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Beirow K, Schmidt C, Jürgen B, Schlüter R, Schweder T, Bednarski PJ. Investigation of TGF-α-overexpressing mouse hepatocytes (TAMH) cultured as spheroids for use in hepatotoxicity screening of drug candidates. J Appl Toxicol 2024; 44:272-286. [PMID: 37655636 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The immortalized mouse liver cell line TAMH has been described as a valuable tool for studying hepatotoxic mechanisms, but until now, it has only been reported to grow as a monolayer in culture. However, culturing hepatocytes as three-dimensional (3D) spheroids has been shown to result in improved liver-specific functions (e.g., metabolic capacity) by better mimicking the in vivo environment. This approach may lead to more reliable detection of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in the early phase of drug discovery, preventing post-marketing drug withdrawals. Here, we investigated the cultivation of TAMH as 3D spheroids, characterizing them with optical and transmission electron microscopy as well as analyzing their gene expression at mRNA level (especially drug-metabolizing enzymes) compared to TAMH monolayer. In addition, comparisons were made with spheroids grown from the human hepatoblastoma cell line HepG2, another current spheroid model. The results indicate that TAMH spheroids express hepatic structures and show elevated levels of some of the key phase I and II drug-metabolizing enzymes, in contrast to TAMH monolayer. The in vitro hepatotoxic potencies of the drugs acetaminophen and flupirtine maleate were found to be very similar between TAMH spheroidal and the monolayer cultures. Both the advantages and disadvantages of TAMH spheroids as an in vitro hepatotoxicity model compared to monolayer model are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Beirow
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian Schmidt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Britta Jürgen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rabea Schlüter
- Imaging Center of the Department of Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas Schweder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Patrick J Bednarski
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Allison R, Guraka A, Shawa IT, Tripathi G, Moritz W, Kermanizadeh A. Drug induced liver injury - a 2023 update. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2023; 26:442-467. [PMID: 37786264 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2023.2261848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI) constitutes hepatic damage attributed to drug exposure. DILI may be categorized as hepatocellular, cholestatic or mixed and might also involve immune responses. When DILI occurs in dose-dependent manner, it is referred to as intrinsic, while if the injury occurs spontaneously, it is termed as idiosyncratic. This review predominately focused on idiosyncratic liver injury. The established molecular mechanisms for DILI include (1) mitochondria dysfunction, (2) increased reactive oxygen species levels, (3) presence of elevated apoptosis and necrosis, (4) and bile duct injuries associated with immune mediated pathways. However, it should be emphasized that the underlying mechanisms responsible for DILI are still unknown. Prevention strategies are critical as incidences occur frequently, and treatment options are limited once the injury has developed. The aim of this review was to utilize retrospective cohort studies from across the globe to gain insight into epidemiological patterns. This review considers (1) what is currently known regarding the mechanisms underlying DILI, (2) discusses potential risk factors and (3) implications of the coronavirus pandemic on DILI presentation and research. Future perspectives are also considered and discussed and include potential new biomarkers, causality assessment and reporting methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Allison
- College of Science and Technology, University of Derby, Derby, UK
| | - Asha Guraka
- College of Science and Technology, University of Derby, Derby, UK
| | - Isaac Thom Shawa
- College of Science and Technology, University of Derby, Derby, UK
| | - Gyan Tripathi
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Ali Kermanizadeh
- College of Science and Technology, University of Derby, Derby, UK
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3
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Rochat B, Paus E, Maitre C, Baumann P. Citalopram in vitro metabolism in a Beagle dog: A role for CYP2D15 in the production of toxic didesmethylcitalopram? VET MED-CZECH 2023; 68:135-144. [PMID: 37982088 PMCID: PMC10581520 DOI: 10.17221/65/2022-vetmed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
After administration of the serotonergic antidepressant citalopram (CIT) to Beagle dogs, the dogs may experience severe convulsive attacks in relation to the considerably higher plasma concentrations of the metabolite didesmethyl-CIT (DDCIT), when compared to those in humans medicated with CIT. This pilot study aimed at determining the role of cytochrome P-450 (CYP450) isozymes in the in vitro metabolism of CIT to desmethyl-CIT (DCIT), and of DCIT to DDCIT in the liver microsomes of a single Beagle dog. Incubations with racemic CIT or DCIT reveal a high-affinity enzyme with Km between 0.3 μM and 1.4 μM for S- and R-DCIT and S- and R-DDCIT productions, respectively. In comparison to human enzymes, the intrinsic clearance values of this high-affinity enzyme are between 15 μl/(min × mg of protein) and 52 μl/(min × mg of protein), i.e., very high. In vitro experiments with inhibitors suggest that CYP2D15, which shows an analogy with human CYP2D6, is by far the main CYP450 isozyme involved in the production of DCIT and DDCIT, whereas CYP3A12 and CYP2C21/41 showed a weak implication. These observations partly explain why, in humans, the plasma concentrations of the toxic DDCIT are considerably lower than those observed in dogs, after administration of CIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Rochat
- Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Education and Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Bertrand Rochat, Erik Paus and Pierre Baumann contributed equally to this work
| | - Erik Paus
- Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Bertrand Rochat, Erik Paus and Pierre Baumann contributed equally to this work
| | - Cedric Maitre
- Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- PharmaciePlus Franches-Montagnes, Saignelégier, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Baumann
- Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Bertrand Rochat, Erik Paus and Pierre Baumann contributed equally to this work
