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Brusa V, Durrieu M, Van Gelderen CJ, Signorini ML, Schudel A. Quantitative risk assessment of FMDV introduction in a FMD free country through bone-in beef and offal importation from a FMD free with vaccination country/zone. Prev Vet Med 2023; 218:105995. [PMID: 37625212 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative risk assessment was used to estimate the risk of introducing foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) through bone-in beef from Argentina (FMD-free with vaccination status) into other FMD-free countries. A stochastic model was built to characterize all the steps from primary production to bone-in beef export and introduction into an FMD-free country. The probability that bone-in beef from at least one animal infected with the FMD virus (FMDV) was exported during a year was 5.27 × 10-3 (95% CI <10-10 - 5.19 x 10-2) or in other words one case in 190 years. The risk of FMDV introduction was sensitive to the probability of an outbreak occurring in Argentina (r [Spearman´s rank correlation] = 0.99) and the number of herds affected during an outbreak (r = 0.10). Additionally, the probability that susceptible animals in the importing country came into contact with infective material (bones) and generated an outbreak was 6.16 × 10-4 (95% CI <10-10 - 6.20 ×10-3) or one FMD outbreak every 1623 years on average. Based on the quantitative risk assessment results, the probability of FMDV introduction into a FMD-free country where vaccination is not practiced from a FMD-free country where vaccination is practiced associated with bone-in beef trade from Argentina was negligible. The risk of an FMD outbreak caused by the potential introduction of the FMDV was associated with the existing conditions in the country. Thus, maintaining the FMD-free status with or without vaccination would not be relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Brusa
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Durrieu
- Fundación Prosaia, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - M L Signorini
- IdICaL - Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA - CONICET), Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - A Schudel
- Fundación Prosaia, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Bayantassova S, Kushaliyev K, Zhubantayev I, Zhanabayev A, Kenzhegaliyev Z, Ussenbayev A, Paritova A, Baikadamova G, Bakishev T, Zukhra A, Terlikbayev A, Akhmetbekov N, Tokayeva M, Burambayeva N, Bauzhanova L, Temirzhanova A, Rustem A, Aisin M, Tursunkulov S, Rametov N, Issimov A. Knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of smallholder farmers on foot-and-mouth disease in Cattle in West Kazakhstan. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:1417-1425. [PMID: 36867633 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was performed to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAPs) of farmers and veterinary professionals towards foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in the area studied. METHODS The study was based on a comprehensive questionnaire administered through face-to-face interviews. Between January and May 2022, 543 households and 27 animal health practitioners (AHP) were visited in 4 provinces of the West Kazakhstan region to assess their KAPs towards FMD. RESULTS A large proportion of herd owners (84%) had known the name of the disease, and nearly a half (48) of respondents had heard of FMD cases on farms in the neighbourhood. Oral mucosa lesions were the most consistent with clinical sign characteristic of FMD among farmers (31.4%), followed by hoof blisters (27.6%) and excessive salivation (18.6%). Farmers reported that new animal introduction was potentially the main factor associated with FMD occurrence in their herds. Over half of farmers (54%) interviewed prefer not to purchase livestock from unknown or potentially epidemiologically disadvantaged areas. CONCLUSION All AHPs (27) reported that in their zone of veterinary responsibilities, vaccination against FMD is not practised because the area investigated possesses FMD-free status. However, in the past few years, numerous FMD outbreaks have been detected throughout the region. For this reason, immediate actions need to be taken to prevent further FMD occurrences by giving the region a status of an FMD-free zone with vaccination. The current study demonstrated that inadequate quarantine controls of imported animals, absence of regular vaccination and unrestricted animal movement within the country were the primary obstacles in controlling and preventing FMD in the investigated area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Bayantassova
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhangir Khan West Kazakhstan Agrarian-Technical University, Oral, Kazakhstan
| | - Kaissar Kushaliyev
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhangir Khan West Kazakhstan Agrarian-Technical University, Oral, Kazakhstan
| | - Izimgali Zhubantayev
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhangir Khan West Kazakhstan Agrarian-Technical University, Oral, Kazakhstan
| | - Assylbek Zhanabayev
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhauynbay Kenzhegaliyev
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhangir Khan West Kazakhstan Agrarian-Technical University, Oral, Kazakhstan
| | - Altay Ussenbayev
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Assel Paritova
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Gulnara Baikadamova
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Temirlan Bakishev
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Aitpayeva Zukhra
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhangir Khan West Kazakhstan Agrarian-Technical University, Oral, Kazakhstan
| | - Askar Terlikbayev
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Nurbolat Akhmetbekov
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Mereke Tokayeva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Nadezhda Burambayeva
- Department of Zootechnology, Genetics and Breeding, Toraighyrov University, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan
| | - Lyailya Bauzhanova
- Department of Zootechnology, Genetics and Breeding, Toraighyrov University, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan
| | - Alma Temirzhanova
- Department of Zootechnology, Genetics and Breeding, Toraighyrov University, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan
| | - Abeldinov Rustem
- Department of Zootechnology, Genetics and Breeding, Toraighyrov University, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan
| | - Marat Aisin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Spandiyar Tursunkulov
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Nurkuisa Rametov
- Department of Geospatial Engineering, Satpayev Kazakh National Research Technical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.,Department of Plague Microbiology and Epidemiology, Masgut Aikimbayev's National Scientific Center for Especially Dangerous Infections, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Arman Issimov
- Department of Biology, K. Zhubanov Aktobe Regional University, Aktobe, Kazakhstan
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Robinson AP, McNeill MR. Biosecurity and post-arrival pathways in New Zealand: relating alien organism detections to tourism indicators. NEOBIOTA 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.71.64618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Between-country tourism is established as a facilitator of the spread of invasive alien species; however, little attention has been paid to the question of whether tourism contributes to the arrival and subsequent dispersal of exotic organisms within national borders. To assess the strength of evidence that tourism is a driver for the accidental introducing and dispersal of exotic organisms, we sourced three national databases covering the years 2011 to 2017, namely international and domestic hotel guest nights and national population counts, along with records of exotic organism detections collected by the Ministry for Primary Industries, New Zealand’s government agency that oversees biosecurity. We fitted statistical models to assess the strength of the relationship between monthly exotic organism interception rate, guest nights and population, the latter as a baseline. The analysis showed that levels of incursion detection were significantly related to tourism records reflecting the travel of both international and domestic tourists, even when population was taken into account. There was also a significant positive statistical correlation between the levels of detection of exotic organisms and human population. The core take-home message is that a key indicator of within-country human population movement, namely the number of nights duration spent in specific accommodation, is statistically significantly correlated to the contemporaneous detection of exotic pests. We were unable to distinguish between the effects of international as opposed to domestic tourists. We conclude that this study provides evidence of impact of within-country movement upon the internal spread of exotic species, although important caveats need to be considered.
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Bolton D, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, Davies R, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Bottari B, Cummins E, Ylivainio K, Muñoz Guajardo I, Ortiz‐Pelaez A, Alvarez‐Ordóñez A. Inactivation of indicator microorganisms and biological hazards by standard and/or alternative processing methods in Category 2 and 3 animal by-products and derived products to be used as organic fertilisers and/or soil improvers. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06932. [PMID: 34900004 PMCID: PMC8638561 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Commission requested EFSA to assess if different thermal processes achieve a 5 log10 reduction in Enterococcus faecalis or Salmonella Senftenberg (775W) and (if relevant) a 3 log10 reduction in thermoresistant viruses (e.g. Parvovirus) as well as if different chemical processes achieve a 3 log10 reduction of eggs of Ascaris sp., in eight groups of Category 2 and 3 derived products and animal by-products (ABP). These included (1) ash derived from incineration, co-incineration and combustion; (2) glycerine derived from the production of biodiesel and renewable fuels; (3) other materials derived from the production of biodiesel and renewable fuels; (4) hides and skins; (5) wool and hair; (6) feathers and down; (7) pig bristles; and (8) horns, horn products, hooves and hoof products. Data on the presence of viral hazards and on thermal and chemical inactivation of the targeted indicator microorganisms and biological hazards under relevant processing conditions were extracted via extensive literature searches. The evidence was assessed via expert knowledge elicitation. The certainty that the required log10 reductions in the most resistant indicator microorganisms or biological hazards will be achieved for each of the eight groups of materials mentioned above by the thermal and/or chemical processes was (1) 99-100% for the two processes assessed; (2) 98-100% in Category 2 ABP, at least 90-99% in Category 3 ABP; (3) 90-99% in Category 2 ABP; at least 66-90% in Category 3 ABP; (4) 10-66% and 33-66%; (5) 1-33% and 10-50%; (6) 66-90%; (7) 33-66% and 50-95%; (8) 66-95%, respectively. Data generation on the occurrence and reduction of biological hazards by thermal and/or chemical methods in these materials and on the characterisation of the usage pathways of ABP as organic fertilisers/soil improvers is recommended.
