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Akram W, Tagde P, Ahmed S, Arora S, Emran TB, Babalghith AO, Sweilam SH, Simal-Gandara J. Guaiazulene and related compounds: A review of current perspective on biomedical applications. Life Sci 2023; 316:121389. [PMID: 36646376 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thousands of people worldwide pass away yearly due to neurological disorders, cardiovascular illnesses, cancer, metabolic disorders, and microbial infections. Additionally, a sizable population has also been impacted by hepatotoxicity, ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and breast fissure. These ailments are likewise steadily increasing along with the increase in life expectancy. Finding innovative therapies to cure and consequently lessen the impact of these ailments is, therefore, a global concern. METHODS AND MATERIALS All provided literature on Guaiazulene (GA) and its related compounds were searched using various electronic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Elsevier, Springer, ACS, CNKI, and books via the keywords Guaiazulene, Matricaria chamomilla, GA-related compounds, and Guaiazulene analogous. RESULTS The FDA has approved the bicyclic sesquiterpene GA, commonly referred to as azulon or 1,4-dimethyl-7-isopropylazulene, as a component in cosmetic colorants. The pleiotropic health advantages of GA and related substances, especially their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, attracted a lot of research. Numerous studies have found that GA can help to manage various conditions, including bacterial infections, tumors, immunomodulation, expectorants, diuretics, diaphoresis, ulcers, dermatitis, proliferation, and gastritis. These conditions all involve lipid peroxidation and inflammatory response. In this review, we have covered the biomedical applications of GA. Moreover, we also emphasize the therapeutic potential of guaiazulene derivatives in pre-clinical and clinical settings, along with their underlying mechanism(s). CONCLUSION GA and its related compounds exhibit therapeutic potential in several diseases. Still, it is necessary to investigate their potential in animal models for various other ailments and establish their safety profile. They might be a good candidate to advance to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasim Akram
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Priti Tagde
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Campus, Sector 125, Noida 201313, UP, India; PRISAL Foundation (Pharmaceutical Royal International Society), India.
| | - Sakeel Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Swamita Arora
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Campus, Sector 125, Noida 201313, UP, India
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Ahmad O Babalghith
- Medical Genetics Department, College of Medicine, Umm Alqura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherouk Hussein Sweilam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo-Suez Road, Badr City 11829, Egypt
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical Chemistry and Food Science Department, Faculty of Science, E32004 Ourense, Spain.
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Isik M, Ozbayer C, Donmez DB, Colak E, Ustuner MC, Erol K, Degirmenci I. Effects of the probiotic, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, on ulcer pathogenesis, HSP70 stress protein and nitric oxide levels in stress induced ulcer. Biotech Histochem 2022; 97:449-460. [PMID: 35258367 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2022.2028308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptic ulcer is a gastric or duodenal mucosal injury; psychological stress may participate in development of the lesions. Heat shock protein-70 (HSP70) is a molecular chaperone that is responsible for cellular healing; it is an early biomarker of cellular damage. Nitric oxide (NO) is an intra- and intercellular messenger in the gastrointestinal system that protects mucosal integrity. Lactobacillus rhamnosus is among the microflora of the intestinal tract; it is resistant to gastric acidity. We investigated the efficacy of L. rhamnosus administration on ulcer pathogenesis, stress protein HSP70 and NO levels in experimental stress induced ulcer. The proton pump inhibitor, pantoprazole, was used for comparison with the gastroprotective effect of the probiotic. We administered 10 mg/kg pantoprazole and L. rhamnosus at doses of 3 × 108 cfu/ml (M1), 15 × 108 cfu/ml (M5), 30 × 108 cfu/ml (M10) to rats according to McFarland-1, McFarland-5, McFarland-10 standards, respectively. Rats were stressed by immobilization at 4 °C, then sacrificed. The pH, amounts of gastric mucus, NO and HSP70 levels were measured and the histological structure of stomach was assessed. We found increased NO levels in the M5 group and increased HSP70 expression in the pantoprazole group. Significant epithelial damage was observed in the stressed groups and minimal epithelial damage was observed in M5 group compared to controls. The probiotic, L. rhamnosus, may be useful for preventing stress induced ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musab Isik
