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Munthe C, Malmqvist E, Rönnerstrand B. Non-prescription acquisition of antibiotics: Prevalence, motives, pathways and explanatory factors in the Swedish population. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273117. [PMID: 36129878 PMCID: PMC9491542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior studies indicate prevalence of unregulated non-prescription use of antibiotics also in the northern European countries. The aim of this study is to investigate the extent to which antibiotics are acquired without prescription in Sweden, and people's attitudes and motives linked to this practice. We use data from an online survey of a representative sample of the Swedish general population which included questions about respondents' antibiotic use, attitudes towards antibiotics, health care contacts, self-rated health and trust in health care. We also asked about their reason for obtaining/not obtaining antibiotics without a prescription. The results show that, in the last five years, 2,3% of the respondents had acquired antibiotics in other ways than from a Swedish physician having issued a prescription, and 4,3% reported that they are likely to do so in the future. We also show that the two most important reasons for non-prescription acquisition were physicians' refusal to prescribe antibiotics followed by travel abroad. The most important reason for not obtaining antibiotics without a prescription was to not contribute to antibiotic resistance. Using logistic regression, we show that non-prescription acquisition of antibiotics, and the intention to engage in this practice in the future, are strongly associated with low trust in health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Munthe
- Department of Philosophy, Linguistics and Theory of Science, and the Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Malmqvist
- Department of Philosophy, Linguistics and Theory of Science, and the Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Björn Rönnerstrand
- The SOM Institute, and the Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Mijović B, Aćimović J, Đaković-Dević J, Kralj J, Joksimović B, Lučić-Samardžija V, Đermanović M, Vujić-Aleksić V, Zeljković B, Perić-Simić S. Knowledge, attitudes and practices of parents regarding antibiotic use among children: Differences between urban and rural areas in the Republic of Srpska. SCRIPTA MEDICA 2022. [DOI: 10.5937/scriptamed53-35502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aim: Antibiotic use and resistance represent a growing public health issue, with a specific risk of uncontrolled use of antibiotics in children. The aim of the study was to examine differences in parental knowledge, attitudes and practices about antibiotic use in children between urban and rural areas of the Republic of Srpska. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1459 parents of children under 6 years of age, out of which 1201 (82.3 %) lived in urban areas while 258 (17.7 %) lived in rural areas. The research is conducted among parents who brought their children to the selected primary healthcare centres and among parents of children in preschool institutions. Results: The majority of respondents (98.4 %) state that doctors are their main source of information. Only 61.2 % of respondents precisely know which drug is an antibiotic when offered different drugs and respondents from rural areas (54.3 %) more often (p = 0.012) gave more accurate answers when compared to respondents from urban areas (37.3 %). Among parents, 86 % agree with the statement that improper use of antibiotics reduces their effectiveness and leads to bacterial resistance, regardless of groups. More than a half of respondents (52.4 %) do not think that children with flu or common cold symptoms recover faster when they receive antibiotics, significantly more respondents from urban areas (p = 0.001). Respondents from rural areas significantly more often believe that antibiotics can produce harmful effects compared to respondents from urban areas (p = 0.049). Respondents from rural areas significantly more often think that antibiotic use can prevent complications caused by inflammation of the upper respiratory tract (p = 0.006). Parents from rural areas give their children antibiotics without a paediatrician's recommendation significantly more often (4.3 %) compared to respondents from urban areas (0.6 %) (p < 0.001). Conclusion: There are differences in parental knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance among parents in rural and urban areas. There is need for additional education of parents and for greater engagement of paediatricians in providing guidance and explanations regarding the use of antibiotics.
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Saleem Z, Faller EM, Godman B, Malik MSA, Iftikhar A, Iqbal S, Akbar A, Hashim M, Amin A, Javeed S, Amir A, Zafar A, Sabih F, Hashmi FK, Hassali MA. Antibiotic consumption at community pharmacies: A multicenter repeated prevalence surveillance using WHO methodology. MEDICINE ACCESS @ POINT OF CARE 2021; 5:23992026211064714. [PMID: 36204499 PMCID: PMC9413637 DOI: 10.1177/23992026211064714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Antibiotics are losing their effectiveness because of the rapid emergence of
resistant bacteria. Unnecessary antimicrobial use increases antimicrobial
resistance (AMR). There are currently no published data on antibiotic
consumption in Pakistan at the community level. This is a concern given high
levels of self-purchasing of antibiotics in Pakistan and variable knowledge
regarding antibiotics and AMR among physicians and pharmacists. Objective: The objective of this repeated prevalence survey was to assess the pattern of
antibiotic consumption data among different community pharmacies to provide
a baseline for developing future pertinent initiatives. Methods: A multicenter repeated prevalence survey conducted among community pharmacies
in Lahore, a metropolitan city with a population of approximately 10 million
people, from October to December 2017 using the World Health Organization
(WHO) methodology for a global program on surveillance of antimicrobial
consumption. Results: The total number of defined daily doses (DDDs) dispensed per patient ranged
from 0.1 to 50.0. In most cases, two DDDs per patient were dispensed from
pharmacies. Co-amoxiclav was the most commonly dispensed antibiotic with a
total number of DDDs at 1018.15. Co-amoxiclav was followed by ciprofloxacin
with a total number of 486.6 DDDs and azithromycin with a total number of
472.66 DDDs. The least consumed antibiotics were cefadroxil, cefotaxime,
amikacin, and ofloxacin, with overall consumption highest in December. Conclusion: The study indicated high antibiotic usage among community pharmacies in
Lahore, Pakistan particularly broad-spectrum antibiotics, which were mostly
dispensed inappropriately. The National action plan of Pakistan on AMR
should be implemented by policymakers including restrictions on the
dispensing of antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zikria Saleem
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Brian Godman
