegenerative diseases. The current study is designed to investigate the role of catechin in neuroprotective activity in the chronic constriction injury (CCI) model. Apparently, healthy adult male Sprague–Dawley rats weighing 160–190 g (8 weeks old) were selected and grouped into the following: sham (distilled water), CCI group (CCI), standard [CCI + pregabalin (10 mg/kg, p.o.)], and test catechin [CCI + catechin (50 and 100 μg/kg p.o.)] for 28 days. Behavioral, thermal, and mechanical changes were evaluated. The results showed that mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were reduced in the catechin-treated group when compared with the CCI group. In addition, the relationship between the analgesic effect of catechin and the expressions of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-β was established. The results showed that catechin reversed the signs of neuropathic pain. It also decreased the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-β in the rat brain. Therefore, the results suggested that catechin has promising potential in the treatment and management of neuropathic pain by decreasing the levels of NF-κβ–regulated inflammatory cytokines in the chronic constriction injury model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed I. Foudah
- College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed H. Alqarni
- College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sushma Devi
- Guru Nanak Institute, Hema Majra Road, Mullana, Ambala, India
| | - Akanksha Singh
- Prin, K. M. Kundnani College of Pharmacy, Rambhau Salgaonkar Marg, Cuffe Parade, Mumbai, India
| | - Aftab Alam
- College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Aftab Alam, ,
| | - Pravej Alam
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sima Singh
- IES Institute of Pharmacy, IES University Campus, Kalkheda, Ratibad Main Road, Bhopal, India
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Hristova M, Tasinov O, Tzaneva M, Chivchibashi D, Kiselova-Kaneva Y, Bekyarova G. Effect of melatonin on the gastric antioxidant defence in experimental burn trauma. VET MED-CZECH 2022; 67:379-386. [PMID: 39100131 PMCID: PMC11295877 DOI: 10.17221/109/2021-vetmed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe burn trauma triggers oxidative gastric mucosal injury. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant defence mechanisms and protective effect of melatonin in the gastric mucosa after burn injury. In order to investigate the mechanisms involved in the gastric antioxidant defence in a rat burn model, quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry techniques were applied. An analysis of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4), glutathione reductase (GR), and catalase (Cat) gene expression was performed along with the evaluation of the gastric Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD) activity. Melatonin was applied immediately and 12 h after 30% of total body surface area burns. The burn injury significantly increased the Gpx4 mRNA (P < 0.000 1) and Gsr mRNA (P < 0.000 1) expression. It also had a slight positive effect on the Cat mRNA expression and Cu/Zn SOD activity. Melatonin, in turn, markedly augmented the burn-induced Cu/Zn SOD (P < 0.000 1) activity, reversed the Gpx4 mRNA (P < 0.000 1) and Gsr mRNA (P < 0.000 1) expression, and inhibited the Cat mRNA level. In conclusion, the present study suggests that a burn injury adaptively increases the Cu/Zn SOD activity and enhances the Gpx4 and Gsr gene expression in the gastric mucosa. Melatonin effectively modulates the expression of the cellular antioxidant enzymes, and improves the antioxidant defence by augmenting the Cu/Zn SOD activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minka Hristova
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Oskan Tasinov
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine and Nutrigenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Maria Tzaneva
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Deontology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Dariya Chivchibashi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Yoana Kiselova-Kaneva
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine and Nutrigenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Ganka Bekyarova
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
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Raoofi A, Delbari A, Nasiry D, Golmohammadi R, Javadinia SS, Sadrzadeh R, Mojadadi MS, Rustamzadeh A, Khaneghah AM, Ebrahimi V, Rezaie MJ. Caffeine modulates apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation damage induced by tramadol in cerebellum of male rats. J Chem Neuroanat 2022; 123:102116. [PMID: 35660069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2022.102116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tramadol, an opioid used as analgesic, can induce neurotoxic effects associated to cognitive dysfunction. Moreover, caffeine has been reported to have neuroprotective effects. In this regard, we hypothesized that administration of caffeine can modulate tramadol-induced damages in cerebellum. For this study, forty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: the control group, the tramadol group (50mg/kg), the caffeine group (37.5mg/kg), and the tramadol+caffeine group (50mg/kg tramadol+37.5mg/kg caffeine). At the end of study (day 21), after performing rotarod behavioral test, cerebellum tissue samples were removed and prepared for further evaluations including biochemical profile markers (MDA, GPx, and SOD), immunohistochemistry for Caspase-3, as well as the expression of genes involved in cellular processes such as inflammation markers (IL-1β, HMGB1, IL-6, and TNF), apoptosis markers (Caspase-3, Caspase-8, Bax, and P21), and autophagy markers (LAMP2, ATG5, BECN1, and ATG12). Stereological evaluations were performed to determine the total volume of granular and molecular layers and white matter of cerebellum tissue and numerical density of the Purkinje cells. Our results showed that the stereological parameters, biochemical profiles (except MDA) and behavioral function were significantly higher in the tramadol+caffeine group compared to the tramadol group. Autophagy-related genes were significantly upregulated in tramadol+caffeine group compared to the tramadol group. While the expression of inflammatory and apoptosis genes, MDA level, as well as density of apoptosis cells were significantly lower in the tramadol+caffeine group compared to the tramadol group. Briefly, it can be concluded that administration of caffeine has neuroprotective effects in cerebellar damages induced by tramadol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Raoofi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran; Department of Anatomy, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Ali Delbari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran; Department of Anatomy, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Davood Nasiry
- Amol Faculty of Paramedicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Rahim Golmohammadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran; Department of Anatomy, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Sara Sadat Javadinia
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran; Department of Anatomy, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Reza Sadrzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Shafi Mojadadi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Department of Immunology, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Auob Rustamzadeh
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vahid Ebrahimi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Jafar Rezaie
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
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7
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Duran Y, Karaboğa İ, Polat FR, Polat E, Erboğa ZF, Ovalı MA, Öztopuz RÖ, Çelikkol A, Yılmaz A. Royal jelly attenuates gastric mucosal injury in a rat ethanol-induced gastric injury model. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:8867-8879. [PMID: 33135128 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05939-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate traditionally used Royal Jelly (RJ) for treating an ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model in rats. A total of 32 Wistar albino male rats were divided into 4 groups of 8: group I = Control, group II = Ethanol, group III = RJ + Ethanol, and group IV = Lansoprazole + Ethanol. In groups II, III, and IV, animals were administered 1 ml of absolute ethanol orally after a 24-h fast to induce ulcer formation. The histopathological changes in the gastric mucosa were determined using hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining. Immunohistochemically, inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) and nuclear factor kappa beta (Nf-κβ) markings were evaluated in gastric tissue. Cell death in the gastric mucosa was determined by the TUNEL method. Oxidative status markers, superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels were determined spectrophotometrically. Expression of the interleukin - 1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) genes in gastric tissues was determined by real-time PCR; and TNF-α, IL-10, and IL-1β levels were determined. RJ was found to inhibit iNOS and Nf-κβ activity in the gastric mucosa and prevent epithelial cell apoptosis. In particular, pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β levels were significantly decreased in the RJ + Ethanol group compared to the Ethanol group. In addition, a decrease in the MPO level indicated that RJ prevented tissue damage, especially by preventing inflammatory cell infiltration. The study demonstrated a possible gastroprotective effect of RJ in a rat ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasin Duran
- Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - İhsan Karaboğa
- Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, School of Health, Department of Emergency and Disaster Management, Tekirdağ, Turkey.
