1
|
Montoya B, Melo-Silva CR, Tang L, Kafle S, Lidskiy P, Bajusz C, Vadovics M, Muramatsu H, Abraham E, Lipinszki Z, Chatterjee D, Scher G, Benitez J, Sung MMH, Tam YK, Catanzaro NJ, Schäfer A, Andino R, Baric RS, Martinez DR, Pardi N, Sigal LJ. mRNA-LNP vaccine-induced CD8 + T-cells protect mice from lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection in the absence of specific antibodies. Mol Ther 2024:S1525-0016(24)00236-3. [PMID: 38605519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of CD8+ T-cells in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis or mRNA-LNP vaccine-induced protection from lethal COVID-19 is unclear. Using mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 virus (MA30) in C57BL/6 mice, we show that CD8+ T-cells are unnecessary for the intrinsic resistance of female or the susceptibility of male mice to lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection. Also, mice immunized with a di-proline prefusion-stabilized full-length SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S-2P) mRNA-LNP vaccine, which induces Spike-specific antibodies and CD8+ T-cells specific for the Spike-derived VNFNFNGL peptide, are protected from SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced lethality and weight loss, while mice vaccinated with mRNA-LNPs encoding only VNFNFNGL are protected from lethality but not weight loss. CD8+ T-cell depletion ablates protection in VNFNFNGL but not in S-2P mRNA-LNP-vaccinated mice. Therefore, mRNA-LNP vaccine-induced CD8+ T-cells are dispensable when protective antibodies are present but essential for survival in their absence. Hence, vaccine-induced CD8+ T-cells may be critical to protect against SARS-CoV-2 variants that mutate epitopes targeted by protective antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Montoya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bluemle Life Science Building, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Carolina R Melo-Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bluemle Life Science Building, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Lingjuan Tang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bluemle Life Science Building, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Samita Kafle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bluemle Life Science Building, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Peter Lidskiy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Csaba Bajusz
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; National Laboratory for Biotechnology, Institute of Genetics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Máté Vadovics
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Hiromi Muramatsu
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Edit Abraham
- National Laboratory for Biotechnology, Institute of Genetics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary; MTA SZBK Lendület Laboratory of Cell Cycle Regulation, Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Lipinszki
- National Laboratory for Biotechnology, Institute of Genetics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary; MTA SZBK Lendület Laboratory of Cell Cycle Regulation, Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Debotri Chatterjee
- Department of Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gabrielle Scher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bluemle Life Science Building, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Juliana Benitez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bluemle Life Science Building, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | | | - Ying K Tam
- Acuitas Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z3
| | - Nicholas J Catanzaro
- Department of Epidemiology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Alexandra Schäfer
- Department of Epidemiology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Raul Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - David R Martinez
- Department of Immunobiology, Center for Infection and Immunity, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520
| | - Norbert Pardi
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Luis J Sigal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bluemle Life Science Building, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Van NT, Zhang K, Wigmore RM, Kennedy AI, DaSilva CR, Huang J, Ambelil M, Villagomez JH, O'Connor GJ, Longman RS, Cao M, Snook AE, Platten M, Kasenty G, Sigal LJ, Prendergast GC, Kim SV. Dietary L-Tryptophan consumption determines the number of colonic regulatory T cells and susceptibility to colitis via GPR15. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7363. [PMID: 37963876 PMCID: PMC10645889 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43211-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors are the major contributor to the onset of immunological disorders such as ulcerative colitis. However, their identities remain unclear. Here, we discover that the amount of consumed L-Tryptophan (L-Trp), a ubiquitous dietary component, determines the transcription level of the colonic T cell homing receptor, GPR15, hence affecting the number of colonic FOXP3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells and local immune homeostasis. Ingested L-Trp is converted by host IDO1/2 enzymes, but not by gut microbiota, to compounds that induce GPR15 transcription preferentially in Treg cells via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Consequently, two weeks of dietary L-Trp supplementation nearly double the colonic GPR15+ Treg cells via GPR15-mediated homing and substantially reduce the future risk of colitis. In addition, humans consume 3-4 times less L-Trp per kilogram of body weight and have fewer colonic GPR15+ Treg cells than mice. Thus, we uncover a microbiota-independent mechanism linking dietary L-Trp and colonic Treg cells, that may have therapeutic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen T Van
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Karen Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rachel M Wigmore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anne I Kennedy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carolina R DaSilva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jialing Huang
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, & Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Anatomic Pathology, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Manju Ambelil
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, & Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jose H Villagomez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gerald J O'Connor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Randy S Longman
- Jill Roberts Center for IBD, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miao Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, & Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adam E Snook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, & Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Platten
- CCU Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, MCTN, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- DKFZ Hector Cancer Institute at the University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gerard Kasenty
- Department of Genetics and Development, Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, NY, USA
| | - Luis J Sigal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - George C Prendergast
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lankenau Institute of Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, USA
| | - Sangwon V Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Melo-Silva CR, Knudson CJ, Tang L, Kafle S, Springer LE, Choi J, Snyder CM, Wang Y, Kim SV, Sigal LJ. Multiple and Consecutive Genome Editing Using i-GONAD and Breeding Enrichment Facilitates the Production of Genetically Modified Mice. Cells 2023; 12:1343. [PMID: 37174743 PMCID: PMC10177031 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetically modified (GM) mice are essential tools in biomedical research. Traditional methods for generating GM mice are expensive and require specialized personnel and equipment. The use of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) coupled with improved-Genome editing via Oviductal Nucleic Acids Delivery (i-GONAD) has highly increased the feasibility of producing GM mice in research laboratories. However, genetic modification in inbred mouse strains of interest such as C57BL/6 (B6) is still challenging because of their low fertility and embryo fragility. We have successfully generated multiple novel GM mouse strains in the B6 background while attempting to optimize i-GONAD. We found that i-GONAD reduced the litter size in superovulated pregnant females but did not impact pregnancy rates. Natural mating or low-hormone dose did not increase the low fertility rate observed in superovulated B6 females. However, diet enrichment had a positive effect on pregnancy success. We also optimized breeding conditions to increase the survival of small litters by co-housing i-GONAD-treated pregnant B6 females with synchronized pregnant FVB/NJ companion mothers. Thus, GM mice generation was increased by an enriched diet and shared pup rearing with highly fertile females such as FVB/NJ. In the present study, we generated 16 GM mice using a CRISPR/Cas system to target individual and multiple loci simultaneously or consecutively. We also compared homology-directed repair efficiency using different methods for LoxP insertion for conditional knockout mouse production. We found that a two-step serial LoxP insertion, in which each LoxP sequence was inserted individually in different i-GONAD procedures, was a low-risk high-efficiency method for generating floxed mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina R. Melo-Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Cory J. Knudson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Lingjuan Tang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Samita Kafle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Lauren E. Springer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Jihae Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Christopher M. Snyder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Yajing Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Sangwon V. Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Luis J. Sigal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Qin J, Jeon JH, Xu J, Langston LK, Marasini R, Mou S, Montoya B, Melo-Silva CR, Jeon HJ, Zhu T, Sigal LJ, Xu R, Zhu H. Design and preclinical evaluation of a universal SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1126392. [PMID: 37033973 PMCID: PMC10076570 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1126392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of the rapid mutations of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), an effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variants is needed to prevent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). T cells, in addition to neutralizing antibodies, are an important component of naturally acquired protective immunity, and a number of studies have shown that T cells induced by natural infection or vaccination contribute significantly to protection against several viral infections including SARS-CoV-2. However, it has never been tested whether a T cell-inducing vaccine can provide significant protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in the absence of preexisting antibodies. In this study, we designed and evaluated lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulated mRNA vaccines that induce only T cell responses or both T cell and neutralizing antibody responses by using two mRNAs. One mRNA encodes SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Spike protein in prefusion conformation for induction of neutralizing antibodies. The other mRNA encodes over one hundred T cell epitopes (multi-T cell epitope or MTE) derived from non-Spike but conserved regions of the SARS-CoV-2. We show immunization with MTE mRNA alone protected mice from lethal challenge with the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant or a mouse-adapted virus MA30. Immunization with both mRNAs induced the best protection with the lowest viral titer in the lung. These results demonstrate that induction of T cell responses, in the absence of preexisting antibodies, is sufficient to confer protection against severe disease, and that a vaccine containing mRNAs encoding both the Spike and MTE could be further developed as a universal SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane Qin