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Strathclyde University, Glasgow, UK
- School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Ga-Rankuwa, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Aqsa Iftikhar
- University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sonia Iqbal
- University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aroosa Akbar
- University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mahnoor Hashim
- University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aneeqa Amin
- University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Javeed
- University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Afreenish Amir
- National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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How Socioeconomic, Health Seeking Behaviours, and Educational Factors Are Affecting the Knowledge and Use of Antibiotics in Four Different Cities in Asia. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10121522. [PMID: 34943734 PMCID: PMC8698331 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is occurring widely throughout the world and is affecting people of all ages. Socioeconomic factors, education, use of antibiotics, knowledge of antibiotics, and antibiotic resistance were assessed in four cities in Asia, namely Hong Kong, Shanghai, Hangzhou, and Bangkok. A survey using cluster sampling was used in 2021 to collect data on 642 subjects. Hongkongers used less antibiotics and were knowledgeable about using antibiotics to treat diseases, while Shanghainese were knowledgeable about antibiotic resistance. The multi-linear regression model reported that respondents who lived in Hong Kong (β = 0.744 (95% CI: 0.36-1.128), Shanghai (β = 1.65 (95% CI: 1.267-2.032), and Hangzhou (β = 1.393 (95% CI: 0.011-1.775) (reference group: Bangkok), who had higher scores on antibiotics knowledge (β = 0.161 (95% CI: 0.112-0.21)), higher educational attainment (β = 0.46 (95% CI: 0.296-0.625)), and who were more likely to consult a doctor on using antibiotics (β = 1.102 (95% CI: 0.606-1.598)), were more likely to give correct answers about antibiotic resistance, p < 0.001. Older respondents were less likely to answer the items correctly (β = -0.194 (95% CI: -0.333--0.055), p < 0.01. When educating the public on the proper use of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance, multiple strategies could be considered for people from all walks of life, as well as target different age groups.
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Kretchy JP, Adase SK, Gyansa-Lutterodt M. The prevalence and risks of antibiotic self-medication in residents of a rural community in Accra, Ghana. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e01006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Dillard LK, Wu CZ, Saunders JE, McMahon CM. A scoping review of global aminoglycoside antibiotic overuse: A potential opportunity for primary ototoxicity prevention. Res Social Adm Pharm 2021; 18:3220-3229. [PMID: 34711521 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aminoglycosides are widely used, broad-spectrum antibiotics with significant potential for ototoxicity. Global efforts to prevent ototoxicity must account for aminoglycoside overuse and non-prescription use. OBJECTIVES The goals of this study were to a) estimate the prevalence of aminoglycoside overuse by synthesizing evidence on self-medication, over the counter (OTC) availability, and household antibiotic storage for later use, and to report the specific aminoglycosides used and the predictors of overuse, and b) leverage this information to comment on potential risk of ototoxicity. METHODS Two systematic search strings were conducted to extract peer-reviewed articles published from 2005 to 2020. The first focused on overuse of aminoglycoside antibiotics. The second focused on potentially ototoxic effects of aminoglycosides related to drug overuse. RESULTS A total of 26 articles were included (first search string: n = 21; second search string: n = 5). The prevalence of aminoglycoside self-medication was high and household storage and OTC availability of aminoglycosides was common. Gentamicin was the most commonly overused aminoglycoside. No studies provided information on antibiotic dosing or resultant toxicities, including ototoxicity. CONCLUSIONS The limited available evidence indicates that antibiotic overuse (self-medication, home storage, and non-prescription availability) is relatively common, especially in low resource settings, and that aminoglycoside antibiotics comprise a variable, but concerning, proportion of non-prescribed antibiotics. Additional evidence is needed to evaluate the relationship between these dispensing patterns and ototoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K Dillard
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Cecilia Z Wu
- Mass General Brigham Home Care, Department of Staff Education, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - James E Saunders
- Section of Otolaryngology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Catherine M McMahon
- Department of Linguistics, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Antibiotic-Dispensing Practice in Community Pharmacies: Results of a Cross-Sectional Study in Italy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:AAC.02729-20. [PMID: 33781998 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02729-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inappropriate use of antibiotics in the community contributes to the development of antibiotic resistance (ABR), one of the most concerning issues in modern medicine. The objectives of the study were to investigate the knowledge and attitudes regarding ABR and dispensing antibiotics without prescription (DAwP) and to assess the extent of the practice of DAwP among Italian community pharmacists (CPs). A nationwide cross-sectional study using an anonymous, structured, validated, and pilot-tested questionnaire was conducted. The five sections gathered data on demographic and professional characteristics, knowledge and attitudes toward ABR and DAwP, practices regarding dispensing antibiotics with or without prescription and their reasons, counselling on the potential antibiotic side effects and the importance of adherence to medication regimen, and the information sources used to update the knowledge about ABR. About 4 in 10 CPs (37.1%) reported being involved in DAwP, although 93.7% knew that it is illegal in Italy. The vast majority affirmed to have always/often asked clients about their drug allergies (95.5%) and about their medication history (82.5%). Two-thirds (66.2%) warned their clients about the potential side effects of the drugs, and 55% informed them about the importance of completing the full course of antibiotics. Complacency with clients who found it difficult to consult the physician was the most significant predictor of DAwP. A considerable proportion of DAwP was described, so it could be easy for patients to misuse these drugs. Future policies need to enhance the enforcement of existing prescription-only regulations and to develop monitoring strategies to ensure their establishment in real-life practices.