| | - Fatin Rüştü Polat
- Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Elif Polat
- Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Fidanol Erboğa
- Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Akif Ovalı
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Rahime Özlem Öztopuz
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Aliye Çelikkol
- Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Ahsen Yılmaz
- Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tekirdağ, Turkey
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Elshamy AI, Farrag ARH, Ayoub IM, Mahdy KA, Taher RF, Gendy AENGEI, Mohamed TA, Al-Rejaie SS, EI-Amier YA, Abd-EIGawad AM, Farag MA. UPLC-qTOF-MS Phytochemical Profile and Antiulcer Potential of Cyperus conglomeratus Rottb. Alcoholic Extract. Molecules 2020; 25:E4234. [PMID: 32942704 PMCID: PMC7570889 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyperus has been commonly used as a multi-use medicinal plant in folk medicine worldwide. The objectives of our study were to determine the different metabolites in the Cyperus conglomeratus Rottb. methanol extract, and to assess its in vivo gastroprotective effect in ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model in rats. Serum levels of galactin-3 and TNF-α were employed as biochemical markers. To pinpoint for active agents, comprehensive metabolites profiling of extract via UPLC-qTOF-MS/MS was employed. A total of 77 chromatographic peaks were detected, of which 70 were annotated. The detected metabolites were categorized into phenolic acids and their derivatives, flavonoids, stilbenes, aurones, quinones, terpenes, and steroids. Rats were divided into six groups; healthy control, ulcer control, standard drug group, and 25, 50, 100 mg/kg of C. conglomeratus treated rats. Pre-treatment with C. conglomeratus alcohol extract significantly reduced galactin-3, and TNF-α in ethanol-induced ulcer model at 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg. Further histopathological and histochemical studies revealed moderate erosion of superficial epithelium, few infiltrated inflammatory cells, and depletion of gastric tissue glycoprotein in the ulcer group. Treatment with the extract protected the gastric epithelial cells in a dose-dependent manner. It could be concluded that C. conglomeratus extract provides significant gastroprotective activity in ethanol-induced gastric ulcer and ought to be included in nutraceuticals in the future for ulcer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelsamed I. Elshamy
- Department of Natural Compounds Chemistry, National Research Center, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Abdel Razik H. Farrag
- Pathology Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Iriny M. Ayoub
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt;
| | - Karam A. Mahdy
- Medical Biochemistry Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Rehab F. Taher
- Department of Natural Compounds Chemistry, National Research Center, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Abd El-Nasser G. EI Gendy
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Tarik A. Mohamed
- Chemistry of Medicinal Plants Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Salim S. Al-Rejaie
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Yasser A. EI-Amier
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed M. Abd-EIGawad
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
- Plant Production Department, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A. Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini St., Cairo P.B. 11562, Egypt;
- Chemistry Department, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
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9
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Arabacı Tamer S, Üçem S, Büke B, Güner M, Karaküçük AG, Yiğit N, Şirvancı S, Çevik Ö, Ercan F, Yeğen BÇ. Regular moderate exercise alleviates gastric oxidative damage in rats via the contribution of oxytocin receptors. J Physiol 2020; 598:2355-2370. [PMID: 32266969 DOI: 10.1113/jp279577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS A moderate level of exercise has beneficial effects for the prevention of gastric ulcers. Although regular aerobic exercise was shown to elevate serum oxytocin levels and exogenously administered oxytocin exerts an anti-ulcer activity, the role of endogenous oxytocin in the gastroprotective effects of exercise has not yet been elucidated. We showed that increased anxiety and oxidative gastric damage induced by gastric ulcers were reversed in pre-exercised rats, while reduced hypothalamic oxytocin expression and decreased myenteric oxytocin receptor expression due to gastric ulcers were abolished by exercise. We also reported that the blockade of oxytocin receptors exaggerated gastric damage in exercised rats with ulcers. Our data establish that endogenous oxytocin is the key mediator in the beneficial effects of regular physical activity in alleviating gastric injury. ABSTRACT Exercise increases serum oxytocin levels and exogenous oxytocin exerts an anti-ulcer activity; but the role of oxytocin in the protective effects of exercise against gastric ulcers has not yet been evaluated. This study was designed to investigate the impact of regular swimming exercise on oxidative gastric injury, and the role of oxytocin receptor activity in the anxiolytic and anti-inflammatory actions of exercise. Adult Wistar albino rats of both sexes performed swimming exercise (30 min/day, 5 days) or stayed sedentary. At the end of the 6-week exercise/sedentary protocol, rats were injected intraperitoneally with atosiban (0.1 mg/kg/day) or saline for 4 days. On the 5th day, under anaesthesia, acetic acid (ulcer) or saline (sham) was applied onto the gastric serosa and the treatments were continued. On the 9th day, anxiety levels were determined; gastric blood flow was measured, and blood, gastric and brain tissues were obtained. Induction of ulcers in sedentary rats increased anxiety and serum corticosterone levels; but reduced gastric blood flow and resulted in apoptosis and oxidative gastric damage with increased cytokine expressions. However, when ulcers were induced in pre-exercised rats, behavioural and biochemical alterations due to gastric damage were reversed. The inhibition of oxytocin receptors by atosiban exaggerated pro-inflammatory cytokine expressions and gastric lipid peroxidation in the stomachs of exercised rats with ulcers. When rats had regularly exercised prior to ulcer induction, reductions in the immunolabelling of hypothalamic oxytocin and myenteric oxytocin receptors were abolished, suggesting that exercise-induced alleviation of gastric injury may involve the reversal of down-regulated oxytocinergic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevil Arabacı Tamer
- Departments of Physiology and Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Selen Üçem
- Departments of Physiology and Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Berk Büke
- Departments of Physiology and Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Güner
- Departments of Physiology and Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Alp Giray Karaküçük
- Departments of Physiology and Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Niyazi Yiğit
- Departments of Physiology and Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Serap Şirvancı
- Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Özge Çevik
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Feriha Ercan
- Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Berrak Ç Yeğen
- Departments of Physiology and Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey
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Oswari L, Hidayat R, Fatmawati F, Hayati L, Alisa BS. Gambir Extract ( Uncaria Gambir) Decreases Inflammatory Response and Increases Gastric Mucosal Integrity in Wistar Rats - Model Gastritis. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2019; 7:3149-3152. [PMID: 31949507 PMCID: PMC6953953 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2019.758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Uncaria gambir (local name: gambir) is a plant native to Sumatera, Malaya and Borneo. This plant is potential as local wisdom for therapeutics. In Sumatera, gambir was used as a traditional treatment for fever, diarrhoea, diabetics and wound healing. AIM: To explore the efficacy of gambir extract on TNF alpha level, prostaglandin E2 level, lesson area, body weight, lipid profile and leptin level in Wistar rat-model gastritis. METHODS: This study was an experimental study, with a pre-post-test control group design. The subjects in this study were 30 male rats, 8 weeks old, weight 150-200 gram. Rats were administered with gambir extract at the dose of 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg BW/day for 3 days. Gambir was extracted by maceration methods. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 18. RESULTS: Gambir extract at the dose of 80 mg/kg BW exhibited the highest efficacy in reducing TNF alpha level, lesion area and increasing prostaglandin E2 level compared to gambir extract at doses of 20 mg/kg BW, 400 mg/kg BW, negative control, and positive control. CONCLUSION: Gambir extract was effective in reducing TNF alpha level, lesson area, and increasing prostaglandin E2 level in Wistar rat-model gastritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liniyati Oswari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia
| | - Rachmat Hidayat
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia
| | - Fatmawati Fatmawati
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia
| | - Lusia Hayati
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia
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Jafari Barmak M, Dehghan Menshadi A, Mahmoudi R, Bardania H. Evaluation of the effect of the internal layer of oak fruit (jaft) extract on the prevention of gastric ulcers caused by stress in male rats. J Med Life 2018; 11:225-230. [PMID: 30364641 PMCID: PMC6197526 DOI: 10.25122/jml-2017-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Many drugs with high efficacy are used to treat stomach ulcers, but they have many side effects. Therefore, much effort has been made to find new effective compounds from plant extracts. The aqueous extract of the internal layer of oak fruit (jaft) contains antioxidants and tannins; it has many desirable properties such as inhibition of the growth of pathogens. In this study, the preventing effect of Jaft extract on stomach ulcers induced by stress was investigated. Matherials and Methods: The effect of the extract on the prevention of gastric ulcer was investigated using a variety of methods including pH measurement, nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), and histological methods. Rats were randomly divided into six groups. Five groups were gavage fed with different concentrations of Jaft extract, ranitidine and normal saline. The sixth group was gavage fed with normal saline as the control group. Ranitidine and normal saline were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s post hoc test using SPSS version 18.0. Results: It was revealed that the average thickness of the mucous glands and mucosal folds in the groups receiving the extract (250, 500 and 750 mg/kg) did not significantly decrease when compared with the situation of the control group (p<0.05). However, the average nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the control group meaningfully decreased in comparison with groups receiving the extract (250, 500 and 750 mg/kg). The average pH in groups receiving the extract and ranitidine significantly increased compared to the control group (p<0.05). Conclusions: Jaft extract contains abundant polyphenolic compounds and tannins and has several biological properties such as pharmacological properties, antioxidant activity, and inhibition of lipid oxidation. Therefore, it has the potential to prevent and treat stomach ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrzad Jafari Barmak
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | | | - Reza Mahmoudi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Hassan Bardania
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
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Abstract
目的 探讨美洲大蠊提取物对慢性萎缩性胃炎大鼠的疗效及对Toll样受体4(Toll-like receptor 4, TLR4)/核因子-κB(nuclear factor-κB, NF-κB)信号通路的影响.
方法 将60只清洁级SD大鼠随机分为6组: 正常对照组, 模型组, 维酶素组以及美洲大蠊提取物组(低、中、高剂量组), 通过N-甲基-N'-硝基-N-亚硝基胍法干预制造慢性萎缩性胃炎大鼠模型. 通过光镜下观察大鼠胃黏膜组织病理学改变, 酶联免疫吸附测定法检测血清炎性因子肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor α, TNF-α)、白介素(interleukin, IL)-6、IL-1β的含量, Western blot法检测胃黏膜组织TLR4、髓样分化因子88(myeloid differentiation factor 88, MyD88)、NF-κB p65蛋白的表达.
结果 模型组大鼠胃黏膜腺体萎缩, 腺体腔扩张, 数量减少、排列紊乱, 间质可见淋巴细胞等炎症浸润, 提示造模成功. 药物干预后, 各组大鼠胃黏膜较模型组均有不同程度改善, 其中以美洲大蠊提取物高剂量组改善最为明显; 造模后, 模型组血清TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β水平及胃黏膜组织中TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB p65蛋白表达较空白对照组明显升高(P<0.01), 药物干预后, 各组TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β水平及胃黏膜组织中TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB p65蛋白表达较模型组降低, 其中维酶素组、美洲大蠊提取物低剂量组与模型组比较, 差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05), 美洲大蠊提取物中剂量组、美洲大蠊提取物高剂量组与模型组比较, 差异均具有显著统计学意义(P<0.01).
结论 美洲大蠊提取物能够显著改善萎缩性胃炎大鼠模型胃黏膜组织形态, 降低血清炎性因子, 其作用机制是通过抑制TLR4/NF-κB信号通路中TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB p65蛋白表达实现的.
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Vivatvakin S, Werawatganon D, Somanawat K, Klaikeaw N, Siriviriyakul P. Genistein-attenuated Gastric Injury on Indomethacin-induced Gastropathy in Rats. Pharmacogn Mag 2017; 13:S306-S310. [PMID: 28808397 PMCID: PMC5538171 DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_502_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To investigates the mucoprotective effect of genistein on gastric injury in rats with indomethacin (IMN)-induced gastropathy. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups. Group 1 (control; n = 6) was given distilled water (DW). Group 2 (IMN; n = 6) was given indomethacin (IMN) 150 mg/kg dissolved in 5% sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3-) 1 mL/rat via intragastric tube at time 0 and 4 h. Group 3 (genistein; n = 6) was given genistein 100 mg/kg dissolved in 0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) plus IMN 150 mg/kg at time described as group 2. Four hours after the second dose, the stomach was removed to examine iNOS western blot expression, malondialdehyde (MDA), and histopathologic examination. Serum was collected to determine TNF-alpha and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels using ELISA technique. Results: Tissue MDA and serum TNF-alpha were significantly increased in the IMN group, as compared to the control group (9.70 ± 0.40 vs. 1.56 ± 0.14 nmol/mg protein, P = 0.000; 210.28 ± 0.98 vs. 126.4 ± 0.13 pg/mL, P = 0.000, respectively) and decreased in the genistein group when compared to the IMN group (2.87 ± 0.37 vs. 9.70 ± 0.40 nmol/mg protein, P = 0.000; 156.59 ± 0.10 vs. 210.28 ± 0.98 pg/mL, P = 0.000, respectively). Serum PGE2 level in IMN group was decreased significantly compared with control group (152.83 ± 0.10 vs. 303.33 ± 2.16 pg/mL, P = 0.000) and increased in the genistein group compared to the IMN group (247.65 ± 0.01 vs. 152.83 ± 0.10 pg/mL, P = 0.000). Expression of tissue iNOS was increased in the IMN group and improved in genistein groups. Most of the rats in the IMN group developed moderate to severe gastric erosion and ulcers. Gastric erosions and neutrophil infiltration score were significantly decreased in the genistein group. Conclusions: Genistein attenuated IMN-induced gastropathy in rats by reducing inflammation, decreasing oxidative stress, restoring mucoprotective function, and improving gastric histopathology. SUMMARY This is an experimental study of the effect of NSAIDs in gastropathy. This study demonstrated the efficacy of genistein in treatment of NSAIDs-induced gastropathy. Genistein efficacy is reflected in the attenuation of histological alterations, with improvement in key biological parameters involved in the pathogenesis of NSAIDs gastropathy.