- Research and Development Department, Advanced RNA Vaccine Technologies, Inc., North Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ju Hyeong Jeon
- Research and Development Department, Advanced RNA Vaccine Technologies, Inc., North Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jiangsheng Xu
- Research and Development Department, Advanced RNA Vaccine Technologies, Inc., North Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Laura Katherine Langston
- Research and Development Department, Advanced RNA Vaccine Technologies, Inc., North Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ramesh Marasini
- Research and Development Department, Advanced RNA Vaccine Technologies, Inc., North Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Stephanie Mou
- Research and Development Department, Advanced RNA Vaccine Technologies, Inc., North Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Brian Montoya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Carolina R. Melo-Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hyo Jin Jeon
- Research and Development Department, Advanced RNA Vaccine Technologies, Inc., North Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Tianyi Zhu
- Research and Development Department, Advanced RNA Vaccine Technologies, Inc., North Bethesda, MD, United States
- Greenbrier High School, Evans, GA, United States
| | - Luis J. Sigal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Renhuan Xu
- Research and Development Department, Advanced RNA Vaccine Technologies, Inc., North Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Huabin Zhu, ; Renhuan Xu,
| | - Huabin Zhu
- Research and Development Department, Advanced RNA Vaccine Technologies, Inc., North Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Huabin Zhu, ; Renhuan Xu,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Melo-Silva CR, Roman MI, Knudson CJ, Tang L, Xu RH, Tassetto M, Dolan P, Andino R, Sigal LJ. Interferon partly dictates a divergent transcriptional response in poxvirus-infected and bystander inflammatory monocytes. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111676. [PMID: 36417857 PMCID: PMC9798443 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory monocytes (iMOs) and B cells are the main targets of the poxvirus ectromelia virus (ECTV) in the lymph nodes of mice and play distinct roles in surviving the infection. Infected and bystander iMOs control ECTV's systemic spread, preventing early death, while B cells make antibodies that eliminate ECTV. Our work demonstrates that within an infected animal that survives ECTV infection, intrinsic and bystander infection of iMOs and B cells differentially control the transcription of genes important for immune cell function and, perhaps, cell identity. Bystander cells upregulate metabolism, antigen presentation, and interferon-stimulated genes. Infected cells downregulate many cell-type-specific genes and upregulate transcripts typical of non-immune cells. Bystander (Bys) and infected (Inf) iMOs non-redundantly contribute to the cytokine milieu and the interferon response. Furthermore, we uncover how type I interferon (IFN-I) or IFN-γ signaling differentially regulates immune pathways in Inf and Bys iMOs and that, at steady state, IFN-I primes iMOs for rapid IFN-I production and antigen presentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina R. Melo-Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Marisa I. Roman
- Department of Physics, St. Joseph University, Philadelphia PA 19131, USA
| | - Cory J. Knudson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA,GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Lingjuan Tang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Ren-Huan Xu
- Advanced RNA Vaccine Technologies, Inc., 12358 Parklawn Dr, North Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Michel Tassetto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Patrick Dolan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA,Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-3210, USA
| | - Raul Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Luis J. Sigal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA,Lead contact,Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rasouli J, Casella G, Ishikawa LLW, Thome R, Boehm A, Ertel A, Melo-Silva CR, Mari ER, Porazzi P, Zhang W, Xiao D, Sigal LJ, Fortina P, Zhang GX, Rostami A, Ciric B. IFN-β Acts on Monocytes to Ameliorate CNS Autoimmunity by Inhibiting Proinflammatory Cross-Talk Between Monocytes and Th Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:679498. [PMID: 34149716 PMCID: PMC8213026 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.679498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
IFN-β has been the treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS) for almost three decades, but understanding the mechanisms underlying its beneficial effects remains incomplete. We have shown that MS patients have increased numbers of GM-CSF+ Th cells in circulation, and that IFN-β therapy reduces their numbers. GM-CSF expression by myelin-specific Th cells is essential for the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. These findings suggested that IFN-β therapy may function via suppression of GM-CSF production by Th cells. In the current study, we elucidated a feedback loop between monocytes and Th cells that amplifies autoimmune neuroinflammation, and found that IFN-β therapy ameliorates central nervous system (CNS) autoimmunity by inhibiting this proinflammatory loop. IFN-β suppressed GM-CSF production in Th cells indirectly by acting on monocytes, and IFN-β signaling in monocytes was required for EAE suppression. IFN-β increased IL-10 expression by monocytes, and IL-10 was required for the suppressive effects of IFN-β. IFN-β treatment suppressed IL-1β expression by monocytes in the CNS of mice with EAE. GM-CSF from Th cells induced IL-1β production by monocytes, and, in a positive feedback loop, IL-1β augmented GM-CSF production by Th cells. In addition to GM-CSF, TNF and FASL expression by Th cells was also necessary for IL-1β production by monocyte. IFN-β inhibited GM-CSF, TNF, and FASL expression by Th cells to suppress IL-1β secretion by monocytes. Overall, our study describes a positive feedback loop involving several Th cell- and monocyte-derived molecules, and IFN-β actions on monocytes disrupting this proinflammatory loop.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javad Rasouli
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Giacomo Casella
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Larissa L W Ishikawa
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rodolfo Thome
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alexandra Boehm
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Adam Ertel
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Carolina R Melo-Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Elisabeth R Mari
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Patrizia Porazzi
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Dan Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Luis J Sigal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Paolo Fortina
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Translation and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Guang-Xian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Abdolmohamad Rostami
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Bogoljub Ciric
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Melo-Silva CR, Alves-Peixoto P, Heath N, Tang L, Montoya B, Knudson CJ, Stotesbury C, Ferez M, Wong E, Sigal LJ. Resistance to lethal ectromelia virus infection requires Type I interferon receptor in natural killer cells and monocytes but not in adaptive immune or parenchymal cells. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009593. [PMID: 34015056 PMCID: PMC8172060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-I) are antiviral cytokines that signal through the ubiquitous IFN-I receptor (IFNAR). Following footpad infection with ectromelia virus (ECTV), a mouse-specific pathogen, C57BL/6 (B6) mice survive without disease, while B6 mice broadly deficient in IFNAR succumb rapidly. We now show that for survival to ECTV, only hematopoietic cells require IFNAR expression. Survival to ECTV specifically requires IFNAR in both natural killer (NK) cells and monocytes. However, intrinsic IFNAR signaling is not essential for adaptive immune cell responses or to directly protect non-hematopoietic cells such as hepatocytes, which are principal ECTV targets. Mechanistically, IFNAR-deficient NK cells have reduced cytolytic function, while lack of IFNAR in monocytes dampens IFN-I production and hastens virus dissemination. Thus, during a pathogenic viral infection, IFN-I coordinates innate immunity by stimulating monocytes in a positive feedback loop and by inducing NK cell cytolytic function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina R. Melo-Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Pedro Alves-Peixoto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Natasha Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lingjuan Tang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Brian Montoya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Cory J. Knudson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Colby Stotesbury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Maria Ferez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Eric Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Luis J. Sigal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Knudson CJ, Alves-Peixoto P, Muramatsu H, Stotesbury C, Tang L, Lin PJC, Tam YK, Weissman D, Pardi N, Sigal LJ. Lipid-nanoparticle-encapsulated mRNA vaccines induce protective memory CD8 T cells against a lethal viral infection. Mol Ther 2021; 29:2769-2781. [PMID: 33992803 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that memory CD8 T cells protect susceptible strains of mice from mousepox, a lethal viral disease caused by ectromelia virus (ECTV), the murine counterpart to human variola virus. While mRNA vaccines induce protective antibody (Ab) responses, it is unknown whether they also induce protective memory CD8 T cells. We now show that immunization with different doses of unmodified or N(1)-methylpseudouridine-modified mRNA (modified mRNA) in lipid nanoparticles (LNP) encoding the ECTV gene EVM158 induced similarly strong CD8 T cell responses to the epitope TSYKFESV, albeit unmodified mRNA-LNP had adverse effects at the inoculation site. A single immunization with 10 μg modified mRNA-LNP protected most susceptible mice from mousepox, and booster vaccination increased the memory CD8 T cell pool, providing full protection. Moreover, modified mRNA-LNP encoding TSYKFESV appended to green fluorescent protein (GFP) protected against wild-type ECTV infection while lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus glycoprotein (GP) modified mRNA-LNP protected against ECTV expressing GP epitopes. Thus, modified mRNA-LNP can be used to create protective CD8 T cell-based vaccines against viral infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cory J Knudson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bluemle Life Science Building, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Pedro Alves-Peixoto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bluemle Life Science Building, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães 4806-909, Portugal
