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Acyl glucuronide reactivity in perspective. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:1639-1650. [PMID: 32681884 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acyl glucuronidation is a common metabolic fate for acidic drugs and their metabolites and, because these metabolites are reactive, they have been linked to adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and drug withdrawals. However, alternative routes of metabolism leading to reactive metabolites (e.g., oxidations and acyl-CoA thioesters) mean that unambiguous proof that acyl glucuronides are toxic is lacking. Here, we review the synthesis and reactivity of these metabolites, and describe the use of molecular modelling and in vitro and in vivo reactivity assessment of acyl glucuronide reactivity. Based on the emerging structure-dependent differences in reactivity and protein adduction methods for risk assessment for acyl glucuronide-forming acid drugs or drug candidates in drug discovery/development are suggested.
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Bradshaw PR, Richards SE, Wilson ID, Stachulski AV, Lindon JC, Athersuch TJ. Kinetic modelling of acyl glucuronide and glucoside reactivity and development of structure–property relationships. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:1389-1401. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02008j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Detailed kinetic and transition structure modelling to rationalise the differences in reactivity observed between the acyl glucuronide and glucoside metabolites of a series of phenylacetic acid analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R. Bradshaw
- Department of Metabolism
- Digestion and Reproduction
- Faculty of Medicine
- Imperial College London
- London
| | - Selena E. Richards
- Department of Chemistry
- Khalifa University of Science and Technology
- Abu Dhabi
- United Arab Emirates
| | - Ian D. Wilson
- Department of Metabolism
- Digestion and Reproduction
- Faculty of Medicine
- Imperial College London
- London
| | - Andrew V. Stachulski
- Department of Chemistry
- The Robert Robinson Laboratories
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool L69 7ZD
- UK
| | - John C. Lindon
- Department of Metabolism
- Digestion and Reproduction
- Faculty of Medicine
- Imperial College London
- London
| | - Toby J. Athersuch
- Department of Metabolism
- Digestion and Reproduction
- Faculty of Medicine
- Imperial College London
- London
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3
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The importance of evaluating the chemical structures and strategies to avoid pitfalls in quantitative bioanalysis. Bioanalysis 2019; 11:85-101. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative bioanalytical data are crucial in pharmaceutical research and development, allowing project teams to make informed scientific decisions on the progression of candidate molecules to medicines. Many challenges are often encountered during the bioanalysis of drugs in biological matrices which require resolution in a timely manner. In this publication, guidance is provided to bioanalytical scientists on how to identify potential problems before they become an obstacle for the drug development and to share our experiences dealing some of most common problems encountered in the bioanalytical laboratory. Relevant topics in bioanalysis such as stabilization approaches for glucuronides (Acyl and N-); prodrugs (phosphate and esters), amides, amines, N-oxides; bioanalysis of light sensitive molecules, halogenated drugs and lactones are discussed in this publication.
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Piazzon A, Vrhovsek U, Masuero D, Mattivi F, Mandoj F, Nardini M. Antioxidant activity of phenolic acids and their metabolites: synthesis and antioxidant properties of the sulfate derivatives of ferulic and caffeic acids and of the acyl glucuronide of ferulic acid. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:12312-23. [PMID: 23157164 DOI: 10.1021/jf304076z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The main metabolites of caffeic and ferulic acids (ferulic acid-4'-O-sulfate, caffeic acid-4'-O-sulfate, and caffeic acid-3'-O-sulfate), the most representative phenolic acids in fruits and vegetables, and the acyl glucuronide of ferulic acid were synthesized, purified, and tested for their antioxidant activity in comparison with those of their parent compounds and other related phenolics. Both the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and the 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging method were used. Ferulic acid-4'-O-sulfate and ferulic acid-4'-O-glucuronide exhibited very low antioxidant activity, while the monosulfate derivatives of caffeic acid were 4-fold less efficient as the antioxidant than caffeic acid. The acyl glucuronide of ferulic acid showed strong antioxidant action. The antioxidant activity of caffeic acid-3'-O-glucuronide and caffeic acid-4'-O-glucuronide was also studied. Our results demonstrate that some of the products of phenolic acid metabolism still retain strong antioxidant properties. Moreover, we first demonstrate the ex vivo synthesis of the acyl glucuronide of ferulic acid by mouse liver microsomes, in addition to the phenyl glucuronide.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Piazzon