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Osmani A, Habib I, Robertson ID. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAPs) of Farmers on Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle in Baghlan Province, Afghanistan: A Descriptive Study. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082188. [PMID: 34438649 PMCID: PMC8388430 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Foot and mouth disease (FMD) affects the productivity and health of several animals species, including cattle. In Afghanistan, cattle represent a valuable source of food security and play a vital role in the rural economy. Using a questionnaire-based approach, we evaluated the self-reported knowledge, attitudes, and practices of various stakeholders involved in the cattle industry and veterinary management of animal health in a northern province of Afghanistan. The study pointed to several aspects that could be translated into practical management options to add value to FMD management in the cattle industry in Afghanistan. Abstract This study was performed to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) of farmers, animal traders, and veterinary professionals on FMD in Baghlan province, Afghanistan. Four structured questionnaires were administered to the respondents. Almost half (48.5%) of the farmers had heard of the occurrence of FMD in their neighbourhood or knew the name of the disease. The majority of farmers could recognise the clinical signs of FMD in their animals (salivation, 85.9%; tongue ulcers, 78.8%; gum lesions, 78.2%; hoof lesions, 76.8%). Most farmers stated that the “introduction of new animals” was the primary cause of FMD appearing on their farms and to control the spread of the disease, over half of the farmers (56%) preferred not to buy cattle from unknown or potentially infected sources. Animal traders’ knowledge was limited to recognising some clinical signs of the disease such as: salivation, and lesions in the mouth and on the feet. No animals were directly imported by the traders from outside Afghanistan. Over half of the local veterinary professionals (65%) kept record books of the animal diseases seen and/or treatment plans undertaken, and 80% of them reported the occurrence of FMD to the provincial, regional, and central veterinary authorities. No regular vaccination programme against FMD was implemented in the province. Poor import controls and quarantine were considered to be the main barriers to the control of FMD in the study area and the surrounding provinces. It can be concluded that, despite relatively good knowledge about FMD in the study area, there are gaps in farmers’ and traders’ knowledge that need to be addressed to overcome the burden of the disease in the province. These should focus on strengthening interprovincial quarantine measures and implementation of regular vaccination campaigns against the circulating FMDV within the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Osmani
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia;
- Correspondence: (A.O.); (I.H.)
| | - Ihab Habib
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia;
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: (A.O.); (I.H.)
| | - Ian Duncan Robertson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia;
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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6
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Osmani A, Robertson ID, Habib I. Seroprevalence and risk factors for foot-and-mouth disease in cattle in Baghlan Province, Afghanistan. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:1263-1275. [PMID: 33755343 PMCID: PMC8294376 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A serological study of 376 cattle from 198 herds and a concurrent survey of farmers were undertaken in 53 villages in Khinjan, Doshi and Puli Khumri districts of Baghlan province, Afghanistan to determine the seroprevalence of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and to identify risk factors for seropositive herds. A total of 419 cases of FMD were reported by the farmers in the year preceding the survey. The animal-level population seroprevalence was estimated at 42.0% (95% CI, 37.0-47.2). The seroprevalence increased with age in the sampled cattle (<2 years - 30.4%, 2-6 years - 40.3% and >6 years - 52.2%). Herds were more likely to be seropositive if the farmers: had purchased cattle in the year prior to the survey (OR = 2.6; 95% CI, 1.37-4.97); purchased ruminants from unknown (potentially risky) sources (OR = 2.13; 95% CI, 1.13-4.03); and sold milk to the market (OR = 1.99; 95% CI, 1.09-3.63). Herds that had been vaccinated had a lower odds of being seropositive (OR = 0.33; 95% CI, 0.68-0.66). This was the first epidemiological study of FMD in Baghlan province and the findings provide valuable direction for disease control on FMD in this and other provinces in Afghanistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Osmani
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ian Duncan Robertson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,China-Australia Joint Research and Training Center for Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ihab Habib
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,Veterinary Medicine Department, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
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Brown VR, Miller RS, McKee SC, Ernst KH, Didero NM, Maison RM, Grady MJ, Shwiff SA. Risks of introduction and economic consequences associated with African swine fever, classical swine fever and foot-and-mouth disease: A review of the literature. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1910-1965. [PMID: 33176063 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF), classical swine fever (CSF) and foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) are considered to be three of the most detrimental animal diseases and are currently foreign to the U.S. Emerging and re-emerging pathogens can have tremendous impacts in terms of livestock morbidity and mortality events, production losses, forced trade restrictions, and costs associated with treatment and control. The United States is the world's top producer of beef for domestic and export use and the world's third-largest producer and consumer of pork and pork products; it has also recently been either the world's largest or second largest exporter of pork and pork products. Understanding the routes of introduction into the United States and the potential economic impact of each pathogen are crucial to (a) allocate resources to prevent routes of introduction that are believed to be more probable, (b) evaluate cost and efficacy of control methods and (c) ensure that protections are enacted to minimize impact to the most vulnerable industries. With two scoping literature reviews, pulled from global data, this study assesses the risk posed by each disease in the event of a viral introduction into the United States and illustrates what is known about the economic costs and losses associated with an outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vienna R Brown
- National Feral Swine Damage Management Program, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ryan S Miller
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Sophie C McKee
- National Feral Swine Damage Management Program, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Department of Economics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Karina H Ernst
- National Feral Swine Damage Management Program, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Department of Economics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Nicole M Didero
- National Feral Swine Damage Management Program, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Department of Economics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Rachel M Maison
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Meredith J Grady
- Human Dimensions of Natural Resources Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Stephanie A Shwiff
- National Wildlife Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Rodríguez-Habibe I, Celis-Giraldo C, Patarroyo ME, Avendaño C, Patarroyo MA. A Comprehensive Review of the Immunological Response against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Infection and Its Evasion Mechanisms. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040764. [PMID: 33327628 PMCID: PMC7765147 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease, which has been reported for over 100 years, and against which the struggle has lasted for the same amount of time. It affects individuals from the order Artiodactyla, such as cattle, swine, sheep, wild animals from this order, and a few non-cloven hoofed species, such as mice and elephants. FMD causes large-scale economic losses for agricultural production systems; morbidity is almost 100% in an affected population, accompanied by a high mortality rate in young animals due to myocarditis or an inability to suckle if a mother is ill. The aetiological agent is an Aphthovirus from the family Picornaviridae, having seven serotypes: A, O, C, SAT1, SAT2, SAT3, and Asia 1. Serotype variability means that an immune response is serospecific and vaccines are thus designed to protect against each serotype independently. A host’s adaptive immune response is key in defence against pathogens; however, this virus uses successful strategies (along with most microorganisms) enabling it to evade a host’s immune system to rapidly and efficiently establish itself within such host, and thus remain there. This review has been aimed at an in-depth analysis of the immune response in cattle and swine regarding FMD virus, the possible evasion mechanisms used by the virus and describing some immunological differences regarding these species. Such aspects can provide pertinent knowledge for developing new FMD control and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibett Rodríguez-Habibe
- Animal Science Faculty, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales (U.D.C.A), Bogotá 111166, Colombia; (I.R.-H.); (C.C.-G.)
- Masters Programme in Veterinary Science, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales (U.D.C.A), Bogotá 111166, Colombia
| | - Carmen Celis-Giraldo
- Animal Science Faculty, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales (U.D.C.A), Bogotá 111166, Colombia; (I.R.-H.); (C.C.-G.)
| | - Manuel Elkin Patarroyo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá 111321, Colombia;
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
| | - Catalina Avendaño
- Animal Science Faculty, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales (U.D.C.A), Bogotá 111166, Colombia; (I.R.-H.); (C.C.-G.)