| | - Hiromi Muramatsu
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Colby Stotesbury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bluemle Life Science Building, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Lingjuan Tang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bluemle Life Science Building, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | | | - Ying K Tam
- Acuitas Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Drew Weissman
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Norbert Pardi
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Luis J Sigal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bluemle Life Science Building, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ferez M, Knudson CJ, Lev A, Wong EB, Alves-Peixoto P, Tang L, Stotesbury C, Sigal LJ. Viral infection modulates Qa-1b in infected and bystander cells to properly direct NK cell killing. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20201782. [PMID: 33765134 PMCID: PMC8006856 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell activation depends on the signaling balance of activating and inhibitory receptors. CD94 forms inhibitory receptors with NKG2A and activating receptors with NKG2E or NKG2C. We previously demonstrated that CD94-NKG2 on NK cells and its ligand Qa-1b are important for the resistance of C57BL/6 mice to lethal ectromelia virus (ECTV) infection. We now show that NKG2C or NKG2E deficiency does not increase susceptibility to lethal ECTV infection, but overexpression of Qa-1b in infected cells does. We also demonstrate that Qa-1b is down-regulated in infected and up-regulated in bystander inflammatory monocytes and B cells. Moreover, NK cells activated by ECTV infection kill Qa-1b-deficient cells in vitro and in vivo. Thus, during viral infection, recognition of Qa-1b by activating CD94/NKG2 receptors is not critical. Instead, the levels of Qa-1b expression are down-regulated in infected cells but increased in some bystander immune cells to respectively promote or inhibit their killing by activated NK cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ferez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Cory J. Knudson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Avital Lev
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Eric B. Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Pedro Alves-Peixoto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/Research Group in Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics-Portugal Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Lingjuan Tang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Colby Stotesbury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Luis J. Sigal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lu J, Li S, Li X, Zhao W, Duan X, Gu X, Xu J, Yu B, Sigal LJ, Dong Z, Xie L, Fang M. Declined miR-181a-5p expression is associated with impaired natural killer cell development and function with aging. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13353. [PMID: 33780118 PMCID: PMC8135006 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression and thereby influence cell development and function. Numerous studies have shown the significant roles of miRNAs in regulating immune cells including natural killer (NK) cells. However, little is known about the role of miRNAs in NK cells with aging. We previously demonstrated that the aged C57BL/6 mice have significantly decreased proportion of mature (CD27- CD11b+ ) NK cells compared with young mice, indicating impaired maturation of NK cells with aging. Here, we performed deep sequencing of CD27+ NK cells from young and aged mice. Profiling of the miRNome (global miRNA expression levels) revealed that 49 miRNAs displayed a twofold or greater difference in expression between young and aged NK cells. Among these, 30 miRNAs were upregulated and 19 miRNAs were downregulated in the aged NK cells. We found that the expression level of miR-l8la-5p was increased with the maturation of NK cells, and significantly decreased in NK cells from the aged mice. Knockdown of miR-181a-5p inhibited NK cell development in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, miR-181a-5p is highly conserved in mice and human. MiR-181a-5p promoted the production of IFN-γ and cytotoxicity in stimulated NK cells from both mice and human. Importantly, miR-181a-5p level markedly decreased in NK cells from PBMC of elderly people. Thus, our results demonstrated that the miRNAs profiles in NK cells change with aging, the decreased level of miR-181a-5p contributes to the defective NK cell development and function with aging. This opens new strategies to preserve or restore NK cell function in the elderly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Shan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Wenming Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Xuefeng Duan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Xiuling Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Jianqiao Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Chinese PLA General Hospital Beijing China
| | - Bolan Yu
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Luis J. Sigal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Zhongjun Dong
- School of Medicine Tsinghua University Beijing China
| | - Lixin Xie
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Chinese PLA General Hospital Beijing China
| | - Min Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
- International College University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Stotesbury C, Sigal LJ. Dysregulated anti-viral innate immune cascade during aging. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:1566-1567. [PMID: 33510045 PMCID: PMC7880390 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Colby Stotesbury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Luis J Sigal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wong E, Montoya B, Stotesbury C, Ferez M, Xu RH, Sigal LJ. Langerhans Cells Orchestrate the Protective Antiviral Innate Immune Response in the Lymph Node. Cell Rep 2020; 29:3047-3059.e3. [PMID: 31801072 PMCID: PMC6927544 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During disseminating viral infections, a swift innate immune response (IIR) in the draining lymph node (dLN) that restricts systemic viral spread is critical for optimal resistance to disease. However, it is unclear how this IIR is orchestrated. We show that after footpad infection of mice with ectromelia virus, dendritic cells (DCs) highly expressing major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC class IIhi DCs), including CD207+ epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs), CD103+CD207+ double-positive dermal DCs (DP-DCs), and CD103−CD207− double-negative dermal DCs (DN-DCs) migrate to the dLN from the skin carrying virus. MHC class IIhi DCs, predominantly LCs and DP-DCs, are the first cells upregulating IIR cytokines in the dLN. Preventing MHC class IIhi DC migration or depletion of LCs, but not DP-DC deficiency, suppresses the IIR in the dLN and results in high viral lethality. Therefore, LCs are the architects of an early IIR in the dLN that is critical for optimal resistance to a disseminating viral infection. Wong et al. show that by producing chemokines that recruit monocytes and by upregulating NKG2D ligands that activate ILCs, Langerhans cells are responsible for the innate immune cascade in the lymph node that is critical for survival of infection with a disseminating virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, BLSB 709 233 South 10(th) Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Brian Montoya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, BLSB 709 233 South 10(th) Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Colby Stotesbury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, BLSB 709 233 South 10(th) Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Maria Ferez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, BLSB 709 233 South 10(th) Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Ren-Huan Xu
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Research Institute of Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Luis J Sigal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, BLSB 709 233 South 10(th) Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Stotesbury C, Wong EB, Tang L, Montoya B, Knudson CJ, Melo‐Silva CR, Sigal LJ. Defective early innate immune response to ectromelia virus in the draining lymph nodes of aged mice due to impaired dendritic cell accumulation. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13170. [PMID: 32657004 PMCID: PMC7433008 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that aging decreases natural resistance to viral diseases due to dysfunctional innate and adaptive immune responses, but the nature of these dysfunctions, particularly in regard to innate immunity, is not well understood. We have previously shown that C57BL/6J (B6) mice lose their natural resistance to footpad infection with ectromelia virus (ECTV) due to impaired maturation and recruitment of natural killer (NK) cells to the draining popliteal lymph node (dLN). More recently, we have also shown that in young B6 mice infected with ECTV, the recruitment of NK cells is dependent on a complex cascade whereby migratory dendritic cells (mDCs) traffic from the skin to the dLN, where they produce CCL2 and CCL7 to recruit inflammatory monocytes (iMOs). In the dLN, mDCs also upregulate NKG2D ligands to induce interferon gamma (IFN-γ) expression by group 1 innate lymphoid cells (G1-ILCs), mostly NK in cells but also some ILC1. In response to the IFN-γ, the incoming uninfected iMOs secret CXCL9 to recruit the critical NK cells. Here, we show that in aged B6 mice, the trafficking of mDCs to the dLN in response to ECTV is decreased, resulting in impaired IFN-γ expression by G1-ILCs, reduced accumulation of iMOs, and attenuated CXCL9 production by iMOs, which likely contributes to decrease in NK cell recruitment. Together, these data indicate that defects in the mDC response to viral infection during aging result in a reduced innate immune response in the dLN and contribute to increased susceptibility to viral disease in the aged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colby Stotesbury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Eric B. Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Lingjuan Tang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Brian Montoya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Cory J. Knudson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Carolina R. Melo‐Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Luis J. Sigal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wilski NA, Stotesbury C, Del Casale C, Montoya B, Wong E, Sigal LJ, Snyder CM. STING Sensing of Murine Cytomegalovirus Alters the Tumor Microenvironment to Promote Antitumor Immunity. J Immunol 2020; 204:2961-2972. [PMID: 32284333 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
CMV has been proposed to play a role in cancer progression and invasiveness. However, CMV has been increasingly studied as a cancer vaccine vector, and multiple groups, including ours, have reported that the virus can drive antitumor immunity in certain models. Our previous work revealed that intratumoral injections of wild-type murine CMV (MCMV) into B16-F0 melanomas caused tumor growth delay in part by using a viral chemokine to recruit macrophages that were subsequently infected. We now show that MCMV acts as a STING agonist in the tumor. MCMV infection of tumors in STING-deficient mice resulted in normal recruitment of macrophages to the tumor, but poor recruitment of CD8+ T cells, reduced production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and no delay in tumor growth. In vitro, expression of type I IFN was dependent on both STING and the type I IFNR. Moreover, type I IFN alone was sufficient to induce cytokine and chemokine production by macrophages and B16 tumor cells, suggesting that the major role for STING activation was to produce type I IFN. Critically, viral infection of wild-type macrophages alone was sufficient to restore tumor growth delay in STING-deficient animals. Overall, these data show that MCMV infection and sensing in tumor-associated macrophages through STING signaling is sufficient to promote antitumor immune responses in the B16-F0 melanoma model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Wilski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Colby Stotesbury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Christina Del Casale