Abbreviations used: NSAIDs: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; IMN: Indomethacin; COX: Cyclooxygenase; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; ICAM: Intercellular adhesion molecule; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; MDA: Malondialdehyde; CINC: Cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarocha Vivatvakin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Duangporn Werawatganon
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kanjana Somanawat
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Naruemon Klaikeaw
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Prasong Siriviriyakul
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Olive (Olea europaea) leaf methanolic extract prevents HCl/ethanol-induced gastritis in rats by attenuating inflammation and augmenting antioxidant enzyme activities. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 91:338-349. [PMID: 28463797 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastritis is preponderantly characterized by inflammation of the lining epithelial layer and the chronic gastritis is considered as a pre-cancer lesion. For many centuries olive (Olea europaea) leaf has been used for its putative health potential, nonetheless, to date, the gastroprotective effects of olive leaves have not been studied yet. Hence, in this study we investigated whether olive leaf extract (OLE) could protect gastric mucosa against HCl/ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage in rats. Hcl/ethanol administration caused significant damage to the gastric mucosa, as confirmed by gastric ulcer index and histological evaluation. However, this damage was largely prevented by pre-administering 20mg/kg omeprazole or 100mg/kg OLE. Interestingly, the damage was completely prevented by pre-administering 200 and 300mg/kg OLE. Moreover, OLE attenuated the inflammatory response by decreasing nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expressions, and down-regulating inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in gastric mucosa. The gastroprotective mechanism of OLE involved the promotion of enzymatic and nonenzymatic molecules (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione reduced form), promoting nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) mRNA expression, halting lipid peroxidation and preventing the overproduction of nitric oxide. Together, our findings clearly demonstrated that OLE could prevent HCl/ethanol-induced gastritis by attenuating inflammation and oxidant/antioxidant imbalance. Indeed, OLE could potentially be useful as a natural therapy for gastritis.
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Manuka Honey Exerts Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities That Promote Healing of Acetic Acid-Induced Gastric Ulcer in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:5413917. [PMID: 28250794 PMCID: PMC5307292 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5413917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Gastric ulcers are a major problem worldwide with no effective treatment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of manuka honey in the treatment of acetic acid-induced chronic gastric ulcers in rats. Different groups of rats were treated with three different concentrations of honey. Stomachs were checked macroscopically for ulcerative lesions in the glandular mucosa and microscopically for histopathological alterations. Treatment with manuka honey significantly reduced the ulcer index and maintained the glycoprotein content. It also reduced the mucosal myeloperoxidase activity, lipid peroxidation (MDA), and the inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) as compared to untreated control group. In addition, honey-treated groups showed significant increase in enzymatic (GPx and SOD) and nonenzymatic (GSH) antioxidants besides levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Flow cytometry studies showed that treatment of animals with manuka honey has normalized cell cycle distribution and significantly lowered apoptosis in gastric mucosa. In conclusion, the results indicated that manuka honey is effective in the treatment of chronic ulcer and preservation of mucosal glycoproteins. Its effects are due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that resulted in a significant reduction of the gastric mucosal MDA, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 and caused an elevation in IL-10 levels.
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16
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Pena-Mercado E, Garcia-Lorenzana M, Arechaga E, la Rosa CHGD, Beltran NE. Gastric mucosa injury quantification in an ischemia - Reperfusion experimental model. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2016; 2016:2303-2306. [PMID: 28324964 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2016.7591190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastric ischemia - reperfusion (I/R) injury is an important clinical problem, which is developed in more than 80% of critically ill patients. I/R is caused by interruption of blood supply to an organ or tissue followed by blood reflow into the exposed area, leading to multiple organ failure and death. Gastric reactance has been proposed to measure tissue injury caused by ischemia. The present study evaluates a new method to quantify gastric tissue damage due to I/R, and assess its relation to gastric reactance changes. Twenty Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 4 groups: control, ischemia, I/R 30 min, I/R 1 h. Local gastric ischemia was induced by clamping the celiac artery for 30 min and reperfusion was done for 30-60 min. In all groups, gastric impedance was measured, and then gastric mucosa samples were taken for light microscopy. There were statistical significant differences (p <;0.05) among the groups with respect to the index of gastric injury proposed, which was greater in I/R 1 h group. Also, impedance parameters increased in I/R groups with respect to control, and ischemia groups. The proposed index of gastric injury allowed gastric mucosa damage quantification, and it was related with gastric impedance increase, which is an objective method to evaluate tissue injury.
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Magierowski M, Jasnos K, Kwiecien S, Drozdowicz D, Surmiak M, Strzalka M, Ptak-Belowska A, Wallace JL, Brzozowski T. Endogenous prostaglandins and afferent sensory nerves in gastroprotective effect of hydrogen sulfide against stress-induced gastric lesions. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118972. [PMID: 25774496 PMCID: PMC4361614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) plays an important role in human physiology, exerting vasodilatory, neuromodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. H2S has been implicated in the mechanism of gastrointestinal integrity but whether this gaseous mediator can affect hemorrhagic lesions induced by stress has been little elucidated. We studied the effect of the H2S precursor L-cysteine, H2S-donor NaHS, the H2S synthesizing enzyme (CSE) activity inhibitor- D,L-propargylglycine (PAG) and the gastric H2S production by CSE/CBS/3-MST activity in water immersion and restraint stress (WRS) ulcerogenesis and the accompanying changes in gastric blood flow (GBF). The role of endogenous prostaglandins (PGs) and sensory afferent nerves releasing calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the mechanism of gastroprotection induced by H2S was examined in capsaicin-denervated rats and those pretreated with capsazepine to inhibit activity of vanilloid receptors (VR-1). Rats were pretreated with vehicle, NaHS, the donor of H2S and or L-cysteine, the H2S precursor, with or without the concurrent treatment with 1) nonselective (indomethacin) and selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 (SC-560) or COX-2 (rofecoxib) inhibitors. The expression of mRNA and protein for COX-1 and COX-2 were analyzed in gastric mucosa pretreated with NaHS with or without PAG. Both NaHS and L-cysteine dose-dependently attenuated severity of WRS-induced gastric lesions and significantly increased GBF. These effects were significantly reduced by pretreatment with PAG and capsaicin denervation. NaHS increased gastric H2S production via CSE/CBS but not 3-MST activity. Inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 activity significantly diminished NaHS- and L-cysteine-induced protection and hyperemia. NaHS increased expression of COX-1, COX-2 mRNAs and proteins and raised CGRP mRNA expression. These effects of NaHS on COX-1 and COX-2 protein contents were reversed by PAG and capsaicin denervation. We conclude that H2S exerts gastroprotection against WRS-induced gastric lesions by the mechanism involving enhancement in gastric microcirculation mediated by endogenous PGs, sensory afferent nerves releasing CGRP and the activation of VR-1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Magierowski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Jasnos
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Slawomir Kwiecien
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Danuta Drozdowicz
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Marcin Surmiak
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Strzalka
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Agata Ptak-Belowska
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - John L. Wallace
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Tomasz Brzozowski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
- * E-mail:
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Werawatganon D, Rakananurak N, Sallapant S, Prueksapanich P, Somanawat K, Klaikeaw N, Rerknimitr R. Aloe vera attenuated gastric injury on indomethacin-induced gastropathy in rats. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:18330-18337. [PMID: 25561799 PMCID: PMC4277969 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i48.18330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the protective effects of Aloe vera on gastric injury in rats with indomethacin (IMN)-induced gastropathy.
METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups. Group 1 (control, n = 6) was given distilled water (DW) orally. Group 2 (IMN, n = 6) was given oral IMN (150 mg/kg) dissolved in 5% sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3-) at time 0 and 4 h. Group 3 (Aloe vera-treated, n = 6) was given oral Aloe vera (150 mg/kg) dissolved in DW and IMN at time 0 and 4 h. Eight hours later, the stomach was removed to determine gastric malondialdehyde (MDA), the number of interleukin (IL)-18 positive stained cells (%) by immunohistochemistry, and for histopathological examination. Then, the serum was collected to determine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC)-1 by sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay method.
RESULTS: In the IMN group, serum TNF-α, CINC-1 and gastric MDA were significantly increased when compared to the control group (27.78 ± 1.52 pg/mL vs 85.07 ± 49.11 pg/mL, P = 0.009; 104.55 ± 45.80 pg/mL vs 1054.70 ± 20.38 pg/mL, and 1.74 ± 0.21 nmol/mg vs 9.36 ± 1.07 nmol/mg protein, P = 0.000, respectively). The mean level of TNF-α, CINC-1 and gastric MDA in the Aloe vera-treated group were improved as compared with the IMN group (85.07 ± 49.11 pg/mL vs 35.19 ± 1.61 pg/mL, P = 0.021; 1054.70 ± 20.38 pg/mL vs 813.56 ± 239.04 pg/mL, P = 0.025; and 9.36 ± 1.07 nmol/mg vs 2.67 ± 0.64 nmol/mg protein, P = 0.000, respectively). The number of IL-18 positive stained cells (%) in the gastric epithelial cells of the IMN group was significantly higher than the control group (5.01% ± 3.73% vs 30.67% ± 2.03%, P = 0.000, respectively). In contrast, Aloe vera treatment decreased the number of IL-18 positive stained cells (%) significantly when compared with the IMN group (30.67% ± 2.03% vs 13.21% ± 1.10%, P = 0.000, respectively). Most rats in the IMN group developed moderate to severe gastric inflammation and erosions. The gastric erosions and neutrophil infiltration scores were significantly reduced in the Aloe vera-treated group.