- Correspondence: (C.A.); (M.A.P.); Tel.: +57-6684-700 (C.A.); +57-1324-4672 (M.A.P.)
| | - Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá 111321, Colombia;
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 112111, Colombia
- Correspondence: (C.A.); (M.A.P.); Tel.: +57-6684-700 (C.A.); +57-1324-4672 (M.A.P.)
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van Andel M, Tildesley MJ, Gates MC. Challenges and opportunities for using national animal datasets to support foot-and-mouth disease control. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1800-1813. [PMID: 32986919 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
National level databases of animal numbers, locations and movements provide the essential foundations for disease preparedness, outbreak investigations and control activities. These activities are particularly important for managing and mitigating the risks of high-impact transboundary animal disease outbreaks such as foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), which can significantly affect international trade access and domestic food security. In countries where livestock production systems are heavily subsidized by the government, producers are often required to provide detailed animal movement and demographic data as a condition of business. In the remaining countries, it can be difficult to maintain these types of databases and impossible to estimate the extent of missing or inaccurate information due to the absence of gold standard datasets for comparison. Consequently, competent authorities are often required to make decisions about disease preparedness and control based on available data, which may result in suboptimal outcomes for their livestock industries. It is important to understand the limitations of poor data quality as well as the range of methods that have been developed to compensate in both disease-free and endemic situations. Using FMD as a case example, this review first discusses the different activities that competent authorities use farm-level animal population data for to support (1) preparedness activities in disease-free countries, (2) response activities during an acute outbreak in a disease-free country, and (3) eradication and control activities in an endemic country. We then discuss (4) data requirements needed to support epidemiological investigations, surveillance, and disease spread modelling both in disease-free and endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary van Andel
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Operations Branch, Diagnostic and Surveillance Services Directorate, Wallaceville, New Zealand
| | - Michael J Tildesley
- School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill Campus, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - M Carolyn Gates
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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A questionnaire survey of the illegal importation of pork products by air travelers into Japan from China and exploration of causal factors. Prev Vet Med 2020; 177:104947. [PMID: 32203815 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
With the aim of obtaining information to establish an import risk assessment on African swine fever (ASF) and other transboundary animal diseases (TADs) into Japan, a questionnaire survey was conducted between 1 August and 20 September 2019 on air travellers arriving into Japan from China. There were 248 responses with 2.8 % of respondents illegally importing pork products. The quantity imported per traveller varied between 250 g and 2 kg. Concerning the travellers' perception in regard to the difficulty of importing a pork product in their luggage, 32 respondents (12.9 %) considered it very easy or rather easy and 216 (87.1 %) very difficult or rather difficult. In regard to the recognition of respondents of the illegality of importing pork products into Japan, seven respondents (2.8 %) did not consider this practice to be illegal whilst 241 (97.2 %) had some idea of the illegal nature of this behaviour. The regression analysis revealed that the practice of illegal importation of pork products was significantly affected by the level of difficulty perception held by the traveller (P < 0.001) and that the difficulty perception is significantly affected by the level of recognition of illegality by the traveller (P < 0.001). The result of this study will not only provide useful data in developing a model to assess the probability of introduction of ASF and other TADs into Japan and other countries, but also in monitoring the effect of measures taken by the government to reduce the illegal importation of meat and meat products.
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Auty H, Mellor D, Gunn G, Boden LA. The Risk of Foot and Mouth Disease Transmission Posed by Public Access to the Countryside During an Outbreak. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:381. [PMID: 31750321 PMCID: PMC6848457 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During the 2001 UK FMD outbreak, local authorities restricted rural access to try to prevent further disease spread by people and animals, which had major socio-economic consequences for rural communities. This study describes the results of qualitative veterinary risk assessments to assess the likelihood of different recreational activities causing new outbreaks of foot and mouth disease, as part of contingency planning for future outbreaks. For most activities, the likelihood of causing new outbreaks of foot and mouth disease is considered to vary from very low to medium depending on the control zone (which is based on distance to the nearest infected premises), assuming compliance with specified mitigation strategies. The likelihood of new outbreaks associated with hunting, shooting, stalking, and equestrian activities is considered to be greater. There are areas of significant uncertainty associated with data paucity, particularly regarding the likelihood of transmission via fomites. This study provides scientific evidence to underpin refinement of rural access management plans and inform decision-making in future disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Auty
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Scotland's Rural College, Inverness, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic Mellor
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - George Gunn
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Scotland's Rural College, Inverness, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa A Boden
- The Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Security, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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12
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Beltran-Alcrudo D, Falco JR, Raizman E, Dietze K. Transboundary spread of pig diseases: the role of international trade and travel. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:64. [PMID: 30795759 PMCID: PMC6387505 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1800-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
As globalization increases the interconnectedness between nations, economies, and industries, the introduction of diseases will continue to remain a prominent threat to the livestock sector and the trade of animals and animal products, as well as the livelihoods of farmers, food security and public health. The global pig sector, with its size and dichotomy between production type and biosecurity level, is particularly vulnerable to the transmission of transboundary animal diseases such as African and classical swine fever, foot and mouth disease, or porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome. All of the above pose a constant threat to swine health, mainly as a result of both formal and informal international trade.Inspired in the risk assessment methodology, this paper classifies and provides an overview of the different pig disease introduction and exposure pathways, illustrated with abundant examples. Introduction pathways are classified as formal international trade (by product), informal international trade (by product), and spread through fomites. Formal trade of pigs and pork products is regulated by legislation and measures protecting animal populations from exotic diseases. Much more difficult to control is the transboundary swine disease transmission originating through informal trade, which entails illegal smuggling, but also the informal cross-border transfer of animals and products for personal use or within informal market chains. Meat products are most commonly mentioned, although fomites have also played a role in some cases, with live pigs, being more difficult to smuggle playing a role less frequently. The main exposure pathways are also described with the oral route playing a prominent role.Risk assessments can aid in the identification of pathways of pathogen introduction and exposure. However, quantitative information on informal disease introduction pathways remains very scarce and often incomplete, making it difficult to estimate the actual magnitudes of risks. Nevertheless, this knowledge is deemed essential to set up risk based awareness, prevention and surveillance programs that correspond to reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Beltran-Alcrudo
- Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia, Food and Agriculture Organization, Budapest, Hungary
| | - John R. Falco
- Animal Plant Health Inspection Service - International Service (USDA-APHIS-IS), United States Department of Agriculture, Riverdale, USA
| | - Eran Raizman
- Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy
| | - Klaas Dietze
- Institut für Epidemiologie, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
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13
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Tadesse B, Molla W, Mengsitu A, Jemberu WT. Transmission dynamics of foot and mouth disease in selected outbreak areas of northwest Ethiopia. Epidemiol Infect 2019; 147:e189. [PMID: 31364529 PMCID: PMC6518559 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268819000803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and economically important disease of cloven-hoofed animals, which is endemic in Ethiopia. An outbreak follow-up study was undertaken to quantify the transmission parameters of FMD in the crop-livestock mixed (CLM) system and commercial dairy farms in selected areas of northwest Ethiopia. The transmission parameters were quantified using a generalised linear model (GLM) based on a susceptible-infectious-recovered (SIR) epidemic model. The per day average transmission rate between animals was 0.26 (95% CI 0.22-0.32) and 0.33 (95% CI 0.21-0.57) in the CLM system and in the commercial dairy farms, respectively. The average basic reproduction ratio of FMD was 1.68 (95% CI 1.42-2.07) in the CLM system and 1.98 (95% CI 1.26-3.42) in the commercial dairy farms. The medium per day transmission rate and moderate basic reproduction ratio observed in this study indicated that a vaccination coverage needed to stop transmission of the disease in these populations might not be very high.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Tadesse
- University of Gondar, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, P.O. Box. 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Amedguya Sheep Breed Improvement and Multiplication Center, P.O. Box. 30, North Shoa, Ethiopia
| | - W. Molla
- University of Gondar, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, P.O. Box. 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - A. Mengsitu
- University of Gondar, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, P.O. Box. 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - W. T. Jemberu
- University of Gondar, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, P.O. Box. 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
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14
