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Köster J, Schneider K, Höper D, Salditt A, Beer M, Miller T, Wernike K. Novel Pestiviruses Detected in Cattle Interfere with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Diagnostics. Viruses 2024; 16:1301. [PMID: 39205275 PMCID: PMC11359563 DOI: 10.3390/v16081301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the start of the mandatory nationwide bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) eradication program in Germany in 2011, the number of persistently infected (PI) animals has decreased considerably, resulting in a continuous decrease in seroprevalence. The increasingly BVD-naive cattle population could facilitate spillover infections with non-BVDV ruminant pestiviruses. Here, we report two cases in which novel pestiviruses were isolated from cattle; in both cases, the whole genome sequence showed the highest level of identity to strain "Pestivirus reindeer-1". Both novel viruses gave positive results in BVDV diagnostic test systems, confirming that cross-reactivity is an important issue in pestivirus diagnostics. In the first case, the pestivirus was probably transmitted from sheep kept with the affected cattle, suggesting that the co-housing of small ruminants and cattle is a risk factor. The source of infection could not be determined in the second case. The occurrence of these two cases in independent cattle holdings within a relatively short time frame suggests that it would be useful to determine the presence of pestiviruses in small ruminants or even wild ruminants to better assess risk factors, especially for BVDV-free populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Köster
- Aulendorf State Veterinary Diagnostic Centre, Löwenbreitestraße 18/20, 88326 Aulendorf, Germany
| | - Karla Schneider
- Aulendorf State Veterinary Diagnostic Centre, Löwenbreitestraße 18/20, 88326 Aulendorf, Germany
| | - Dirk Höper
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Andreas Salditt
- Aulendorf State Veterinary Diagnostic Centre, Löwenbreitestraße 18/20, 88326 Aulendorf, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas Miller
- Aulendorf State Veterinary Diagnostic Centre, Löwenbreitestraße 18/20, 88326 Aulendorf, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wernike
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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2
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Evans CA, Woolford L, Hemmatzadeh F, Reichel MP, Cockcroft PD. Pathological lesions of lambs infected in utero with bovine viral diarrhoea virus type 1c (BVDV-1c). Vet Rec 2021; 188:e6. [PMID: 34651881 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infections in sheep are largely sub-clinical although infections of pregnant ewes have shown to result in significant fetal losses and persistently infected lambs. However, the extent and severity of abnormalities in lambs infected with BVDV in utero is still largely unknown. METHODS Twenty-two ewes were experimentally infected with BVDV-1c between 59 and 69 days of gestation. Fifteen lambs were submitted for pathological examination and the abnormalities observed in lambs and fetuses characterised. RESULTS Six lambs were identified as BVDV negative, and nine were identified as BVDV positive. Anasarca and cholestatic hepatopathy was observed in four BVDV positive lambs and associated with ewes with early seroconversion. One BVDV positive lamb was born with muscular tremors and a hairy coat associated with primary follicular dysplasia, a developmental abnormality normally associated with border disease infected lambs. CONCLUSION If similar lambing outcomes are identified in a commercial setting then BVDV should be considered, particularly in areas where sheep regularly come in to contact with cattle. In addition, as far as the authors are aware, this is the first reported case of a 'hairy shaker' lamb born as a result of an infection with BVDV-1c in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin A Evans
- Institute for Future Farming Systems, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia
| | - Lucy Woolford
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia
| | - Farhid Hemmatzadeh
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia
| | - Michael P Reichel
- Department of Population Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Peter D Cockcroft
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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Non-Bovine Species and the Risk to Effective Control of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) in Cattle. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10101263. [PMID: 34684212 PMCID: PMC8540666 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is an economically important and highly prevalent virus of domestic cattle. Infections with BVDV may lead to both, reproductive and immunological effects that can result in widespread calf losses and increased susceptibility to diseases, such as mastitis and respiratory disease. While BVDV is generally considered to be host specific, it and other Pestivirus species, such as Border disease virus (BDV) in sheep, have been shown to be infecting species other than those from which they were originally isolated from. Recently BVDV was placed on the OIE’s list of notifiable disease and control and eradication programmes for BVDV have been developed throughout much of Europe, the United States, and the United Kingdom. While some countries, including Sweden and Ireland have successfully implemented eradication programmes, other countries such as New Zealand and Australia are still in the early stages of BVDV control. Despite effective control methods, incursions of BVDV into previously cleared herds still occur. While the cause of these incursions is often due to lapses in control methods, the ability of ruminant pestiviruses to infect species other than cattle poses the question as to whether non-bovine species could be impeding the success of BVDV eradication and control. As such, the aim of this review is to make mention of what is known about the cross-species transmission of BVDV, BDV and other pestiviruses between cattle and non-bovine ungulate species and draw conclusions as to the risk non-bovine species pose to the successful control and eradication of BVDV from cattle.