CONCLUSION: Aloe vera attenuated IMN-induced gastropathy in rats by the reduction of oxidative stress, inflammation, and improvement of gastric histopathology.
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Oguz E, Yilmaz Z, Ozbilge H, Baba F, Tabur S, Yerer MB, Hekimoglu A. Effects of melatonin on the serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and tissue injury after renal ischemia reperfusion in rats. Ren Fail 2014; 37:318-22. [DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2014.991263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Mechanism of action involved in the hepatoprotective activities of methanol extract of Cassytha filiformis L. aerial parts in CCl4-induced liver damage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-014-1997-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Wang T, Zhou YT, Chen XN, Zhu AX, Wu BH. Remote ischemic postconditioning protects against gastric mucosal lesions in rats. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:9519-9527. [PMID: 25071347 PMCID: PMC4110584 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i28.9519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the protective effects of remote ischemic postconditioning (RIP) against limb ischemia-reperfusion (IR)-induced gastric mucosal injury.
METHODS: Gastric IR was established in male Wistar rats by placing an elastic rubber band under a pressure of 290-310 mmHg on the proximal part of both lower limbs for 3 h followed by reperfusion for 0, 1, 3, 6, 12 or 24 h. RIP was performed using three cycles of 30 s of reperfusion and 30 s of reocclusion of the femoral aortic immediately after IR and before reperfusion for up to 24 h. Rats were randomly assigned to receive IR (n = 36), IR followed by RIP (n = 36), or sham treatment (n = 36). Gastric tissue samples were collected from six animals in each group at each timepoint and processed to determine levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), xanthine oxidase (XOD) and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Additional samples were processed for histologic analysis by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Blood samples were similarly collected to determine serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-10.
RESULTS: The pathologic changes in gastric tissue induced by IR were observed by light microscopy. Administration of RIP dramatically reduced the gastric damage score after 6 h of reperfusion (5.85 ± 0.22 vs 7.72 ± 0.43; P < 0.01). In addition, RIP treatment decreased the serum activities of LDH (3.31 ± 0.32 vs 6.46 ± 0.03; P < 0.01), CK (1.94 ± 0.20 vs 4.54 ± 0.19; P < 0.01) and the concentration of TNF-α (53.82 ± 0.85 vs 88.50 ± 3.08; P < 0.01), and elevated the concentration of IL-10 (101.46 ± 5.08 vs 99.77 ± 4.32; P < 0.01) induced by IR at 6 h. Furthermore, RIP treatment prevented the marked elevation in MDA (3.79 ± 0.29 vs 6.39 ± 0.81) content, XOD (7.81 ± 0.75 vs 10.37 ± 2.47) and MPO (0.47 ± 0.05 vs 0.82 ± 0.03) activities, and decrease in SOD (4.95 ± 0.32 vs 3.41 ± 0.38; P < 0.01) activity in the gastric tissue as measured at 6 h.
CONCLUSION: RIP provides effective functional protection and prevents cell injury to gastric tissue induced by limb IR via anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions.
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Evaluation of the neuroprotective effect of chrysin via modulation of endogenous biomarkers in a rat model of spinal cord injury. J Nat Med 2014; 68:586-603. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-014-0840-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Szlachcic A, Sliwowski Z, Krzysiek-Maczka G, Majka J, Surmiak M, Pajdo R, Drozdowicz D, Konturek SJ, Brzozowski T. New satiety hormone nesfatin-1 protects gastric mucosa against stress-induced injury: mechanistic roles of prostaglandins, nitric oxide, sensory nerves and vanilloid receptors. Peptides 2013; 49:9-20. [PMID: 23978788 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nesfatin-1 belongs to a family of anorexigenic peptides, which are responsible for satiety and are identified in the neurons and endocrine cells within the gut. These peptides have been implicated in the control of food intake; however, very little is known concerning its contribution to gastric secretion and gastric mucosal integrity. In this study the effects of nesfatin-1 on gastric secretion and gastric lesions induced in rats by 3.5h of water immersion and restraint stress (WRS) were determined. Exogenous nesfatin-1 (5-40μg/kg i.p.) significantly decreased gastric acid secretion and attenuated gastric lesions induced by WRS, and this was accompanied by a significant rise in plasma NUCB2/nefatin-1 levels, the gastric mucosal blood flow (GBF), luminal NO concentration, generation of PGE2 in the gastric mucosa, an overexpression of mRNA for NUBC2 and cNOS, as well as a suppression of iNOS and proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β and TNF-α mRNAs. Nesfatin-1-induced protection was attenuated by suppression of COX-1 and COX-2 activity, the inhibition of NOS with L-NNA, the deactivation of afferent nerves with neurotoxic doses of capsaicin, and the pretreatment with capsazepine to inhibit vanilloid VR1 receptors. This study shows for the first time that nesfatin-1 exerts a potent protective action in the stomach of rats exposed to WRS and these effects depend upon decrease in gastric secretion, hyperemia mediated by COX-PG and NOS-NO systems, the activation of vagal and sensory nerves and vanilloid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Szlachcic
- Department of Physiology Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
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Vitamin E modulates apoptosis and c-jun N-terminal kinase activation in ovarian torsion-detorsion injury. Exp Mol Pathol 2013; 95:213-9. [PMID: 23911905 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of vitamin E in follicular degeneration and to assess histopathological and biochemical changes following ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in rat ovaries. Twenty-eight Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into four groups: sham, 4h torsion, 24h detorsion, and a vitamin E group. Thirty minutes before detorsion, a single dose of 200mg/kg vitamin E was administered intraperitoneally. The ovarian histology score was determined, serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were measured. The apoptosis of granulosa cells and the phospho-c-jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK) and phospho-p38 (p-p38) immunoreactivities of these cells were determined. MDA and MPO levels were significantly increased in the torsion and detorsion groups. Hemorrhage, edema, and congestion were also apparent in these groups. In addition, the apoptotic index and the immunoreactivity of p-JNK were highest in the detorsion group, which also showed marked follicular degeneration. However, p-p38 activity was not affected by torsion-detorsion (TD) induction. Vitamin E ameliorated TD-induced histological alterations. It also decreased serum levels of MDA and MPO, reduced the activity of p-JNK in the ovaries, and reduced numbers of apoptotic follicular cells. In conclusion, these data indicate that vitamin E attenuated ovarian follicular degeneration by inhibiting the immunoreactivity of p-JNK and reducing the apoptosis of granulosa cells.
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Al-Rejaie SS, Abuohashish HM, Ahmed MM, Aleisa AM, Alkhamees O. Possible biochemical effects following inhibition of ethanol-induced gastric mucosa damage by Gymnema sylvestre in male Wistar albino rats. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2012; 50:1542-1550. [PMID: 22978267 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2012.694894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Gymnema sylvestre (GS) R. Br. (Gymnema) (Asclepiadaceae) has been used from ancient times as a folk medicine for the treatment of diabetes, obesity, urinary disorder, and stomach stimulation. OBJECTIVE The present study was designed to investigate the effects of G. sylvestre leaves ethanol extract on gastric mucosal injury in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gastric mucosal damage was induced by 80% ethanol in 36 h fasted rats. The effect of G. sylvestre on gastric secretions induced in Shay rats was estimated. In stomach, wall mucus, non-protein sulfhydryl groups (NP-SH), malondialdehyde (MDA), total proteins and nucleic acids levels were estimated. Histopathological changes were observed. RESULTS G. sylvestre pretreatment at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg provided 27, 49, and 63% protection against the ulcerogenic effect of ethanol, respectively. Pylorus ligation accumulated 10.24 mL gastric secretions with 66.56 mEq of acidity in control rats. Pretreatment with G. sylvestre significantly inhibited the secretions volume and acidity in dose-dependent manner. Ethanol caused significant depletion in stomach-wall mucus (p < 0.001), total proteins (p < 0.01), nucleic acids (p < 0.001), and NP-SH (p < 0.001) levels. Pretreatment with G. sylvestre showed protection against these depleted levels in dose-dependent manner. The MDA levels increased from 19.02 to 29.22 nmol/g by ethanol ingestion and decreased with G. sylvestre pretreatments in dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION The protective effect of G. sylvestre observed in the present study is attributed to its effect on mucus production, increase in nucleic acid and NP-SH levels, which appears to be mediated through its free radical scavenging ability and/or possible cytoprotective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim S Al-Rejaie
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 55760, Riyadh 11544, Saudi Arabia.
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Gastroprotective effect of NaHS against mucosal lesions induced by ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57:1496-503. [PMID: 22271414 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-012-2051-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has been shown to display anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. AIM This study was designed to investigate the gastroprotective effect of sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) on gastric mucosal lesions induced by ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats and to determine the possible mechanism involved. METHODS Fifty-sex male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into sham, control (I/R injury), propargylglycine (PAG)-, L-cysteine-, and NaHS-treated groups. To induce I/R lesions, the celiac artery was first clamped for 30 min (ischemia phase), followed by removal of the clamp artery to allow reperfusion for 3 h. Treated rats received PAG [50 mg/kg, intravenous (i.v.)] or NaHS (160, 320, or 640 ng/kg, i.v.) 5 min before reperfusion. The effect of L-cysteine pretreatment was also investigated. Plasma levels of cytokines and cortisol were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The gastric tissue samples were collected to quantify the mRNA expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and transforming growth factor (TGF-β) by quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS The total area of gastric lesions significantly decreased following the administration of NaHS and L-cysteine. The highest area of mucosal lesions was observed in PAG-treated rats. The mRNA expression and plasma levels of IL-1β and TNF-α were significantly decreased in L-cysteine- and NaHS-treated rats in a dose-dependent manner. Slightly increased levels of TGF-β were observed in these test groups, but the difference was not statistically significant compared with the other groups. The plasma level of cortisol was also not affected by NaHS treatment. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that a possible mechanism for the gastroprotective effect of H(2)S could be through the decreased mRNA expression and plasma release of proinflammatory cytokines.