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Mboya EA, Davies ML, Horumpende PG, Ngocho JS. Inadequate knowledge on appropriate antibiotics use among clients in the Moshi municipality Northern Tanzania. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239388. [PMID: 32970720 PMCID: PMC7514020 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor knowledge concerning appropriate antibiotic use significantly influences the misuse of antibiotics within the community, especially in developing countries where there are weaker health systems to regulate antibiotic dispensing. Antibiotic misuse leads to antibiotic resistance. This study assessed knowledge of appropriate antibiotic use among buyers in the Moshi municipality, Northern Tanzania. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study in Moshi municipality between April and May 2017. Adults who bought antibiotics at drug outlets were invited to participate in the study. An exit interview was conducted with participants to collect their demographics and assess their knowledge concerning appropriate use of antibiotics. A logistic regression model was performed to determine factors associated with correct knowledge concerning antibiotic use. RESULTS A total of 152 adults with a median age of 30.5 (IQR 25-42) years, were enrolled in the study. Slightly over half (n = 89, 58.6%), responded that they should stop antibiotics after finishing the dose as directed. Half (n = 77, 50.7%) thought that it was acceptable to share antibiotics with other individuals and over half of respondents (n = 95, 65.1%) thought that they should request the same antibiotics if they had used them to treat a similar illness in the past. Only 38 (25%) had adequate knowledge about the use of antibiotics. Sore throat and flu were respectively identified by 62.5% and 46.1% of respondents as conditions that can be treated with antibiotics. Higher levels of education (aOR = 4.11 95%CI = 1.44-11.71) and having health insurance (aOR = 9.05 95%CI = 3.35-24.45) were associated with better levels of knowledge concerning antibiotic use in various illnesses. CONCLUSION There is inadequate knowledge concerning the indications for antibiotics and their appropriate usage. Health promotion campaigns are needed to educate the population about appropriate antibiotic use and reduce their irrational use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Alexander Mboya
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Matthew Lee Davies
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Pius Gerald Horumpende
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Military College of Medical Sciences, Lugalo, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
| | - James Samwel Ngocho
- Institute of Public Health, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
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Gravningen K, Field N, Blix HS, Asfeldt AM, Småbrekke L. Non-prescription purchase of antibiotics during travel abroad among a general adult population in Norway: Findings from the seventh Tromsø Study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228792. [PMID: 32053671 PMCID: PMC7017991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-prescription purchase of antibiotics is undesirable and has not recently been investigated in a representative population in a high-income low-use country during travel abroad. This study examined self-reported prevalence of antibiotic purchase abroad with and without prescription among participants reporting international travel in a general adult population in Norway, and the associations with socio-demographic, lifestyle and health factors. METHODS We analysed questionnaire-data from 19995 participants (10470 women) ≥40 years in the population-based Tromsø Study 7, 2015-2016. Data from the Norwegian Prescription Database were used to examine antibiotic use in Norway. We calculated adjusted odds ratios (AOR) for "travel abroad", "any antibiotic purchase abroad", and "antibiotic purchase abroad with" and "without prescription" using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS Over half (55.0%, 95%CI 54.3-55.7%) participants reported travel abroad of >1 week duration in the past year. Travelers were more likely than non-travelers to be women (AOR = 2.02, 95%CI 1.42-2.88%) and report high education/income, childhood mostly lived abroad, healthy lifestyle, and good/excellent self-rated health. In total, 17904 travel episodes to 148 countries were reported. Altogether, 3.7% (95% CI 3.4%-4.1%) of travelers had purchased antibiotic abroad in the past year. Non-prescription purchase (1.5%, 95% CI 1.3-1.7) was associated with younger age, being female (AOR 1.41, 1.0-1.97), number of travels (reference: one episode, two: AOR = 1.82, 1.25-2.67, three: 2.60, 1.58-4.28, four: 3.10, 1.40-6.36 and ≥five: 4.70, 2.30-9.62), occurrences of diarrhoea (one: 2.42, 1.50-3.93 and ≥two: 3.08, 1.29-7.35), and antibiotic use in Norway in the past year (1.84, 1.29-2.62), whereas purchase with prescription (2.4%, 2.1-2.7) was associated with low income, growing-up abroad, recent hospital admission, additionally including number of travels/diarrhoea, and antibiotic use in Norway. Thailand (10.7%, 95% CI 7.8-14.3), Turkey (5.5%, 3.8-7.8) and Spain (3.6%, 3.0-4.3) were the countries most commonly associated with any antibiotic purchase. About two in five travelers who bought antibiotics in Thailand had done so without prescription, three in five in Turkey, and less than one in three in Spain. CONCLUSION Overall, a small proportion of travelers had bought antibiotics abroad in the past year. Low prevalence of non-prescription purchase may be explained by awareness of the risks associated with self-medication, cultural views, unawareness of the non-prescription availability, and/or few infections. Divergent predictors for purchase abroad with versus without prescription may suggest different reasons for these practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Gravningen
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Nigel Field
- Centre for Molecular Epidemiology and Translational Research, Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hege Salvesen Blix
- Department of Drug Statistics, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Mette Asfeldt
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Lars Småbrekke
- Department of Pharmacy, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Farkaš M, Glažar Ivče D, Stojanović S, Mavrinac M, Mićović V, Tambić Andrašević A. Parental Knowledge and Awareness Linked to Antibiotic Use and Resistance: Comparison of Urban and Rural Population in Croatia. Microb Drug Resist 2019; 25:1430-1436. [PMID: 31314687 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2018.0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the differences in parental knowledge, attitudes, and practice about antibiotic use and resistance among the urban and rural populations in Croatia. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study based on a structured questionnaire was distributed to 1,000 parents of children attending 11 elementary schools of Primorsko-Goranska County in 2017. Results: The overall response rate was 65.1% (651/1,000)-50.6% (253/500) in urban and 79.6% (398/500) in rural population. Urban parents had a higher overall knowledge about antibiotics (p < 0.001), while urban and rural parents held mostly similar knowledge and attitudes related to antibiotic use when split into individual statements (p > 0.05). Age, education, income, work, and family member working in a health-related field were significantly related with the overall knowledge about antibiotics. In the previous year, 28.2% of children and 28.9% of parents reported using an antibiotic. Croatian parents had a high level of trust in doctors' antibiotic-prescribing practices (96.3% reported trusting the doctors' decision not to prescribe antibiotics, 93.5% to prescribe antibiotics) and high awareness of antimicrobial resistance (94.8%). The public's misconception regarding the terms "bacteria" and "virus" was found in 15.5% of parents. The source of information about antimicrobial resistance was television (60.4%), internet (57.1%), newspapers (44.2%), and medical professionals (30.9%). Conclusions: Although the knowledge about antibiotics was higher in urban parents, it was not reflected on the level of antibiotic consumption. There are indications that medical professionals should be more involved in communicating the problems of antibiotic use and resistance to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Farkaš