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Righi C, Petrini S, Pierini I, Giammarioli M, De Mia GM. Global Distribution and Genetic Heterogeneity of Border Disease Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:950. [PMID: 34064016 PMCID: PMC8223970 DOI: 10.3390/v13060950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Border disease virus (BDV) belongs to the genus Pestivirus of the family Flaviviridae. Interspecies transmission of BDV between sheep, cattle, and pigs occurs regularly, sometimes making diagnosis a challenge. BDV can yield substantial economic losses, including prenatal and postnatal infections in lambs, which are the primary source of infection and maintenance of the virus in the population. Since BDV is antigenically and genetically related to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), it might pose a significant risk to cattle, influencing BVDV eradication campaigns. Similarly, the presence of BDV in swine herds due to pestivirus spillover between small ruminants and pigs might cause uncertainty in classical swine fever virus (CSFV) diagnostics. Therefore, knowledge of BDV epidemiology in different geographical regions will help prevent its spread and optimize control measures. Previous epidemiological studies have shown that various BDV genotypes are predominant in different countries. This review provides an overview of the spread of BDV world-wide in different host species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gian Mario De Mia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.R.); (S.P.); (I.P.); (M.G.)
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Riitho V, Strong R, Larska M, Graham SP, Steinbach F. Bovine Pestivirus Heterogeneity and Its Potential Impact on Vaccination and Diagnosis. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101134. [PMID: 33036281 PMCID: PMC7601184 DOI: 10.3390/v12101134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine Pestiviruses A and B, formerly known as bovine viral diarrhoea viruses (BVDV)-1 and 2, respectively, are important pathogens of cattle worldwide, responsible for significant economic losses. Bovine viral diarrhoea control programmes are in effect in several high-income countries but less so in low- and middle-income countries where bovine pestiviruses are not considered in disease control programmes. However, bovine pestiviruses are genetically and antigenically diverse, which affects the efficiency of the control programmes. The emergence of atypical ruminant pestiviruses (Pestivirus H or BVDV-3) from various parts of the world and the detection of Pestivirus D (border disease virus) in cattle highlights the challenge that pestiviruses continue to pose to control measures including the development of vaccines with improved cross-protective potential and enhanced diagnostics. This review examines the effect of bovine pestivirus diversity and emergence of atypical pestiviruses in disease control by vaccination and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Riitho
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, APHA-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (V.R.); (R.S.)
| | - Rebecca Strong
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, APHA-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (V.R.); (R.S.)