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Bouwmeester MC, Tao Y, Proença S, van Steenbeek FG, Samsom RA, Nijmeijer SM, Sinnige T, van der Laan LJW, Legler J, Schneeberger K, Kramer NI, Spee B. Drug Metabolism of Hepatocyte-like Organoids and Their Applicability in In Vitro Toxicity Testing. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020621. [PMID: 36677681 PMCID: PMC9867526 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging advances in the field of in vitro toxicity testing attempt to meet the need for reliable human-based safety assessment in drug development. Intrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids (ICOs) are described as a donor-derived in vitro model for disease modelling and regenerative medicine. Here, we explored the potential of hepatocyte-like ICOs (HL-ICOs) in in vitro toxicity testing by exploring the expression and activity of genes involved in drug metabolism, a key determinant in drug-induced toxicity, and the exposure of HL-ICOs to well-known hepatotoxicants. The current state of drug metabolism in HL-ICOs showed levels comparable to those of PHHs and HepaRGs for CYP3A4; however, other enzymes, such as CYP2B6 and CYP2D6, were expressed at lower levels. Additionally, EC50 values were determined in HL-ICOs for acetaminophen (24.0−26.8 mM), diclofenac (475.5−>500 µM), perhexiline (9.7−>31.5 µM), troglitazone (23.1−90.8 µM), and valproic acid (>10 mM). Exposure to the hepatotoxicants showed EC50s in HL-ICOs comparable to those in PHHs and HepaRGs; however, for acetaminophen exposure, HL-ICOs were less sensitive. Further elucidation of enzyme and transporter activity in drug metabolism in HL-ICOs and exposure to a more extensive compound set are needed to accurately define the potential of HL-ICOs in in vitro toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon C. Bouwmeester
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yu Tao
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Susana Proença
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, 6700 EA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank G. van Steenbeek
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart & Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roos-Anne Samsom
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra M. Nijmeijer
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Theo Sinnige
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J. W. van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Juliette Legler
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kerstin Schneeberger
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nynke I. Kramer
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, 6700 EA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Spee
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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Medication with fenbendazole in feed: plasma concentrations and effects on hepatic xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in swine. Vet Res Commun 2022; 47:803-815. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-10041-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Uehara S, Murayama N, Higuchi Y, Yoneda N, Yamazaki H, Suemizu H. Comparison of mouse and human cytochrome P450 mediated-drug metabolizing activities in hepatic and extrahepatic microsomes. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:229-239. [PMID: 35416115 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2066581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
1. Despite the importance of mice as a preclinical species in drug testing, their hepatic and extrahepatic drug-metabolizing characteristics are poorly understood. Here, we compared the P450-dependent drug oxidation activity in tissue microsomes and distribution patterns of P450 protein/mRNA between humans and mice.2. The activities of midazolam 1'-/4-hydroxylation in the liver and intestine and chlorzoxazone 6-hydroxylation in the liver were similar in humans and mice. The activities of coumarin 7-hydroxylation, flurbiprofen 4'-hydroxylation, and S-mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylation in the liver were higher in humans than in mice. The activities of 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation in the liver, 7-pentoxyresorufin O-depentylation in the lung/liver/intestine, bufuralol 1'-hydroxylation in the liver/intestine, propafenone 4'-hydroxylation in liver/intestine, and diazepam N-demethylation in the liver/intestine were higher in mice than in humans.3. CYP1A2/2E1 mRNAs were mainly expressed in the livers of humans and mice. Cyp2b9/2b10 mRNAs were abundant in the mouse lung/liver/intestine, but CYP2B6 was mainly expressed in the human liver. CYP2C/2D/3A mRNAs were expressed in the liver and intestine, with the respective proteins detected in tissue microsomes of both humans and mice.4. These information on P450-dependent drug-metabolizing characteristics in hepatic and extrahepatic tissues is useful to understand the similarities and differences between humans and mice in drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Uehara
- Laboratory Animal Research Department, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Norie Murayama
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Higuchi
- Laboratory Animal Research Department, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Nao Yoneda
- Laboratory Animal Research Department, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suemizu
- Laboratory Animal Research Department, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
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New Perspectives to Improve Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapies for Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052669. [PMID: 35269830 PMCID: PMC8910533 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is one of the leading causes of acute liver injury. Many factors may contribute to the susceptibility of patients to this condition, making DILI a global medical problem that has an impact on public health and the pharmaceutical industry. The use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been at the forefront of regenerative medicine therapies for many years, including MSCs for the treatment of liver diseases. However, there is currently a huge gap between these experimental approaches and their application in clinical practice. In this concise review, we focus on the pathophysiology of DILI and highlight new experimental approaches conceived to improve cell-based therapy by the in vitro preconditioning of MSCs and/or the use of cell-free products as treatment for this liver condition. Finally, we discuss the advantages of new approaches, but also the current challenges that must be addressed in order to develop safer and more effective procedures that will allow cell-based therapies to reach clinical practice, enhancing the quality of life and prolonging the survival time of patients with DILI.