- Department of Microbiology, Teaching Institute of Public Health of Primorsko-Goranska County, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Daniela Glažar Ivče
- Department of School and University Medicine, Teaching Institute of Public Health of Primorsko-Goranska County, Rijeka, Croatia.,Department of Epidemiology, Teaching Institute of Public Health of Primorsko-Goranska County, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Senka Stojanović
- Department of School and University Medicine, Teaching Institute of Public Health of Primorsko-Goranska County, Rijeka, Croatia.,Department of Epidemiology, Teaching Institute of Public Health of Primorsko-Goranska County, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Martina Mavrinac
- Department of Medical Informatics, University of Rijeka Faculty of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Mićović
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Rijeka Faculty of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Arjana Tambić Andrašević
- Division of Bacteriology and Hospital Infections, Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases "Dr. Fran Mihaljević," Zagreb, Croatia
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Lescure D, Paget J, Schellevis F, van Dijk L. Determinants of Self-Medication With Antibiotics in European and Anglo-Saxon Countries: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Front Public Health 2018; 6:370. [PMID: 30619809 PMCID: PMC6304439 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Self-medication with antibiotics, which comes in different forms [e.g., leftover or over-the-counter (OTC) use], contributes to antimicrobial resistance as it often happens in a non-prudent manner. In order to tackle this persistent public health problem, its drivers need to be known. The aim of this study was therefore to identify determinants of self-medication with antibiotics via a systematic literature review. Methods: A comprehensive search on determinants of self-medication with antibiotics in the ambulatory care was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Embase for studies published between January 2000 and March 2017. There was no limit on the language nor on the type of study. The search was restricted to European and Anglo-Saxon countries. Pairs of reviewers independently screened the abstracts and full texts and performed a quality assessment. Results: From the initial 664 abstracts, 54 publications that included 44 countries were retrieved of which most identified patient related determinants. Important determinants include storing antibiotics at home, poor access to healthcare, and having the intention to self-medicate. Healthcare professionals contribute to the practice of self-medication when catering for demanding and socially vulnerable patients. Healthcare system related determinants include dispensing antibiotics in whole packages and the lack of enforcement of medicine regulations. For some determinants (e.g., patients' age) contradictory results were found. Conclusion: Self-medication with antibiotics is driven by a variety of determinants on the patient, healthcare professional, and system levels. Policy makers should recognise the complexity of self-medication in order to develop multifaceted interventions that target healthcare professionals and patients simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Lescure
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - John Paget
- Department of Primary Care, Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (NIVEL), Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Francois Schellevis
- Department of General Practice and Elderly Care Medicine, Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (NIVEL), Utrecht, Netherlands.,EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Liset van Dijk
- Department of Primary Care, Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (NIVEL), Utrecht, Netherlands
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12
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Mboya EA, Sanga LA, Ngocho JS. Irrational use of antibiotics in the Moshi Municipality Northern Tanzania: a cross sectional study. Pan Afr Med J 2018; 31:165. [PMID: 31086618 PMCID: PMC6492205 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2018.31.165.15991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Irrational use of antibiotics includes prescription of incorrect doses, self-medication and treatment of non-bacterial illness. As a direct consequence of irrational antibiotic use, resistance to the commonly available antibiotics has been increasing rapidly. This phenomenon is associated with poorer health outcomes, longer hospitalization, increased cost to both the patient and government, and increased mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of, and examine factors associated with, irrational use of antibiotics in the Moshi municipality, Northern Tanzania. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study between April and May 2017 in the Moshi municipality. Twelve drug outlets, of which five were pharmacies and seven accredited drug dispensing outlets (ADDOs), were selected at random. On exiting these outlets, all adults who had purchased antibiotics were interviewed using structured questionnaires. Results A total of 152 adults were enrolled in this study. The median (QR) age was 31 years (25-42). The majority, 94 (61.8%), of the participants were female. ADDOs contributed 81 (53.3%) and pharmacies contributed 71 (46.7%) of all participants. Overall, 135 (88.8%) of antibiotic purchases were irrational. The most prevalent form of irrational antibiotic use was non-prescription usage; 116 of the 152 (76.3%) purchases fell in this category. Purchases of the incomplete dosage and purchases for non-bacterial illness were also widespread. Poor knowledge about the use of antibiotics had a significant association with irrational use of antibiotics (aOR=5.1, 95% CI: 1.80-15.15). Conclusion Irrational use of antibiotics is highly prevalent in this population. Non-prescription use of antibiotics is the most prevalent form. Poor knowledge about antibiotic use plays a significant role in irrational antibiotic use. There is a need to review the accessibility of antibiotics in drug outlets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leah Anku Sanga
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, P.O. Box 2240 Moshi, Tanzania
| | - James Samwel Ngocho
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, P.O. Box 2240 Moshi, Tanzania.,Institute of Public Health, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, P.O. Box 2240 Moshi, Tanzania