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Brian Montoya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Eric Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Luis J Sigal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Christopher M Snyder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Stotesbury C, Alves-Peixoto P, Montoya B, Ferez M, Nair S, Snyder CM, Zhang S, Knudson CJ, Sigal LJ. α2β1 Integrin Is Required for Optimal NK Cell Proliferation during Viral Infection but Not for Acquisition of Effector Functions or NK Cell-Mediated Virus Control. J Immunol 2020; 204:1582-1591. [PMID: 32015010 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
NK cells play an important role in antiviral resistance. The integrin α2, which dimerizes with integrin β1, distinguishes NK cells from innate lymphoid cells 1 and other leukocytes. Despite its use as an NK cell marker, little is known about the role of α2β1 in NK cell biology. In this study, we show that in mice α2β1 deficiency does not alter the balance of NK cell/ innate lymphoid cell 1 generation and slightly decreases the number of NK cells in the bone marrow and spleen without affecting NK cell maturation. NK cells deficient in α2β1 had no impairment at entering or distributing within the draining lymph node of ectromelia virus (ECTV)-infected mice or at becoming effectors but proliferated poorly in response to ECTV and did not increase in numbers following infection with mouse CMV (MCMV). Still, α2β1-deficient NK cells efficiently protected from lethal mousepox and controlled MCMV titers in the spleen. Thus, α2β1 is required for optimal NK cell proliferation but is dispensable for protection against ECTV and MCMV, two well-established models of viral infection in which NK cells are known to be important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colby Stotesbury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Pedro Alves-Peixoto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Brian Montoya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Maria Ferez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Savita Nair
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Christopher M Snyder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Shunchuan Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Cory J Knudson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Luis J Sigal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wong EB, Montoya B, Ferez M, Stotesbury C, Sigal LJ. Resistance to ectromelia virus infection requires cGAS in bone marrow-derived cells which can be bypassed with cGAMP therapy. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008239. [PMID: 31877196 PMCID: PMC6974301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells sensing infection produce Type I interferons (IFN-I) to stimulate Interferon Stimulated Genes (ISGs) that confer resistance to viruses. During lympho-hematogenous spread of the mouse pathogen ectromelia virus (ECTV), the adaptor STING and the transcription factor IRF7 are required for IFN-I and ISG induction and resistance to ECTV. However, it is unknown which cells sense ECTV and which pathogen recognition receptor (PRR) upstream of STING is required for IFN-I and ISG induction. We found that cyclic-GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS), a DNA-sensing PRR, is required in bone marrow-derived (BMD) but not in other cells for IFN-I and ISG induction and for resistance to lethal mousepox. Also, local administration of cGAMP, the product of cGAS that activates STING, rescues cGAS but not IRF7 or IFN-I receptor deficient mice from mousepox. Thus, sensing of infection by BMD cells via cGAS and IRF7 is critical for resistance to a lethal viral disease in a natural host. During primary acute systemic viral infections, cells sensing virus through Pathogen Recognition Receptors (PRR) can produce Type I interferons (IFN-I) to induce an anti-viral state that curbs viral spread and protect from viral disease. The dissection of the specific cells, receptors and downstream pathways required for IFN-I production during viral infection in vivo is necessary to improve anti-viral therapies. In this study, we demonstrated that the cytosolic PRR cGAS in hematopoietic cells but not in parenchymal cells is required for protection against ectromelia virus, the archetype for viruses that spread through the lympho-hematogenous route. We also show that cGAS deficiency can be bypassed by local administration of cyclic-GMP-AMP (cGAMP) by inducing IFN-I only in the skin and in the presence of virus. Our study provides novel insights into the cGAS signaling pathway and highlights the potential of cGAMP as an efficient anti-viral treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric B. Wong
- Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Brian Montoya
- Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Maria Ferez
- Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Colby Stotesbury
- Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Luis J. Sigal
- Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wong E, Xu RH, Rubio D, Lev A, Stotesbury C, Fang M, Sigal LJ. Migratory Dendritic Cells, Group 1 Innate Lymphoid Cells, and Inflammatory Monocytes Collaborate to Recruit NK Cells to the Virus-Infected Lymph Node. Cell Rep 2019; 24:142-154. [PMID: 29972776 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating natural killer (NK) cells help protect the host from lympho-hematogenous acute viral diseases by rapidly entering draining lymph nodes (dLNs) to curb virus dissemination. Here, we identify a highly choreographed mechanism underlying this process. Using footpad infection with ectromelia virus, a pathogenic DNA virus of mice, we show that TLR9/MyD88 sensing induces NKG2D ligands in virus-infected, skin-derived migratory dendritic cells (mDCs) to induce production of IFN-γ by classical NK cells and other types of group 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) already in dLNs, via NKG2D. Uninfected inflammatory monocytes, also recruited to dLNs by mDCs in a TLR9/MyD88-dependent manner, respond to IFN-γ by secreting CXCL9 for optimal CXCR3-dependent recruitment of circulating NK cells. This work unveils a TLR9/MyD88-dependent mechanism whereby in dLNs, three cell types-mDCs, group 1 ILCs (mostly NK cells), and inflammatory monocytes-coordinate the recruitment of protective circulating NK cells to dLNs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, BLSB 709, 233 South 10(th) Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Ren-Huan Xu
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Research Institute of Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Daniel Rubio
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Research Institute of Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Avital Lev
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Research Institute of Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Colby Stotesbury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, BLSB 709, 233 South 10(th) Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Min Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Luis J Sigal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, BLSB 709, 233 South 10(th) Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sigal LJ. With some risk-taking and luck: A veterinarian’s adventures in viral immunology. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007000. [PMID: 29975767 PMCID: PMC6033458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luis J. Sigal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wong E, Xu RH, Tang L, Meng J, Sigal LJ. Langerhans cells are required for the priming and induction of an optimal immune response against an acute DNA virus infection. The Journal of Immunology 2018. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.168.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Resistance to ectromelia (ECTV) virus infection is dependent on the induction of a strong type I interferon (T1-IFN) response, which our lab has recently determined is primarily mediated by inflammatory monocytes (iMo) that are recruited to the draining lymph node (dLN). However, the mechanism behind how iMo are recruited is unclear. Accumulation of iMo is dependent on the production of CCL2 and CCL7 by CD11c+MHC-IIhi migratory dendritic cells (skin-mDCs) that originate from the skin of the footpad (initial site of infection), specifically CD103+CD207+ double-positive dermal DCs (DP dermal DCs), CD103−CD207− double-negative DCs (DN dermal DCs) and Langerhans cells. The transport of skin-mDCs to the dLN is dependent on the intrinsic utilization of the TLR9-MyD88-IRF7 axis, highlighting a key role for DNA sensing mechanisms in the skin. Analysis of infected and uninfected skin-mDC subsets reveal differential effector roles between the groups, with DP dermal DCs and Langerhans cells exhibiting high expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Ablation of skin-mDC recruitment to the dLN with pertussis toxin (Ptx) resulted in a reduction in iMo accumulation and subsequent T1-IFN/pro-inflammatory expression with significantly higher mortality in infected B6 mice (which are normally 100% resistant to ECTV-related mortality). Finally, depletion of Langerhans cells, but not DP dermal DCs, resulted in a significant reduction in iMo accumulation in the dLN and consequently high mortality rates, therefore indicating that Langerhans cells may play an integral role in the priming and breadth of the host immune response against acute viral infections.
Collapse
|
20
|
Knudson C, Kappes D, Sigal LJ. Defining the mechanisms responsible for the induction of cytotoxic CD4 T cell responses during viral infection. The Journal of Immunology 2018. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.182.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Induction of cytolytic lymphocytes is a core aspect of the anti-viral immune response. While NK and CD8 T cells are most often associated with the job of directly eliminating virus-infected cells, cytotoxic CD4 T cells can also be a major contributor. Cytotoxic CD4 T cell responses have been observed during a multitude of virus infections in both humans and mice including HIV, cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus, influenza virus, ectromelia virus (ECTV), and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. It has been previously demonstrated that the absence of a cytotoxic CD4 T cell response following ECTV infection of mice results in significantly greater viral burden. Runx3, the main transcription factor responsible for induction of cytolytic genes in NK and CD8 T cells, was also upregulated in cytotoxic CD4 T cells as compared to other activated or naive CD4 T cells following ECTV infection. Isolation of CD4 T cells expressing Runx3 revealed upregulated expression of cytolytic genes granzyme B and perforin. This suggests that Runx3 may play a critical role in the induction of cytotoxic effector functions in CD4 T cells. In addition, mice lacking expression of MHC class II on either CD11c+ or monocytic cells had significantly impaired cytotoxic CD4 T cell responses following ECTV infection. Challenge of mice with a mutant strain of ECTV that cannot spread from the footpad does not induce a cytotoxic CD4 T cell response, indicating that viremia or local replication is necessary. Our results highlight cell intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms that are critical for the induction of the cytotoxic CD4 T cell response during viral infection.