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8
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Indorf P, Patzak A, Lichtenberger F. Drug metabolism in animal models and humans: Translational aspects and chances for individual therapy. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 233:e13734. [PMID: 34637592 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Indorf
- Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Vegetative Physiology Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Andreas Patzak
- Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Vegetative Physiology Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Falk‐Bach Lichtenberger
- Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Vegetative Physiology Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
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Ding N, Yamamoto S, Chisaki I, Nakayama M, Matsumoto SI, Hirabayashi H. Utility of Göttingen minipigs for the prediction of human pharmacokinetic profiles after intravenous drug administration. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2021; 41:100408. [PMID: 34710650 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2021.100408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Göttingen minipigs are increasingly used to evaluate the pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles of drug candidates. However, their accuracy in predicting human PK parameters is unclear. In this study, we investigated the utility of Göttingen minipigs for predicting human PK profiles. We evaluated the PK parameters of 30 compounds with diverse metabolic pathways after intravenous administration in minipigs. Human total clearance (CLtotal) was corrected using the blood to plasma ratio, and the volume of distribution at steady state (Vd(ss)) was corrected with plasma unbound fraction (fup). CLtotal and Vd(ss) were predicted using single-species allometric scaling using data from minipigs and other reported animal models (monkeys, human liver chimeric mice, and rats). The predicted values were compared with actual values reported in humans. Göttingen minipig were superior to rats because of their better predictability of Vd(ss) and CLtotal, as represented by lower absolute average fold error values. However, their predictability for Vd(ss) was inferior to monkey and human liver chimeric mice. Prediction of CLtotal from blood-based minipig data showed excellent correlation with human data, and comparable predictability with monkey and human liver chimeric mice. Thus, Göttingen minipigs can be used as an optional model for preclinical pharmaceutical research for predicting human CLtotal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ding
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Syunsuke Yamamoto
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ikumi Chisaki
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Miyu Nakayama
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Matsumoto
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hideki Hirabayashi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
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10
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Ding Y, Ma H, Xu Y, Yang F, Li Y, Shi F, Lu Y. Potentiation of flutamide-induced hepatotoxicity in mice by Xian-Ling-Gu-Bao through induction of CYP1A2. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 278:114299. [PMID: 34090906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Xian-Ling-Gu-Bao (XLGB) Fufang is herbal formula widely used to treat osteoporosis and other bone disorders. Because of its commonality in the clinical use, there is a safety concern over the use of XLGB combined with other androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) drugs such as flutamide (FLU) that is associated with reduced bone density. To date, there have been no evaluations on the side effects of the drug-drug interaction between XLGB and FLU. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was designed to investigate the hepatotoxicity in the context of the combined treatment of XLGB and FLU in a mouse model, and to determine whether the metabolic activation of FLU through induction of CYP1A2 plays a role in the increased hepatoxicity caused by the combination of XLGB and FLU. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57 mice were administered with either XLGB (6,160 mg/kg), FLU (300 mg/kg), or with the combination of the two drugs. Animals were treated with XLGB for 5 days before the combined administration of XLGB and FLU for another 4 days. The serum of mice from single or the combined administration groups was collected for biochemical analysis. The mouse liver was collected to examine liver morphological changes, evaluate liver coefficient, as well as determine the mRNA expression of P450 isozymes (Cyp1a2, Cyp3a11 and Cyp2c37). For metabolism analysis, mice were treated with XLGB, FLU, or the combination of XLGB and FLU for 24 h. The urine samples were collected for the analysis of FLU-NAC conjugate by UPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS. The liver microsomes were prepared from fresh livers to determine the activity of metabolizing enzyme CYP1A2. RESULTS The combined treatment of XLGB and FLU caused loss of mice body weight and elicited significant liver toxicity as evidenced by an increased liver coefficient and serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity as well as pathological changes of fatty lesion of liver tissue. FLU increased hepatic expression of Cyp1a2 mRNA that was further elevated in the liver of mice when administered with both FLU and XLGB. Treatment of FLU resulted in an increase in the expression of Cyp3a11 mRNA that was negated when mice were co-treated with FLU and XLGB. No significant difference in Cyp2c37 mRNA expression was observed among the different treatment groups as compared to the control. Analysis of metabolic activity showed that the combined administration caused a synergic effect in elevating the activity of the CYP1A2 enzyme. Mass spectrometry analysis identified the presence of FLU reactive metabolite derived FLU-NAC conjugate in the urine of mice treated with FLU. Strikingly, about a two-fold increase of the FLU-NAC conjugate was detected when treated with both FLU and XLGB, indicating an elevated amount of toxic metabolite produced from FLU in the present of XLGB. CONCLUSION FLU and XLGB co-treatment potentiated FLU-induced hepatoxicity. This increased hepatoxicity was mediated through the induction of CYP1A2 activity which in turn enhanced bioactivation of FLU leading to over production of FLU-NAC conjugate and oxidative stress. These results offer warnings about serious side effects of the FLU-XLGB interaction in the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, China; Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Honghong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, China
| | - Yasha Xu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, China
| | - Fuguo Shi
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, China.
| | - Yuanfu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, China.
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11
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Li H, Wang Y, Zhang M, Wang H, Cui A, Zhao J, Ji W, Chen YG. Establishment of porcine and monkey colonic organoids for drug toxicity study. CELL REGENERATION 2021; 10:32. [PMID: 34599392 PMCID: PMC8486901 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-021-00094-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pig and monkey are widely used models for exploration of human diseases and evaluation of drug efficiency and toxicity, but high cost limits their uses. Organoids have been shown to be promising models for drug test as they reasonably preserve tissue structure and functions. However, colonic organoids of pig and monkey are not yet established. Here, we report a culture medium to support the growth of porcine and monkey colonic organoids. Wnt signaling and PGE2 are important for long-term expansion of the organoids, and their withdrawal results in lineage differentiation to mature cells. Furthermore, we observe that porcine colonic organoids are closer to human colonic organoids in terms of drug toxicity response. Successful establishment of porcine and monkey colonic organoids would facilitate the mechanistic investigation of the homeostatic regulation of the intestine of these animals and is useful for drug development and toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yalong Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Mengxian Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Along Cui
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China.,State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jianguo Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China.,State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Weizhi Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Ye-Guang Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Max-Planck Center for Tissue Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510700, China.
