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Van NT, Zhang K, Wigmore RM, Kennedy AI, DaSilva CR, Huang J, Ambelil M, Villagomez JH, O'Connor GJ, Longman RS, Cao M, Snook AE, Platten M, Kasenty G, Sigal LJ, Prendergast GC, Kim SV. Dietary L-Tryptophan consumption determines the number of colonic regulatory T cells and susceptibility to colitis via GPR15. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7363. [PMID: 37963876 PMCID: PMC10645889 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43211-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors are the major contributor to the onset of immunological disorders such as ulcerative colitis. However, their identities remain unclear. Here, we discover that the amount of consumed L-Tryptophan (L-Trp), a ubiquitous dietary component, determines the transcription level of the colonic T cell homing receptor, GPR15, hence affecting the number of colonic FOXP3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells and local immune homeostasis. Ingested L-Trp is converted by host IDO1/2 enzymes, but not by gut microbiota, to compounds that induce GPR15 transcription preferentially in Treg cells via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Consequently, two weeks of dietary L-Trp supplementation nearly double the colonic GPR15+ Treg cells via GPR15-mediated homing and substantially reduce the future risk of colitis. In addition, humans consume 3-4 times less L-Trp per kilogram of body weight and have fewer colonic GPR15+ Treg cells than mice. Thus, we uncover a microbiota-independent mechanism linking dietary L-Trp and colonic Treg cells, that may have therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen T Van
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Karen Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rachel M Wigmore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anne I Kennedy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carolina R DaSilva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jialing Huang
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, & Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Anatomic Pathology, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Manju Ambelil
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, & Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jose H Villagomez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gerald J O'Connor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Randy S Longman
- Jill Roberts Center for IBD, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miao Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, & Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adam E Snook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, & Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Platten
- CCU Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, MCTN, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- DKFZ Hector Cancer Institute at the University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gerard Kasenty
- Department of Genetics and Development, Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, NY, USA
| | - Luis J Sigal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - George C Prendergast
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lankenau Institute of Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, USA
| | - Sangwon V Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Okamoto Y, Shikano S. Emerging roles of a chemoattractant receptor GPR15 and ligands in pathophysiology. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1179456. [PMID: 37457732 PMCID: PMC10348422 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1179456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptors play a central role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis and development of inflammation by directing leukocyte migration to tissues. GPR15 is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that was initially known as a co-receptor for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), with structural similarity to other members of the chemoattractant receptor family. Since the discovery of its novel function as a colon-homing receptor of T cells in mice a decade ago, GPR15 has been rapidly gaining attention for its involvement in a variety of inflammatory and immune disorders. The recent identification of its natural ligand C10orf99, a chemokine-like polypeptide strongly expressed in gastrointestinal tissues, has established that GPR15-C10orf99 is a novel signaling axis that controls intestinal homeostasis and inflammation through the migration of immune cells. In addition, it has been demonstrated that C10orf99-independent functions of GPR15 and GPR15-independent activities of C10orf99 also play significant roles in the pathophysiology. Therefore, GPR15 and its ligands are potential therapeutic targets. To provide a basis for the future development of GPR15- or GPR15 ligand-targeted therapeutics, we have summarized the latest advances in the role of GPR15 and its ligands in human diseases as well as the molecular mechanisms that regulate GPR15 expression and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sojin Shikano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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Kõks S, Kõks G. Activation of GPR15 and its involvement in the biological effects of smoking. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:1207-1212. [PMID: 28423922 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217703977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking is one of the most significant modifiable environmental risk factors for many diseases. Smoking causes excessive mortality worldwide. Despite decades of long research, there has not been a clear understanding regarding the molecular mechanism that makes smoking harmful to health. Some recent studies have found that smoking influences most significantly the expression and methylation of GPR15. GPR15 is an orphan receptor that is involved in the regulation of the innate immunity and the T-cell trafficking in the intestinal epithelium. Further studies have confirmed that GPR15 is very strongly involved in smoking and smoking-induced molecular changes. Therefore, the altered expression and epigenetic regulation of GPR15 could have a significant role in the health impact of smoking. Impact statement The review describes an orphan receptor GPR15 that has recently been found to be influenced by smoking. This makes GPR15 very sensitive and adequate biomarker for smoking and smoking studies. Also, activation of GPR15 by smoking could help to explain its effects on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulev Kõks
- 1 Department of Pathophysiology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia.,2 Department of Reproductive Biology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Gea Kõks
- 1 Department of Pathophysiology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
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Chen LC, Chen CC, Liang Y, Tsang NM, Chang YS, Hsueh C. A novel role for TNFAIP2: its correlation with invasion and metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Mod Pathol 2011; 24:175-84. [PMID: 21057457 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2010.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) is an inflammatory cytokine that is present in the microenvironment of many tumors and is known to promote tumor progression. To examine how TNFα modulates the progression and metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, we used Affymetrix chips to identify TNFα-inducible genes that are dysregulated in this tumor. Elevated expression of TNFAIP2, which encodes TNFα-inducible protein 2 and not previously known to be associated with cancer, was found and confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR of TNFAIP2 expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and adjacent normal tissues. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the TNFAIP2 protein was highly expressed in tumor cells. Analysis of 95 nasopharyngeal carcinoma biopsy specimens revealed that high TNFAIP2 expression was significantly correlated with high-level intratumoral microvessel density (P=0.005) and low distant metastasis-free survival (P=0.001). A multivariate analysis further confirmed that TNFAIP2 was an independent prognostic factor for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (P=0.002). In vitro, TNFα treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma HK1 cells was found to induce TNFAIP2 expression, and siRNA-based knockdown of TNFAIP2 dramatically reduced the migration and invasion of nasopharyngeal carcinoma HK1 cells. These results collectively suggest for the first time that TNFAIP2 is a cell migration-promoting protein and its expression predicts distant metastasis. Our data suggest that TNFAIP2 may serve as an independent prognostic indicator for nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lih-Chyang Chen
- Chang Gung Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Pettit S, des Etages SA, Mylecraine L, Snyder R, Fostel J, Dunn RT, Haymes K, Duval M, Stevens J, Afshari C, Vickers A. Current and future applications of toxicogenomics: Results summary of a survey from the HESI Genomics State of Science Subcommittee. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2010; 118:992-7. [PMID: 20100679 PMCID: PMC2920921 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0901501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In spite of the application of toxicogenomic (TGx) data to the field of toxicology for the past 10 years, the broad implementation and full impact of TGx for chemical and drug evaluation to improve decision making within organizations and by policy makers has not been achieved. OBJECTIVES The goal of the Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI) Committee on the Application of Genomics to Mechanism-based Risk Assessment was to construct and summarize a multisector survey, addressing key issues and perspectives on the current and future practical uses and challenges of implementing TGx data to facilitate discussions for decision making within organizations and by policy makers. METHODS An online survey to probe the current status and future challenges facing the field of TGx for drug and chemical evaluation in experimental and nonclinical models was taken by scientists and scientific decision/policy makers actively engaged in the field of TGx within industrial, academic, and regulatory sectors of the United States, Europe, and Japan. For this survey, TGx refers specifically to the analysis of gene expression responses to evaluate xenobiotic exposure in experimental and preclinical models. RESULTS The survey results are summarized from questions covering broad areas including technology used, organizational capacity and resource allocation, experimental approaches, data storage and exchange, perceptions of benefits and hurdles, and future expectations. CONCLUSIONS The survey findings provide valuable information on the current state of the science of TGx applications and identify key areas in which TGx will have an impact as well as the key hurdles in applying TGx data to address issues. The findings serve as a public resource to facilitate discussions on the focus of future TGx efforts to ensure that a maximal benefit can be obtained from toxicogenomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syril Pettit
- ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, DC 20005, USA.
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