- Department of Physiology, Sakarya University, Medical Faculty, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Cansu Ozbayer
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Kutahya Health Sciences University, Kutahya, Turkey
| | - Dilek Burukoglu Donmez
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Ertugrul Colak
- Department of Biostatistics, Medical Faculty, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Cengiz Ustuner
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Kevser Erol
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Irfan Degirmenci
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Kutahya Health Sciences University, Kutahya, Turkey
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El Badawy SA, Ogaly HA, Abd-Elsalam RM, Azouz AA. Benzyl isothiocyanates modulate inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis via Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB signaling pathways on indomethacin-induced gastric injury in rats. Food Funct 2021; 12:6001-6013. [PMID: 34037056 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00645b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the gastroprotective activity of benzyl isothiocyanates (BITC) on indomethacin (IND)-induced gastric injury in a rat model and explicated the possible involved biochemical, cellular, and molecular mechanisms. The rat model with gastric ulcers was established by a single oral dose of IND (30 mg per kg b.wt). BITC (0.75 and 1.5 mg kg-1) and esomeprazole (20 mg per kg b.wt) were orally administered for 3 weeks to rats before the induction of gastric injury. Compared with the IND group, BITC could diminish both the macroscopic and microscopic pathological morphology of gastric mucosa. BITC significantly preserved the antioxidants (glutathione GSH, superoxide dismutase SOD), nitric oxide (NO), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) contents, while decreasing the gastric mucosal malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) contents. Moreover, BITC remarkably upregulated the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), hemoxygenase-1 (HO-1), and NAD(P)H : quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1). In addition, BITC activates the expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP-70) and downregulated the expression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and caspase-3 to promote gastric mucosal cell survival. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first published report to implicate the suppression of inflammation, oxidative stress, and Nrf2 signaling pathway as a potential mechanism for the gastroprotective activity of BITC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shymaa A El Badawy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hanan A Ogaly
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia. and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Reham M Abd-Elsalam
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Asmaa A Azouz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Gastroprotective effects of sulforaphane and thymoquinone against acetylsalicylic acid-induced gastric ulcer in rats. J Surg Res 2016; 203:348-59. [PMID: 27363643 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) commonly cause gastric ulcers (GUs). We investigated the effects of sulforaphane (SF) and thymoquinone (TQ) in rats with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)-induced GUs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-five male Wistar-Albino rats were divided into five groups: control; ASA; ASA with vehicle; ASA + SF; and ASA + TQ. Compounds were administered by oral gavage before GU induction. GUs were induced by intragastric administration of ASA. Four hours after GU induction, rats were killed and stomachs excised. Total oxidant status, total antioxidant status, total thiol, nitric oxide, asymmetric dimethylarginine, tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels, superoxide dismutase activity, and glutathione peroxidase activity in tissue were measured. Messenger RNA expression of dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolases, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells were analyzed. Renal tissues were evaluated by histopathologic and immunohistochemical means. RESULTS SF and TQ reduced GU indices, apoptosis, total oxidant status, asymmetric dimethylarginine, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, and inducible nitric oxide synthase expressions (P < 0.001, P = 0.001). Both examined compounds increased superoxide dismutase activity, glutathione peroxidase activity, total antioxidant status, total thiol, nitric oxide levels, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolases, HO-1, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, and HO-1 expressions (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that pretreatment with SF or TQ can reduce ASA-induced GUs via anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic effects. These compounds may be useful therapeutic strategies to prevent the gastrointestinal adverse effects that limit nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs use.