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12
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Mansouri M, Leipzig ND. Advances in removing mass transport limitations for more physiologically relevant in vitro 3D cell constructs. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2021; 2:021305. [PMID: 38505119 PMCID: PMC10903443 DOI: 10.1063/5.0048837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Spheroids and organoids are promising models for biomedical applications ranging from human disease modeling to drug discovery. A main goal of these 3D cell-based platforms is to recapitulate important physiological parameters of their in vivo organ counterparts. One way to achieve improved biomimetic architectures and functions is to culture cells at higher density and larger total numbers. However, poor nutrient and waste transport lead to low stability, survival, and functionality over extended periods of time, presenting outstanding challenges in this field. Fortunately, important improvements in culture strategies have enhanced the survival and function of cells within engineered microtissues/organs. Here, we first discuss the challenges of growing large spheroids/organoids with a focus on mass transport limitations, then highlight recent tools and methodologies that are available for producing and sustaining functional 3D in vitro models. This information points toward the fact that there is a critical need for the continued development of novel cell culture strategies that address mass transport in a physiologically relevant human setting to generate long-lasting and large-sized spheroids/organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Mansouri
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, USA
| | - Nic D. Leipzig
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, USA
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13
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Yadav J, El Hassani M, Sodhi J, Lauschke VM, Hartman JH, Russell LE. Recent developments in in vitro and in vivo models for improved translation of preclinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics data. Drug Metab Rev 2021; 53:207-233. [PMID: 33989099 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2021.1922435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Improved pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) prediction in the early stages of drug development is essential to inform lead optimization strategies and reduce attrition rates. Recently, there have been significant advancements in the development of new in vitro and in vivo strategies to better characterize pharmacokinetic properties and efficacy of drug leads. Herein, we review advances in experimental and mathematical models for clearance predictions, advancements in developing novel tools to capture slowly metabolized drugs, in vivo model developments to capture human etiology for supporting drug development, limitations and gaps in these efforts, and a perspective on the future in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaydeep Yadav
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jasleen Sodhi
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jessica H Hartman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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14
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Are pigs a suitable animal model for in vivo metabolism studies of new psychoactive substances? A comparison study using different in vitro/in vivo tools and U-47700 as model drug. Toxicol Lett 2020; 329:12-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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15
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Son YW, Choi HN, Che JH, Kang BC, Yun JW. Advances in selecting appropriate non-rodent species for regulatory toxicology research: Policy, ethical, and experimental considerations. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 116:104757. [PMID: 32758521 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In vivo animal studies are required by regulatory agencies to investigate drug safety before clinical trials. In this review, we summarize the process of selecting a relevant non-rodent species for preclinical studies. The dog is the primary, default non-rodent used in toxicology studies with multiple scientific advantages, including adequate background data and availability. Rabbit has many regulatory advantages as the first non-rodent for the evaluation of reproductive and developmental as well as local toxicity. Recently, minipigs have increasingly replaced dogs and rabbits in toxicology studies due to ethical and scientific advantages including similarity to humans and breeding habits. When these species are not relevant, nonhuman primates (NHPs) can be used as the available animal models, especially in toxicology studies investigating biotherapeutics. Particularly, based on the phylogenetic relationships, the use of New-World marmosets can be considered before Old-World monkeys, especially cynomolgus with robust historical data. Importantly, the use of NHPs should be justified in terms of scientific benefits considering target affinity, expression pattern, and pharmacological cross-reactivity. Strict standards are required for the use of animals. Therefore, this review is helpful for the selection of appropriate non-rodent in regulatory toxicology studies by providing sufficient regulatory, ethical, and scientific data for each species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Wook Son
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, South Korea
| | - Ha-Ni Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwan Che
- Biomedical Center for Animal Resource and Development, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Byeong-Cheol Kang
- Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Jun-Won Yun
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, South Korea.