| | - Magdalena Larska
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland;
| | - Simon P. Graham
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK;
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guilford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Falko Steinbach
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, APHA-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (V.R.); (R.S.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guilford GU2 7XH, UK
- Correspondence:
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6
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Evans CA, Han JH, Weston JF, Heuer C, Gates MC. Serological evidence for exposure to bovine viral diarrhoea virus in sheep co-grazed with beef cattle in New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2020; 68:238-241. [PMID: 31852409 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2019.1705932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Aims: To determine whether sheep that co-grazed with cattle that were suspected to be positive for bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) virus had serological evidence of exposure to the virus.Methods: Eighteen commercial farms that routinely co-grazed cattle and sheep in the same paddocks were recruited through purposive sampling. The recruiting veterinarians identified nine farms with cattle herds that were known or highly suspected to be positive for BVD and nine farms that were considered to be free of BVD. Blood samples were taken from 15 ewes aged 1 year on each farm and samples were submitted to a commercial diagnostic laboratory to test for antibodies against pestiviruses using an ELISA. All samples that were positive were then tested using a virus neutralisation test (VNT)for antibodies against BVD virus.Results: Of the 270 blood samples, 17 were positive for pestivirus antibodies by ELISA and these originated from two farms that were known or suspected to have BVD virus-positive cattle. None of the samples from the nine flocks co-grazed with cattle herds that were known or suspected to be BVD virus-negative were positive for pestivirus antibodies. Within the two positive farms, 2/15 samples from the first farm and 15/15 samples from the second farm were antibody-positive. When the 17 positive blood samples were submitted for VNT, all 15 samples from the second farm tested positive for BVD virus antibodies with the highest titre being 1:512.Conclusions and clinical relevance: In this small sample of New Zealand sheep and beef farms with suspected BVD infection in cattle, there was evidence of pestivirus exposure in co-grazed sheep. Although we were unable to confirm the origin of the exposure in these sheep, these findings highlight that farmers who are trying to eradicate BVD from their cattle should be mindful that the infection may also be circulating in sheep, and both populations should be considered a possible risk to each other for generating transient and persistent infections. Further work is needed to estimate the true prevalence of New Zealand sheep flocks that are affected by BVD and the associated economic impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Evans
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - J-H Han
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - J F Weston
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - C Heuer
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - M C Gates
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Liu YH, He B, Li KR, Li F, Zhang LY, Li XQ, Zhao L. First report of border disease virus in Melophagus ovinus (sheep ked) collected in Xinjiang, China. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221435. [PMID: 31430353 PMCID: PMC6701764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Melophagus ovinus (sheep ked) is a blood-sucking ectoparasite that is parasitic primarily on sheep. It is widely distributed in different geographical regions worldwide. In China, it has been mainly found in Xinjiang, Gansu, and Tibet in recent years. In addition to causing direct damage to the animal hosts, M. ovinus also carries pathogens and serves as a vector for disease transmission. Border disease virus (BDV) is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA pestivirus that mainly infects and causes border disease (BD) in sheep and goats worldwide. Since 2012, this disease has been reported in 4 provinces in China. In the present study, we investigated the presence of BDV in M. ovinus from Xinjiang and Gansu. Frozen M. ovinus collected during 2017 and 2018 from Xinjiang and Gansu and preserved in our laboratory were studied. First, total RNA of M. ovinus was extracted, followed by reverse transcription, PCR (RT-PCR) amplification of the 5′-UTR of BDV, and sequencing of the amplified products. Finally, the sequencing results were analyzed using DNAStar, MEGA 5.0 molecular biology software, and the BLAST online platform. The results from RT-PCR and sequencing analyses showed that among the samples included in the study, only the M. ovinus collected from Qinghe County in Alta, Xinjiang in 2018 tested positive for BDV. BLAST analysis showed that the viral strain with the most similar nucleotide identity to the sequence of the China/BDV/2018 fragment was the goat-derived BDV strain AH12-02 collected in Anhui, China, in 2012. A phylogenetic-tree analysis showed the strain to exhibit a BDV-3 genotype. This is the first report globally on BDV detected in M. ovinus and is also the first report of BDV discovered in Xinjiang, China. This study reconfirms the presence of BDV in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hong Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo He
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Aral, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kai-Rui Li
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Aral, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Li