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Chang M, Xue J, Sharma V, Habtezion A. Protective role of hemeoxygenase-1 in gastrointestinal diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1161-73. [PMID: 25428780 PMCID: PMC4342274 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1790-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Disorders and diseases of the gastrointestinal system encompass a wide array of pathogenic mechanisms as a result of genetic, infectious, neoplastic, and inflammatory conditions. Inflammatory diseases in general are rising in incidence and are emerging clinical problems in gastroenterology and hepatology. Hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a stress-inducible enzyme that has been shown to confer protection in various organ-system models. Its downstream effectors, carbon monoxide and biliverdin have also been shown to offer these beneficial effects. Many studies suggest that induction of HO-1 expression in gastrointestinal tissues and cells plays a critical role in cytoprotection and resolving inflammation as well as tissue injury. In this review, we examine the protective role of HO-1 and its downstream effectors in modulating inflammatory diseases of the upper (esophagus and stomach) and lower (small and large intestine) gastrointestinal tract, the liver, and the pancreas. Cytoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic activities of HO-1 make it a promising if not ideal therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Chang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Jing Xue
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Vishal Sharma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Aida Habtezion
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
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Andrés NC, Fermento ME, Gandini NA, Romero AL, Ferro A, Donna LG, Curino AC, Facchinetti MM. Heme oxygenase-1 has antitumoral effects in colorectal cancer: involvement of p53. Exp Mol Pathol 2014; 97:321-31. [PMID: 25236576 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) has been shown to be up-regulated in colorectal cancer (CRC), but the role it plays in this cancer type has not yet been addressed. The aims of this study have been to analyze HO-1 expression in human invasive CRC, evaluate its correlation with clinical and histo-pathological parameters and to investigate the mechanisms through which the enzyme influences tumor progression. We confirmed that HO-1 was over-expressed in human invasive CRC and found that the expression of the enzyme was associated with a longer overall survival time. In addition, we observed in a chemically-induced CRC animal model that total and nuclear HO-1 expression increases with tumor progression. Our investigation of the mechanisms involved in HO-1 action in CRC demonstrates that the protein reduces cell viability through induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis and, importantly, that a functional p53 tumor suppressor protein is required for these effects. This reduction in cell viability is accompanied by modulation of the levels of p21, p27, and cyclin D1 and by modulation of Akt and PKC pathways. Altogether, our results demonstrate an antitumoral role of HO-1 and points to the importance of p53 status in this antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Carolina Andrés
- Laboratorio de Biología del Cáncer - Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas Bahía Blanca, Centro Científico Tecnológico (INIBIBB-CCT-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - María Eugenia Fermento
- Laboratorio de Biología del Cáncer - Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas Bahía Blanca, Centro Científico Tecnológico (INIBIBB-CCT-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Norberto Ariel Gandini
- Laboratorio de Biología del Cáncer - Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas Bahía Blanca, Centro Científico Tecnológico (INIBIBB-CCT-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | | | - Alejandro Ferro
- Servicio de Oncología, Hospital Italiano Regional, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | | | - Alejandro Carlos Curino
- Laboratorio de Biología del Cáncer - Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas Bahía Blanca, Centro Científico Tecnológico (INIBIBB-CCT-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - María Marta Facchinetti
- Laboratorio de Biología del Cáncer - Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas Bahía Blanca, Centro Científico Tecnológico (INIBIBB-CCT-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
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Gibbons SJ, Verhulst PJ, Bharucha A, Farrugia G. Review article: carbon monoxide in gastrointestinal physiology and its potential in therapeutics. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 38:689-702. [PMID: 23992228 PMCID: PMC3788684 DOI: 10.1111/apt.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While carbon monoxide (CO) is a known toxin, it is now recognised that CO is also an important signalling molecule involved in physiology and pathophysiology. AIMS To summarise our current understanding of the role of endogenous CO in the regulation of gastrointestinal physiology and pathophysiology, and to potential therapeutic applications of modulating CO. METHODS This review is based on a comprehensive search of the Ovid Medline comprehensive database and supplemented by our ongoing studies evaluating the role of CO in gastrointestinal physiology and pathophysiology. RESULTS Carbon monoxide derived from haem oxygenase (HO)-2 is predominantly involved in neuromodulation and in setting the smooth muscle membrane potential, while CO derived from HO-1 has anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties, which protect gastrointestinal smooth muscle from damage caused by injury or inflammation. Exogenous CO is being explored as a therapeutic agent in a variety of gastrointestinal disorders, including diabetic gastroparesis, post-operative ileus, organ transplantation, inflammatory bowel disease and sepsis. However, identifying the appropriate mechanism for safely delivering CO in humans is a major challenge. CONCLUSIONS Carbon monoxide is an important regulator of gastrointestinal function and protects the gastrointestinal tract against noxious injury. CO is a promising therapeutic target in conditions associated with gastrointestinal injury and inflammation. Elucidating the mechanisms by which CO works and developing safe CO delivery mechanisms are necessary to refine therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Gibbons