Collapse
|
21
|
Remakus S, Ma X, Tang L, Xu RH, Knudson C, Melo-Silva CR, Rubio D, Kuo YM, Andrews A, Sigal LJ. Cutting Edge: Protection by Antiviral Memory CD8 T Cells Requires Rapidly Produced Antigen in Large Amounts. J Immunol 2018; 200:3347-3352. [PMID: 29643193 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Numerous attempts to produce antiviral vaccines by harnessing memory CD8 T cells have failed. A barrier to progress is that we do not know what makes an Ag a viable target of protective CD8 T cell memory. We found that in mice susceptible to lethal mousepox (the mouse homolog of human smallpox), a dendritic cell vaccine that induced memory CD8 T cells fully protected mice when the infecting virus produced Ag in large quantities and with rapid kinetics. Protection did not occur when the Ag was produced in low amounts, even with rapid kinetics, and protection was only partial when the Ag was produced in large quantities but with slow kinetics. Hence, the amount and timing of Ag expression appear to be key determinants of memory CD8 T cell antiviral protective immunity. These findings may have important implications for vaccine design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanda Remakus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107; and.,Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - Xueying Ma
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - Lingjuan Tang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107; and
| | - Ren-Huan Xu
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - Cory Knudson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107; and
| | - Carolina R Melo-Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107; and
| | - Daniel Rubio
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - Yin-Ming Kuo
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - Andrew Andrews
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - Luis J Sigal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107; and
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Thapa RJ, Ingram JP, Ragan KB, Nogusa S, Boyd DF, Benitez AA, Sridharan H, Kosoff R, Shubina M, Landsteiner VJ, Andrake M, Vogel P, Sigal LJ, tenOever BR, Thomas PG, Upton JW, Balachandran S. DAI Senses Influenza A Virus Genomic RNA and Activates RIPK3-Dependent Cell Death. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 20:674-681. [PMID: 27746097 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is an RNA virus that is cytotoxic to most cell types in which it replicates. IAV activates the host kinase RIPK3, which induces cell death via parallel pathways of necroptosis, driven by the pseudokinase MLKL, and apoptosis, dependent on the adaptor proteins RIPK1 and FADD. How IAV activates RIPK3 remains unknown. We report that DAI (ZBP1/DLM-1), previously implicated as a cytoplasmic DNA sensor, is essential for RIPK3 activation by IAV. Upon infection, DAI recognizes IAV genomic RNA, associates with RIPK3, and is required for recruitment of MLKL and RIPK1 to RIPK3. Cells lacking DAI or containing DAI mutants deficient in nucleic acid binding are resistant to IAV-triggered necroptosis and apoptosis. DAI-deficient mice fail to control IAV replication and succumb to lethal respiratory infection. These results identify DAI as a link between IAV replication and RIPK3 activation and implicate DAI as a sensor of RNA viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roshan J Thapa
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Justin P Ingram
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Katherine B Ragan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, LaMontagne Center for Infectious Disease, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Shoko Nogusa
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - David F Boyd
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Asiel A Benitez
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Haripriya Sridharan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, LaMontagne Center for Infectious Disease, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Rachelle Kosoff
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Maria Shubina
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Vanessa J Landsteiner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, LaMontagne Center for Infectious Disease, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Mark Andrake
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Luis J Sigal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Benjamin R tenOever
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jason W Upton
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, LaMontagne Center for Infectious Disease, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Siddharth Balachandran
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Ectromelia virus is a mouse-specific orthopoxvirus that, following footpad infection or natural transmission, causes mousepox in most strains of mice, while a few strains, such as C57BL/6, are resistant to the disease but not to the infection. Mousepox is an acute, systemic, highly lethal disease of remarkable semblance to smallpox, caused by the human-specific variola virus. Starting in 1929 with its discovery by Marchal, work with ECTV has provided essential information for our current understanding on how viruses spread lympho-hematogenously, the genetic control of antiviral resistance, the role of different components of the innate and adaptive immune system in the control of primary and secondary infections with acute viruses, and how the mechanisms of immune evasion deployed by the virus affect virulence in vivo. Here, I review the literature on the pathogenesis and immunobiology of ECTV infection in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis J Sigal
- Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Nair S, Fang M, Sigal LJ. The natural killer cell dysfunction of aged mice is due to the bone marrow stroma and is not restored by IL-15/IL-15Rα treatment. Aging Cell 2015; 14:180-90. [PMID: 25399821 PMCID: PMC4364830 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune dysfunctions in the elderly result in increased susceptibility to infectious diseases, cancer, and autoimmune diseases. Natural killer (NK) cells are bone marrow-derived lymphocytes crucial for host defense against several infections and cancer. We have previously shown that compared to young, aged C57BL/6 mice have decreased numbers of mature NK cells in the blood, spleen, and bone marrow, resulting in susceptibility to mousepox, a lethal disease caused by ectromelia virus. Here, we describe further age-related defects in NK cells including reduced proliferation in vivo, additional signs of immaturity, and dysregulated expression of activating and inhibitory receptors. Aging also alters the expression of collagen-binding integrins in conventional NK cells and the frequency and phenotype of liver tissue-resident NK cells. We additionally show that the defect in NK maturation is the consequence of deficient maturational cues provided by bone marrow stromal cells. Moreover, we demonstrate that in aged mice, treatment with complexes of the cytokine IL-15 and IL-15Rα induce massive expansion of the NK cells, but most of these NK cells remain immature and are unable to restore resistance to mousepox. The use of rodent model to understand immunosenescence may help the development of treatments to improve the immune fitness of the aged. Our work with NK cells should contribute toward this goal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Savita Nair
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program The Research Institute at Fox Chase Cancer Center 333 Cottman Avenue Philadelphia PA 19111 USA
| | - Min Fang
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program The Research Institute at Fox Chase Cancer Center 333 Cottman Avenue Philadelphia PA 19111 USA
| | - Luis J. Sigal
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program The Research Institute at Fox Chase Cancer Center 333 Cottman Avenue Philadelphia PA 19111 USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gritsina G, Xiao F, O'Brien SW, Gabbasov R, Maglaty MA, Xu RH, Thapa RJ, Zhou Y, Nicolas E, Litwin S, Balachandran S, Sigal LJ, Huszar D, Connolly DC. Targeted Blockade of JAK/STAT3 Signaling Inhibits Ovarian Carcinoma Growth. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:1035-47. [PMID: 25646015 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian carcinoma is the fifth leading cause of death among women in the United States. Persistent activation of STAT3 is frequently detected in ovarian carcinoma. STAT3 is activated by Janus family kinases (JAK) via cytokine receptors, growth factor receptor, and non-growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases. Activation of STAT3 mediates tumor cell proliferation, survival, motility, invasion, and angiogenesis, and recent work demonstrates that STAT3 activation suppresses antitumor immune responses and supports tumor-promoting inflammation. We hypothesized that therapeutic targeting of the JAK/STAT3 pathway would inhibit tumor growth by direct effects on ovarian carcinoma cells and by inhibition of cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). To test this, we evaluated the effects of a small-molecule JAK inhibitor, AZD1480, on cell viability, apoptosis, proliferation, migration, and adhesion of ovarian carcinoma cells in vitro. We then evaluated the effects of AZD1480 on in vivo tumor growth and progression, gene expression, tumor-associated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, and immune cell populations in a transgenic mouse model of ovarian carcinoma. AZD1480 treatment inhibited STAT3 phosphorylation and DNA binding, and migration and adhesion of cultured ovarian carcinoma cells and ovarian tumor growth rate, volume, and ascites production in mice. In addition, drug treatment led to altered gene expression, decreased tumor-associated MMP activity, and fewer suppressor T cells in the peritoneal TME of tumor-bearing mice than control mice. Taken together, our results show pharmacologic inhibition of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway leads to disruption of functions essential for ovarian tumor growth and progression and represents a promising therapeutic strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Galina Gritsina
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Fang Xiao
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shane W O'Brien
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rashid Gabbasov
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Marisa A Maglaty
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ren-Huan Xu
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Roshan J Thapa
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yan Zhou
- Biostatistics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Samuel Litwin
- Biostatistics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Siddharth Balachandran
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Luis J Sigal
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Denise C Connolly
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Gritsina G, Xiao F, O'Brien SW, Maglaty MA, Xu RH, Sigal LJ, Litwin S, Connolly DC. Abstract 1113: Targeting the JAK2/STAT3 pathway in ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of death and the most lethal gynecological cancer among women in the United States. Persistent activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), a cytoplasmic transcription factor, is frequently detected in EOC. STAT3 transduces signals from cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6) via interactions with the IL-6 receptor and Janus kinases (JAK). JAK2 activates STAT3 by phosphorylation, leading to dimerization and translocation of STAT3 to the nucleus where it activates transcription of target genes regulating proliferation, survival and motility. Importantly, in addition to tumor cells, STAT3 signaling is also critical for immune cell activity and, in particular, inflammatory response. The inflammatory tumor microenvironment is important for ovarian cancer progression; therefore, we hypothesized that disruption of the STAT3 pathway would block ovarian tumor progression by: 1) directly inhibiting the growth of tumor cells; and 2) reducing a pro-tumorigenic inflammatory microenvironment. To target JAK2-mediated activation of STAT3 we used AZD1480, a JAK2-selective small molecule inhibitor. The effects of AZD1480 treatment on cell proliferation, apoptosis, adhesion and motility were evaluated in cultured human ovarian carcinoma cells. To study the effects of AZD1480 in vivo, we used MISIIR-TAg mice, a transgenic mouse model of ovarian carcinoma. Tumor growth in MISIIR-TAg mice was monitored and quantified in mice by weekly magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Drug treatment-mediated alterations in gene expression were evaluated by microarray analysis and changes in the inflammatory response were evaluated by flow cytometry analysis of cells extracted from ovarian tumors, spleens and peritoneal washes. AZD1480 treatment significantly reduced primary ovarian tumor growth in transgenic mice. Microarray analysis showed changes in expression of genes involved in the acute immune response, such as Gbp6, Ifi44, Irgm, Igtp, Gzmb and Cd69. Analysis of immune cell populations by flow cytometry showed a significant decrease in the number and percent of T helper and T regulatory cells present in the peritoneal cavity of drug-treated mice compared to controls. As T regulatory cells are associated with a poor prognosis in ovarian cancer patients, the decrease of this subpopulation in drug-treated mice suggests a change in the tumor microenvironment that may contribute to reduced tumor growth. Taken together, these results indicate that targeting JAK2/STAT3 impedes ovarian tumor growth through complex mechanisms, including the reduction of primary tumor growth and inflammation in the tumor microenvironment. These findings highlight the potential utility of targeting the JAK2/STAT3 pathway for the treatment of ovarian cancer patients.