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Effects of Pithecellobium jiringa ethanol extract against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injuries in Sprague-Dawley rats. Molecules 2012; 17:2796-811. [PMID: 22395408 PMCID: PMC6268751 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17032796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Current anti-gastric ulcer agents have side effects, despite the progression and expansion of advances in treatment. This study aimed to investigate the gastroprotective mechanisms of Pithecellobium jiringa ethanol extract against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal ulcers in rats. For this purpose, Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups: Group 1 (normal control) rats were orally administered with vehicle (carboxymethyl cellulose), Group 2 (ulcer control) rats were also orally administered with vehicle. Group 3 (positive control) rats were orally administered with 20 mg/kg omeprazole, Groups 4 and 5 (experimental groups) received ethanol extract of Pithecellobium jiringa ethanol extract at a concentration of 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively. Sixty minutes later, vehicle was given orally to the normal control group, and absolute ethanol was given orally to the ulcer control, positive control and experimental groups to generate gastric mucosal injury. The rats were sacrificed an hour later. The effect of oral administration of plant extract on ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury was studied grossly and histology. The level of lipid peroxidation, (malondialdehyde—MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and gastric wall mucus were measured from gastric mucosal homogenate. The ulcer control group exhibited severe gastric mucosal injury, and this finding was also confirmed by histology of gastric mucosa which showed severe damage to the gastric mucosa with edema and leucocyte infiltration of the submucosal layer. Pre-treatment with plant extract significantly reduced the formation of ethanol-induced gastric lesions, and gastric wall mucus was significantly preserved. The study also indicated a significant increase in SOD activity in gastric mucosal homogenate, whereas a significant decrease in MDA was observed. Acute toxicity tests did not show any signs of toxicity and mortality up to 5 g/kg. The ulcer protective effect of this plant may possibly be due to its preservation of gastric wall mucus along with increased SOD activity and reduction of oxidative stress (MDA). The extract is non-toxic, even at relatively high concentrations.
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Bonamin F, Moraes TM, Kushima H, Silva MA, Rozza AL, Pellizzon CH, Bauab TM, Rocha LRM, Vilegas W, Hiruma-Lima CA. Can a Strychnos species be used as antiulcer agent? Ulcer healing action from alkaloid fraction of Strychnos pseudoquina St. Hil. (Loganiaceae). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 138:47-52. [PMID: 21959182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Strychnos pseudoquina St. Hil. (Loganiaceae) is one Brazilian native medicinal species described in the first edition of the Brazilian Official Pharmacopoeia in 1929. This medicinal plant, popularly known as "quina-quina", "quina-branca" or "casca aromatica was very commonly used in folk medicine in tea form obtained from the bark and/or leaves as tonic, antipyretic, antimalarial and mainly against diseases of the liver, spleen and stomach. AIM OF THE STUDY Previous study already characterized the gastroprotective action of this species The aim of the present study is to elucidate the mechanism of the healing process mediated by the methanolic extract (ME) and their enriched alkaloid fraction (EAF) from Strychnos pseudoquina in chronic gastric ulceration induced by 5% acetic acid in rats, an experimental model that accurately reflects human gastrointestinal disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS The ME and EAF was administered orally in a single dose (based on previously study of dose-response curve) for 14 days after chronic ulceration was induced in rats. The healing effect of ME and EAF was evaluated by macroscopic and morphometric analyses, immunohistochemical assay (PCNA and SOD) and anti-Helicobacter pylori effect was evaluated by in vitro assay. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that EAF significantly reduced border internal (42%) and external (38%) lesion area (mm(2)) by macroscopic analyses (P<0.05). Animals treated with EAF stimulated some proliferative factors by increasing the height of epithelial regenerative area and the expression of PCNA-positive nuclei. The number of vessels in gastric mucosa of rats treated with EAF reveals an expressive increase (4 times more than vehicle treatment) of vessels that stimulate cells proliferation in the healing region. These results suggest that the recovery of vascularization of the ulcerated area is involved in the healing action of alkaloid fraction of Strychnos pseudoquina. The MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of 75 μg/ml from EAF showed an effective in vitro anti-Helicobacter pylori action of this fraction. EAF also was quite effective in the process of SOD release that is an important protective factor against bacterial agents. The efficacy of EAF was accomplished safely without presenting any alteration of toxicological parameters during 14 day of treatment. CONCLUSIONS The expressive gastric healing effect by increasing cellular proliferation together with expression of SOD activity and antibacterial action against Helicobacter pylori confirm the efficacy of this species in heal gastric mucosa and these results are a important contribution to the knowledge of a crude drug presents at the Brazilian Official Pharmacopoeia since 1929.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Bonamin
- UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, cp 610, CEP 18618-000, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Yan XM, Joo MJ, Lim JC, Whang WK, Sim SS, Im C, Kim HR, Lee SY, Kim IK, Sohn UD. The effect of quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside on indomethacin-induced gastric damage in rats via induction of mucus secretion and down-regulation of ICAM-1 expression. Arch Pharm Res 2011; 34:1527-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-011-0915-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Tubek S, Bunio A, Szyguła R, Krasowski G. The content of elements in rainwater and its relation to the frequency of hospitalization for gastric and duodenal peptic ulcers in Opole Voivodship, Poland, during 2000-2002. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 140:253-61. [PMID: 20437109 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-010-8694-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between chemical elements in rainwater and the frequency of hospitalizations for gastric and duodenal peptic ulcers was studied on the population of the province (Voivodship) of Opole, Poland, during the years 2000-2002. There is a high positive correlation between hospitalized cases of gastric peptic ulcers with chromium in rainwater (r = 0.71), cadmium (r = 0.63), and lead (r = 0.70). Mild positive correlations were found with zinc (r = 0.55), copper (r = 0.56), iron (r = 0.57), chloride (r = 0.60), and sulfate (r = 0.52). These correlations were higher on men, suggesting that there are gender correlations involved. In duodenal peptic ulcers, we observed a high positive correlation between chromium in rainwater and hospitalized cases (r = 0.61) and mild positive correlations with lead (r = 0.57), copper (r = 0.52), and cadmium (r = 0.51). Significant gender differences were not found. These positive correlations may be due to the biological activity of the elements, such as their cytotoxic activity, enhanced local adrenergic stimulation on mucosal vasculature, ion channel (mainly calcium channels) remodeling, and, for example promoting infection by Helicobacter pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slawomir Tubek
- Department of Internal Diseases, Voivodship Hospital, Opole, Poland.
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Nassar NN, Schaalan MF, Zaki HF, Abdallah DM. Octreotide ameliorates gastric lesions in chronically mild stressed rats. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:1135-42. [PMID: 21448417 PMCID: PMC3063905 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i9.1135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the effect of chronic mild stress (CMS) on the emergence of gastric ulcers and possible modulation by octreotide, a synthetic somatostatin analogue.
METHODS: Adult male Wistar rats were subjected to nine different unpredictable random stress procedures for 21 d, a multifactorial interactional animal model for CMS. Octreotide was administered daily for 21 d at two dose levels (50 and 90 μg/kg) before exposure to stress procedure. Macro- and microscopical assessments were made, in addition to quantification of plasma corticosterone and gastric mucosal inflammatory, oxidative stress, and apoptotic biomarkers.
RESULTS: Exposure to CMS elevated plasma corticosterone (28.3 ± 0.6 μg/dL, P = 0.002), an event that was accompanied by gastric lesions (6.4 ± 0.16 mm, P = 0.01) and confirmed histopathologically. Moreover, the insult elevated gastric mucosal lipid peroxides (13 ± 0.5 nmol/g tissue, P = 0.001), tumor necrosis factor-α (3008.6 ± 78.18 pg/g tissue, P < 0.001), prostaglandin E2 (117.1 ± 4.31 pg/g tissue, P = 0.002), and caspase-3 activity (2.4 ± 0.14 OD/mg protein, P = 0.002). Conversely, CMS mitigated interleukin-10 (627.9 ± 12.82 pg/g tissue, P = 0.001). Furthermore, in animals exposed to CMS, octreotide restored plasma corticosterone (61% and 71% from CMS, P = 0.002) at both dose levels. These beneficial effects were associated with a remarkable suppression of gastric lesions (38% and 9% from CMS, P = 0.01) and reversal of derangements in gastric mucosa.
CONCLUSION: The current investigation provides evidence that exposure to CMS induces gastric ulceration, which was alleviated by administration of octreotide possibly possessing antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic actions.
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Abdin AA, El-Hamid MAA, El-Seoud SHA, Balaha MFH. Effect of pentoxifylline and/or alpha lipoic acid on experimentally induced acute pancreatitis. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 643:289-96. [PMID: 20599924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is a sudden inflammation of the pancreas that may be life threatening disease with high mortality rates; particularly in presence of systemic inflammatory response and multiple organ failure despite of the conventional antibiotic and symptomatic treatment. Oxidative stress has been shown to be involved in the pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis. This study was designed to investigate the possible effect of pentoxifylline and alpha lipoic acid respectively and in combination on rats with L-arginine induced acute pancreatitis. Rats were divided as follow; Group 1: served as control, Group 2 and Group 3: sacrificed after 24h and 7 days; respectively, from induction of acute pancreatitis by L-arginine 250 mg/100g, Group 4 and Group 5: rats treated by pentoxifylline (12 mg/kg) and sacrificed after 24h and 7 days; respectively, from induction of acute pancreatitis, Group 6 and Group 7: treated by alpha lipoic acid (1mg/kg) and sacrificed after 24h and 7 days; respectively, from induction of acute pancreatitis, Group 8 and Group 9: treated by pentoxifylline and alpha lipoic acid and sacrificed after 24h and 7 days; respectively, from induction of acute pancreatitis. Serum samples were collected to assay levels of amylase enzyme, C-reactive protein, IL-6, catalase enzyme activity, malondialdehyde and pancreases were excised for histopathological examination and assay of pancreatic myeloperoxidase. L-arginine induced-acute pancreatitis was evident by increased in serum marker enzymes and by histopathological findings compared to control group. Pentoxifylline and alpha lipoic acid respectively provided protection against L-arginine induced acute pancreatitis possibly by their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect. Treatment with alpha lipoic acid exhibited pronounced improvement in the course of pancreatitis when compared to treatment with pentoxifylline. Moreover, the combination of pentoxifylline and alpha lipoic acid offered the most evident protection when compared to groups that received monotherapy; pointing to the effectiveness of such combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany A Abdin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of medicine, Tanta University, Egypt.