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Souley Kouato B, De Clercq K, Abatih E, Dal Pozzo F, King DP, Thys E, Marichatou H, Saegerman C. Review of epidemiological risk models for foot-and-mouth disease: Implications for prevention strategies with a focus on Africa. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208296. [PMID: 30543641 PMCID: PMC6292601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly infectious transboundary disease that affects domestic and wild cloven-hoofed animal species. The aim of this review was to identify and critically assess some modelling techniques for FMD that are well supported by scientific evidence from the literature with a focus on their use in African countries where the disease remains enzootic. In particular, this study attempted to provide a synopsis of the relative strengths and weaknesses of these models and their relevance to FMD prevention policies. A literature search was conducted to identify quantitative and qualitative risk assessments for FMD, including studies that describe FMD risk factor modelling and spatiotemporal analysis. A description of retrieved papers and a critical assessment of the modelling methods, main findings and their limitations were performed. Different types of models have been used depending on the purpose of the study and the nature of available data. The most frequently identified factors associated with the risk of FMD occurrence were the movement (especially uncontrolled animal movement) and the mixing of animals around water and grazing points. Based on the qualitative and quantitative risk assessment studies, the critical pathway analysis showed that the overall risk of FMDV entering a given country is low. However, in some cases, this risk can be elevated, especially when illegal importation of meat and the movement of terrestrial livestock are involved. Depending on the approach used, these studies highlight shortcomings associated with the application of models and the lack of reliable data from endemic settings. Therefore, the development and application of specific models for use in FMD endemic countries including Africa is encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bachir Souley Kouato
- Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique du Niger (INRAN), Niamey, Niger
| | - Kris De Clercq
- Operational Directorate Viral Diseases, Unit Vesicular and Exotic Diseases, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Abatih
- Department of Mathematics, Computer Sciences and Statistics, University of Gent, Krijgslaan Gent, Belgium
| | - Fabiana Dal Pozzo
- Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Donald P. King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Thys
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hamani Marichatou
- Université Abdou Moumouni de Niamey, Faculté d'Agronomie, Niamey, Niger
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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15
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Hansen S, Dill V, Shalaby MA, Eschbaumer M, Böhlken-Fascher S, Hoffmann B, Czerny CP, Abd El Wahed A. Serotyping of foot-and-mouth disease virus using oxford nanopore sequencing. J Virol Methods 2018; 263:50-53. [PMID: 30393148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), belonging to the family of Picornaviridae, infects mostly cloven-hoofed animals and leads to huge economic losses. Since there is no cross-protection between the seven serotypes of FMDV, effective vaccination relies on the knowledge of the serotype causing the outbreak. The most common methods of serotyping are antigen ELISAs and amplification-based sequencing. Serotype-specific PCR methods exist but have limitations due to emerging mutants within serotypes. Sequencing is a promising technology, but currently suffers from cumbersome procedures and long turnaround times. In this study, we have established a novel sequencing protocol relying on nanopore sequencing and offline BLAST search. The procedure was completed in 5 h including RNA extraction, reverse transcription, second-strand synthesis, barcoding, sequencing and data analysis, which did not require a bioinformatician. In total, 12,193 sequence files were obtained. The offline BLAST search to the P1 region revealed the most successful categorization of the seven FMDV serotypes (specificity: 98.3%) over whole genome (24.8%), P2 (23.6%) and P3 (21.4%). In conclusion, our protocol enables rapid and reliable FMDV serotyping. The whole procedure can be conducted with a mobile suitcase laboratory, which is easy to use at the point of need in endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sören Hansen
- Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, University of Goettingen, Burckhardtweg 2, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Veronika Dill
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Suedufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Mohamed A Shalaby
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211, Giza, Egypt
| | - Michael Eschbaumer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Suedufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Susanne Böhlken-Fascher
- Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, University of Goettingen, Burckhardtweg 2, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Suedufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Claus-Peter Czerny
- Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, University of Goettingen, Burckhardtweg 2, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ahmed Abd El Wahed
- Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, University of Goettingen, Burckhardtweg 2, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
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16
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Van Andel M, Hollings T, Bradhurst R, Robinson A, Burgman M, Gates MC, Bingham P, Carpenter T. Does Size Matter to Models? Exploring the Effect of Herd Size on Outputs of a Herd-Level Disease Spread Simulator. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:78. [PMID: 29780811 PMCID: PMC5946670 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease spread modeling is widely used by veterinary authorities to predict the impact of emergency animal disease outbreaks in livestock and to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of different management interventions. Such models require knowledge of basic disease epidemiology as well as information about the population of animals at risk. Essential demographic information includes the production system, animal numbers, and their spatial locations yet many countries with significant livestock industries do not have publically available and accurate animal population information at the farm level that can be used in these models. The impact of inaccuracies in data on model outputs and the decisions based on these outputs is seldom discussed. In this analysis, we used the Australian Animal Disease model to simulate the spread of foot-and-mouth disease seeded into high-risk herds in six different farming regions in New Zealand. We used three different susceptible animal population datasets: (1) a gold standard dataset comprising known herd sizes, (2) a dataset where herd size was simulated from a beta-pert distribution for each herd production type, and (3) a dataset where herd size was simplified to the median herd size for each herd production type. We analyzed the model outputs to compare (i) the extent of disease spread, (ii) the length of the outbreaks, and (iii) the possible impacts on decisions made for simulated outbreaks in different regions. Model outputs using the different datasets showed statistically significant differences, which could have serious implications for decision making by a competent authority. Outbreak duration, number of infected properties, and vaccine doses used during the outbreak were all significantly smaller for the gold standard dataset when compared with the median herd size dataset. Initial outbreak location and disease control strategy also significantly influenced the duration of the outbreak and number of infected premises. The study findings demonstrate the importance of having accurate national-level population datasets to ensure effective decisions are made before and during disease outbreaks, reducing the damage and cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Van Andel
- Investigation and Diagnostic Centre, Surveillance and Investigation Team (Animal Health), Operations Branch, Ministry for Primary Industries, Wallaceville, New Zealand
| | - Tracey Hollings
- Centre of Excellence for Biosecurity Risk Analysis, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard Bradhurst
- Centre of Excellence for Biosecurity Risk Analysis, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Robinson
- Centre of Excellence for Biosecurity Risk Analysis, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark Burgman
- Centre of Excellence for Biosecurity Risk Analysis, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - M Carolyn Gates
- Epicentre, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Paul Bingham
- Investigation and Diagnostic Centre, Surveillance and Investigation Team (Animal Health), Operations Branch, Ministry for Primary Industries, Wallaceville, New Zealand
| | - Tim Carpenter
- Epicentre, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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17
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Vergne T, Chen-Fu C, Li S, Cappelle J, Edwards J, Martin V, Pfeiffer DU, Fusheng G, Roger FL. Pig empire under infectious threat: risk of African swine fever introduction into the People's Republic of China. Vet Rec 2017; 181:117. [PMID: 28754737 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Pig production and pork consumption are very important to the People's Republic of China for both economic and cultural reasons. The incursion and spread of a disease such as African swine fever (ASF), which emerged in Eastern Europe in 2007, could have devastating socioeconomic consequences for both the Chinese and the global pig industry. The Chinese government consequently attributes a very high priority to ASF and is actively seeking to improve its preparedness. This paper discusses different drivers and pathways of potential emergence of ASF in China in light of the country's specificities, including international movements of people, pigs and pig products, swill feeding practices and wild boar populations. It suggests that effective ASF risk management in China will require a comprehensive and integrated approach linking science and policy and will need to involve all relevant stakeholders to develop realistic policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothée Vergne
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Cao Chen-Fu
- Shenzhen Entry Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuo Li
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Beijing, China.,China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Julien Cappelle
- Animal, Health, Territories, Risks and Ecosystems, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - John Edwards
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Vincent Martin
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Beijing, China
| | - Dirk Udo Pfeiffer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK.,College of Veterinary Medicine & Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Guo Fusheng
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Beijing, China
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18
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Van Leuken J, Swart A, Havelaar A, Van Pul A, Van der Hoek W, Heederik D. Atmospheric dispersion modelling of bioaerosols that are pathogenic to humans and livestock - A review to inform risk assessment studies. MICROBIAL RISK ANALYSIS 2016; 1:19-39. [PMID: 32289056 PMCID: PMC7104230 DOI: 10.1016/j.mran.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In this review we discuss studies that applied atmospheric dispersion models (ADM) to bioaerosols that are pathogenic to humans and livestock in the context of risk assessment studies. Traditionally, ADMs have been developed to describe the atmospheric transport of chemical pollutants, radioactive matter, dust, and particulate matter. However, they have also enabled researchers to simulate bioaerosol dispersion. To inform risk assessment, the aims of this review were fourfold, namely (1) to describe the most important physical processes related to ADMs and pathogen transport, (2) to discuss studies that focused on the application of ADMs to pathogenic bioaerosols, (3) to discuss emission and inactivation rate parameterisations, and (4) to discuss methods for conversion of concentrations to infection probabilities (concerning quantitative microbial risk assessment). The studies included human, livestock, and industrial sources. Important factors for dispersion included wind speed, atmospheric stability, topographic effects, and deposition. Inactivation was mainly governed by humidity, temperature, and ultraviolet radiation. A majority of the reviewed studies, however, lacked quantitative analyses and application of full quantitative microbial risk assessments (QMRA). Qualitative conclusions based on geographical dispersion maps and threshold doses were encountered frequently. Thus, to improve risk assessment for future outbreaks and releases, we recommended determining well-quantified emission and inactivation rates and applying dosimetry and dose-response models to estimate infection probabilities in the population at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.P.G. Van Leuken
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Corresponding author: Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Tel.: +31 30 274 2003.