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Choi HS, Lim JY, Chun HJ, Lee M, Kim ES, Keum B, Seo YS, Jeen YT, Um SH, Lee HS, Kim CD, Ryu HS, Sul D. The effect of polaprezinc on gastric mucosal protection in rats with ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage: comparison study with rebamipide. Life Sci 2013; 93:69-77. [PMID: 23743168 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Polaprezinc (PZ), which consists of l-carnosine and zinc, is widely used to treat gastric ulcers. We compared the effects of PZ with those of rebamipide (RM) on the expression of inflammatory cytokines, antioxidants, growth factors, and heat shock proteins (HSP) in a rat model. MAIN METHODS Seventy Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to test groups according to the dose of PZ at 5, 10, or 30 mg/kg or RM at 10, 30, or 100 mg/kg. Next, we obtained ulcer indices from rats with ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage. Western blot analysis was used to evaluate the expression of various target proteins. KEY FINDINGS Pathological ulcer indices in the PZ and RM groups were significantly lower than those in the control group. The levels of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 1β [IL-1β], IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor α) decreased, whereas the levels of platelet-derived growth factor-B, vascular endothelial growth factor, and nerve growth factor significantly increased after PZ administration. Furthermore, the expression of antioxidants (superoxide dismutase 1 [SOD-1], SOD-2, heme oxygenase-1, glutathione S-transferase, peroxidredoxin-1, and peroxidredoxin-5) was significantly higher in the PZ group, and the levels of HSP 90, 70, 60, 47, 27, and 10 significantly increased with an increase in PZ dose. SIGNIFICANCE In a rat model of ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage, PZ administration ameliorated ethanol-induced mucosal injury and showed protective effects on the mucosa by reducing the levels of inflammatory cytokines and increasing the expression of antioxidant enzymes and growth factors. Furthermore, PZ showed cytoprotective effects by increasing the HSP levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk Soon Choi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Digestive Disease and Nutrition, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Temperature measurement and Hsp47 immunoexpression in oral ulcers irradiated with defocused high-energy diode laser. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2013; 118:42-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2012.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Zhu X, Fan WG, Li DP, Kung H, Lin MCM. Heme oxygenase-1 system and gastrointestinal inflammation: A short review. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:4283-8. [PMID: 22090784 PMCID: PMC3214703 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i38.4283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) system catalyzes heme to biologically active products: carbon monoxide, biliverdin/bilirubin and free iron. It is involved in maintaining cellular homeostasis and many physiological and pathophysiological processes. A growing body of evidence indicates that HO-1 activation may play an important protective role in acute and chronic inflammation of gastrointestinal tract. This review focuses on the current understanding of the physiological significance of HO-1 induction and its possible roles in the gastrointestinal inflammation studied to date. The ability to upregulate HO-1 by pharmacological means or using gene therapy may offer therapeutic strategies for gastrointestinal inflammation in the future.
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Vasques MT, Alves MAV, de Cerqueira Luz JG, Corrêa L. Immunolocalization of heat shock proteins 27 and 47 during repair of induced oral ulcers. J Oral Sci 2011; 52:623-31. [PMID: 21206166 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.52.623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (Hsps) 27 and 47 are involved in the control of apoptosis, cell migration, and collagen synthesis. There is some understanding of the immunolocalization of these proteins during the repair process in skin and gastrointestinal mucosa, but their expressions in normal and injured oral mucosa are unknown. The aim of this study was to analyze the immunolocalization and intensity of these proteins in oral ulcers induced in rats and to compare these expression levels with those reported in skin and gastric mucosa. Ulcers were induced on the ventral surface of the tongues of rats. The rats were then euthanized at 0, 24, 48, 72, and 120 h. Hsp27 expression remained low in the first hours of repair, but was higher at 72 h, mainly in the migrating epithelium. Expression of Hsp47 was high at 48 h, mainly in fibroblasts, cells of the vascular wall, and basal keratinocytes of migrating epithelium. In the control group, expressions of these proteins were low, which indicates that these Hsps are constitutive proteins in oral mucosa. Expression levels were similar to those reported in the healing of skin lesions and gastric ulcer, suggesting a common mechanism of Hsp activation in the repair of these tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra T Vasques
- Oral Pathology Department, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Li JX, Zhang YL, Zhu LQ, Zhao NN. Effect of Qi-replenishing and blood-activating treatment on aberrant gene expression profile in the precancerous lesion of CAG in rats. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2008; 16:3261-3268. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v16.i29.3261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate aberrant gene expression of chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) precancerous lesions in rats receoiving Qi-replenishing and blood-activating treatment and to analyze its pharmaco-mechanism at genetic level.