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Al-Rejaie SS. Inhibition of Ethanol-Induced Gastric Mucosal Damage by Carvedilol in Male Wistar Albino Rats: Possible Biochemical Changes. INT J PHARMACOL 2009. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2009.146.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Brzozowski T, Konturek PC, Chlopicki S, Sliwowski Z, Pawlik M, Ptak-Belowska A, Kwiecień S, Drozdowicz D, Pajdo R, Slonimska E, Konturek SJ, Pawlik WW. Therapeutic Potential of 1-Methylnicotinamide against Acute Gastric Lesions Induced by Stress: Role of Endogenous Prostacyclin and Sensory Nerves. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 326:105-116. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.136457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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Gastroprotective action of orexin-A against stress-induced gastric damage is mediated by endogenous prostaglandins, sensory afferent neuropeptides and nitric oxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 148:6-20. [PMID: 18378017 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2008.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2007] [Revised: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Orexin-A, identified in the neurons and endocrine cells in the gut, has been implicated in control of food intake and sleep behavior but little is known about its influence on gastric secretion and mucosal integrity. The effects of orexin-A on gastric secretion and gastric lesions induced in rats by 3.5 h of water immersion and restraint stress (WRS) or 75% ethanol were determined. Orexin-A (5-80 microg/kg i.p.) increased gastric acid secretion and attenuated gastric lesions induced by WRS and this was accompanied by the significant rise in plasma orexin-A, CGRP and gastrin levels, the gastric mucosal blood flow (GBF), luminal NO concentration and an increase in mRNA for CGRP and overexpression of COX-2 protein and the generation of PGE(2) in the gastric mucosa. Orexin-A-induced protection was abolished by selective OX-1 receptor antagonist, vagotomy and attenuated by suppression of COX-1 and COX-2, deactivation of afferent nerves with neurotoxic dose of capsaicin, pretreatment with CCK(2)/gastrin antagonist, CGRP(8-37) or capsazepine and by inhibition of NOS with L-NNA. This study shows for the first time that orexin-A exerts a potent protective action on the stomach of rats exposed to non-topical ulcerogens such as WRS or topical noxious agents such as ethanol and these effects depend upon hyperemia mediated by COX-PG and NOS-NO systems, activation of vagal nerves and sensory neuropeptides such as CGRP released from sensory nerves probably triggered by an increase in gastric acid secretion induced by this peptide.
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Tariq M, Khan HA, Elfaki I, Arshaduddin M, Al Moutaery M, Al Rayes H, Al Swailam R. Gastric antisecretory and antiulcer effects of simvastatin in rats. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 22:2316-23. [PMID: 17593225 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2007.05021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Recently, statins have appeared to have additional benefits beyond their lipid lowering effects, which has led to the interest in the use of this class of drugs outside the realm of cardiovascular disease. Simvastatin (SIM) is a commonly prescribed statin with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Excessive generation of oxygen-derived free radicals (ODFR) and proinflammatory mediators has been implicated in the pathogenesis of gastric ulcers. This investigation aimed to study the effect of SIM on experimentally induced gastric acid secretion and ulcer formation. METHODS Adult Wistar rats were divided into experimental groups containing six animals. Acid secretion studies were undertaken using pylorus-ligated rats pretreated with SIM (20, 40, and 60 mg/kg). The effect of orally administered SIM was also studied on indomethacin- and ethanol-induced gastric ulcers. The levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO), non-protein sulfhydryls (NP-SH), nitric oxide (NO), antioxidant enzymes, and gastric wall mucus were measured in the glandular stomach of rats following ethanol-induced gastric lesions. RESULTS Administration of SIM significantly and dose-dependently inhibited the volume of gastric secretion and the acidity. Pretreatment with SIM significantly reduced the formation of indomethacin- and ethanol-induced gastric lesions. The antiulcer activity of SIM was associated with significant attenuation of adverse effects of ethanol on gastric wall mucus, NP-SH and MPO. SIM modified the gastric NO levels and reversed the ethanol-induced decrease in glutathione-S-transferase and increase in superoxide dismutase and catalase. CONCLUSIONS These findings clearly suggest the involvement of proinflammatory agents and ODFR in the pathogenesis of gastric lesions. The gastroprotective effects of SIM are mediated by inhibition of neutrophils activity, reduction of oxidative stress, and maintenance of vascular integrity. This study was conducted in rats; its relevance to human gastric ulcers is not known and warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Tariq
- Research Center, Armed Forces Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Brzozowski T, Konturek PC, Sliwowski Z, Pajdo R, Drozdowicz D, Kwiecien S, Burnat G, Konturek SJ, Pawlik WW. Prostaglandin/cyclooxygenase pathway in ghrelin-induced gastroprotection against ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 319:477-87. [PMID: 16868036 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.105932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is involved in the control of food intake, but its role in gastroprotection against the formation of gastric mucosal injury has been little elucidated. We studied the effects of peripheral (i.p.) and central (i.c.v.) administration of ghrelin on gastric secretion and gastric mucosal lesions induced by 3 h of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) with or without inhibition of ghrelin growth hormone secretagogue type 1a receptor (GHS-R1a) by using ghrelin antagonist, d-Lys(3)-GHRP-6; blockade of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 (indomethacin, SC560 [5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-trifluoromethylpyrazole]) and COX-2 (rofecoxib); and bilateral vagotomy or capsaicin denervation. I/R produced typical gastric erosions, a significant fall in the gastric blood flow (GBF), an increase in gastric myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and malonyldialdehyde (MDA) content, and the up-regulation of mucosal ghrelin mRNA. Ghrelin dose-dependently increased gastric acid secretion and significantly reduced I/R-induced gastric erosions, while producing a significant rise in the GBF and mucosal PGE(2) generation and a significant fall in MPO activity and MDA content. The protective and hyperemic activities of ghrelin were significantly attenuated in rats pretreated with d-Lys(3)-GHRP-6 and capsaicin denervation and completely abolished by vagotomy. Indomethacin, SC560, and rofecoxib, selective COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors, attenuated ghrelin-induced protection that was restored by supplying the methyl analog of prostaglandin (PG) E(2). The expression of mRNA for COX-1 was unaffected by ghrelin, but COX-2 mRNA and COX-2 protein were detectable in I/R injured mucosa and further up-regulated by exogenous ghrelin. We conclude that ghrelin exhibits gastroprotective and hyperemic activities against I/R-induced erosions, the effects that are mediated by hormone activation of GHS-R1a receptors, COX-PG system, and vagal-sensory nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Brzozowski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Strasse, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
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Genovese T, Mazzon E, Di Paola R, Muià C, Crisafulli C, Malleo G, Esposito E, Cuzzocrea S. Role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha in acute pancreatitis induced by cerulein. Immunology 2006; 118:559-70. [PMID: 16764691 PMCID: PMC1782323 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02393.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-alpha) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors related to retinoid, steroid and thyroid hormone receptors. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of endogenous PPAR-alpha ligand on the development of acute pancreatitis caused by cerulein in mice. Intraperitoneal injection of cerulein into PPAR-alpha wild-type (WT) mice resulted in severe, acute pancreatitis characterized by oedema, neutrophil infiltration and necrosis and by elevated serum levels of amylase and lipase. Infiltration of pancreatic and lung tissue with neutrophils (measured as an increase in myeloperoxidase activity) was associated with enhanced expression of the adhesion molecules intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and P-selectin. Immunohistochemical examination demonstrated a marked increase in the staining (immunoreactivity) for transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the pancreas of cerulein-treated PPAR-alpha wild-type (WT) mice in comparison to sham-treated mice. Acute pancreatitis in PPAR-alphaWT mice was also associated with a significant mortality (20% survival at 5 days after cerulein administration). In contrast, the degree of pancreatic inflammation and tissue injury (histological score), up-regulation/formation of ICAM-1 and P-selectin, infiltration of neutrophils, and the expression of TGF-beta and VEGF was markedly enhanced in pancreatic tissue obtained from cerulein-treated PPAR-alpha knockout (KO) mice. Thus, endogenous PPAR-alpha ligands reduce the degree of pancreas injury caused by acute pancreatitis induced by cerulein administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Genovese
- Dipartimento Clinico Sperimentale di Medicina e Farmacologia, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di MessinaItaly
- Centro per lo Studio ed il Trattamento dei Neurolesi Lungodegenti, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di MessinaItaly
| | - Emanuela Mazzon
- Dipartimento Clinico Sperimentale di Medicina e Farmacologia, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di MessinaItaly
- Centro per lo Studio ed il Trattamento dei Neurolesi Lungodegenti, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di MessinaItaly
| | - Rosanna Di Paola
- Dipartimento Clinico Sperimentale di Medicina e Farmacologia, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di MessinaItaly
| | - Carmelo Muià
- Dipartimento Clinico Sperimentale di Medicina e Farmacologia, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di MessinaItaly
| | - Concetta Crisafulli
- Dipartimento Clinico Sperimentale di Medicina e Farmacologia, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di MessinaItaly
| | - Giuseppe Malleo
- Dipartimento Clinico Sperimentale di Medicina e Farmacologia, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di MessinaItaly
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia Sperimentale, Università di Napoli ‘Federico II’, NapoliItaly
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Dipartimento Clinico Sperimentale di Medicina e Farmacologia, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di MessinaItaly
- Centro per lo Studio ed il Trattamento dei Neurolesi Lungodegenti, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di MessinaItaly
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Brzozowski T, Konturek PC, Pajdo R, Kwiecień SN, Konturek S, Targosz A, Burnat G, Cieszkowski J, Pawlik WW, Hahn EG. Agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma): a new compound with potent gastroprotective and ulcer healing properties. Inflammopharmacology 2006; 13:317-30. [PMID: 16259750 DOI: 10.1163/156856005774423908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pioglitazone, a specific ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma), was recently implicated in the control of inflammatory processes and in the modulation of the expression of various cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), but its role in the mechanism of gastric mucosal integrity has not been studied extensively. This study was designed to determine the effect of pioglitazone on gastric mucosal lesions induced in rats by topical application of 100% ethanol and by 3.5 h of water immersion and restraint stress (WRS) with or without pretreatment with indomethacin (5 mg/kg i.p.) to inhibit cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and COX-2 enzyme activities and L-NNA (20 mg/kg i.p.) to suppress nitric oxide (NO)-synthase. In addition, the effect of pioglitazone on ulcer healing in rats with chronic acetic acid ulcers (ulcer area 28 mm2) was determined. Rats were killed 1 h and 3.5 h after ethanol administration or WRS exposure or at day 9 upon ulcer induction, and the number and area of gastric lesions were measured by planimetry, the gastric blood flow (GBF) was determined by H2-gas clearance technique and the mucosal PGE2 generation and gene expression and plasma concentration of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta were also evaluated. Pre-treatment with pioglitazone dose-dependently attenuated gastric lesions induced by 100% ethanol and WRS; the dose reducing these lesions by 50% (ID50) being 10 mg/kg and 7 mg/kg, respectively. The protective effect of pioglitazone was accompanied by the significant rise in the GBF, an increase in PGE2 generation and the significant fall in the plasma TNF-alpha and IL-1beta levels. Strong signals for IL-1beta- and TNF-alpha mRNA were recorded in gastric mucosa exposed to ethanol or WRS, and these effects were significantly decreased by pioglitazone. Indomethacin which suppressed PG generation by about 90%, while augmenting WRS damage, and L-NNA, that suppressed NO-synthase activity, significantly attenuated the protective and hyperaemic activity of this PPAR-gamma ligand. In the chronic study, pioglitazone significantly reduced the area of gastric ulcers on day 9 and significantly raised the GBF at the ulcer margin. The acceleration of ulcer healing by PPAR-gamma ligand was accompanied by a significant increase in the expression of PECAM-1 protein, a marker of angiogenesis. We conclude that (1) pioglitazone exerts a potent gastroprotective and hyperaemic actions on the stomach involving endogenous PG and NO and attenuation of the expression and release of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-1beta, and (2) PPAR-gamma ligand accelerates ulcer healing, possibly due to the enhancement in angiogenesis at ulcer margin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Brzozowski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
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Eamlamnam K, Patumraj S, Visedopas N, Thong-Ngam D. Effects of Aloe vera and sucralfate on gastric microcirculatory changes, cytokine levels and gastric ulcer healing in rats. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:2034-9. [PMID: 16610053 PMCID: PMC4087681 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i13.2034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To compare the effects of Aloe vera and sucralfate on gastric microcirculatory changes, cytokine levels and gastric ulcer healing.