| | - A.N. Swart
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - A.H. Havelaar
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Emerging Pathogens Institute and Animal Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - A. Van Pul
- Environment & Safety (M&V), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - W. Van der Hoek
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - D. Heederik
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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19
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Park JH, Lee KN, Kim SM, Lee HS, Ko YJ, Tark DS, Shin YK, Seo MG, Kim B. Reemergence of foot-and-mouth disease, South Korea, 2000-2011. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 20:2158-61. [PMID: 25417549 PMCID: PMC4257801 DOI: 10.3201/eid2012.130518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Five outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease have occurred in South Korea during 2000–2011. Macro-analysis of these outbreaks showed a correlation with outbreaks in countries in eastern Asia. Genetic analyses of food-and-mouth disease viruses in South Korea showed a correlation with viruses that are prevalent in neighboring countries.
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20
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Magwedere K, Songabe T, Dziva F. Challenges of Sanitary Compliance Related to Trade in Products of Animal Origin in Southern Africa. Ital J Food Saf 2015; 4:5114. [PMID: 27800409 PMCID: PMC5076638 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2015.5114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Irrespective of the existence of potentially pathogenic organisms carried by animals, foods of animal origin remain the prime nutrition of humans world-wide. As such, food safety continues to be a global concern primarily to safeguard public health and to promote international trade. Application of integrated risk-based quality assurance procedures on-farm and at slaughterhouses plays a crucial role in controlling hazards associated with foods of animal origin. In the present paper we examine safety assurance systems and associated value chains for foods of animal origin based on historical audit results of some Southern African countries with thriving export trade in animal products, mainly to identify areas for improvement. Among the key deficiencies identified were: i) failure to keep pace with scientific advances related to the ever-changing food supply chain; ii) lack of effective national and regional intervention strategies to curtail pathogen transmission and evolution, notably the zoonotic Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli; and iii) a lack of effective methods to reduce contamination of foods of wildlife origin. The introduction of foods of wildlife origin for domestic consumption and export markets seriously compounds already existing conflicts in legislation governing food supply and safety. This analysis identifies gaps required to improve the safety of foods of wildlife origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kudakwashe Magwedere
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Directorate of Veterinary Services, Mariental, Namibia, South Africa; Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Directorate of Veterinary Public Health, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Tembile Songabe
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Directorate of Veterinary Public Health , Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Francis Dziva
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of the West Indies , St Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago
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21
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Schembri N, Hernandez-Jover M, Toribio JALML, Holyoake PK. On-farm characteristics and biosecurity protocols for small-scale swine producers in eastern Australia. Prev Vet Med 2014; 118:104-16. [PMID: 25433716 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pigs are considered high risk for the introduction and spread of foot and mouth disease (FMD) in Australia. Facilities where animals from different origins are commingled, such as saleyards, pose a high risk for disease spread. Sound on-farm management practices and biosecurity protocols are the first line of defence against a potential on-farm disease outbreak. This study evaluated the practices of 104 producers (vendors who sold pigs and purchasers of live pigs for grow-out) who traded pigs at 6 peri-urban and rural saleyards in eastern Australia. Specifically, management and on-farm biosecurity practices were assessed using an in-depth questionnaire. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to investigate (1) producer associations: producer type, State, motivation to keep pigs, farm type, gender, years having owned pigs, and the acquisition of formal livestock qualifications; and (2) pig associations: herd size, housing, management (husbandry and feeding) practices and biosecurity (including pig movement) practices. Backyard operations (<20 sows) were undertaken by 60.6% of participants, followed by small-scale pig operations (28.8%; 21-100 sows). Few producers (16.3%) reported residing in close proximity (<5 km) to commercial operations; however, less rural producers had neighbouring hobby pig operations within 5 km of their property (P=0.033). Motivation for keeping pigs was significantly associated with a number of biosecurity practices. Producers who kept pigs for primary income were more likely to provide footwear precautions (P=0.007) and ask visitors about prior pig contacts (P=0.004). Approximately 40% of backyard and small-scale producers reported not having any quarantine practices in place for incoming pigs, compared to only 9.1% among larger producers. The main reasons cited for not adopting on-farm biosecurity practices in this study included having no need on their property (43.1%) and a lack of information and support (by the industry and/or authorities; 18.5%). Up to three-quarters of all producers maintained an open breeding herd, regularly introducing new pigs to the main herd. Saleyards are an important source of income for backyard and small-scale producers as well as an important risk factor for the introduction and dissemination of endemic and emerging animal diseases. Differing management and biosecurity practices as well as the motivations of these producers keeping pigs in small numbers and trading pigs at saleyards need to be taken into account in the development of successful biosecurity extension programmes for this sector of the Australian pork industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Schembri
- The University of Sydney, Farm Animal and Veterinary Public Health, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia.
| | - M Hernandez-Jover
- The University of Sydney, Farm Animal and Veterinary Public Health, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - J-A L M L Toribio
- The University of Sydney, Farm Animal and Veterinary Public Health, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - P K Holyoake
- The University of Sydney, Farm Animal and Veterinary Public Health, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; Victorian Department of Primary Industries, Pig Health and Research Unit, Epsom, VIC 3551, Australia
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22
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Tanaka Y, Hasegawa T, Sugimoto K, Miura K, Aketo T, Minowa N, Toda M, Kinoshita K, Yamashita T, Ogino A. Advanced treatment of swine wastewater using an agent synthesized from amorphous silica and hydrated lime. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2014; 35:2982-2987. [PMID: 25189846 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2014.927533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Advanced treatment using an agent synthesized from amorphous silica and hydrated lime (M-CSH-lime) was developed and applied to swine wastewater treatment. Biologically treated wastewater and M-CSH-lime (approximately 6 w/v% slurry) were fed continuously into a column-shaped reactor from its bottom. Accumulated M-CSH-lime gradually formed a bed layer. The influent permeated this layer and contacted the M-CSH-lime, and the treatment reaction progressed. Treated liquid overflowing from the top of the reactor was neutralized with CO₂gas bubbling. The colour removal rate approximately exceeded 50% with M-CSH-lime addition rates of > 0.15 w/v%. The removal rate of PO(3⁻)(4) exceeded 80% with the addition of>0.03 w/v% of M-CSH-lime. The removal rates of coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli exceeded 99.9% with > 0.1 w/v%. Accumulated M-CSH-lime in the reactor was periodically withdrawn from the upper part of the bed layer. The content of citric-acid-soluble P₂O₅ in the recovered matter was>15% when the weight ratio of influent PO(3⁻)(4) -P to added M-CSH-lime was > 0.15. This content was comparable with commercial phosphorus fertilizer. The inhibitory effect of recovered M-CSH-lime on germination and growth of leafy vegetable komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. perviridis) was evaluated by an experiment using the Neubauer's pot. The recovered M-CSH-lime had no negative effect on germination and growth. These results suggest that advanced water treatment with M-CSH-lime was effective for simultaneous removal of colour, [Formula: see text] and coliform bacteria at an addition rate of 0.03-0.15 w/v%, and that the recovered M-CSH-lime would be suitable as phosphorus fertilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Tanaka
- a National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science , Ibaraki , Japan
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Ringa N, Bauch CT. Impacts of constrained culling and vaccination on control of foot and mouth disease in near-endemic settings: a pair approximation model. Epidemics 2014; 9:18-30. [PMID: 25480131 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many countries have eliminated foot and mouth disease (FMD), but outbreaks remain common in other countries. Rapid development of international trade in animals and animal products has increased the risk of disease introduction to FMD-free countries. Most mathematical models of FMD are tailored to settings that are normally disease-free, and few models have explored the impact of constrained control measures in a 'near-endemic' spatially distributed host population subject to frequent FMD re-introductions from nearby endemic wild populations, as characterizes many low-income, resource-limited countries. Here we construct a pair approximation model of FMD and investigate the impact of constraints on total vaccine supply for prophylactic and ring vaccination, and constraints on culling rates and cumulative culls. We incorporate natural immunity waning and vaccine waning, which are important factors for near-endemic populations. We find that, when vaccine supply is sufficiently limited, the optimal approach for minimizing cumulative infections combines rapid deployment of ring vaccination during outbreaks with a contrasting approach of careful rationing of prophylactic vaccination over the year, such that supplies last as long as possible (and with the bulk of vaccines dedicated toward prophylactic vaccination). Thus, for optimal long-term control of the disease by vaccination in near-endemic settings when vaccine supply is limited, it is best to spread out prophylactic vaccination as much as possible. Regardless of culling constraints, the optimal culling strategy is rapid identification of infected premises and their immediate contacts at the initial stages of an outbreak, and rapid culling of infected premises and farms deemed to be at high risk of infection (as opposed to culling only the infected farms). Optimal culling strategies are similar when social impact is the outcome of interest. We conclude that more FMD transmission models should be developed that are specific to the challenges of FMD control in near-endemic, low-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ringa