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16
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Walle N, Nordmeier F, Doerr AA, Peters B, Laschke MW, Menger MD, Schmidt PH, Meyer MR, Schaefer N. Comparison of in vitro and in vivo models for the elucidation of metabolic patterns of 7-azaindole-derived synthetic cannabinoids exemplified using cumyl-5F-P7AICA. Drug Test Anal 2020; 13:74-90. [PMID: 32678962 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to the dynamic market involving synthetic cannabinoids (SCs), the determination of analytical targets is challenging in clinical and forensic toxicology. SCs usually undergo extensive metabolism, and therefore their main metabolites must be identified for the detection in biological matrices, particularly in urine. Controlled human studies are usually not possible for ethical reasons; thus, alternative models must be used. The aim of this work was to predict the in vitro and in vivo metabolic patterns of 7-azaindole-derived SCs using 1-(5-fluoropentyl)-N-(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)-1H-pyrollo[2,3-b]pyridin-3-carboxamide (cumyl-5F-P7AICA) as an example. Different in vitro (pooled human liver S9 fraction, pooled human liver microsomes, and pig liver microsomes) and in vivo (rat and pig) systems were compared. Monooxygenase isoenzymes responsible for the most abundant phase I steps, namely oxidative defluorination (OF) followed by carboxylation, monohydroxylation, and ketone formation, were identified. In both in vivo models, OF/carboxylation and N-dealkylation/monohydroxylation/sulfation could be detected. Regarding pHS9 and pig urine, monohydroxylation/sulfation or glucuronidation was also abundant. Furthermore, the parent compound could still be detected in all models. Initial monooxygenase activity screening revealed the involvement of CYP2C19, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5. Therefore, in addition to the parent compound, the OF/carboxylated and monohydroxylated (and sulfated or glucuronidated) metabolites can be recommended as urinary targets. In comparison to literature, the pig model predicts best the human metabolic pattern of cumyl-5F-P7AICA. Furthermore, the pig model should be suitable to mirror the time-dependent excretion pattern of parent compounds and metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Walle
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | | | - Adrian A Doerr
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Peters
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Matthias W Laschke
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Michael D Menger
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Peter H Schmidt
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Markus R Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Schaefer
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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17
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Fuscoe JC, Vijay V, Hanig JP, Han T, Ren L, Greenhaw JJ, Beger RD, Pence LM, Shi Q. Hepatic Transcript Profiles of Cytochrome P450 Genes Predict Sex Differences in Drug Metabolism. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:447-458. [PMID: 32193355 PMCID: PMC7250365 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.089367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Safety assessments of new drug candidates are an important part of the drug development and approval process. Often, possible sex-associated susceptibilities are not adequately addressed, and better assessment tools are needed. We hypothesized that hepatic transcript profiles of cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes can be used to predict sex-associated differences in drug metabolism and possible adverse events. Comprehensive hepatic transcript profiles were generated for F344 rats of both sexes at nine ages, from 2 weeks (preweaning) to 104 weeks (elderly). Large differences in the transcript profiles of 29 drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters were found between adult males and females (8-52 weeks). Using the PharmaPendium data base, 41 drugs were found to be metabolized by one or two P450 enzymes encoded by sexually dimorphic mRNAs and thus were candidates for evaluation of possible sexually dimorphic metabolism and/or toxicities. Suspension cultures of primary hepatocytes from three male and three female adult rats (10-13 weeks old) were used to evaluate the metabolism of 11 drugs predicted to have sexually dimorphic metabolism. The pharmacokinetics of the drug or its metabolite was analyzed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry using multiple reaction monitoring. Of those drugs with adequate metabolism, the predicted significant sex-different metabolism was found for six of seven drugs, with half-lives 37%-400% longer in female hepatocytes than in male hepatocytes. Thus, in this rat model, transcript profiles may allow identification of potential sex-related differences in drug metabolism. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The present study showed that sex-different expression of genes coding for drug metabolizing enzymes, specifically cytochrome P450s, could be used to predict sex-different drug metabolism and, thus, provide a new tool for protecting susceptible subpopulations from possible adverse drug events.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Fuscoe
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas (J.C.F., V.V., T.H., L.R., J.J.G., R.D.B., L.M.P., Q.S.); and Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland (J.P.H.)
| | - Vikrant Vijay
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas (J.C.F., V.V., T.H., L.R., J.J.G., R.D.B., L.M.P., Q.S.); and Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland (J.P.H.)
| | - Joseph P Hanig
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas (J.C.F., V.V., T.H., L.R., J.J.G., R.D.B., L.M.P., Q.S.); and Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland (J.P.H.)
| | - Tao Han
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas (J.C.F., V.V., T.H., L.R., J.J.G., R.D.B., L.M.P., Q.S.); and Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland (J.P.H.)
| | - Lijun Ren
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas (J.C.F., V.V., T.H., L.R., J.J.G., R.D.B., L.M.P., Q.S.); and Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland (J.P.H.)
| | - James J Greenhaw
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas (J.C.F., V.V., T.H., L.R., J.J.G., R.D.B., L.M.P., Q.S.); and Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland (J.P.H.)
| | - Richard D Beger
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas (J.C.F., V.V., T.H., L.R., J.J.G., R.D.B., L.M.P., Q.S.); and Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland (J.P.H.)
| | - Lisa M Pence
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas (J.C.F., V.V., T.H., L.R., J.J.G., R.D.B., L.M.P., Q.S.); and Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland (J.P.H.)
| | - Qiang Shi
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas (J.C.F., V.V., T.H., L.R., J.J.G., R.D.B., L.M.P., Q.S.); and Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland (J.P.H.)