METHODS: The model of precancerous lesion of CAG rats induced by spring insertion and hot paste was established. One step method for extraction of total RNA of rat stomach tissues after administration of Qi-replenishing and blood-activating medicinals and the stomach tissue of the model group was used. After reverse transcription and fluorescent labeling by Cy3, Cy5, we got two groups of rat stomach cDNA probes and then hybridized with the cDNA gene expression profiles microarray hybridization. The result was scanned by the laser scanner and processed by software for image analysis, standardization, the ratio of value analysis, cluster analysis and gene ontology analysis. Results of gene array were verified by Real-time PCR.
RESULTS: Screening showed 205 differentially expressed genes, of which, there were 101 up-regulated expression genes and 104 down-regulated expression genes. They composed the gene expression profiles for precancerous lesion of precancerous lesions of CAG in rats treated with Qi-replenishing and blood-activating medicinals. There were four genes related to apoptosis including heat shock 70 kDa protein 1a, growth arrest and dna-damage-inducible, complement component 9 and albumin. The Real-time PCR confirmed expression of HSP70 up-regulated in rats treated with Qi-replenishing and blood-activating medicinals, which were consistent with results using microarray technology.
CONCLUSION: These differentially expressed genes involved different biological processes and gene regulations. Further analysis of the differentially expressed genes might help reveal the pharmaco-mechanism of Qi-replenishing and blood-activating medicinals at genetic level.
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Konturek PC, Konturek SJ, Burnat G, Brzozowski T, Brzozowska I, Reiter RJ. Dynamic physiological and molecular changes in gastric ulcer healing achieved by melatonin and its precursor L-tryptophan in rats. J Pineal Res 2008; 45:180-90. [PMID: 18298459 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2008.00574.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Following induction of gastric ulcer in rats by serosal application of acetic acid, local mucosal necrosis ensues accompanied by a reduction in mucosal microcirculation and by almost immediate expression of inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) and proinflammatory cytokines. Daily application of melatonin (20 mg/kg) or l-tryptophan (100 mg/kg) accelerates ulcer healing by affecting the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-prostaglandin (PG) system with excessive production of protective PG, especially in later period of ulcer healing. Furthermore, expression of hypoxia inducible factor, vascular-endothelial growth factor, an activation of cNOS-NO system and the stimulation of sensory nerves with the expression and release of calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) appear to aid the restoration of mucosal repair and microcirculation in the ulcer bed. The enhanced expression of the melatonin MT(2) receptors (MT(2)-R) combined with overexpression of key enzymes involved in biosynthesis of melatonin such as N-acetyltransferase and hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase contribute to the acceleration of ulcer healing by this indole. Melatonin-induced acceleration of ulcer healing is also mediated by release of gastrin and ghrelin, the most potent stimulants of gastric mucosal cell proliferation and mucosal repair. These sequential steps in ulcer healing accelerated by melatonin can be interfered with by the blockade of MT(2)R, COX-2/PG and cNOS/NO systems, and by reduction in the inflammatory iNOS/NO system. Thus, melatonin and its precursor l-tryptophan, trigger the cascade of molecular events leading to the functional improvement in ulcer healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Konturek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erlangen-Nuremberg University, Erlangen, Germany.