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Wimberley T, Agerbo E, Pedersen CB, Dalsgaard S, Horsdal HT, Mortensen PB, Thompson WK, Köhler-Forsberg O, Yolken RH. Otitis media, antibiotics, and risk of autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res 2018; 11:1432-1440. [PMID: 30284386 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Otitis media infections and antibiotic treatment have been linked to the risk of developing autism spectrum disorder. Broad-spectrum antibiotics may alter the composition of the gut flora microbiota, which is hypothesized to be involved in the regulation of the immune system. This study examines the interplay among otitis media, antibiotics, and the subsequent risk of developing autism. Based on the entire Danish population, 780,547 children were followed from birth (January 1, 1997 to December 31, 2008) until December 31, 2012. We calculated adjusted hazard ratios and absolute risks of autism with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) related to previous otitis media diagnoses and antibiotic prescriptions redeemed at Danish pharmacies. The absolute risk of autism before age 10 was increased among children with otitis media (1.2% for females and 3.3% for males) and in children who had redeemed an antibiotic prescription (0.6% and 2.7% for females and males) compared to children without a history of otitis media and antibiotics usage (0.4% for females and 1.9% for males). Similarly, we found an increased hazard ratio of autism associated with otitis media (1.83 95% CI 1.71-1.95) and antibiotics usage (1.29 95% CI 1.17-1.43). A history of both otitis media and antibiotic treatment did not further increase the risk of autism. Although the risk of autism was associated with otitis media and treatment with antibiotics, we found little evidence of a synergistic effect between otitis media infections and treatment with antibiotics. Autism Res 2018, 11: 1432-1440. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: We investigated whether otitis media ear infections and antibiotic treatment were associated with autism spectrum disorder. Autism was more common in children who had had an otitis media infection or who had been treated with antibiotics. Given the observational nature of our data, our study cannot be used to conclude that otitis media or use of antibiotics cause autism, as our findings may be subject to unobserved confounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Wimberley
- iPSYCH-The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus and Copenhagen, Aarhus University, Denmark.,NCRR-The National Centre for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus BSS, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,CIRRAU-Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Esben Agerbo
- iPSYCH-The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus and Copenhagen, Aarhus University, Denmark.,NCRR-The National Centre for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus BSS, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,CIRRAU-Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Carsten B Pedersen
- iPSYCH-The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus and Copenhagen, Aarhus University, Denmark.,NCRR-The National Centre for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus BSS, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,CIRRAU-Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren Dalsgaard
- iPSYCH-The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus and Copenhagen, Aarhus University, Denmark.,NCRR-The National Centre for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus BSS, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital of Telemark, Kragerø, Norway
| | - Henriette Thisted Horsdal
- iPSYCH-The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus and Copenhagen, Aarhus University, Denmark.,NCRR-The National Centre for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus BSS, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,CIRRAU-Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Preben B Mortensen
- iPSYCH-The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus and Copenhagen, Aarhus University, Denmark.,NCRR-The National Centre for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus BSS, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,CIRRAU-Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Wesley K Thompson
- iPSYCH-The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus and Copenhagen, Aarhus University, Denmark.,Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Denmark.,University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Ole Köhler-Forsberg
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark.,Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robert H Yolken
- Stanley Division of Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Wang X, Lin L, Xuan Z, Li L, Zhou X. Keeping Antibiotics at Home Promotes Self-Medication with Antibiotics among Chinese University Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15040687. [PMID: 29621165 PMCID: PMC5923729 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15040687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background: Inappropriate use of antibiotics has caused antimicrobial resistance, presenting a major health challenge to the world population. Self-medication with antibiotics (SMA) is currently at an alarming level in China. Objectives: To determine the sources of antibiotics leftover at home, the risk factors of keeping antibiotics at home, and the associations between keeping antibiotics at home and SMA among Chinese university students. Methods: Six provinces were purposely selected from six regions of China, and one multi-disciplinary university was selected from each chosen province. A total of 11,192 university students were selected using cluster random sampling from the selected universities. Logistic regression was conducted to examine the relationship between keeping antibiotics at home and SMA. Results: Out of the 11,192 students surveyed, 7057 (63.1%) reported keeping antibiotics at home at the time they were surveyed. Of those who kept antibiotics in their home, 1965 (27.8%) reported that these antibiotics were left over from a previous prescription by a doctor and 4893 (69.3%), purchased antibiotics over the counter. Additionally, 29.6% (507/1711) of students self-medicated with antibiotics when ill during the month before the survey. Students keeping antibiotics at home were five times (95% CI 3.53, 7.05) more likely to engage in SMA when ill and 2.6 times (95% CI 2.34, 2.89) more likely to self-medicating with antibiotics for prophylaxis than the other students. Female students, those with a family background of higher education, and those who had a parent working in the medical field had a significantly higher chance of keeping antibiotics at home. Conclusions: The high prevalence of keeping antibiotics at home and SMA among young adults is a serious concern. Professional regulations and population-tailored health education are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Wang
- Zhejiang University Institute of Social Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Leesa Lin
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Center for Community-Based Research, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
- Division of Policy Translation and Leadership Development, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Ziming Xuan
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Ave, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Lu Li
- Zhejiang University Institute of Social Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xudong Zhou
- Zhejiang University Institute of Social Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.