- Agricultural Research Council, Rome, Italy
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5
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Nishihara M, Sudo M, Kawaguchi N, Takahashi J, Kiyota Y, Kondo T, Asahi S. An Unusual Metabolic Pathway of Sipoglitazar, a Novel Antidiabetic Agent: Cytochrome P450-Catalyzed Oxidation of Sipoglitazar Acyl Glucuronide. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 40:249-58. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.040105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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6
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Karlsson ES, Johnson CH, Sarda S, Iddon L, Iqbal M, Meng X, Harding JR, Stachulski AV, Nicholson JK, Wilson ID, Lindon JC. High-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometric and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic studies of the transacylation and hydrolysis of the acyl glucuronides of a series of phenylacetic acids in buffer and human plasma. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:3043-3051. [PMID: 20872637 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The use of high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR) spectroscopy for the kinetic analysis of acyl glucuronide (AG) isomerisation and hydrolysis of the 1-β-O-acyl glucuronides (1-β-O-AG) of phenylacetic acid, (R)- and (S)-α-methylphenylacetic acid and α,α-dimethylphenylacetic acid is described and compared. Each AG was incubated in both aqueous buffer, at pH 7.4, and control human plasma at 37°C. Aliquots of these incubations, taken throughout the reaction time-course, were analysed by HPLC/MS and (1)H NMR spectroscopy. In buffer, transacylation reactions predominated, with relatively little hydrolysis to the free aglycone observed. In human plasma incubations the calculated rates of reaction were much faster than for buffer and, in contrast to the observations in buffer, hydrolysis to the free aglycone was a significant contributor to the overall reaction.A diagnostic analytical methodology based on differential mass spectrometric fragmentation of 1-β-O-AGs compared to the 2-, 3- and 4-positional isomers, which enables selective determination of the former, was confirmed and applied. These findings show that HPLC/MS offers a viable alternative to the more commonly used NMR spectroscopic approach for the determination of the transacylation and hydrolysis reactions of these AGs, with the major advantage of having the capability to do so in a complex biological matrix such as plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin S Karlsson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
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7
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Johnson CH, Karlsson E, Sarda S, Iddon L, Iqbal M, Meng X, Harding JR, Stachulski AV, Nicholson JK, Wilson ID, Lindon JC. Integrated HPLC-MS and (1)H-NMR spectroscopic studies on acyl migration reaction kinetics of model drug ester glucuronides. Xenobiotica 2010; 40:9-23. [PMID: 19919325 DOI: 10.3109/00498250903348720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Acyl glucuronides (AGs) are common, chemically reactive metabolites of acidic xenobiotics. Concerns about the potential of this class of conjugate to cause toxicity in man require efficient methods for the determination of reactivity, and this is commonly done by measuring transacylation kinetics. High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were applied to the kinetic analysis of AG isomerization and hydrolysis for the 1-beta-O-AGs of ibufenac, (R)- and (S)-ibuprofen, and an alpha,alpha-dimethylated ibuprofen analogue. Each AG was incubated in either aqueous buffer at pH 7.4 or human plasma at 37 degrees C. Aliquots of these samples, taken throughout the reaction time course, were analysed by HPLC-MS and (1)H-NMR spectroscopy and the results compared. For identification of the AGs incubated in pH 7.4 buffer and for analysis of kinetic rates, (1)H-NMR spectroscopy generally gave the most complete set of data, but for human plasma the use of (1)H-NMR spectroscopy was impractical and HPLC-MS was more suitable. HPLC-MS was more sensitive than (1)H-NMR spectroscopy, but the lack of suitable stable-isotope labelled internal standards, together with differences in response between glucuronides and aglycones, made quantification problematic. Using HPLC-MS a specific 1-beta-O-AG-related ion at m/z 193 (the glucuronate fragment) was noted enabling selective determination of these isomers. In buffer, transacylation reactions predominated, with relatively little hydrolysis to the free aglycone observed. In human plasma incubations the observed rates of reaction were much faster than for buffer, and hydrolysis to the free aglycone was the major route. These results illustrate the strengths and weaknesses of each analytical approach for this class of analyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Johnson
- Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Baba A, Yoshioka T. Structure−Activity Relationships for the Degradation Reaction of 1-β-O-Acyl Glucuronides. Part 3: Electronic and Steric Descriptors Predicting the Reactivity of Aralkyl Carboxylic Acid 1-β-O-Acyl Glucuronides. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 22:1998-2008. [DOI: 10.1021/tx9002963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Baba
- Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, 7-1 Katsuraoka-cho, Otaru, Hokkaido 047-0264, Japan
| | - Tadao Yoshioka
- Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, 7-1 Katsuraoka-cho, Otaru, Hokkaido 047-0264, Japan
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Berry NG, Iddon L, Iqbal M, Meng X, Jayapal P, Johnson CH, Nicholson JK, Lindon JC, Harding JR, Wilson ID, Stachulski AV. Synthesis, transacylation kinetics and computational chemistry of a set of arylacetic acid 1β-O-acyl glucuronides. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:2525-33. [DOI: 10.1039/b822777b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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10
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Baba A, Yoshioka T. Structure−Activity Relationships for Degradation Reaction of 1-β-O-Acyl Glucuronides: Kinetic Description and Prediction of Intrinsic Electrophilic Reactivity under Physiological Conditions. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 22:158-72. [DOI: 10.1021/tx800292m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Baba
- Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, 7-1 Katsuraoka-cho, Otaru, 047-0264, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tadao Yoshioka
- Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, 7-1 Katsuraoka-cho, Otaru, 047-0264, Hokkaido, Japan
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Roslund MU, Aitio O, Wärnå J, Maaheimo H, Murzin DY, Leino R. Acyl group migration and cleavage in selectively protected beta-d-galactopyranosides as studied by NMR spectroscopy and kinetic calculations. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:8769-72. [PMID: 18543925 DOI: 10.1021/ja801177s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The migration of acetyl, pivaloyl, and benzoyl protective groups and their relative stabilities at variable pH for a series of beta- d-galactopyranoses were studied by NMR spectroscopy. The clockwise and counterclockwise migration rates for the different ester groups were accurately determined by use of a kinetic model. The results presented provide new insights into the acid and base stabilities of commonly used ester protecting groups and the phenomenon of acyl group migration and may prove useful in the planning of synthesis strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias U Roslund
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry, Abo Akademi University, FI-20500 Abo, Finland.
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12
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Shu YZ, Johnson BM, Yang TJ. Role of biotransformation studies in minimizing metabolism-related liabilities in drug discovery. AAPS JOURNAL 2008; 10:178-92. [PMID: 18446518 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-008-9016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2007] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism-related liabilities continue to be a major cause of attrition for drug candidates in clinical development. Such problems may arise from the bioactivation of the parent compound to a reactive metabolite capable of modifying biological materials covalently or engaging in redox-cycling reactions leading to the formation of other toxicants. Alternatively, they may result from the formation of a major metabolite with systemic exposure and adverse pharmacological activity. To avert such problems, biotransformation studies are becoming increasingly important in guiding the refinement of a lead series during drug discovery and in characterizing lead candidates prior to clinical evaluation. This article provides an overview of the methods that are used to uncover metabolism-related liabilities in a pre-clinical setting and offers suggestions for reducing such liabilities via the modification of structural features that are used commonly in drug-like molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Zhong Shu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, USA.