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Otaka M, Odashima M, Watanabe S. Role of heat shock proteins (molecular chaperones) in intestinal mucosal protection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 348:1-5. [PMID: 16875664 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Most studies into the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) have primarily focused on the cytotoxic agents and processes involved in producing mucosal injury, including the immune system. However, less consideration has been given to the inherent mechanisms of cytoprotection and cellular repair in the intestinal mucosa. This review will focus on intestinal mucosal protection against cytotoxic agents and cellular stress mainly from the viewpoint of expression and function of heat shock proteins, in their role of "molecular chaperones," as internal cytoprotectants. Elucidation of such stress-responses in the intestinal mucosa may provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of cytoprotection and cellular repair, and present new strategies for IBD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiro Otaka
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan.
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Okabe S, Amagase K. An overview of acetic acid ulcer models--the history and state of the art of peptic ulcer research. Biol Pharm Bull 2005; 28:1321-41. [PMID: 16079471 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.28.1321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Four types of experimental chronic ulcer models, named acetic acid ulcer models, have been developed to examine the healing process of peptic ulcers, screen anti-ulcer drugs, and better evaluate the adverse effects of various anti-inflammatory drugs on the gastrointestinal mucosa. The model easily and reliably produces round, deep ulcers in the stomach and duodenum, allowing acetic acid ulcer production in mice, rats, Mongolian gerbils, guinea pigs, cats, dogs, miniature pigs, and monkeys. These ulcer models highly resemble human ulcers in terms of both pathological features and healing process. The models have been established over the past 35 years and are now used throughout the world by basic and clinical scientists. One of the characteristic features of acetic acid ulcers in rats is the spontaneous relapse of healed ulcers >100 d after ulceration, an endoscopically confirmed phenomenon. Indomethacin significantly delays the healing of acetic acid ulcers, probably by reducing endogenous prostaglandins and inhibiting angiogenesis in ulcerated tissue. Helicobacter pylori significantly delays healing of acetic acid ulcers and causes relapse of healed ulcers at a high incidence in Mongolian gerbils. Anti-secretory drugs (e.g. omeprazole), prostaglandin analogs, mucosal defense agents (e.g. sucralfate), and various growth factors all significantly enhance healing of acetic acid ulcers. Gene therapy with epidermal growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor applied to the base of acetic acid ulcers in rats is effective in enhancing ulcer healing. Since an inhibitor of nitric oxide syntase prevents ulcer healing, nitric oxide might be involved in the mechanism underlying ulcer healing. We conclude that acetic acid ulcer models are quite useful for various studies related to peptic ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Okabe
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina, Kyoto 602-0897, Japan.
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Barton SGRG, Rampton DS, Winrow VR, Domizio P, Feakins RM. Expression of heat shock protein 32 (hemoxygenase-1) in the normal and inflamed human stomach and colon: an immunohistochemical study. Cell Stress Chaperones 2004. [PMID: 15115285 DOI: 10.1379/1466-1268(2003)008<0329:eohsph>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 32 (Hsp32, hemoxygenase-1) is induced by reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM) and degrades heme leading to the formation of antioxidant bilirubin. Increased mucosal generation of ROM occurs in gastritis and inflammatory bowel disease. We aimed to assess mucosal expression of Hsp32 in normal stomach and colon and to test the hypothesis that disease-related differential expression occurs in inflamed tissue. Gastric body and antral mucosal biopsies were obtained from 33 patients comprising Helicobacter pylori-negative normal controls (n = 8), H pylori-negative gastritis patients (n = 11), and H pylori-positive gastritis patients (n = 14). Forty-seven archival colonic mucosal biopsies selected comprised normal histology (n = 10), active ulcerative colitis (UC) (n = 9), inactive UC (n = 8), active Crohn's disease (CD) (n = 8), inactive CD (n = 6), and other colitides (n = 6). Hsp32 expression in formalin-fixed sections was assessed by avidin-biotin peroxidase immunohistochemistry using a polyclonal rabbit anti-Hsp32 as the