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Aral, People’s Republic of China
- Animal Loimia Controlling and Diagnostic Center of Aksu Region, Aksu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu-Yao Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Aral, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xian-Qiang Li
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Aral, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, People’s Republic of China
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Aral, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Giangaspero M, Decaro N, Turno P, Apicella C, Gargano P, Buonavoglia C. Pathogen spread and globalization: The case of Pestivirus heterogeneity in southern Italy. Res Vet Sci 2019; 125:100-112. [PMID: 31177022 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pestiviruses are responsible for widespread diseases affecting cattle, pigs and other ruminants, presenting a wide range of clinical manifestations, with significant impact on animal production. Given the recent various reports of a relatively high number of new strains and atypical genomic variants, in the present study, ninety-seven genomic sequences from southern Italy have been evaluated applying the palindromic nucleotide substitutions method, based on 5'-UTR secondary structure alignment and computing genetic distance among strains in the internal ribosome entry site. Sequence analysis revealed a highly heterogeneous virus population, indicating the introduction of virus variants of Bovine viral diarrhea virus and Border disease virus species from foreign countries. The application of different analytical procedures was useful to avoid interpretation difficulties. Circulation of heterogeneous virus populations showed the need for more accurate epidemiological investigations and stringent veterinary controls to protect animal health and welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Pasquale Turno
- Directorate General of Veterinary Public Health, Food and Nutrition, Ministry of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Apicella
- Directorate General of Veterinary Public Health, Food and Nutrition, Ministry of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Gargano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Catanzaro, Italy
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Braun U, Hilbe M, Peterhans E, Schweizer M. Border disease in cattle. Vet J 2019; 246:12-20. [PMID: 30902184 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Within the family Flaviviridae, viruses within the genus Pestivirus, such as Border disease virus (BDV) of sheep, can cause great economic losses in farm animals. Originally, the taxonomic classification of pestiviruses was based on the host species they were isolated from, but today, it is known that many pestiviruses exhibit a broad species tropism. This review provides an overview of BDV infection in cattle. The clinical, hematological and pathological-anatomical findings in bovines that were transiently or persistently infected with BDV largely resemble those in cattle infected with the closely related pestivirus bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV). Accordingly, the diagnosis of BDV infection can be challenging, as it must be differentiated from various pestiviruses in cattle. The latter is very relevant in countries with control programs to eradicate BVDV in Bovidae, as in most circumstances, pestivirus infections in sheep, which act as reservoir for BDV, are not included in the eradication scheme. Interspecies transmission of BDV between sheep and cattle occurs regularly, but BDV in cattle appears to be of minor general importance. Nevertheless, BDV outbreaks at farm or local level can be very costly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ueli Braun
- Department of Farm Animals, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Monika Hilbe
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ernst Peterhans
- Institute for Virology and Immunology, Länggass-Strasse 122, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Schweizer
- Institute for Virology and Immunology, Länggass-Strasse 122, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
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10
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Evans CA, Lanyon SR, O’Handley RM, Reichel MP, Cockcroft PD. Seroprevalence of antibodies to Pestivirus
infections in South Australian sheep flocks. Aust Vet J 2018; 96:312-314. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- CA Evans
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Roseworthy Campus; University of Adelaide; Roseworthy South Australia 5371 Australia
| | - SR Lanyon
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Roseworthy Campus; University of Adelaide; Roseworthy South Australia 5371 Australia
| | - RM O’Handley
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Roseworthy Campus; University of Adelaide; Roseworthy South Australia 5371 Australia
| | - MP Reichel
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences; City University of Hong Kong; Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - PD Cockcroft
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Surrey; UK