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - C T Bauch
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, West Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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Farsang A, Frentzel H, Kulcsár G, Soós T. Control of the deliberate spread of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Biosecur Bioterror 2014; 11 Suppl 1:S115-22. [PMID: 23971796 DOI: 10.1089/bsp.2013.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most feared of transboundary animal diseases. Accidental or deliberate release of the causative agent can have both direct and indirect effects that result in massive economic losses and disruption. The direct effects of an FMD outbreak include immediate losses to agricultural production and disruption of local economies, while the indirect effects are mainly related to disease control measures such as restriction of market access at local and global levels and the high costs of disease control. To improve the capacity of the European Union (EU) to counter animal bioterrorism threats, AniBioThreat was launched with a special focus on threats to living animals, feed, and food of animal origin. As part of this project, several zoonotic or animal pathogenic agents are considered from different perspectives. FMD virus was selected as one agent to be scrutinized because it is highly contagious and an outbreak can have a severe economic impact. Ways to fight a deliberate outbreak can be demonstrated through the example of FMD. In this article, the virology and epidemiology of FMD virus are discussed with special attention to the related law enforcement aspects.
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Ringa N, Bauch CT. Dynamics and control of foot-and-mouth disease in endemic countries: a pair approximation model. J Theor Biol 2014; 357:150-9. [PMID: 24853274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous mathematical models of spatial farm-to-farm transmission of foot and mouth disease (FMD) have explored the impacts of control measures such as culling and vaccination during a single outbreak in a country normally free of FMD. As a result, these models do not include factors that are relevant to countries where FMD is endemic in some regions, like long-term waning natural and vaccine immunity, use of prophylactic vaccination and disease re-importations. These factors may have implications for disease dynamics and control, yet few models have been developed for FMD-endemic settings. Here we develop and study an SEIRV (susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered-vaccinated) pair approximation model of FMD. We focus on long term dynamics by exploring characteristics of repeated outbreaks of FMD and their dependence on disease re-importation, loss of natural immunity, and vaccine waning. We find that the effectiveness of ring and prophylactic vaccination strongly depends on duration of natural immunity, rate of vaccine waning, and disease re-introduction rate. However, the number and magnitude of FMD outbreaks are generally more sensitive to the duration of natural immunity than the duration of vaccine immunity. If loss of natural immunity and/or vaccine waning happen rapidly, then multiple epidemic outbreaks result, making it difficult to eliminate the disease. Prophylactic vaccination is more effective than ring vaccination, at the same per capita vaccination rate. Finally, more frequent disease re-importation causes a higher cumulative number of infections, although a lower average epidemic peak. Our analysis demonstrates significant differences between dynamics in FMD-free settings versus FMD-endemic settings, and that dynamics in FMD-endemic settings can vary widely depending on factors such as the duration of natural and vaccine immunity and the rate of disease re-importations. We conclude that more mathematical models tailored to FMD-endemic countries should be developed that include these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ringa
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Canada ON N1G 2W1.
| | - C T Bauch
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Canada ON N1G 2W1; Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West Waterloo, Canada ON N2L 3G1
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Bravo de Rueda C, Dekker A, Eblé PL, de Jong MCM. Identification of factors associated with increased excretion of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Prev Vet Med 2013; 113:23-33. [PMID: 24182985 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigated which variables possibly influence the amount of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) shed in secretions and excretions by FMDV infected animals, as it is likely that the amount of FMDV shed is related to transmission risk. First, in a separate analysis of laboratory data, we showed that the total amount of FMDV in secretions and excretions from infected animals is highly correlated with maximum titres of FMDV. Next, we collected data from 32 published scientific articles in which FMDV infection experiments were described. The maximum titres of FMDV reported in different secretions and excretions (the response variable) and the experimental conditions in which they occurred (the explanatory variables), were recorded in a database and analyzed using multivariate regression models with and without random effects. In both types of models, maximum titres of FMDV were significantly (p<0.05) associated with types of secretions and excretions, animal species, stage of the disease and days post infection. These results can be used to prioritize biosecurity measures in contingency plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Bravo de Rueda
- Central Veterinary Institute (CVI) of Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands; Department Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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27
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Abd El Wahed A, El-Deeb A, El-Tholoth M, Abd El Kader H, Ahmed A, Hassan S, Hoffmann B, Haas B, Shalaby MA, Hufert FT, Weidmann M. A portable reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification assay for rapid detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71642. [PMID: 23977101 PMCID: PMC3748043 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a trans-boundary viral disease of livestock, which causes huge economic losses and constitutes a serious infectious threat for livestock farming worldwide. Early diagnosis of FMD helps to diminish its impact by adequate outbreak management. In this study, we describe the development of a real-time reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA) assay for the detection of FMD virus (FMDV). The FMDV RT-RPA design targeted the 3D gene of FMDV and a 260 nt molecular RNA standard was used for assay validation. The RT-RPA assay was fast (4–10 minutes) and the analytical sensitivity was determined at 1436 RNA molecules detected by probit regression analysis. The FMDV RT-RPA assay detected RNA prepared from all seven FMDV serotypes but did not detect classical swine fever virus or swine vesicular disease virus. The FMDV RT-RPA assay was used in the field during the recent FMD outbreak in Egypt. In clinical samples, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and RT-RPA showed a diagnostic sensitivity of 100% and 98%, respectively. In conclusion, FMDV RT-RPA was quicker and much easier to handle in the field than real-time RT-PCR. Thus RT-RPA could be easily implemented to perform diagnostics at quarantine stations or farms for rapid spot-of-infection detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abd El Wahed
- Department of Virology, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany
- Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- * E-mail:
| | - Ayman El-Deeb
- Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Tholoth
- Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Abeer Ahmed
- Animal Health Research Institute, Faiyum, Egypt
| | | | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Bernd Haas
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Mohamed A. Shalaby
- Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Frank T. Hufert
- Department of Virology, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Manfred Weidmann
- Department of Virology, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany
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28
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Introduction of African swine fever into the European Union through illegal importation of pork and pork products. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61104. [PMID: 23613795 PMCID: PMC3627463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transboundary animal diseases can have very severe socio-economic impacts when introduced into new regions. The history of disease incursions into the European Union suggests that initial outbreaks were often initiated by illegal importation of meat and derived products. The European Union would benefit from decision-support tools to evaluate the risk of disease introduction caused by illegal imports in order to inform its surveillance strategy. However, due to the difficulty in quantifying illegal movements of animal products, very few studies of this type have been conducted. Using African swine fever as an example, this work presents a novel risk assessment framework for disease introduction into the European Union through illegal importation of meat and products. It uses a semi-quantitative approach based on factors that likely influence the likelihood of release of contaminated smuggled meat and products, and subsequent exposure of the susceptible population. The results suggest that the European Union is at non-negligible risk of African swine fever introduction through illegal importation of pork and products. On a relative risk scale with six categories from negligible to very high, five European Union countries were estimated at high (France, Germany, Italy and United Kingdom) or moderate (Spain) risk of African swine fever release, five countries were at high risk of exposure if African swine fever were released (France, Italy, Poland, Romania and Spain) and ten countries had a moderate exposure risk (Austria, Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Portugal, Sweden and United Kingdom). The approach presented here and results obtained for African swine fever provide a basis for the enhancement of risk-based surveillance systems and disease prevention programmes in the European Union.