primary antibody. Immunohistochemical staining identified Hsp32 in all groups. Diffuse cytoplasmic staining was seen in gastric and colonic epithelial and lamina proprial inflammatory cells. Staining scores for Hsp32 were higher in antral H pylori-positive (P = 0.002) and H pylori-negative (P = 0.02) gastritis than in controls and in body H pylori-positive gastritis than in the other 2 groups (P < 0.01). Expression of Hsp32 was increased in active UC compared with inactive disease (P = 0.03) and normal controls (P = 0.02). In conclusion, Hsp32 is expressed constitutively in normal gastric and colonic mucosa, and differential expression occurs in these tissues when they are inflamed. Upregulation of Hsp32 may be an adaptive response to protect mucosa from oxidative injury in patients with gastritis and inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G R G Barton
- Department of Adult and Paediatric Gastroenterology, Barts and the London, Queen Mary School of Medicine and Dentistry, London E1 2AD, UK
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Barton SGRG, Rampton DS, Winrow VR, Domizio P, Feakins RM. Expression of heat shock protein 32 (hemoxygenase-1) in the normal and inflamed human stomach and colon: an immunohistochemical study. Cell Stress Chaperones 2004; 8:329-34. [PMID: 15115285 PMCID: PMC514904 DOI: 10.1379/1466-1268(2003)008<0329:eohsph>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 32 (Hsp32, hemoxygenase-1) is induced by reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM) and degrades heme leading to the formation of antioxidant bilirubin. Increased mucosal generation of ROM occurs in gastritis and inflammatory bowel disease. We aimed to assess mucosal expression of Hsp32 in normal stomach and colon and to test the hypothesis that disease-related differential expression occurs in inflamed tissue. Gastric body and antral mucosal biopsies were obtained from 33 patients comprising Helicobacter pylori-negative normal controls (n = 8), H pylori-negative gastritis patients (n = 11), and H pylori-positive gastritis patients (n = 14). Forty-seven archival colonic mucosal biopsies selected comprised normal histology (n = 10), active ulcerative colitis (UC) (n = 9), inactive UC (n = 8), active Crohn's disease (CD) (n = 8), inactive CD (n = 6), and other colitides (n = 6). Hsp32 expression in formalin-fixed sections was assessed by avidin-biotin peroxidase immunohistochemistry using a polyclonal rabbit anti-Hsp32 as the primary antibody. Immunohistochemical staining identified Hsp32 in all groups. Diffuse cytoplasmic staining was seen in gastric and colonic epithelial and lamina proprial inflammatory cells. Staining scores for Hsp32 were higher in antral H pylori-positive (P = 0.002) and H pylori-negative (P = 0.02) gastritis than in controls and in body H pylori-positive gastritis than in the other 2 groups (P < 0.01). Expression of Hsp32 was increased in active UC compared with inactive disease (P = 0.03) and normal controls (P = 0.02). In conclusion, Hsp32 is expressed constitutively in normal gastric and colonic mucosa, and differential expression occurs in these tissues when they are inflamed. Upregulation of Hsp32 may be an adaptive response to protect mucosa from oxidative injury in patients with gastritis and inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G R G Barton
- Department of Adult and Paediatric Gastroenterology, Barts and the London, Queen Mary School of Medicine and Dentistry, London E1 2AD, UK
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Barton SGRG, Rampton DS, Winrow VR, Domizio P, Feakins RM. Expression of heat shock protein 32 (hemoxygenase-1) in the normal and inflamed human stomach and colon: an immunohistochemical study. Cell Stress Chaperones 2004. [PMID: 15115285 DOI: 10.1379/1466-1268(2003)008<0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 32 (Hsp32, hemoxygenase-1) is induced by reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM) and degrades heme leading to the formation of antioxidant bilirubin. Increased mucosal generation of ROM occurs in gastritis and inflammatory bowel disease. We aimed to assess mucosal expression of Hsp32 in normal stomach and colon and to test the hypothesis that disease-related differential expression occurs in inflamed tissue. Gastric body and antral mucosal biopsies were obtained from 33 patients comprising Helicobacter pylori-negative normal controls (n = 8), H pylori-negative gastritis patients (n = 11), and H pylori-positive gastritis patients (n = 14). Forty-seven archival colonic mucosal biopsies selected comprised normal histology (n = 10), active ulcerative colitis (UC) (n = 9), inactive UC (n = 8), active Crohn's disease (CD) (n = 8), inactive CD (n = 6), and other colitides (n = 6). Hsp32 expression in formalin-fixed sections was assessed by avidin-biotin peroxidase immunohistochemistry using a polyclonal rabbit anti-Hsp32 as the primary