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Braun U, Janett F, Züblin S, von Büren M, Hilbe M, Zanoni R, Schweizer M. Insemination with border disease virus-infected semen results in seroconversion in cows but not persistent infection in fetuses. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:159. [PMID: 29769076 PMCID: PMC5954452 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1472-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined various health variables in cows after artificial insemination with Border disease virus (BDV)-infected semen and the occurrence of persistent infection in ensuing fetuses. Five cows were inseminated (day 0) with BDV-infected semen as well as with semen from a fertile Eringer bull. One cow, inseminated with virus-free semen only, served as a control. Clinical examination, assessment of eating and rumination activities, measurement of intraruminal temperature and leukocyte count were used to monitor the health of the cows. Blood samples were collected at regular intervals for the detection of viral RNA and antibodies against BDV, and the cows were slaughtered on day 56. The uteri, placentae and fetuses were examined macroscopically, histologically, immunohistochemically and by means of molecular methods for the presence of pestiviruses. RESULTS The demeanour, eating and rumination activities and intraruminal temperature were not affected by insemination with BDV-infected semen, whereas the total leukocyte and lymphocyte counts dropped transiently and were significantly lower on day 6 than on day 0. Seroconversion occurred by day 28 in the five infected cows but not in the control cow. The uteri, placentae and fetuses had no macroscopic or histological lesions, and immunohistochemical examination and RT-PCR were negative for pestiviruses. CONCLUSIONS The findings showed that cows inseminated with BDV-infected semen seroconverted and fetuses thus produced were not persistently infected. Transmission of BDV to cattle through infected semen, therefore, seems to be of minor importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ueli Braun
- Department of Farm Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Fredi Janett
- Department of Farm Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Züblin
- Department of Farm Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michèle von Büren
- Department of Farm Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Monika Hilbe
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reto Zanoni
- Institute for Virology and Immunology, and Department of Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Schweizer
- Institute for Virology and Immunology, and Department of Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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12
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Fernández M, Braun U, Frei S, Schweizer M, Hilbe M. Border Disease Virus Infection of Bovine Placentas. Vet Pathol 2018; 55:425-433. [PMID: 29402208 DOI: 10.1177/0300985817754123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Subsequent to a previous study of border disease virus (BDV) horizontal transmission from a persistently BDV-infected calf to 6 seronegative pregnant heifers, the heifers were slaughtered 60 days after exposure to the infected calf, and their fetuses and placentas were examined. Immunohistochemical examination of fetal organs and placenta showed positive labeling of moderate intensity for pestivirus antigen in 3 of 6 heifers. BDV infection in these 3 animals was confirmed by the detection of BDV RNA in different organs using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In the placenta, the positive cells were visualized mostly on the fetal side. In those 3 heifers that harbored an infected fetus, the placental tissue in the placentome region showed a moderate to severe mononuclear and fibrosing placentitis and, in severe cases, necrotic areas. The inflammatory population was composed predominantly of T and B cells, a substantial number of macrophages, and, to a lesser extent, plasma cells. This is a novel report of placentitis in persistently BDV-infected fetuses from pregnant heifers that became acutely infected by cohousing with a calf persistently infected with BDV, which extends previous reports on bovine viral diarrhea virus-infected and BDV-infected cattle and sheep, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Fernández
- 1 Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ueli Braun
- 2 Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Farm Animals, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Frei
- 2 Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Farm Animals, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Schweizer
- 3 Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO) and Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Monika Hilbe
- 1 Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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13
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Reichel MP, Lanyon SR, Hill FI. Perspectives on Current Challenges and Opportunities for Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus Eradication in Australia and New Zealand. Pathogens 2018; 7:E14. [PMID: 29361748 PMCID: PMC5874740 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This review outlines the history of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) and the current situation in Australia and New Zealand. BVDV has been reported as present in cattle from both countries for close to 60 years. It rates as the second most economically significant disease afflicting cattle, and is highly prevalent and spread throughout the beef and dairy industries. While other cattle diseases have been the subject of government control and eradication, infection with BVDV is presently not. Eradication has been undertaken in many other countries and been judged to be a good investment, resulting in positive economic returns. Presently, Australia and New Zealand have adopted a non-compulsory approach to control schemes, initiated and managed by farmers and veterinarians without the ultimate goal of eradication. Moving towards eradication is possible with the infrastructure both countries possess, but will require additional resources, coordination, and funding from stakeholders to move to full eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Reichel
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Sasha R Lanyon
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia.