Citation Format: Galina Gritsina, Fang Xiao, Shane W. O'Brien, Marisa A. Maglaty, Ren-Huan Xu, Luis J. Sigal, Samuel Litwin, Denise C. Connolly. Targeting the JAK2/STAT3 pathway in ovarian cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1113. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1113
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fang Xiao
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Rubio D, Xu RH, Remakus S, Krouse TE, Truckenmiller ME, Thapa RJ, Balachandran S, Alcamí A, Norbury CC, Sigal LJ. Crosstalk between the type 1 interferon and nuclear factor kappa B pathways confers resistance to a lethal virus infection. Cell Host Microbe 2013; 13:701-10. [PMID: 23768494 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and type 1 interferon (T1-IFN) signaling are innate immune mechanisms activated upon viral infection. However, the role of NF-κB and its interplay with T1-IFN in antiviral immunity is poorly understood. We show that NF-κB is essential for resistance to ectromelia virus (ECTV), a mouse orthopoxvirus related to the virus causing human smallpox. Additionally, an ECTV mutant lacking an NF-κB inhibitor activates NF-κB more effectively in vivo, resulting in increased proinflammatory molecule transcription in uninfected cells and organs and decreased viral replication. Unexpectedly, NF-κB activation compensates for genetic defects in the T1-IFN pathway, such as a deficiency in the IRF7 transcription factor, resulting in virus control. Thus, overlap between the T1-IFN and NF-κB pathways allows the host to overcome genetic or pathogen-induced deficiencies in T1-IFN and survive an otherwise lethal poxvirus infection. These findings may also explain why some pathogens target both pathways to cause disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rubio
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Research Institute of Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Remakus S, Rubio D, Lev A, Ma X, Fang M, Xu RH, Sigal LJ. Memory CD8⁺ T cells can outsource IFN-γ production but not cytolytic killing for antiviral protection. Cell Host Microbe 2013; 13:546-557. [PMID: 23684306 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Immunization with vaccinia virus (VACV), the virus comprising the smallpox vaccine, induces memory CD8(+) T cells that protect from subsequent infections with smallpox in humans or the related ectromelia virus (ECTV) in mice. Memory CD8(+) T cells largely mediate these effects by expanding into secondary effectors that secrete the antiviral cytokine interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and induce cytolysis via releasing factors such as perforin, which permeabilizes target cells. We show that protection from ECTV infection after VACV immunization depends on the initial memory cell frequency and ability of expanded secondary effectors to kill infected targets in a perforin-dependent manner. Although IFN-γ is essential for antiviral protection, it can be produced by either secondary effectors or concomitant primary effector CD8(+) T cells recruited to the response. Thus, during lethal virus challenge, memory CD8(+) T cells are required for cytolytic killing of infected cells, but primary effectors can play important roles by producing IFN-γ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanda Remakus
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Research Institute of the Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, 233 South 10(th) Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Daniel Rubio
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Research Institute of the Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Avital Lev
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Research Institute of the Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Xueying Ma
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Research Institute of the Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Min Fang
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Research Institute of the Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Ren-Huan Xu
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Research Institute of the Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Luis J Sigal
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Research Institute of the Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
|
30
|
Xu RH, Rubio D, Roscoe F, Krouse TE, Truckenmiller ME, Norbury CC, Hudson PN, Damon IK, Alcamí A, Sigal LJ. Antibody inhibition of a viral type 1 interferon decoy receptor cures a viral disease by restoring interferon signaling in the liver. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002475. [PMID: 22241999 PMCID: PMC3252373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 interferons (T1-IFNs) play a major role in antiviral defense, but when or how they protect during infections that spread through the lympho-hematogenous route is not known. Orthopoxviruses, including those that produce smallpox and mousepox, spread lympho-hematogenously. They also encode a decoy receptor for T1-IFN, the T1-IFN binding protein (T1-IFNbp), which is essential for virulence. We demonstrate that during mousepox, T1-IFNs protect the liver locally rather than systemically, and that the T1-IFNbp attaches to uninfected cells surrounding infected foci in the liver and the spleen to impair their ability to receive T1-IFN signaling, thus facilitating virus spread. Remarkably, this process can be reversed and mousepox cured late in infection by treating with antibodies that block the biological function of the T1-IFNbp. Thus, our findings provide insights on how T1-IFNs function and are evaded during a viral infection in vivo, and unveil a novel mechanism for antibody-mediated antiviral therapy. Type 1 interferons are molecules important in the defense against viruses. Orthopoxviruses encode a Type 1 interferon binding protein that acts as a decoy for the Type 1 interferon receptor. Here we show that during infection with the Orthopoxvirus ectromelia virus, the agent of mousepox, Type 1 interferons protect the liver locally rather than systemically. We also show that the Type 1 interferon binding protein of ectromelia virus attaches to uninfected cells surrounding infected foci in the liver to impair their ability to receive Type 1 interferon signaling and facilitate virus spread and disease progression. We also show that this process can be reversed and mousepox cured late in infection by treating mice with antibodies that block the biological function of the Type 1 interferon binding protein. Because the Type 1 interferon binding proteins of different Orthopoxviruses are very well conserved, the antibodies also block the biological function of the Type 1 interferon binding proteins from variola virus (the virus of smallpox) and monkeypoxvirus. Thus, our findings provide insights on how Type 1 interferons function and are evaded during a viral infection in vivo, and unveil a novel mechanism for antibody-mediated antiviral therapy.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/pharmacology
- Cell Line
- Cricetinae
- Ectromelia virus/immunology
- Ectromelia virus/metabolism
- Ectromelia virus/pathogenicity
- Ectromelia, Infectious/drug therapy
- Ectromelia, Infectious/immunology
- Ectromelia, Infectious/metabolism
- Female
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, SCID
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/metabolism
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- Spleen/virology
- Variola virus/immunology
- Variola virus/metabolism
- Viral Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Viral Proteins/immunology
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
- Virulence Factors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Virulence Factors/immunology
- Virulence Factors/metabolism
- Virus Attachment/drug effects
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Huan Xu
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Daniel Rubio
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Felicia Roscoe
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tracy E. Krouse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mary Ellen Truckenmiller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christopher C. Norbury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Paul N. Hudson
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, NCEZID, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Inger K. Damon
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, NCEZID, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Antonio Alcamí
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis J. Sigal
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Fang M, Orr MT, Spee P, Egebjerg T, Lanier LL, Sigal LJ. CD94 is essential for NK cell-mediated resistance to a lethal viral disease. Immunity 2011; 34:579-89. [PMID: 21439856 PMCID: PMC3081423 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that natural killer (NK) cells confer resistance to many viral diseases, but in only a few instances the molecular mechanisms whereby NK cells recognize virus-infected cells are known. Here we show that CD94, a molecule preferentially expressed by NK cells, is essential for the resistance of C57BL/6 mice to mousepox, a disease caused by the Orthopoxvirus ectromelia virus. Ectromelia virus-infected cells expressing the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class Ib molecule Qa-1b are specifically recognized by the activating receptor formed by CD94 and NKG2E. Because CD94-NKG2 receptors and their ligands are highly conserved in rodents and humans, a similar mechanism may exist during human infections with the smallpox and monkeypox viruses, which are highly homologous to ectromelia virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Fang
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Although it is well known that aged hosts are generally more susceptible to viral diseases than the young, specific dysfunctions of the immune system directly responsible for this increased susceptibility have yet to be identified. We show that mice genetically resistant to mousepox (the mouse parallel of human smallpox) lose resistance at mid-age. Surprisingly, this loss of resistance is not a result of intrinsically defective T cell responses. Instead, the primary reason for the loss of resistance results from a decreased number of total and mature natural killer (NK) cells in the blood and an intrinsic impairment in their ability to migrate to the lymph node draining the site of infection, which is essential to curb systemic virus spread. Hence, our work links the age-dependent increase in susceptibility to a viral disease to a specific defect of NK cells, opening the possibility of exploring treatments to improve NK cell function in the aged with the goal of enhancing their resistance to viral diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Fang