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18
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Davidsen AB, Mardal M, Johansen SS, Dalsgaard PW, Linnet K. In vitro and in vivo metabolism and detection of 3-HO-PCP, a synthetic phencyclidine, in human samples and pooled human hepatocytes using high resolution mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:987-993. [PMID: 32311838 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The new psychoactive substance (NPS) 3-HO-PCP, a phencyclidine (PCP) analog, was detected in a law enforcement seizure and in forensic samples in Denmark. Compared with PCP, 3-HO-PCP is known to be a more potent dissociative NPS, but no toxicokinetic investigations of 3-HO-PCP are yet available. Therefore, 3-HO-PCP was quantified in in vivo samples, and the following were investigated: plasma protein binding, in vitro and in vivo metabolites, and metabolic targets. All samples were separated by liquid chromatography and analyzed by mass spectrometry. The unbound fraction in plasma was determined as 0.72 ± 0.09. After in vitro incubation with pooled human hepatocytes, four metabolites were identified: a piperidine-hydroxyl-and piperidine ring opened N-dealkyl-COOH metabolite, and O-glucuronidated- and O-sulfate-conjugated metabolites. In vivo, depending on the sample and sample preparation, fewer metabolites were detected, as the O-sulfate-conjugated metabolite was not detected. The N-dealkylated-COOH metabolite was the main metabolite in the deconjugated urine sample. in vivo analytical targets in blood and brain samples were 3-HO-PCP and the O-glucuronidated metabolite, with 3-HO-PCP having the highest relative signal intensity. The drug levels of 3-HO-PCP quantified in blood were 0.013 and 0.095 mg/kg in a living and a deceased subject, respectively. The 3-HO-PCP concentrations in deconjugated urine in a sample from a living subject and in post-mortem brain were 7.8 and 0.16 mg/kg, respectively. The post mortem results showed a 1.5-fold higher concentration of 3-HO-PCP in the brain tissue than in the post mortem blood sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Bork Davidsen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Frederik V's Vej 11,Copenhagen 2100, Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Mardal
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sys Stybe Johansen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Petur Weihe Dalsgaard
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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19
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Nordmeier F, Richter LHJ, Schmidt PH, Schaefer N, Meyer MR. Studies on the in vitro and in vivo metabolism of the synthetic opioids U-51754, U-47931E, and methoxyacetylfentanyl using hyphenated high-resolution mass spectrometry. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13774. [PMID: 31551531 PMCID: PMC6760207 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50196-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
New Synthetic Opioids (NSOs) are one class of New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) enjoying increasing popularity in Europe. Data on their toxicological or metabolic properties have not yet been published for most of them. In this context, the metabolic fate of three NSOs, namely, trans-3,4-dichloro-N-[2-(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl]-N-methyl-benzenacetamide (U-51754), trans-4-bromo-N-[2-(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl]-N-methyl-benzamide (U-47931E), and 2-methoxy-N-phenyl-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-yl] acetamide (methoxyacetylfentanyl), was elucidated by liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry after pooled human S9 fraction (phS9) incubations and in rat urine after oral administration. The following major reactions were observed: demethylation of the amine moiety for U-51754 and U-47931E, N-hydroxylation of the hexyl ring, and combinations thereof. N-dealkylation, O-demethylation, and hydroxylation at the alkyl part for methoxyacetylfentanyl. Except for U-47931E, parent compounds could only be found in trace amounts in rat urine. Therefore, urinary markers should preferably be metabolites, namely, the N-demethyl-hydroxy and the hydroxy metabolite for U-51754, the N-demethylated metabolite for U-47931E, and the N-dealkylated metabolite as well as the O-demethylated one for methoxyacetylfentanyl. In general, metabolite formation was comparable in vitro and in vivo, but fewer metabolites, particularly those after multiple reaction steps and phase II conjugates, were found in phS9. These results were consistent with those of comparable compounds obtained from human liver microsomes, human hepatocytes, and/or human case studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lilian H J Richter
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Peter H Schmidt
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Schaefer
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Markus R Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany.
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20
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Han W, Duan Z. Different drug metabolism behavior between species in drug-induced hepatotoxicity: limitations and novel resolutions. TOXIN REV 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2019.1639060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Han
- Difficult and Complicated Liver Diseases and Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongping Duan
- Difficult and Complicated Liver Diseases and Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, Beijing, China
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21
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Chang Y, Siddens LK, Heine LK, Sampson DA, Yu Z, Fischer KA, Löhr CV, Tilton SC. Comparative mechanisms of PAH toxicity by benzo[a]pyrene and dibenzo[def,p]chrysene in primary human bronchial epithelial cells cultured at air-liquid interface. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 379:114644. [PMID: 31255691 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Current assumption for assessing carcinogenic risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is that they function through a common mechanism of action; however, recent studies demonstrate that PAHs can act through unique mechanisms potentially contributing to cancer outcomes in a non-additive manner. Using a primary human 3D bronchial epithelial culture (HBEC) model, we assessed potential differences in mechanism of toxicity for two PAHs, benzo[a]pyrene (BAP) and dibenzo[def,p]chrysene (DBC), compared to a complex PAH mixture based on short-term biosignatures identified from transcriptional profiling. Differentiated bronchial epithelial cells were treated with BAP (100-500 μg/ml), DBC (10 μg/ml), and coal tar extract (CTE 500-1500 μg/ml, SRM1597a) for 48 h and gene expression was measured by RNA sequencing or quantitative PCR. Comparison of BAP and DBC gene signatures showed that the majority of genes (~60%) were uniquely regulated by treatment, including signaling pathways for inflammation and DNA damage by DBC and processes for cell cycle, hypoxia and oxidative stress by BAP. Specifically, BAP upregulated targets of AhR, NRF2, and KLF4, while DBC downregulated these same targets, suggesting a chemical-specific pattern in transcriptional regulation involved in antioxidant response, potentially contributing to differences in PAH potency. Other processes were regulated in common by all PAH treatments, BAP, DBC and CTE, including downregulation of genes involved in cell adhesion and reduced functional measurements of barrier integrity. This work supports prior in vivo studies and demonstrates the utility of profiling short-term biosignatures in an organotypic 3D model to identify mechanisms linked to carcinogenic risk of PAHs in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Chang
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Lisbeth K Siddens
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Lauren K Heine
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - David A Sampson
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Zhen Yu
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Kay A Fischer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Christiane V Löhr
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Susan C Tilton
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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22
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Characterization of Porcine Hepatic and Intestinal Drug Metabolizing CYP450: Comparison with Human Orthologues from A Quantitative, Activity and Selectivity Perspective. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9233. [PMID: 31239454 PMCID: PMC6592956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45212-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, the pig has gained attention as a potential model for human drug metabolism. Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450), a superfamily of biotransformation enzymes, are pivotal in drug metabolism. Porcine CYP450 has been demonstrated to convert typical substrates of human CYP450. Nevertheless, knowledge and insight into porcine CYP450 quantity and substrate selectivity is scant, especially regarding intestinal CYP450. The current study aimed to map the quantities of hepatic and intestinal CYP450 in the conventional pig by using a proteomic approach. Moreover, the selectivity of the six most common used probe substrates (phenacetin, coumarin, midazolam, tolbutamide, dextromethorphan, and chlorzoxazone) for drug metabolizing enzyme subfamilies (CYP1A, CYP2A, CYP3A, CYP2C, CYP2D and CYP2E respectively), was investigated. Hepatic relative quantities were 4% (CYP1A), 31% (CYP2A), 14% (CYP3A), 10% (CYP2C), 28% (CYP2D) and 13% (CYP2E), whereas for the intestine only duodenal CYP450 could be determined with 88% for CYP3A and 12% for CYP2C. Furthermore, the results indicate that coumarin (CYP2A), midazolam (CYP3A), tolbutamide (CYP2C), and dextromethorphan (CYP2D) are as selective for porcine as for human CYP450. However, phenacetin (CYP1A2) and chlorzoxazone (CYP2E1) are less selective for the specific enzyme, despite similarities in selectivity towards the different enzymes involved compared to humans.