| | - Fraser I Hill
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
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14
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Evans CA, Lanyon SR, Reichel MP. Investigation of AGID and two commercial ELISAs for the detection of Bovine viral diarrhea virus-specific antibodies in sheep serum. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:181-185. [PMID: 28178907 DOI: 10.1177/1040638716687003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective control and the eventual eradication of Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) from cattle populations depend on the accurate identification of infected animals. Although typically a disease agent of cattle, BVDV is known to infect a wide variety of nonbovine species, including sheep. However, validation of serologic tests in these nonbovine species, particularly sheep, is lacking. We analyzed 99 sheep sera (57 samples from Pestivirus-naive sheep, and 42 samples from BVDV-inoculated sheep) in order to investigate 3 serologic tests: the agarose gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and 2 commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for detection of BVDV antibodies. At the manufacturer's cutoff thresholds, the AGID performed with 95.2% diagnostic sensitivity; ELISA-A performed with sensitivity of 90.5% and ELISA-B with 69.1%. All 3 tests performed with 100% diagnostic specificity. Two-graph receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that performance characteristics were optimized, such that both diagnostic sensitivity and diagnostic specificity were >95% for both ELISAs, if the thresholds were altered to 34.9% inhibition for ELISA-A and 63.5 signal-to-noise ratio for ELISA-B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin A Evans
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia (Evans, Lanyon).,School of Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (Reichel)
| | - Sasha R Lanyon
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia (Evans, Lanyon).,School of Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (Reichel)
| | - Michael P Reichel
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia (Evans, Lanyon).,School of Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (Reichel)
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15
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Influence of border disease virus (BDV) on serological surveillance within the bovine virus diarrhea (BVD) eradication program in Switzerland. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:21. [PMID: 28086880 PMCID: PMC5237232 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0932-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2008, a program to eradicate bovine virus diarrhea (BVD) in cattle in Switzerland was initiated. After targeted elimination of persistently infected animals that represent the main virus reservoir, the absence of BVD is surveilled serologically since 2012. In view of steadily decreasing pestivirus seroprevalence in the cattle population, the susceptibility for (re-) infection by border disease (BD) virus mainly from small ruminants increases. Due to serological cross-reactivity of pestiviruses, serological surveillance of BVD by ELISA does not distinguish between BVD and BD virus as source of infection. RESULTS In this work the cross-serum neutralisation test (SNT) procedure was adapted to the epidemiological situation in Switzerland by the use of three pestiviruses, i.e., strains representing the subgenotype BVDV-1a, BVDV-1h and BDSwiss-a, for adequate differentiation between BVDV and BDV. Thereby the BDV-seroprevalence in seropositive cattle in Switzerland was determined for the first time. Out of 1,555 seropositive blood samples taken from cattle in the frame of the surveillance program, a total of 104 samples (6.7%) reacted with significantly higher titers against BDV than BVDV. These samples originated from 65 farms and encompassed 15 different cantons with the highest BDV-seroprevalence found in Central Switzerland. On the base of epidemiological information collected by questionnaire in case- and control farms, common housing of cattle and sheep was identified as the most significant risk factor for BDV infection in cattle by logistic regression. CONCLUSION This indicates that pestiviruses from sheep should be considered as a source of infection of domestic cattle and might well impede serological BVD surveillance.
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16
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Mao L, Li W, Liu X, Hao F, Yang L, Deng J, Zhang W, Wei J, Jiang J. Chinese border disease virus strain JSLS12-01 infects piglets and down-regulates the antibody responses of classical swine fever virus C strain vaccination. Vaccine 2015; 33:3918-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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17
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Braun U, Hilbe M, Janett F, Hässig M, Zanoni R, Frei S, Schweizer M. Transmission of border disease virus from a persistently infected calf to seronegative heifers in early pregnancy. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:43. [PMID: 25889936 PMCID: PMC4336514 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-014-0275-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study describes the transmission of border disease virus (BDV) from a persistently infected calf to seronegative heifers in early pregnancy, resulting in persistently infected fetuses. On day 50 of pregnancy (= day 0 of the infection phase), six heifers were co-housed in a free stall with a bull calf persistently infected with BDV (pi BVD) for 60 days. The heifers underwent daily clinical examination, and blood samples were collected regularly for detection of pestiviral RNA and anti-pestivirus antibodies. After day 60 (= day 110 of pregnancy), the heifers were slaughtered, and the fetuses and placentae underwent post-mortem and immunohistochemical examination and RT-PCR for viral RNA detection. Results Three heifers had mild viraemia from day 8 to day 14, and by day 40 all heifers had pestivirus antibodies identified as anti-BDV antibodies in the serum neutralisation test. The placenta of the three viraemic heifers had histological evidence of inflammation, and fetal organs from these heifers were positive for pestivirus antigen by immunohistochemical examination and for BD viral RNA by RT-PCR and sequencing. Thus, co-housing of heifers in early pregnancy with a pi-BDV calf led to seroconversion in all heifers and persistent fetal infection in three. Conclusions Considering that pi-BDV cattle can infect other cattle and lead to persistent infection of the fetus in pregnant cows, BDV should not be ignored in the context of the mandatory BVDV eradication and monitoring program. This strongly suggests that BDV should be taken into account in BVD eradication and control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ueli Braun
- Department of Farm Animals, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Monika Hilbe
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Fredi Janett
- Department of Farm Animals, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Michael Hässig
- Department of Farm Animals, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Reto Zanoni
- Institute of Veterinary Virology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, 3001, Bern, Switzerland. .,New Name: Institute of Virology and Immunology, Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, CH-3001, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Sandra Frei
- Department of Farm Animals, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Matthias Schweizer
- Institute of Veterinary Virology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, 3001, Bern, Switzerland. .,New Name: Institute of Virology and Immunology, Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, CH-3001, Bern, Switzerland.