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Xu RH, Remakus S, Ma X, Roscoe F, Sigal LJ. Direct presentation is sufficient for an efficient anti-viral CD8+ T cell response. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000768. [PMID: 20169189 PMCID: PMC2820535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The extent to which direct- and cross-presentation (DP and CP) contribute to the priming of CD8+ T cell (TCD8+) responses to viruses is unclear mainly because of the difficulty in separating the two processes. Hence, while CP in the absence of DP has been clearly demonstrated, induction of an anti-viral TCD8+ response that excludes CP has never been purposely shown. Using vaccinia virus (VACV), which has been used as the vaccine to rid the world of smallpox and is proposed as a vector for many other vaccines, we show that DP is the main mechanism for the priming of an anti-viral TCD8+ response. These findings provide important insights to our understanding of how one of the most effective anti-viral vaccines induces immunity and should contribute to the development of novel vaccines. Professional antigen presenting cells fragment viral proteins and display some of the resulting peptides bound to MHC molecules at the cell surface. When virus-specific CD8+ T cells recognize these viral peptides they become activated, proliferate, and kill virus-infected cells to help rid the body of the virus. Two pathways have been described for the origin of the peptides presented by professional antigen presenting cells. In cross-presentation, the antigen presenting cells acquire the proteins from other cells which, in the case of a viral infection, must be infected. In direct presentation, the antigen presenting cells synthesize the proteins themselves and, therefore, during responses to viruses must be infected. However, the participation of direct presentation in anti-viral responses has never been deliberately demonstrated experimentally. In this paper we demonstrate that direct presentation occurs and is the main pathway to induce CD8+ T cells during infection with vaccinia virus. These findings provide important insights to our understanding of how one of the most effective anti-viral vaccines induces immunity and should contribute to the development of novel vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Huan Xu
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sanda Remakus
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Xueying Ma
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Felicia Roscoe
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Luis J. Sigal
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ma X, Serna A, Xu RH, Sigal LJ. The amino acid sequences flanking an antigenic determinant can strongly affect MHC class I cross-presentation without altering direct presentation. J Immunol 2009; 182:4601-7. [PMID: 19342634 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Direct presentation (DP) and cross presentation (CP) on MHC I by professional APCs are defined by the internal or external source of the Ag, respectively. Although some Ags are substrates for both DP and CP, others are only substrates for DP. The reasons for this difference remain largely unknown. In this study, we studied in tissue culture and also in vivo, the effects of altering the length and sequence of the amino acid chains flanking an MHC class I restricted determinant (the chicken OVA OVA(258-265), SIINFEKL) that is normally a good substrate for both DP and CP. We demonstrate that CP but not DP strictly requires flanking N and C-terminal extensions of minimal length. Furthermore, we show that removal but not replacement of just one amino acid 22 residues downstream from the determinant is sufficient to strongly affect CP without affecting either protein stability or DP. Thus, our work shows that the flanking residues of an antigenic determinant can differentially affect CP and DP, and that features of the Ag other than half-life can have a major impact in CP. Our studies may have implications for understanding CP in viral infections and possibly for the design of new vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Ma
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Basic Sciences Division, Viral Pathogenesis Program, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Chhann SS, Sigal LJ. Protection from acute viral disease by memory CD8+ T cells of a single specificity (132.23). The Journal of Immunology 2009. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.supp.132.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Ectromelia virus (ECTV), the causative agent of mousepox, is a highly lethal mouse pathogen of the Orthopoxvirus (OPV) genus which also includes vaccinia virus (VACV) and variola virus. Mouse strains such as C57Bl/6 (B6) are naturally resistant to ECTV infection while others such as BALB/c and DBA2/J are highly susceptible. We have previously shown that resting memory CD8+ T cells can protect BALB/c mice from mousepox. To establish a model in the B6 background, we tested B6.D2(D6Mit149-D6Mit15)Lus/J (B6D2-D6) mice, a B6 congenic strain with the NK complex from DBA2/J (where a susceptibility gene to ECTV maps). We found that B6D2-D6 mice are sensitive to ECTV and can be protected by adoptive transfer of multivalent memory CD8+ T cells obtained from convalescent mice. To test whether memory CD8+ T cells of a single specificity can protect, we immunized B6D2-D6 mice with dendritic cells pulsed with B8R20-27, the dominant VACV/ECTV determinant in the B6 background. Strikingly, all the mice immunized with DC-B8R20-27 but not control peptide resisted the disease. Thus, memory CD8+ T cells of a single specificity are sufficient for protection. Because it would be of interest to know whether subdominant determinants can also be targets of protective memory cells, we used intracellular cytokine staining and in vivo cytotoxicity assays to identify additional VACV determinants conserved in ECTV. Interestingly, several determinants classified as subdominant based on their low IFN-γ production were found to be good targets of killing by effector CD8+ T cells. Future work will determine whether memory cells of these subdominant specificities also protect.
This work was supported by NIH grant R01AI065544 to LJS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanda S Chhann
- 1Viral Pathogenesis, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
- 2Immunology/Microbiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Luis J Sigal
- 1Viral Pathogenesis, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Xu RH, Cohen M, Tang Y, Lazear E, Whitbeck JC, Eisenberg RJ, Cohen GH, Sigal LJ. The orthopoxvirus type I IFN binding protein is essential for virulence and an effective target for vaccination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 205:981-92. [PMID: 18391063 PMCID: PMC2292233 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20071854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Nonliving antiviral vaccines traditionally target proteins expressed at the surface of the virion with the hope of inducing neutralizing antibodies. Orthopoxviruses (OPVs), such as the human smallpox virus and the mouse-equivalent ectromelia virus (ECTV; an agent of mousepox), encode immune response modifiers (IRMs) that can increase virulence by decreasing the host immune response. We show that one of these IRMs, the type I interferon (IFN) binding protein (bp) of ECTV, is essential for ECTV virulence and is a natural target of the antibody response. More strikingly, we demonstrate that immunization with recombinant type I IFN bp protects mice from lethal mousepox. Collectively, our experiments have important implications for our understanding of the role of IRMs in OPV virulence and of type I IFNs in OPV infections. Furthermore, our work provides proof of concept that effective antiviral vaccines can be made to prevent disease by targeting virulence factors as an alternative to the traditional approach that attempts to prevent infection by virus neutralization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Huan Xu
- Program of Viral Pathogenesis, Division of Basic Science, Fox Chase Cancer Center (FCCC), Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Xu RH, Fang M, Klein-Szanto A, Sigal LJ. Memory CD8+ T cells are gatekeepers of the lymph node draining the site of viral infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:10992-7. [PMID: 17578922 PMCID: PMC1904153 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0701822104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is uncertain how immunity protects against systemic viral diseases. Here, we demonstrate that in the absence of persistent virus, not only antibodies but also recall responses by long-lived memory CD8(+) T cells prevent mousepox, a disease caused by ectromelia virus, a close relative of the virus of human smallpox. Moreover, we show that to protect, recall CD8(+) T cells directly kill targets in the lymph node draining the primary site of infection thus curbing systemic viral spread. Therefore, our work provides the basis for a model where lymph nodes are not just organs where lymphocytes become activated and proliferate but also the sites where a major fight against virus spread takes place.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Min Fang
- *Program of Viral Pathogenesis and
| | - Andres Klein-Szanto
- Department of Pathology, Division of Basic Sciences, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that, differing from model Ags, viruses that replicate extensively in the host still induce normal CD8+ T cell responses in the absence of CD28 costimulation. Because these studies were performed with viruses that do not normally cause acute disease, an important remaining question is whether CD28 costimulation is required for CD8+ T cell-mediated resistance to widely replicating but pathogenic viruses. To address this question, we studied the role of CD28 costimulation in CD8+ T cell-mediated resistance to mousepox, a disease of the mouse caused by the natural mouse pathogen, the ectromelia virus (ECTV). C57BL/6 (B6) mice are naturally resistant to mousepox, partly due to a fast and strong CD8+ T cell response. We found that B6 mice deficient in CD28 (CD28 knockout (KO)) are highly susceptible to lethal mousepox during the early stages of ECTV infection but can be protected by immunization with the antigenically related vaccinia virus (VACV) or by adoptive transfer of CD28 KO anti-VACV memory CD8+ cells. Of interest, a thorough comparison of the CD8+ T cell responses to ECTV and VACV suggests that the main reason for the susceptibility of CD28 KO mice to mousepox is a reduced response at the early stages of infection. Thus, while in the absence of CD28 costimulation the end point strength of the T cell responses to nonpathogenic viruses may appear normal, CD28 costimulation increases the speed of the T cell response and is essential for resistance to a life-threatening acute viral disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Fang
- Program on Viral Pathogenesis, Division of Basic Sciences, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
It is believed that CD8+ T lymphocytes or Abs can independently clear many primary viral infections, including those caused by Orthopoxviruses (OPV), a genus that includes the human pathogens variola and monkeypox and the vaccine species vaccinia virus. However, most experiments addressing the role of Abs and CD8+ T cells in protection have used viruses that are not specific for the host. In the present study, we used the mouse-specific OPV ectromelia virus and mice deficient in CD40, B cells, or CD8+ T cells and adoptive transfers of CD8+ T or B lymphocytes to show that the protection afforded by CD8+ T cells is incomplete. Despite sustained CD8+ T cell responses, in the absence of Ab responses ectromelia virus persists. This results in delayed disease and inexorably leads to death. Therefore, CD8+ T lymphocytes and Abs are not redundant but complementary and essential to survive infections with a highly pathogenic viruses in the natural host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Fang
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Basic Sciences Division, Program on Viral Pathogenesis, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Fang M, Cheng H, Dai Z, Bu Z, Sigal LJ. Immunization with a single extracellular enveloped virus protein produced in bacteria provides partial protection from a lethal orthopoxvirus infection in a natural host. Virology 2005; 345:231-43. [PMID: 16256161 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2005] [Revised: 08/23/2005] [Accepted: 09/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Subunit vaccines that use the vaccinia virus extracellular envelope protein A33R alone or combined with other structural proteins are excellent candidates for a new smallpox vaccine. Since a new smallpox vaccine would be used in humans, who are the natural hosts for the Orthopoxvirus variola, the agent of smallpox, it would be important to determine whether a prospective smallpox vaccine can protect from a lethal Orthopoxvirus infection in a natural host. We addressed this question using the mouse-specific Orthopoxvirus ectromelia virus. We demonstrate that immunization with recombinant ectromelia virus envelope protein EVM135 or its ortholog vaccinia virus A33R produced in E. coli protects susceptible mice from a lethal ectromelia virus infection. This is the first report that a subunit vaccine can provide protection to a lethal Orthopoxvirus infection in its natural host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Fang