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29
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Magwedere K, Sithole F, Hoffman LC, Hemberger YM, Dziva F. Investigating the contributing factors to postmortem pH changes in springbok, eland, red hartebeest and kudu edible offal. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2013; 84:E1-7. [PMID: 23718196 DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v84i1.919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to assess pH measurements between offal organs of different species and the association between pH taken 4 h post-slaughter and different predictor variables in the liver and lungs. A linear regression analysis was conducted on selected variables to identify the main predictors and their interactions affecting the pH of meat 4 h post-slaughter. In an increasing order of magnitude during winter, the pH achieved at 16 h - 36 h post-slaughter in springbok heart, liver, spleen, kidney and lungs was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than pH 6.0. The pH attained in springbok carcasses was (p < 0.05) below 6.0, whilst no significant differences were observed from the regulatory reference (pH 6.0) in the heart. There was a positive association between the pH of game meat 4 h post-slaughter and liver congestion. The pH of game meat 4 h post-slaughter increased by 0.11 units (p < 0.05) per millilitre increase in liver congestion and decreased by 0.04 units (p< 0.05) per minute increase in the shooting-to-bleeding interval, irrespective of the species. The lack of a statistically significant association between some selected variables and pH changes in this study suggested that either the factors may have a small effect which is only detectable with large data-sets and/or the effect may be modified by other unidentified factors. As some of the offal organs had final pH readings above 6.0, alternative measures are required to inactivate certain endogenous pathogens in edible wild game offal sourced from endemic areas.
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Oidtmann B, Johnston C, Klotins K, Mylrea G, Van PT, Cabot S, Martin PR, Ababouch L, Berthe F. Assessment of the Safety of Aquatic Animal Commodities for International Trade: The OIE Aquatic Animal Health Code. Transbound Emerg Dis 2012; 60:27-38. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2012.01315.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Oidtmann
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, UK
| | - C. Johnston
- Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Biosecurity New Zealand, Wallaceville, New Zealand
| | - K. Klotins
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - G. Mylrea
- World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), Paris, France
| | - P. T. Van
- Research Institute for Aquaculture No. 1, Dinh Bang‐ Tu Son, Bac Ninh, Vietnam
| | - S. Cabot
- European Commission, Directorate General for Health and Consumers, Brussels, Belgium
| | - P. Rosado Martin
- Ministry of Environment, Rural Affaires and Marine Affaires, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - F. Berthe
- European Food Safety Authority, Risk Assessment and Scientific Assistance Directorate, Parma, Italy
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Prueksakorn K, Kim T, Kim S, Kim H, Kim KY, Son W, Vongmahadlek C. Review of Air Dispersion Modelling Approaches to Assess the Risk of Wind-Borne Spread of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/jep.2012.329143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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32
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Oidtmann B, Joiner C, Reese RA, Stone D, Dodge M, Dixon P. Risks associated with commodity trade: transmission of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) to rainbow trout fry from VHSV-carrying tissue-homogenates. Transbound Emerg Dis 2011; 58:224-31. [PMID: 21223535 DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2010.01199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Movements of commodity fish present a potential risk of transferring pathogens. Within a study to estimate the risk from imported rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss carcases, fry were exposed to tissue homogenates from market size rainbow trout infected experimentally with viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) by waterborne exposure to VHS virus (VHSV, isolate of genotype Ia). Tissues were collected from fish that showed clinical signs and from recent mortalities. Homogenates of (i) internal organs, (ii) brain/gills and (iii) muscle tissue were prepared and added to tanks holding the fry. Virus transmission occurred from all tissues tested, causing high mortality of the fry. The results underline the potential risk of introduction of VHSV through the trade of fish products.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Oidtmann
- Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset, UK.
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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34
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Paton DJ, Sinclair M, Rodríguez R. Qualitative assessment of the commodity risk for spread of foot-and-mouth disease associated with international trade in deboned beef. Transbound Emerg Dis 2010; 57:115-34. [PMID: 20569417 DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2010.01137.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The risk of importing foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) restricts trade in livestock and their products from parts of the world where the virus is present. This reduces trade opportunities and investment in the livestock sector of many developing countries and constrains global food supply. This review focuses on the risks associated with trade in deboned beef (DB) from foot-and-mouth disease (FMD)-infected cattle, countries or zones. A definition of DB is provided along with a description of the procedures for its preparation within beef slaughtering operations. Evidence is reviewed for circumstances under which DB can be contaminated with FMDV, and a commodity risk factor approach is used to consider the mitigating efficacy of slaughterhouse procedures. A combination of pre-slaughter and slaughterhouse measures has enabled DB to be safely imported into FMD-free countries from countries that were not nationally or zonally FMD-free. Nevertheless, current evidence does not provide absolute assurance that abattoir procedures for producing DB can result, by themselves, in a commodity with a negligible risk of transmitting FMDV without complementary measures to reduce the likelihood of slaughtering infected cattle. The main areas of uncertainty are the amounts of residual FMDV-harbouring tissues within DB, and our understanding of what constitutes a safe level of contamination. More detailed guidance should be developed to specify the mitigating measures needed in support of the export of DB from regions that are not officially FMD-free. This will help to avoid differences in interpretation of what is needed that give rise to obstacles to trade.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Paton
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Woking, Surrey, UK.
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Lin XW, Chiang CT, Shih TH, Jiang YN, Chou CC. Foot-and-mouth disease entrance assessment model through air passenger violations. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2009; 29:601-611. [PMID: 19144072 DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01183.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This article aims to construct a risk model for the prediction of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) entrance caused by passengers who illegally carry meat products of cloven-hoofed animals through international airports into a country. The risk that meat contaminated with the FMD virus is formulated as the probabilities of FMD factor events (the prevalence of FMD), the commodity factor event (the transportation, storage, and distribution (TSD) factor event), and the passenger event. Data used for analysis were records of illegal meat product carriers from areas A and B intercepted at an international airport in Taiwan. A risk model was proposed to simulate the probability distributions in disease prevalence, probability of FMD virus existing in the meat products after meat processing, and estimation of survival of virus and time period for TSD. The probability of the passenger event was hypothesized with the odds of intercepted passengers and estimated via logistic regression. The results showed that the odds of passengers being intercepted by beagles were higher than those intercepted by Customs. By conducting Monte Carlo simulations, the probability of FMD virus risk caused by FMD factors from area A was 149 times lower than that from area B. The probability of FMD virus risk caused by the passenger event from area A was four times lower than the corresponding probability from area B. The model provides a contribution to FMD prevention and can be a reference for developing models of other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wei Lin
- Department of Mathematics, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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36
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Kittelberger R, Mackereth GF, Sewell M, Keall J, Clough R, Pigott C, O'Keefe JS. Specificity of non-structural protein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the detection of serum antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus in a target population in New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2008; 56:227-32. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2008.36838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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37
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Martínez-López B, Perez AM, De la Torre A, Rodriguez JMSV. Quantitative risk assessment of foot-and-mouth disease introduction into Spain via importation of live animals. Prev Vet Med 2008; 86:43-56. [PMID: 18430478 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2008.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Revised: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Spain has been a foot-and-mouth disease (FMD)-free country since 1986. However, the FMD epidemics that recently affected several European Union (EU) member countries demonstrated that the continent is still at high risk for FMD virus (FMDV) introduction, and that the potential consequences of those epidemics are socially and financially devastating. This paper presents a quantitative assessment of the risk of FMDV introduction into Spain. Results suggest that provinces in north-eastern Spain are at higher risk for FMDV introduction, that an FMD epidemic in Spain is more likely to occur via the import of pigs than through the import of cattle, sheep, or goats, and that a sixfold increase in the proportion of premises that quarantine pigs prior to their introduction into the operation will reduce the probability of FMDV introduction via import of live pigs into Spain by 50%. Allocation of resources towards surveillance activities in regions and types of operations at high risk for FMDV introduction and into the development of policies to promote quarantine and other biosecurity activities in susceptible operations will decrease the probability of FMD introduction into the country and will strengthen the chances of success of the Spanish FMD prevention program.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Martínez-López
- Animal Health Department, Complutense University of Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, Madrid, Spain.