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18
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Lanyon SR, Reichel MP. Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (‘pestivirus’) in Australia: to control or not to control? Aust Vet J 2014; 92:277-82. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- SR Lanyon
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences; University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus; Roseworthy South Australia 5371 Australia
| | - MP Reichel
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences; University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus; Roseworthy South Australia 5371 Australia
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19
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Frei S, Braun U, Dennler M, Hilbe M, Stalder HP, Schweizer M, Nuss K. Border disease in persistently infected calves: radiological and pathological findings. Vet Rec 2014; 174:170. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.102095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Frei
- Department of Farm Animals; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 260 Zurich 8057 Switzerland
| | - U. Braun
- Department of Farm Animals; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 260 Zurich 8057 Switzerland
| | - M. Dennler
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 260 Zurich 8057 Switzerland
| | - M. Hilbe
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 268 Zurich 8057 Switzerland
| | - H. P. Stalder
- Institute of Veterinary Virology; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Bern; Laenggassstrasse 122 Bern 3001 Switzerland
| | - M. Schweizer
- Institute of Veterinary Virology; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Bern; Laenggassstrasse 122 Bern 3001 Switzerland
| | - K. Nuss
- Department of Farm Animals; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 260 Zurich 8057 Switzerland
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Lanyon SR, Hill FI, Reichel MP, Brownlie J. Bovine viral diarrhoea: Pathogenesis and diagnosis. Vet J 2014; 199:201-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Li W, Mao L, Zhao Y, Sun Y, He K, Jiang J. Detection of border disease virus (BDV) in goat herds suffering diarrhea in eastern China. Virol J 2013; 10:80. [PMID: 23497341 PMCID: PMC3602100 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Border disease virus (BDV) is an important pathogen in sheep and goat production. Neither epidemiological investigation nor any reports of BDV infection was available in China. During Jan to Apr, 2012, several herd goats in Anhui and Jiangsu provinces in eastern China suffered unremitting diarrhea, with morbidity and mortality of about 28-37% and 10-15%, respectively. In the present study, sera and tissue samples from diseased goats of four farms were taken for BDV detection, isolation and identification. Results Panpesti generic primers and border disease virus (BDV)-specific primers targeting the 5’-UTR region produced RT-PCR positive bands for sera (24/28) and tissue samples (7/30). Twenty positive sera and tissue samples were inoculated onto Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells for virus isolation. Finally, three different strains of BDV, named AH12-01, AH12-02 and JS12/04, were successfully isolated as identified by RT-PCR using 5’-UTR and Npro gene primers, sequencing and electron microscopy. Sequences of 5’-UTR and Npro genes of them were used for phylogenetic analysis and comparison to other reference sequences available in GenBank. The results indicated AH12-01, AH12-02 and JS12/04 possess high relationship with the BDV 3 group viruses and differed with each other. Conclusion This is the first detection of BDV from goats with diarrhea and confirmation of BDV infection in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
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