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23
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Schelstraete W, Devreese M, Croubels S. Impact of Subacute Exposure to T-2 Toxin and Zearalenone on the Pharmacokinetics of Midazolam as CYP3A Probe Drug in a Porcine Animal Model: A Pilot Study. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:399. [PMID: 31105561 PMCID: PMC6492070 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP) are important catalyzing proteins involved in the biotransformation of endogenous and xenobiotic compounds. However, their expression and/or activity can be altered by exposure to contaminants such as mycotoxins. In vitro incubations in porcine hepatic microsomes revealed a potent inhibition of the midazolam (CYP3A) biotransformation by T-2 toxin (T-2) (Ki = 27.0 ± 3.97 μM) and zearalenone (ZEA) (Ki = 1.1 ± 0.22 μM). Consequently, the in vivo impact of 2 weeks exposure to T-2 (1,000 μg/kg feed) or ZEA (500 μg/kg feed) on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of midazolam (MDZ) as a CYP3A probe drug was investigated in pigs, and was compared to a control group receiving no mycotoxins. MDZ was chosen as this drug undergoes substantial first-pass metabolism in humans with equal contribution of the intestine and liver. Each pig received a single intravenous (0.036 mg/kg BW) and oral (0.15 mg/kg BW) dose of midazolam (MDZ). For the IV bolus no differences were observed in PK between control and mycotoxins exposed groups. However, oral plasma concentration-time profiles showed quantitative differences in absolute oral bioavailability F[p-value (ANOVA) = 0.022], AUC_0-inf (μg∗h/L) [p-value (ANOVA) = 0.023], Ke (1/h) [p-value (ANOVA) = 0.004], and Ka (1/h) [p-value (ANOVA) = 0.031]. Although only differences in Ke estimates after oral administration reached significance in the post hoc analysis due to inequality of the variances. We hypothesize that the observed trends after ZEA and T-2 exposure are related to the cytotoxic effect of T-2, resulting in an increased absorption rate constant Ka. For ZEA, an inhibition of the CYP3A enzymes is suggested based on the in vitro inhibition potential and increase in oral bioavailability. Further research is required to confirm the current hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Schelstraete
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mathias Devreese
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Siska Croubels
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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24
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Massaro M, Buscemi G, Arista L, Biddeci G, Cavallaro G, D’Anna F, Di Blasi F, Ferrante A, Lazzara G, Rizzo C, Spinelli G, Ullrich T, Riela S. Multifunctional Carrier Based on Halloysite/Laponite Hybrid Hydrogel for Kartogenin Delivery. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:419-424. [PMID: 30996773 PMCID: PMC6466553 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel carrier system based on halloysite nanotubes (HNT), for the potential intraarticular delivery of kartogenin (KGN) by means laponite (Lap) hydrogel (HNT/KGN/Lap), is developed. The drug was first loaded into HNT, and the hybrid composite obtained was used as filler for laponite hydrogel. Both the filler and the hydrogel were thoroughly investigated by several techniques and the hydrogel morphology was imaged by transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, the gelating ability of laponite in the presence of the filler and the rheological properties of the hybrid hydrogel were also investigated. The kinetic release of kartogenin from HNT and HNT/Lap hybrid hydrogel was studied both in physiological conditions and in ex vivo synovial fluid. In the last case, the kinetic results highlighted that HNT carrier can effectively release KGN in a sustained manner for at least 38 days. Finally, a preliminary biological assays showed that the HNT/KGN/Lap hybrid hydrogel did not exhibit any cytotoxic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Massaro
- Dipartimento
STEBICEF, Sez. Chimica, Università
degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gabriella Buscemi
- Dipartimento
STEBICEF, Sez. Chimica, Università
degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Luca Arista
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes
for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppa Biddeci
- Dipartimento
STEBICEF, Sez. Chimica, Università
degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- Istituto
di Biomedicina ed Immunologia Molecolare - Consiglio Nazionale delle
Ricerche, Via Ugo La
Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cavallaro
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli
Studi di Palermo, Viale
delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesca D’Anna
- Dipartimento
STEBICEF, Sez. Chimica, Università
degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Blasi
- Istituto
di Biomedicina ed Immunologia Molecolare - Consiglio Nazionale delle
Ricerche, Via Ugo La
Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Angelo Ferrante
- Dipartimento
Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, Sezione di Reumatologia, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lazzara
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli
Studi di Palermo, Viale
delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Carla Rizzo
- Dipartimento
STEBICEF, Sez. Chimica, Università
degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaetano Spinelli
- Istituto
di Biomedicina ed Immunologia Molecolare - Consiglio Nazionale delle
Ricerche, Via Ugo La
Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Thomas Ullrich
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes
for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Serena Riela
- Dipartimento
STEBICEF, Sez. Chimica, Università
degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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25
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Bailey J, Thew M, Balls M. An Analysis of the Use of Animal Models in Predicting Human Toxicology and Drug Safety. Altern Lab Anim 2019; 42:181-99. [DOI: 10.1177/026119291404200306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod Bailey
- British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection (BUAV), London, UK
| | - Michelle Thew
- British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection (BUAV), London, UK