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13
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Johnson CH, Wilson ID, Harding JR, Stachulski AV, Iddon L, Nicholson JK, Lindon JC. NMR Spectroscopic Studies on the in Vitro Acyl Glucuronide Migration Kinetics of Ibuprofen ((±)-(R,S)-2-(4-Isobutylphenyl) Propanoic Acid), Its Metabolites, and Analogues. Anal Chem 2007; 79:8720-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac071368i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline H. Johnson
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics (SORA), Faculty of Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K., Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK 10 4TG, U.K., and Department of Chemistry, The Robert Robinson Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Ian D. Wilson
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics (SORA), Faculty of Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K., Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK 10 4TG, U.K., and Department of Chemistry, The Robert Robinson Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - John R. Harding
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics (SORA), Faculty of Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K., Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK 10 4TG, U.K., and Department of Chemistry, The Robert Robinson Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Andrew V. Stachulski
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics (SORA), Faculty of Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K., Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK 10 4TG, U.K., and Department of Chemistry, The Robert Robinson Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Lisa Iddon
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics (SORA), Faculty of Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K., Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK 10 4TG, U.K., and Department of Chemistry, The Robert Robinson Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Jeremy K. Nicholson
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics (SORA), Faculty of Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K., Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK 10 4TG, U.K., and Department of Chemistry, The Robert Robinson Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - John C. Lindon
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics (SORA), Faculty of Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K., Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK 10 4TG, U.K., and Department of Chemistry, The Robert Robinson Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
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Walker GS, Atherton J, Bauman J, Kohl C, Lam W, Reily M, Lou Z, Mutlib A. Determination of Degradation Pathways and Kinetics of Acyl Glucuronides by NMR Spectroscopy. Chem Res Toxicol 2007; 20:876-86. [PMID: 17536843 DOI: 10.1021/tx600297u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Acyl glucuronides have been implicated in the toxicity of many xenobiotics and marketed drugs. These toxicities are hypothesized to be a consequence of covalent binding of the reactive forms of the acyl glucuronide to proteins. Reactive intermediates of the acyl glucuronide arise from the migration of the aglycone leading to other positional and stereoisomers under physiological conditions. In order to screen for the potential liabilities of these metabolites during the early phase of pharmaceutical development, an NMR method based on the disappearance of the anomeric resonance of the O-1-acyl glucuronide was used to monitor the degradation kinetics of 11 structurally diverse acyl glucuronides, including those produced from the known nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The acyl glucuronides were either chemically synthesized or were isolated from biological matrices (bile, urine, and liver microsomal extracts). The half-lives attained utilizing this method were found to be comparable to those reported in the literature. NMR analysis also enabled the delineation of the two possible pathways of degradation: acyl migration and hydrolytic cleavage. The previously characterized 1H resonances of acyl migrated products are quite distinguishable from those that arise from hydrolysis. The NMR method described here could be used to rank order acyl glucuronide forming discovery compounds based on the potential reactivity of the conjugates and their routes of decomposition under physiological conditions. Furthermore, we have shown that in vitro systems such as liver microsomal preparations can be used to generate sufficient quantities of acyl glucuronides from early discovery compounds for NMR characterization. This is particularly important, as we often have limited supply of early discovery compounds to conduct in vivo studies to generate sufficient quantities of acyl glucuronides for further characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Walker
- Pfizer, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48015, USA.
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15
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Stachulski AV, Harding JR, Lindon JC, Maggs JL, Park BK, Wilson ID. Acyl Glucuronides: Biological Activity, Chemical Reactivity, and Chemical Synthesis. J Med Chem 2006; 49:6931-45. [PMID: 17125245 DOI: 10.1021/jm060599z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew V Stachulski
- Department of Chemistry, The Robert Robinson Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK.
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Vanderhoeven SJ, Lindon JC, Troke J, Nicholson JK, Wilson ID. NMR spectroscopic studies of the transacylation reactivity of ibuprofen 1-β-O-acyl glucuronide. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 41:1002-6. [PMID: 16483736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2005] [Revised: 01/03/2006] [Accepted: 01/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The products arising from the intra-molecular acyl migration reactions of drug ester glucuronides can be reactive towards cellular proteins and have been proposed to cause toxic side effects. The relative reactivity of a range of drug and model glucuronides have previously been determined by measuring the rate of disappearance of a peak characteristic of the 1-beta-O-acyl glucuronide using 1H NMR spectroscopy. Here the degradation rate of ibuprofen 1-beta-O-acyl glucuronide has been investigated using NMR spectroscopy for the first time using material isolated from human urine with solid-phase extraction chromatography (SPEC). The degradation rate was measured by following the disappearance of the 1H NMR signal from the 1-beta-anomeric proton of the glucuronic acid moiety as the reaction progressed in pH 7.4 buffer inside an NMR tube. The measured degradation rate represents a pseudo-first order rate constant, a combination of the transacylation rate (1-beta-isomer to 2-beta-isomer) and the hydrolysis rate, and is presented as a half-life of 3.5 h. This value is compared to those from drug glucuronides where adverse effects have been observed in patients after administration of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Vanderhoeven
- Biological Chemistry, Biomedical Sciences Division, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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