METHODS: Male Spraque-Dawley rats (n= 48) were divided into four groups. Group1 served as control group, group 2 as gastric ulcer group without treatment, groups 3 and 4 as gastric ulcer treatment groups with sucralfate and Aloe vera. The rats from each group were divided into 2 subgroups for study of leukocyte adherence, TNF-α and IL-10 levels and gastric ulcer healing on days 1 and 8 after induction of gastric ulcer by 20 % acetic acid.
RESULTS: On day 1 after induction of gastric ulcer, the leukocyte adherence in postcapillary venule was significantly (P< 0.05) increased in the ulcer groups when compared to the control group. The level of TNF-α was elevated and the level of IL-10 was reduced. In the ulcer groups treated with sucralfate and Aloe vera, leukocyte adherence was reduced in postcapillary venule. The level of IL-10 was elevated, but the level of TNF-α had no significant difference. On day 8, the leukocyte adherence in postcapillary venule and the level of TNF-α were still increased and the level of IL-10 was reduced in the ulcer group without treatment. The ulcer treated with sucralfate and Aloe vera had lower leukocyte adherence in postcapillary venule and TNF-α level. The level of IL-10 was still elevated compared to the ulcer group without treatment. Furthermore, histopathological examination of stomach on days 1 and 8 after induction of gastric ulcer showed that gastric tissue was damaged with inflammation. In the ulcer groups treated with sucralfate and Aloe vera on days 1 and 8, gastric inflammation was reduced, epithelial cell proliferation was enhanced and gastric glands became elongated. The ulcer sizes were also reduced compared to the ulcer group without treatment.
CONCLUSION: Administration of 20 % acetic acid can induce gastric inflammation, increase leukocyte adherence in postcapillary venule and TNF-α level and reduce IL-10 level. Aloe vera treatment can reduce leukocyte adherence and TNF-α level, elevate IL-10 level and promote gastric ulcer healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kallaya Eamlamnam
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Konturek PC, Brzozowski T, Walter B, Burnat G, Hess T, Hahn EG, Konturek SJ. Ghrelin-induced gastroprotection against ischemia-reperfusion injury involves an activation of sensory afferent nerves and hyperemia mediated by nitric oxide. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 536:171-81. [PMID: 16581065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Revised: 02/15/2006] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin has been recently identified as an endogenous ligand for growth hormone secretagogue receptor that regulates growth hormone secretion, increases appetite and contributes to energy homeostasis. Although this peptide is predominantly produced by the fasted stomach, little is known about its influence on the gastric mucosal integrity. The aim of the present study was (1) to investigate the effect of acylated ghrelin on the formation and healing of acute gastric mucosal lesions induced by ischemia-reperfusion and gastric mucosal blood flow in rats; (2) to analyse the effects of the deactivation of afferent sensory nerves with capsaicin and of the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO)-synthase by NG-nitro-l-arginine (l-NNA) on the ghrelin-induced protection; (3) to examine the influence of ghrelin on nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation and on release of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, (4) to assess the effect of ghrelin on the mRNA expression of constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cNOS), calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) and angiogenesis related proteins such as hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1alpha) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and (5) to determine the effect of ischemia/reperfusion on the gastric mucosa expression of ghrelin in rats without and with administration of exogenous hormone. Wistar rats were exposed to 30 min of ischemia followed by 3 h of reperfusion. Ghrelin was administered in dose of 5, 10 or 20 mug/kg intraperitoneally (i.p.) 30 min prior exposure to ischemia/reperfusion and at 3 h after the end of ischemia, the mean lesion area was measured by planimetry and the changes in gastric blood flow were determined by hydrogen (H2)-gas clearance method. The healing of ischemia/reperfusion induced lesions was evaluated at 24 h or 6 days after the end of standard ischemia/reperfusion. The expression of cNOS, CGRP, HIF-1alpha, VEGF and ghrelin was evaluated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction or Western blot. Ghrelin significantly attenuated the ischemia/reperfusion-induced gastric lesions and accelerated the healing of these lesions while significantly raising the gastric blood flow. Deactivation of sensory nerves with capsaicin or inhibition of cNOS by L-NNA significantly attenuated the protective activity of ghrelin and accompanying increase in the GBF. Exogenous ghrelin significantly inhibited the activation of NF-kappaB and plasma TNF-alpha levels. The ghrelin-enhanced acceleration of healing of ischemia/perfusion induced lesions was accompanied by enhanced expression of mRNA for HIF-1alpha and by diminution of the ischemia/reperfusion induced increase in mRNA expression for TNF-alpha. We conclude that ghrelin exerts a potent protective action on the gastric mucosa and accelerates the healing of ischemia/reperfusion-induced lesions and these effects depend upon activation of sensory nerves, hyperemia mediated by NO, increased angiogenesis due to expression of YEGF and anti-inflammatory properties of this peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Konturek
- First Department of Medicine, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Muià C, Mazzon E, Crisafulli C, Di Paola R, Genovese T, Caputi AP, Cuzzocrea S. ROLE OF ENDOGENOUS PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR-α (PPAR-α) LIGANDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF GUT ISCHEMIA AND REPERFUSION IN MICE. Shock 2006; 25:17-22. [PMID: 16369181 DOI: 10.1097/01.shk.0000186930.95227.4f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-alpha) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors related to retinoid, steroid, and thyroid hormone receptors. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of endogenous PPAR-alpha ligand on the development of gut ischemia and reperfusion injury. Splanchnic artery occlusion (SAO) shock was induced in mice by clamping both the superior mesenteric artery and the celiac artery for 30 min, followed thereafter by release of the clamp (reperfusion). At 60 min after reperfusion, animals were sacrificed for histological examination and biochemical studies. SAO-shocked WT mice developed a significant increase of ileum tissue, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, myeloperoxidase activity, and marked histological injury. SAO shock was also associated with a significant mortality (0% survival at 24 h after reperfusion). Reperfused ileum tissue sections from SAO-shocked WT mice showed positive staining for P-selectin, ICAM-1, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta. Absence of a functional PPAR-alpha gene in PPAR-alphaKO mice resulted in a significant augmentation of all the above-described parameters. Thus, endogenous PPAR-alpha ligands reduce the degree of ileum injury caused by ischemia and reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Muià
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Torre Biologica, Policlinico Universitario, 98123 Messina, Italy
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N/A, 任 建. N/A. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2005; 13:2582-2585. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v13.i21.2582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
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Brzozowski T, Konturek PC, Drozdowicz D, Konturek SJ, Zayachivska O, Pajdo R, Kwiecien S, Pawlik WW, Hahn EG. Grapefruit-seed extract attenuates ethanol-and stress-induced gastric lesions via activation of prostaglandin, nitric oxide and sensory nerve pathways. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:6450-8. [PMID: 16425415 PMCID: PMC4355785 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i41.6450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: Grapefruit-seed extract (GSE) containing flavonoids, possesses antibacterial and antioxidative properties but whether it influences the gastric defense mechanism and gastroprotection against ethanol- and stress-induced gastric lesions remains unknown.
METHODS: We compared the effects of GSE on gastric mucosal lesions induced in rats by topical application of 100% ethanol or 3.5 h of water immersion and restraint stress (WRS) with or without (A) inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 activity by indomethacin and rofecoxib, the selective COX-2 inhibitor, (B) suppression of NO-synthase with L-NNA (20 mg/kg ip), and (C) inactivation by capsaicin (125 mg/kg sc) of sensory nerves with or without intragastric (ig) pretreatment with GSE applied 30 min prior to ethanol or WRS. One hour after ethanol and 3.5 h after the end of WRS, the number and area of gastric lesions were measured by planimetry, the gastric blood flow (GBF) was assessed by H2-gas clearance technique and plasma gastrin levels and the gastric mucosal generation of PGE2, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malonyldialdehyde (MDA) concentration, as an index of lipid peroxidation were determined.