- Program of Viral Pathogenesis, Division of Basic Science, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Shen L, Sigal LJ, Boes M, Rock KL. Important Role of Cathepsin S in Generating Peptides for TAP-Independent MHC Class I Crosspresentation In Vivo. Immunity 2004; 21:155-65. [PMID: 15308097 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2004.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2003] [Revised: 05/24/2004] [Accepted: 05/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The immune system detects viral infections and mutations in parenchymal cells when antigens from these cells are crosspresented on MHC class I molecules of professional antigen-presenting cells (APC). Exogenous antigens are crosspresented through TAP-dependent (cytosolic) or poorly understood TAP-independent (vacuolar) pathways. The TAP-independent pathway is blocked by the cysteine protease inhibitor, leupeptin, but not by proteasome inhibitors, which is opposite to the effects of these agents on the TAP-dependent pathway. Dendritic cells lacking the cysteine protease cathepsin S lack the TAP-independent pathway. Mice whose APC lack cathepsin S have reduced crosspriming to particulate and cell-associated antigens, as well as to influenza virus. Cathepsin S-deficient phagosomes generate a class I-presented peptide poorly. In contrast, cathepsin S-sufficient phagosomes and recombinant cathepsin S produce the mature epitope. Therefore, cathepsin S plays a major role in generating presented peptides for the vacuolar pathway of crosspresentation, and this mechanism is active in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lianjun Shen
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Ramirez
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Serna A, Ramirez MC, Soukhanova A, Sigal LJ. Cutting edge: efficient MHC class I cross-presentation during early vaccinia infection requires the transfer of proteasomal intermediates between antigen donor and presenting cells. J Immunol 2004; 171:5668-72. [PMID: 14634072 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.11.5668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Priming of CD8(+) T cells requires presentation of short peptides bound to MHC class I molecules of professional APCs. Cross-presentation is a mechanism whereby professional APC present on their own MHC class I molecules peptides derived from degradation of Ags synthesized by other Ag "donor cells." The mechanism of cross-presentation is poorly understood, and the nature of the transferred Ag is unknown. In this report, we demonstrate that the bulk of a cross-presented Ag transferred from donor cells recently infected with vaccinia virus are proteasomal products that are susceptible to peptidases within the donor cell cytosol and not full-length proteins or mature epitopes either free or bound to chaperones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Serna
- Virology Working Group, Basic Science Division, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Norbury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, H107, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ramirez MC, Sigal LJ. Macrophages and dendritic cells use the cytosolic pathway to rapidly cross-present antigen from live, vaccinia-infected cells. J Immunol 2002; 169:6733-42. [PMID: 12471104 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.12.6733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Professional APCs (pAPC) can process and present on their own MHC class I molecules Ags acquired from Ag donor cells (ADC). This phenomenon of cross-presentation is essential in the induction of CD8(+) T cell responses to viruses that do not infect pAPC and possibly contributes to the induction of CD8(+) responses to many other viruses. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying this process. In this study, we show that dendritic cells and macrophages cross-present a model Ag supplied by vaccinia virus-infected ADC via the cytosolic route. Strikingly, we also found that cross-presentation of Ags provided by vaccinia-infected cells occurs within a couple of hours of pAPC/ADC interaction, that the duration of cross-presentation lasts for only 16 h, and that cross-presentation can occur at early times of infection when the ADC are still alive.
Collapse
|
46
|
Crotty S, Hix L, Sigal LJ, Andino R. Poliovirus pathogenesis in a new poliovirus receptor transgenic mouse model: age-dependent paralysis and a mucosal route of infection. J Gen Virol 2002; 83:1707-1720. [PMID: 12075090 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-83-7-1707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We constructed a poliovirus receptor (PVR) transgenic mouse line carrying a PVR delta cDNA driven by a beta-actin promoter. We refer to this model as the cPVR mouse. The cPVR mice express Pvr in a variety of tissues (including small intestines, brain, spinal cord, muscle, blood and liver) and are susceptible to infection after intraperitoneal, intracerebral or intramuscular inoculation of poliovirus. After intraperitoneal inoculation, poliovirus replication is observed in cPVR muscle, brain, spinal cord and, notably, small intestine. The cPVR mice exhibit a striking age-dependent paralysis after intramuscular infection, with 2-week-old mice being 10,000-fold more susceptible to paralytic disease than adult mice. The cPVR mice are also susceptible to paralysis following intranasal infection with poliovirus. After intranasal infection, virus replication is observed in the olfactory bulb, cerebrum, brain stem and spinal cord, suggesting that intranasal infection of cPVR mice is a model for bulbar paralysis. Intranasally infected mice frequently display unusual neurological behaviours. The PVR transgenic mouse reported here provides the first available model for a mucosal route of infection with poliovirus.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/virology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Intestine, Small/virology
- Liver/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Muscles/metabolism
- Muscles/virology
- Organ Specificity
- Paralysis/etiology
- Paralysis/virology
- Poliomyelitis/blood
- Poliomyelitis/physiopathology
- Poliomyelitis/virology
- Poliovirus/genetics
- Poliovirus/pathogenicity
- Poliovirus/physiology
- Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral/adverse effects
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/virology
- Virus Replication
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shane Crotty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Box 0414, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA1
| | - Laura Hix
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Box 0414, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA1
| | - Luis J Sigal
- Basic Science Division, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA2
| | - Raul Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Box 0414, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA1
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Chang J, Sigal LJ, Lerro A, Taylor J. Replication of the human hepatitis delta virus genome Is initiated in mouse hepatocytes following intravenous injection of naked DNA or RNA sequences. J Virol 2001; 75:3469-73. [PMID: 11238873 PMCID: PMC114140 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.7.3469-3473.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As early as 5 days after DNA copies of the hepatitis delta virus (HDV) genome or even in vitro-transcribed HDV RNA sequences were injected into the mouse tail vein using the hydrodynamics-based transfection procedure of F. Liu et al. (Gene Ther. 6:1258-1266, 1999), it was possible to detect in the liver by Northern analyses of RNA, immunoblots of protein, and immunostaining of liver sections what were considered typical features of HDV genome replication. This transfection strategy should have valuable applications for in vivo studies of HDV replication and pathogenesis and may also be useful for studies of other hepatotropic viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Chang
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111-2497, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Sigal LJ, Rock KL. Bone marrow-derived antigen-presenting cells are required for the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to viruses and use transporter associated with antigen presentation (TAP)-dependent and -independent pathways of antigen presentation. J Exp Med 2000; 192:1143-50. [PMID: 11034604 PMCID: PMC2195864 DOI: 10.1084/jem.192.8.1143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow (BM)-derived professional antigen-presenting cells (pAPCs) are required for the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses to vaccinia virus and poliovirus. Furthermore, these BM-derived pAPCs require a functional transporter associated with antigen presentation (TAP). In this report we analyze the requirements for BM-derived pAPCs and TAP in the initiation of CTL responses to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and influenza virus (Flu). Our results indicate a requirement for BM-derived pAPCs for the CTL responses to these viruses. However, we found that the generation of CTLs to one LCMV epitope (LCMV nucleoprotein 396-404) was dependent on BM-derived pAPCs but, surprisingly, TAP independent. The study of the CTL response to Flu confirmed the existence of this BM-derived pAPC-dependent/TAP-independent CTL response and indicated that the TAP-independent pathway is approximately 10-300-fold less efficient than the TAP-dependent pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L J Sigal
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Sigal LJ, Crotty S, Andino R, Rock KL. Cytotoxic T-cell immunity to virus-infected non-haematopoietic cells requires presentation of exogenous antigen. Nature 1999. [DOI: 10.1038/35005528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
50
|
Sigal LJ, Crotty S, Andino R, Rock KL. Cytotoxic T-cell immunity to virus-infected non-haematopoietic cells requires presentation of exogenous antigen. Nature 1999; 398:77-80. [PMID: 10078533 DOI: 10.1038/18038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are thought to detect viral infections by monitoring the surface of all cells for the presence of viral peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. In most cells, peptides presented by MHC class I molecules are derived exclusively from proteins synthesized by the antigen-bearing cells. Macrophages and dendritic cells also have an alternative MHC class I pathway that can present peptides derived from extracellular antigens; however, the physiological role of this process is unclear. Here we show that virally infected non-haematopoietic cells are unable to stimulate primary CTL-mediated immunity directly. Instead, bone-marrow-derived cells are required as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to initiate anti-viral CTL responses. In these APCs, the alternative (exogenous) MHC class I pathway is the obligatory mechanism for the initiation of CTL responses to viruses that infect only non-haematopoietic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L J Sigal
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester 01655-0118, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|