antibody. Immunohistochemical staining identified Hsp32 in all groups. Diffuse cytoplasmic staining was seen in gastric and colonic epithelial and lamina proprial inflammatory cells. Staining scores for Hsp32 were higher in antral H pylori-positive (P = 0.002) and H pylori-negative (P = 0.02) gastritis than in controls and in body H pylori-positive gastritis than in the other 2 groups (P < 0.01). Expression of Hsp32 was increased in active UC compared with inactive disease (P = 0.03) and normal controls (P = 0.02). In conclusion, Hsp32 is expressed constitutively in normal gastric and colonic mucosa, and differential expression occurs in these tissues when they are inflamed. Upregulation of Hsp32 may be an adaptive response to protect mucosa from oxidative injury in patients with gastritis and inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G R G Barton
- Department of Adult and Paediatric Gastroenterology, Barts and the London, Queen Mary School of Medicine and Dentistry, London E1 2AD, UK
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Barton SGRG, Rampton DS, Winrow VR, Domizio P, Feakins RM. Expression of heat shock protein 32 (hemoxygenase-1) in the normal and inflamed human stomach and colon: an immunohistochemical study. Cell Stress Chaperones 2004. [PMID: 15115285 DOI: 10.1379/1466-1268(2003)008<0329: eohsph>2.0.co; 2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 32 (Hsp32, hemoxygenase-1) is induced by reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM) and degrades heme leading to the formation of antioxidant bilirubin. Increased mucosal generation of ROM occurs in gastritis and inflammatory bowel disease. We aimed to assess mucosal expression of Hsp32 in normal stomach and colon and to test the hypothesis that disease-related differential expression occurs in inflamed tissue. Gastric body and antral mucosal biopsies were obtained from 33 patients comprising Helicobacter pylori-negative normal controls (n = 8), H pylori-negative gastritis patients (n = 11), and H pylori-positive gastritis patients (n = 14). Forty-seven archival colonic mucosal biopsies selected comprised normal histology (n = 10), active ulcerative colitis (UC) (n = 9), inactive UC (n = 8), active Crohn's disease (CD) (n = 8), inactive CD (n = 6), and other colitides (n = 6). Hsp32 expression in formalin-fixed sections was assessed by avidin-biotin peroxidase immunohistochemistry using a polyclonal rabbit anti-Hsp32 as the primary antibody. Immunohistochemical staining identified Hsp32 in all groups. Diffuse cytoplasmic staining was seen in gastric and colonic epithelial and lamina proprial inflammatory cells. Staining scores for Hsp32 were higher in antral H pylori-positive (P = 0.002) and H pylori-negative (P = 0.02) gastritis than in controls and in body H pylori-positive gastritis than in the other 2 groups (P < 0.01). Expression of Hsp32 was increased in active UC compared with inactive disease (P = 0.03) and normal controls (P = 0.02). In conclusion, Hsp32 is expressed constitutively in normal gastric and colonic mucosa, and differential expression occurs in these tissues when they are inflamed. Upregulation of Hsp32 may be an adaptive response to protect mucosa from oxidative injury in patients with gastritis and inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G R G Barton
- Department of Adult and Paediatric Gastroenterology, Barts and the London, Queen Mary School of Medicine and Dentistry, London E1 2AD, UK
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N/A. N/A. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2003; 11:628-631. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v11.i5.628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
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Abstract
The mechanisms by which the gastroduodenal mucosa maintains viability and normal functioning despite its intensely caustic environment have puzzled clinicians and investigators alike for at least 150 years. Protective mechanisms have been divided into three main categories: preepithelial (mucus and bicarbonate secretion), epithelial (cellular buffering, mucosal architecture and permeability), and postepithelial mechanisms (mucosal blood flow). Within each category are many other factors that bear on the ability of the mucosa to withstand constant changes of luminal pH. We will summarize some of the recent findings that pertain to the nature and regulation of these defense mechanisms in the context of a historical overview. Therapeutic implications of these findings will also be presented in the discussion of novel antiinflammatory compounds designed to upregulate simultaneously several defensive mechanisms, with the expectation that gastroduodenal damage will be minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushovan Guha
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
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