RESULTS: Ethanol and WRS caused gastric lesions accompanied by the significant fall in the GBF and SOD activity and the rise in the mucosal MDA content. Pretreatment with GSE (8-64 mg/kg i g) dose-dependently attenuated gastric lesions induced by 100% ethanol and WRS; the dose reducing these lesions by 50% (ID50) was 25 and 36 mg/kg, respectively, and this protective effect was similar to that obtained with methyl PGE2 analog (5 μg/kg i g). GSE significantly raised the GBF, mucosal generation of PGE2, SOD activity and plasma gastrin levels while attenuating MDA content. Inhibition of PGE2 generation with indomethacin or rofecoxib and suppression of NO synthase by L-NNA or capsaicin denervation reversed the GSE-induced protection and the accompanying hyperemia. Co-treatment of exogenous calcitonine gene-related peptide (CGRP) with GSE restored the protection and accompanying hyperemic effects of GSE in rats with capsaicin denervation.
CONCLUSION: GSE exerts a potent gastroprotective activity against ethanol and WRS-induced gastric lesions via an increase in endogenous PG generation, suppression of lipid peroxidation and hyperemia possibly mediated by NO and CGRP released from sensory nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Brzozowski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland.
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Takagi T, Naito Y, Ichikawa H, Tomatsuri N, Katada K, Isozaki Y, Kuroda M, Kokura S, Yoshida N, Yoshikawa T. A PPAR-gamma ligand, 15-deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J(2), inhibited gastric mucosal injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Redox Rep 2005; 9:376-81. [PMID: 15720836 DOI: 10.1179/135100004225006911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent studies have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory action of 15-deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)), a derivative of the PGD(2) metabolic pathway. Acute inflammation, including neutrophil activation, plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of 15d-PGJ(2) on I/R-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats. METHODS Gastric mucosal damage was induced in male Wistar rats by clamping the celiac artery for 30 min followed by reperfusion. 15d-PGJ(2) (0.01-1.0 mg/kg) was given to the rats intraperitoneally 1 h before the vascular clamping. The area of gastric mucosal erosions (erosion index) was measured. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and tissue-associated myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were measured in the gastric mucosa as indices of lipid peroxidation and neutrophil infiltration. The expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in gastric mucosa was measured by ELISA. In addition, to elucidate whether the protective effects of 15d-PGJ(2) are related to the activation of the PPAR-gamma receptor, we also investigated the effects of a PPAR-gamma antagonist, GW9662. RESULTS After 60 min of reperfusion, the area of gastric erosion index had significantly increased from the mean basal levels. The increase in the erosion index was significantly inhibited by pretreatment with 15d-PGJ(2) in a dose-dependent manner. On the other hand, GW9662 reversed the protective effect of 15d-PGJ(2). The concentration of TBARS and MPO activity in the gastric mucosa were both significantly increased after I/R, and pretreatment with 15d-PGJ(2) significantly reduced these increases. The TNF-alpha content was significantly higher in the I/R group than in the sham-operated group. However, the increase in TNF-alpha was significantly inhibited by pretreatment with 15d-PGJ(2). CONCLUSIONS 15d-PGJ(2) significantly inhibited the severity of acute gastric mucosal injury induced by I/R in rats through PPAR-gamma-dependent mechanisms. This effect may be due, in part, to a reduction in the infiltration of neutrophils into the gastric mucosa, possibly via the inhibition of inflammatory cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Takagi
- Department of Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Abstract
Previous studies have shown a definite role of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and epidermal growth factors (EGF) in the maintenance and repair of gastric mucosa. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of menadione, an activator of MAPK pathway, on gastric acid secretion and experimentally induced gastric ulcer in rats. Acid secretion studies were undertaken using pylorus-ligated rats pretreated with menadione (5 - 45 mg/kg, i.p.). The effect of orally administered menadione on ethanol-induced gastric ulcers was also examined. The level of gastric wall mucus, non-protein sulfhydryls (NP-SH) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) was measured in the glandular stomach of rats following ethanol-induced gastric lesions. There was a significant inhibition of gastric acid secretion in the menadione treated rats. Pretreatment of rats with menadione significantly protected gastric mucosa against ethanol-induced gastric lesion. A significant attenuation of ethanol-induced reduction of gastric wall mucus, depletion of NP-SH and increase in gastric MPO activity was also observed in menadione treated rats. In conclusion, this study clearly showed acid antisecretory and antiulcer activity of menadione. Further studies are warranted to determine the mechanism of antiacid and gastroprotective effect of menadione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Tariq
- Research Center and Department of Pathology, Armed Forces Hospital, P. O. Box 7897, (W-912) Riyadh 11159, Saudi Arabia.
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Smelley C, Specian RD, Tang J, Zhang JH. Acute gastric changes after intracerebral hemorrhage in rats. Brain Res 2005; 1038:198-207. [PMID: 15757635 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2004] [Revised: 01/10/2005] [Accepted: 01/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Severe intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) produces gastric pathology in about 30% of the patient population, even after the standard treatment of H2 receptor blockers or proton pump inhibitors. This study was undertaken to establish a rat model of ICH-induced gastric ulcer. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (300-350 g) were divided into two hemorrhage groups and a sham control group. ICH was produced either by injection of 100 microl of autologous arterial blood or by injection of 4 microl saline containing 0.6 unit of bacterial collagenase VII into the right basal ganglia. Rats were sacrificed at 24, 48, 72 h, and 7 days after ICH to harvest brains and stomachs. Greater degrees of hemorrhage and brain edema were observed in collagenase-induced ICH. Motor behavior decreased significantly after 24 h in both models. The incidence of acute ulceration with destruction of the forestomach epithelium was extremely low at 8.7% in the collagenase injection model and 4.8% in the blood injection rats. Small, pinpoint hemorrhages (petechiae) were noticed in 38% of rats after blood injection and 22% after collagenase injection, in the glandular portion of the gastric mucosa with penetration of red blood cells and inflammatory cells into the gastric mucosa. Enhanced tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) expressions were observed in gastric tissues after ICH with more intense staining occurring at 24 and 48 h. Due to the low incidence of ulceration, ICH-induced gastric ulceration in rodents may not appropriate for evaluating the potential human risk of gastric ulceration after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Smelley
- Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center in Shreveport, LA 71105, USA
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Brzozowski T, Konturek PC, Konturek SJ, Pajdo R, Kwiecien S, Pawlik M, Drozdowicz D, Sliwowski Z, Pawlik WW. Ischemic preconditioning of remote organs attenuates gastric ischemia-reperfusion injury through involvement of prostaglandins and sensory nerves. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 499:201-13. [PMID: 15363968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2004] [Accepted: 07/13/2004] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Limitation of the stomach damage by its earlier brief ischemia and reperfusion before prolonged ischemia is defined as gastric ischemic preconditioning but whether such brief ischemia of remote organs like heart or liver can also attenuate the gastric damage caused by longer and severe ischemia-reperfusion remains unknown. The cardiac, hepatic and gastric preconditioning were induced by brief ischemia (occlusion of coronary, hepatic and celiac arteries twice for 5 min) applied 30 min before 3 h of ischemia/reperfusion. Standard 3 h ischemia-reperfusion of the stomach produced numerous gastric lesions, decreased gastric blood flow and mucosal prostaglandin E2 generation and increased expression and plasma release of interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). These effects were significantly attenuated by brief cardiac, hepatic and gastric preconditioning which upregulated cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA but not cyclooxygenase-1 mRNA. The protective effects of brief gastric, cardiac and hepatic preconditioning were attenuated by selective cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and capsaicin denervation. We conclude that brief ischemia of remote preconditioning such as heart or liver protects gastric mucosa against severe ischemia-reperfusion-induced gastric lesions as effectively as local preconditioning of the stomach itself via the mechanism involving prostaglandin derived from cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 and the activation of sensory nerves releasing calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) combined with the suppression of interleukin-1beta and TNF-alpha expression and release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Brzozowski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16, Grzegorzecka Str., 31-531 Cracow, Poland
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Beales ILP. Gastrin and interleukin-1beta stimulate growth factor secretion from cultured rabbit gastric parietal cells. Life Sci 2004; 75:2983-95. [PMID: 15474551 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2004] [Accepted: 03/29/2004] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The hormone gastrin stimulates proliferation of the gastric mucosa. Inflammation of the stomach is also associated with increased proliferation. The proliferative response is important in the reparative response to injury but can be deleterious by predisposing to the development of cancer. Parietal cells, but not the cells in the proliferative zone of the gastric glands, express the appropriate gastrin receptor. Parietal cells may mediate the trophic effects of gastrin by secreting other growth factors. The role of parietal cells in the proliferative responses has been examined in this study. Rabbit parietal cells were cultured with gastrin or the cytokine interleukin-1beta for 18 hours. The conditioned medium from gastrin or IL-1beta stimulated parietal cells increased proliferation of HeLa cells in an epidermal growth factor-receptor dependant manner. Gastrin and IL-1beta stimulated the secretion of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor and amphiregulin but not transforming growth factor-alpha from parietal cells. Combinations of gastrin and IL-1beta on growth factor secretion were synergistic. The protein kinase C inhibitor staurosporine abolished these stimulatory effects of gastrin and IL-1beta. Divergent effects on histamine-stimulated acid secretion were observed; 18 hours pre-treatment with gastrin enhanced acid secretion by 50% but IL-1beta inhibited acid secretion in both control and gastrin pre-treated parietal cells. The acid-secreting parietal cell plays a central role in the regulation of mucosal proliferation in gastric inflammation. Secretion of paracrine growth factors by parietal cells may be an important point of integration between the endocrine and inflammatory stimuli in determining mucosal responses to injury and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian L P Beales
- Gastrointestinal Research Unit, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Health Policy and Practice, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR 4 7TJ, United Kingdom.
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Gao Y, Chan E, Zhou S. Immunomodulating Activities ofGanoderma, a Mushroom with Medicinal Properties. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2004. [DOI: 10.1081/fri-120037158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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