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15
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Topor G, Grosu IA, Ghiciuc CM, Strat AL, Lupuşoru CE. Awareness about antibiotic resistance in a self-medication user group from Eastern Romania: a pilot study. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3803. [PMID: 28924507 PMCID: PMC5600173 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Awareness about antibiotic resistance depends on the attitudes and information about antibiotic resistance of both patients and physicians. Persons who practice self-medication are at high risk of also self-medicating with antibiotics. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the awareness about antibiotic resistance by investigating the practice in a group of self-medication users in a sample of adults in Romania and the variables associated with such practice. MATERIAL AND METHODS A cross-sectional self-filled questionnaire based study was conducted from December 2016 through January 2017 amongst 218 self-medication users (SMUG). The attitudes, the level of knowledge, the perceptions, about antibiotic use (ABU) and about antibiotic resistance (ABR) were compared to a reference group represented by medical residents group in their specialty training (MRG) considered to have a higher level of knowledge and awareness about ABU and ABR. RESULTS The response rate was 87.2% in the SMUG group and 100% in the MRG group. The SMUG group reported self-medication practices for antibiotics with a high frequency at any time in life (72%), but with a very low frequency from the month previous to the date of the study (12%), comparative with the MRG group (75% and 7%, respectively). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that self-medication with antibiotics at any time in life in the SMUG group could be predicted by the answers to two questions regarding the practices and knowledge about ABU (Q13 and Q20). On the other hand, in the MRG group, a question about ABR perception (Q23), could be predictor for self-medication with antibiotics. Self-medication with antibiotics in the month previous to the date of the study in the SMUG group could be predicted with three questions: one about ABU practice (Q14), one about ABR perception (Q26) and one referring to ABR knowledge (Q28). On the other hand, in the MRG group, a question about ABR knowledge (Q32) could be predictor for self-medication with antibiotics. The reduced awareness about ABR in the SMUG group, is revealed by the reduced number of subjects (38%), who did not know that missing an antibiotic dose during a medical treatment contributes to ABR, comparative with the MRG group (84%). Indirectly, low ABR awareness in the SMUG group is revealed by the confusion about the appropriate use of antibiotics in bacterial or viral infections (that antibiotics are not used against viruses). CONCLUSIONS The findings from our study on the awareness about antibiotic resistance in the SMUG group might help the policy makers and regulatory authorities to develop educational programs directed to change the perceptions and attitudes about the appropriate use of antibiotics in order to diminish self-medication practices with antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabi Topor
- Department of Pharmacology—Morphofunctional Sciences II, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T. Popa, Iasi, Romania
| | - Ionela-Alina Grosu
- Department of Pharmacology—Morphofunctional Sciences II, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T. Popa, Iasi, Romania
| | - Cristina Mihaela Ghiciuc
- Department of Pharmacology—Morphofunctional Sciences II, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T. Popa, Iasi, Romania
| | - Aurel Lulu Strat
- Department of Pharmacology—Morphofunctional Sciences II, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T. Popa, Iasi, Romania
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Hospital of Infectious Diseases Saint Parascheva, Iasi, Romania
| | - Cătălina Elena Lupuşoru
- Department of Pharmacology—Morphofunctional Sciences II, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T. Popa, Iasi, Romania
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Lodenyo MM, Otsyula BK, Downing R, Yakubu K, Miima M, Ifeyinwa O. Factors affecting time of access of in-patient care at Webuye District hospital, Kenya. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med 2016; 8:e1-e9. [PMID: 27796120 PMCID: PMC5086783 DOI: 10.4102/phcfm.v8i1.898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among many Kenyan rural communities, access to in-patient healthcare services is seriously constrained. It is important to understand who has ready access to the facilities and services offered and what factors prevent those who do not from doing so. AIM To identify factors affecting time of access of in-patient healthcare services at a rural district hospital in Kenya. SETTING Webuye District hospital in Western Kenya. METHODS A cross-sectional, comparative, hospital-based survey among 398 in-patients using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Results were analysed using SPSS V.12.01. RESULTS The median age of the respondents, majority of whom were female respondents(55%), was 24 years. Median time of presentation to the hospital after onset of illness was 12.5 days. Two hundred and forty seven patients (62%) presented to the hospital within 2 weeks of onset of illness, while 151 (38%) presented after 2 weeks or more. Ten-year increase in age, perception of a supernatural cause of illness, having an illness that was considered bearable and belief in the effectiveness of treatment offered in-hospital were significant predictors for waiting more than 2 weeks to present at the hospital. CONCLUSION Ten-year increment in age, perception of a supernatural cause of illness(predisposing factors), having an illness that is considered bearable and belief in the effectiveness of treatment offered in-hospital (need factors) affect time of access of in-patient healthcare services in the community served by Webuye District hospital and should inform interventions geared towards improving access.
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Bilal M, Haseeb A, Khan MH, Arshad MH, Ladak AA, Niazi SK, Musharraf MD, Manji AAK. Self-Medication with Antibiotics among People Dwelling in Rural Areas of Sindh. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:OC08-13. [PMID: 27437263 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/18294.7730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Self-medication with antibiotics is becoming increasingly common due to multiple factors. The public who are using these antibiotics generally do not have full information regarding their proper use, especially the dosages and possible side-effects. Hence, unregulated use of such medicines may cause dangerous adverse effects in the patients. AIM The study was aimed to evaluate the prevalence and practice of self-medication with antibiotics among people dwelling in the rural areas of province Sindh. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional survey was performed at Outpatient Department of Civil Hospital Karachi, from January to March 2015. Four hundred rural dwellers who lived in the outskirts of Karachi city area of province Sindh were recruited for the study in the aforementioned time period through non-probability convenience sampling. RESULTS The investigation reported a prevalence of 81.25% among rural dwellers of Sindh with regards to self-medication of antibiotics. The most common reason behind self-medication were economic reasons (88.0%). Amoxicillin (52.0%) was found to be the most self-prescribed antibiotic. Majority of the participants (74.7%) didn't know about the phenomena of antibiotic resistance associated with inadequate use of antibiotics and only 25 subjects identified correctly that the situation would lead to increase resistance. CONCLUSION The self-medication rates with antibiotic are higher in rural areas of Sindh. There is an urgent need for the government to enforce stricter laws on pharmacies dispensing medications, especially antibiotics, without prescriptions. Lastly, provision of cost effective treatment from public sector can significantly reduce self-medication with antibiotics among rural dwellers of Sindh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal
- Faculty, Department of Medicine, Dow Medical College. Dow University of Health Sciences , Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Haseeb
- Faculty, Department of Medicine, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences , Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Hassaan Khan
- Faculty, Department of Medicine, Medical College, Aga Khan University Hospital , Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Hussham Arshad
- Faculty, Department of Medicine, Medical College, Aga Khan University Hospital , Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Asma Akbar Ladak
- Pre-Medical Student, Department of Biological Sciences, The Lyceum , Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sufyan Khan Niazi
- Pre-Medical Student, Department of Biological Sciences, The Lyceum , Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Adil Al-Karim Manji
- Pre-Medical Student, Department of Biological Sciences, Karachi Grammar School , Karachi, Pakistan
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Farah R, Lahoud N, Salameh P, Saleh N. Antibiotic dispensation by Lebanese pharmacists: a comparison of higher and lower socio-economic levels. J Infect Public Health 2014; 8:37-46. [PMID: 25139454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Indiscriminate use of antibiotics contributes to a global spread of antimicrobial resistance. Previous studies showed an excessive consumption of antibiotics purchased without medical prescription from community pharmacies, mainly in developing countries. There is a shortage of studies revealing the role of community pharmacists in the overuse of antibiotics. Our objective is to study the dispensing policy of non-medical prescription antibiotics in community pharmacies, assessing the possible influence of the socio-economic level of the area over this practice. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted between February and May 2011 among 100 pharmacists working in Beirut's pharmacies and its suburbs. Pharmacies were divided into 2 groups according to the socio-economic level of the population living in the pharmacy area. A self-administered questionnaire was filled by pharmacists. RESULTS Over-the-counter antibiotic availability existed in both higher and lower socio-economic areas: on the whole, 32% of antibiotics were dispensed without medical prescription, with higher frequency in lower socio-economic areas (p=0.003). Dispensing injectable antibiotics without medical prescription was significantly higher in lower socio-economic areas (p=0.021), as well as dispensing an association of 2 antibiotics without medical prescription (p=0.001). Pharmacists working in lower socio-economic areas recommended more frequent antibiotics to children and the elderly (p<0.001 and p=0.004, respectively). CONCLUSION Dispensing antibiotics without medical prescription in Beirut community pharmacies is a common practice, particularly in lower socioeconomic areas. This public health problem should be addressed at the social, educational, and legislative levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Farah
- Faculty of Public Health, Section II, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Nathalie Lahoud
- Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Pascale Salameh
- Faculty of Public Health, Section II, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon; Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon; Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Nadine Saleh
- Faculty of Public Health, Section II, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon; Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Donkor ES, Tetteh-Quarcoo PB, Nartey P, Agyeman IO. Self-medication practices with antibiotics among tertiary level students in Accra, Ghana: a cross-sectional study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2012; 9:3519-29. [PMID: 23202760 PMCID: PMC3509469 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph9103519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The study was carried out to estimate the prevalence of self-medication with antibiotics among tertiary level students in Accra (Ghana) and evaluate factors associated with the practice. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study and involved face-to-face interviews of 600 respondents selected by convenient sampling. Prevalence of self medication was 70% (95% CI: 66.3-73.7), and the practice was significantly lower among medically inclined students (OR: 0.2, 95% CI: 0.1-0.4, p < 0.001). Among the respondents who practiced self medication, the most common frequency of antibiotic usage was at intervals of one month (30%, 95% CI: 25.6-34.4%), and the most common antibiotic used was amoxacillin (23.9%, 95% CI: 21.0-26.8%). Treatment failure were reported by 35% (95% CI: 30.5-39.6%) of the respondents, and the main reasons cited for self medication were that, it was less expensive compared to medical care in the hospital and secondly, medical care in hospitals were associated with long delays. Forty nine percent (95% CI: 44.2-53.8%) of the respondents had poor knowledge about the health implications of irrational use of antibiotics, and 46% (95% CI: 41.2-50.8%) did not comply with the completion of the full course of antibiotics. Self medication among tertiary students in Accra is an important public health problem and this may reflect the situation among tertiary students in the whole of Ghana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Donkor
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana;
| | | | - Patrick Nartey
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Accra Polytechnic, P.O. Box GP 561, Accra, Ghana; (P.N.); (I.S.A.)
| | - Isaac O. Agyeman
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Accra Polytechnic, P.O. Box GP 561, Accra, Ghana; (P.N.); (I.S.A.)
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Marković-Peković V, Grubiša N. Self-medication with antibiotics in the Republic of Srpska community pharmacies: pharmacy staff behavior. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2012; 21:1130-3. [DOI: 10.1002/pds.3218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nataša Grubiša
- Medicines and Medical Devices Agency of Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Non-prescription antimicrobial use worldwide: a systematic review. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2011; 11:692-701. [PMID: 21659004 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(11)70054-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 543] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In much of the world antimicrobial drugs are sold without prescription or oversight by health-care professionals. The scale and effect of this practice is unknown. We systematically reviewed published works about non-prescription antimicrobials from 1970-2009, identifying 117 relevant articles. 35 community surveys from five continents showed that non-prescription use occurred worldwide and accounted for 19-100% of antimicrobial use outside of northern Europe and North America. Safety issues associated with non-prescription use included adverse drug reactions and masking of underlying infectious processes. Non-prescription use was common for non-bacterial disease, and antituberculosis drugs were available in many areas. Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria are common in communities with frequent non-prescription use. In a few settings, control efforts that included regulation decreased antimicrobial use and resistance. Non-prescription antimicrobial and antituberculosis use is common outside of North America and northern Europe and must be accounted for in public health efforts to reduce antimicrobial resistance.