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38
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McFadden AMJ, Wang J, Mackereth GF, Clough RR, Loth LH, Vermunt JJ, King CM, Alley MR. Non-systemic erosive stomatitis of unknown aetiology in a dairy cow herd in New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2007; 55:198-202. [PMID: 17676086 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2007.36768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
CASE HISTORY Veterinarians from the Investigation and Diagnostic Centre (IDC), Wallaceville, New Zealand, investigated a novel vesicular disease in a 397-cow dairy herd, characterised by erosive stomatitis. CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS The investigation commenced with a report of erosive stomatitis in four dairy cows. The herd was examined that day and 30/397 (8%) adult cows were found to be affected. Two weeks later, the oral cavity of 180 cows from one management group were re-examined, and it was estimated that 80% of this group had healing erosive lesions. During the course of the investigation, intact vesicles were observed on the muzzle of two affected animals. None of the affected animals was systemically ill and there was no decrease in milk production. DIAGNOSIS No infectious aetiological agent was detected using virus isolation, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), electron microscopy (EM) and serological tests, for any exotic infectious vesicular disease or any endemic cause of vesicular disease. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Lesions of erosive stomatitis occurring in cattle must be differentiated from vesicular disease during exotic disease investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M J McFadden
- Investigation and Diagnostic Centre (IDC), Wallaceville, Ward Street, Upper Hutt, New Zealand.
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Gallego ML, Perez AM, Thurmond MC. Temporal and Spatial Distributions of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Under Three Different Strategies of Control and Eradication in Colombia (1982–2003). Vet Res Commun 2007; 31:819-34. [PMID: 17285248 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-007-0125-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) from January 1982 through December 2003 were used to examine variations in serotype- and species-specific risk for three control programmes in Colombia: (1982-1983) vaccination, using an aluminium hydroxide, saponin adjuvant, required but not enforced; (1984-1996) vaccination, using an oil double-emulsion adjuvant, required but not enforced; and (1997-2003) enforced vaccination, using an oil double-emulsion adjuvant, restricted animal movement enforced, and slaughter of infected animals. Hypotheses were tested for trend, cyclicity and seasonality in FMD occurrence, and for species- and serotype-specific differences in morbidity and case-fatality. The spatial density of outbreaks was estimated by kernel smoothing. The frequency of outbreaks decreased most between 1984 and 1996 (p < 0.01) for serotype A and between 1997 and 2003 (p < 0.01) for serotype O. Outbreaks occurred in cycles of 3-4 years for both serotypes (p < 0.05). Morbidity was not significantly different in pigs from that in cattle for serotype A-associated outbreaks (p = 0.314), but was higher in pigs than in cattle (p = 0.019) for serotype O-associated outbreaks. For both serotypes, case-fatality was higher for pigs than for cattle (p < 0.009). Temporal variation in FMD incidence provided insight into the expected evolution of FMD control for countries with similar conditions and where FMD is endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Gallego
- Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario, Bogotá, Colombia
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Hartnett E, Adkin A, Seaman M, Cooper J, Watson E, Coburn H, England T, Marooney C, Marooney C, Cox A, Wooldridge M, Wooldridge M. A quantitative assessment of the risks from illegally imported meat contaminated with foot and mouth disease virus to Great Britain. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2007; 27:187-202. [PMID: 17362409 DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00869.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is considered by many as the most important animal disease in the world. FMD is highly contagious and outbreaks incur significant costs as affected countries are severely limited in their ability to trade. A number of trade commodities may be contaminated with FMD virus (FMDV) including animal products, for example, meat. As a member of the European Union, Great Britain (GB) has put in place a number of regulations to prevent the importation of pathogens in imported meat products. However, the illegal importation of meat provides a route by which safety controls may be circumvented and meat from FMD affected areas may be imported. This study assesses the FMD infection risk posed to the livestock population of GB from the illegal importation of meat, and estimates the major contributors to this overall risk, through the development of a quantitative risk assessment model. From model results, the total amount of illegal meat entering GB each year is estimated on average to be 11,875 tonnes. with 90% certainty that this is between 4,398 and 28,626 tonnes per year; of which between 64.5 and 565 kg are contaminated with FMDV. This flow of illegal meat results in an estimate of a frequency of FMD infection in GB livestock of 0.015 cases of infected animals per year, with 90% certainty it is between 0.0017 and 0.053. Imports from the region Near and Middle East account for 47% of this risk, and 68% of the risk is attributed to bone-in and dried de-boned products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Hartnett
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
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Schembri N, Hart K, Petersen R, Whittington R. Assessment of the management practices facilitating the establishment and spread of exotic diseases of pigs in the Sydney region. Aust Vet J 2006; 84:341-8. [PMID: 17359469 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2006.00035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess management factors that would influence the establishment and spread of exotic diseases in pigs in the Sydney region. DESIGN Saleyard and pig producer practices that could assist the initiation and subsequent spread of exotic diseases in pigs were surveyed and assessed over a 12 month period. PROCEDURE Two saleyards in the Sydney region selling pigs were attended weekly for 12 months (2002-2003) to collect details on vendors and purchasers of pigs. Pig producer locations were mapped. All pig farmers on the Department of Primary Industries temporary brand register were surveyed to record management practices and knowledge of exotic diseases. Swine brands were inspected to determine their quality as a tracing mechanism. RESULTS There were 101 pig sale days during the survey period with 13,869 pigs sold. There were 305 vendors, of whom 95% were identifiable through saleyard records. However, only 40% of the 377 purchasers were identifiable. More than one third of the 1749 transactions were for cash without the identity of the purchaser being recorded at the saleyards. Some 3% of pigs failed to sell and were returned to the property of origin. A total of 64 of 132 pig producers in the Sydney region were surveyed and 52 responded with survey information. The production systems of pig producers were predominately intensive or semi-intensive (88%) with 69% of these operators being small hobby producers. Pigs were mostly fed household and commercial scraps that were free of meat scraps, however, 2 producers were found to be feeding meat scraps (swill) illegally. Some 56% of producers surveyed did not have a tattoo swine brand and of the 23 producers with registered brands, 3 were not available for inspection or were not functional and 2 used the brand irregularly. CONCLUSION This survey has identified factors that would assist the establishment and spread of vesicular and other exotic diseases in pigs. The factors included feeding meat scraps (swill), poor farmer knowledge of exotic diseases, ineffective pig owner identification at saleyards, the practice of cash sales that precluded the collection of purchaser details, and inadequate identification of pigs. Tracing the movements of pigs under these circumstances would be difficult.
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) on request from the European Commission related to: Assessing the risk of Foot and Mouth Disease introduction into the EU from developing countries, assessing the reduction of this risk t. EFSA J 2006. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2006.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Shih TH, Chou CC, Morley RS. Monte Carlo simulation of animal-product violations incurred by air passengers at an international airport in Taiwan. Prev Vet Med 2005; 68:115-22. [PMID: 15820111 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2004.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2004] [Revised: 11/05/2004] [Accepted: 11/17/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to evaluate the inspection of arriving passengers for the illegal transport of animal products through the international airport into Taiwan. Passenger-violation data were retrieved from the Bureau of Animal and Plant Health Inspection and Quarantine (BAPHIQ) in Taiwan. Monte Carlo simulations with 5000 iterations were applied to estimate the predicted violation numbers considering factors such as passenger's nationality/ethnicity, sex, and monthly statistics of violations. The results showed that Chinese-related passengers and passengers from South East Asian countries have a relatively higher potential risk for incurring violations during the period from Christmas to Chinese Lunar New Year. Most monthly estimated violation risks are significantly higher than observed violation risks in 2001 and 2002, except April, July, and August. Due to the low sensitivity of the current detection system (reflected by the higher estimated violation risks and a two-fold detection increase after the implementation of an inspection service using detector dogs), we recommend additional preventive measures be taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Hwa Shih
- Hsinchu Branch, Bureau of Animal and Plant Health Inspection and Quarantine, No. 25, Harng Chin North Rd., C.K.S. International Airport, Taoyuan 337, Taiwan
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