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Skliros E, Merkouris P, Papazafiropoulou A, Gikas A, Matzouranis G, Papafragos C, Tsakanikas I, Zarbala I, Vasibosis A, Stamataki P, Sotiropoulos A. Self-medication with antibiotics in rural population in Greece: a cross-sectional multicenter study. BMC FAMILY PRACTICE 2010; 11:58. [PMID: 20691111 PMCID: PMC2924846 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2296-11-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-medication is an important driver of antimicrobial overuse as well as a worldwide problem. The aim of the present study was to estimate the use of antibiotics, without medical prescription, in a sample of rural population presenting in primary care in southern Greece. METHODS The study included data from 1,139 randomly selected adults (545 men/594 women, mean age +/- SD: 56.2 +/- 19.8 years), who visited the 6 rural Health Centres of southern Greece, between November 2009 and January 2010. The eligible participants were sought out on a one-to-one basis and asked to answer an anonymous questionnaire. RESULTS Use of antibiotics within the past 12 months was reported by 888 participants (77.9%). 508 individuals (44.6%) reported that they had received antibiotics without medical prescription at least one time. The major source of self-medication was the pharmacy without prescription (76.2%). The antibiotics most frequently used for self-medication were amoxicillin (18.3%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (15.4%), cefaclor (9.7%), cefuroxim (7.9%), cefprozil (4.7%) and ciprofloxacin (2.3%). Fever (41.2%), common cold (32.0%) and sore throat (20.6%) were the most frequent indications for the use of self-medicated antibiotics. CONCLUSION In Greece, despite the open and rapid access to primary care services, it appears that a high proportion of rural adult population use antibiotics without medical prescription preferably for fever and common cold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eystathios Skliros
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine and Center of Diabetes, General Hospital of Nikaia Ag, Panteleimon, Piraeus, Greecee
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Hviid A, Svanstrom H. Antibiotic use and intussusception in early childhood. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 64:642-8. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkp217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Abstract
Indirect evidence is accumulating for an association between antibiotic use, especially in early childhood, and long-term immunologic health. The authors evaluated the association between antibiotic use in childhood and subsequent development of type 1 diabetes. A nationwide cohort study of all Danish singleton children born during 1995-2003 (n = 606,420) was conducted. Incidence rate ratios for type 1 diabetes comparing children according to antibiotic use were estimated. Antibiotic use was classified according to class, number of uses, and age at use. Use of any antibiotic was not associated with type 1 diabetes (rate ratio = 1.16, 95% confidence interval: 0.91, 1.50). Evaluation of type 1 diabetes risk according to number of courses of any antibiotic yielded no association between antibiotic use and type 1 diabetes, with an increase in rate ratio per course of 1.02 (95% confidence interval: 0.97, 1.07). No specific class of antibiotics was associated with type 1 diabetes, no specific age of use was associated with type 1 diabetes, and no specific age at onset of type 1 diabetes was associated with antibiotics. In a large nationwide prospective study, no association between antibiotic use and type 1 diabetes was found among Danish children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Hviid
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark.
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Small area variations and welfare loss in the use of outpatient antibiotics. HEALTH ECONOMICS POLICY AND LAW 2009; 4:55-77. [PMID: 19099617 DOI: 10.1017/s174413310800460x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This article seeks to explain local variations in the use of antibiotics in the community and to assess the welfare loss due to heterogeneous attitudes towards the risk of bacterial resistance. Quarterly data on antibiotic sales from 240 small areas in Switzerland over the course of one year are used. An econometric ad-hoc model with spatial lags is proposed in which the demand for antibiotics varies according to the socioeconomic characteristics of the population, the incidence of infections, antibiotic price and local health care supply. Using residual variations we then evaluate the welfare loss due to varying antibiotic prescription styles. Significant differences are observed in the per capita antibiotic consumption across local areas. Individual income, the demographic structure of the population, physician density and the price of drugs are all relevant determinants. We estimate that unexplained variations may account for 12% of the total antibiotic spending in the community, thus leading to a Euro 6.8 ml loss per year. Understanding the determinants of variations in outpatient antibiotic consumption may help to design more effective policies to counter the threat of bacterial resistance. Our estimate of the welfare loss due to heterogeneous attitudes towards antibiotic treatment is comparable to the expected cost of implementing measures to improve the dissemination of information on bacterial resistance among patients and doctors.
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Matuz M, Benko R, Doro P, Hajdu E, Soos G. Non-prescription antibiotic use in Hungary. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 29:695-8. [PMID: 17530434 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-007-9132-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Accepted: 04/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the extent, prevalence, and trends in non-prescription antibiotic use in Hungary between 2000 and 2004 at national and regional levels. To identify determinants of nonprescription antibiotic use. METHOD Data on non-prescription sales of systemic antibiotics (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) class J01) were analyzed over a five-year period. The 2004 version of the World Health Organisation ATC/defined daily dose (DDD) methodology was used to quantify antibiotic consumption. Non-prescription antibiotic sales were expressed as number of DDD per 1,000 inhabitants per day and as a percentage (%) of total antibiotic use. Further measurement units were introduced for better understanding of consumption and to seek an association between price, prescription antibiotic use, and non-prescription antibiotic use. RESULTS During the study period nationwide non-prescription sales of antibiotics increased threefold and reached nearly 2% prevalence in 2004. Substantial interregional differences were detected in both the level and the share of non-prescription antibiotics sales. Ten drugs were responsible for 90% of non-prescription antibiotic sales in 2004 (doxycyline, co-amoxiclav, co-trimoxazole, penamecillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, clindamycin, clarithromycin, norfloxacin, and cefuroxime); of these, doxycycline was the number one nonprescription antibiotic in all five years. A relationship was found between price and non-prescription antibiotic use (R = -0.732, P = 0.016). CONCLUSION Despite the prescription-only status of antibiotics in Hungary, non-prescription sales occur. A further increase in non-prescription sales of antibiotics could be prevented by strict law enforcement, price augmentation, and intervention focusing on pharmacist and the general public. More detailed studies are needed to identify other sources and causes of self-medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Matuz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szikra u. 8, Hungary, 6725, Szeged, Hungary.
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