| | - Michael Balls
- c/o Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments (FRAME), Nottingham, UK
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26
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Ryu CS, Choi YJ, Nam HS, Jeon JS, Jung T, Park JE, Choi SJ, Lee K, Lee MY, Kim SK. Short-term regulation of the hepatic activities of cytochrome P450 and glutathione S-transferase by nose-only cigarette smoke exposure in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 125:182-189. [PMID: 30610934 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the effects of cigarette smoke on the regulation of hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzymes in male BALB/c mice exposed to nose-only cigarette smoke for 4 days. There were no significant increases in serum liver injury markers (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase) or oxidative stress (total antioxidant capacity, malondialdehyde, and glutathione disulfide/reduced glutathione) following cigarette smoke exposure, but malondialdehyde was elevated in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of smoke-exposed mice. Additionally, the hepatic microsomal protein levels of Cyp1a and Cyp2b, and the activities of ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase, pentoxyresorufin O-depenylase, and chlorzoxazone 6-hydrxylase, were elevated in smoke-exposed mice. Interestingly, the hepatic activities of GST toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene, and ethacrynic acid, but not cumene hydroperoxide were enhanced by cigarette smoke exposure, which was consistent with the increased expression levels of mu- and pi-class GSTs, but not alpha-class GSTs, observed in immunoblot analyses. These findings indicate that the short-term inhalation of cigarette smoke induces drug-metabolizing enzymes such as CYP1A, CYP2B, and mu/pi-class GSTs in the absence of hepatic injury and oxidative stress. Furthermore, smoking may alter hepatic drug metabolism, as well as the disposition and toxicity of xenobiotics, including some therapeutic drugs and cigarette smoke constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Seon Ryu
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jae Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Seon Nam
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Su Jeon
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyoon Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Jin Choi
- Inhalation Toxicology Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuhong Lee
- Inhalation Toxicology Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Yeol Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Kyum Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Republic of Korea.
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27
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McGill MR, Jaeschke H. Animal models of drug-induced liver injury. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1865:1031-1039. [PMID: 31007174 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) presents unique challenges for consumers, clinicians, and regulators. It is the most common cause of acute liver failure in the US. It is also one of the most common reasons for termination of new drugs during pre-clinical testing and withdrawal of new drugs post-marketing. DILI is generally divided into two forms: intrinsic and idiosyncratic. Many of the challenges with DILI are due in large part to poor understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity. Although useful models of intrinsic DILI are available, they are frequently misused. Modeling idiosyncratic DILI presents greater challenges, but promising new models have recently been developed. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide a critical review of the most popular animal models of DILI, and to discuss the future of DILI research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R McGill
- Dept. of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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28
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Muluneh F, Häkkinen MR, El-Dairi R, Pasanen M, Juvonen RO. New glutathione conjugate of pyrrolizidine alkaloids produced by human cytosolic enzyme-dependent reactions in vitro. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:1344-1352. [PMID: 29788543 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The toxic metabolites of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are initially formed by cytochrome P450-mediated oxidation reactions and primarily eliminated as glutathione (GSH) conjugates. Although the reaction between the reactive metabolites and GSH can occur spontaneously, the role of the cytosolic enzymes in the process has not been studied. METHODS The toxic metabolites of selected PAs (retrorsine, monocrotaline, senecionine, lasiocarpine, heliotrine or senkirkine) were generated by incubating them in 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) containing liver microsomes of human, pig, rat or sheep, NADPH and reduced GSH in the absence or presence of human, pig, rat or sheep liver cytosolic fraction. The supernatants were analyzed using liquid chromatography connected to Finnigan LTQ ion-trap, Agilent QTOF or Thermo Scientific Q Exactive Focus quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometers. RESULTS Retrorsine, senecionine and lasiocarpine yielded three GSH conjugates producing [M - H]- ions at m/z 439 (7-GSH-DHP (CHO)), m/z 441 (7-GSH-DHP (OH)) and m/z 730 (7,9-diGSH-DHP) in the presence of human liver cytosolic fraction. 7-GSH-DHP (CHO) was a novel metabolite. Monocrotaline, heliotrine and senkirkine did not produce this novel 7-GSH-DHP (CHO) conjugate. 7-GSH-DHP (CHO) disappeared when incubated with hydroxylamine, and a new oxime derivative was formed. This metabolite was formed only by the human liver cytosolic enzymes but not in the presence of rat or sheep liver cytosolic fractions under otherwise identical reaction conditions. CONCLUSIONS 7-GSH-DHP (CHO) has not been reported before, and thus it was considered as a novel metabolite of PAs. This may clarify the mechanisms involved in PA detoxification and widely observed but less understood species differences in response to PA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fashe Muluneh
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Reproductive & Developmental Biology Laboratory/Pharmacogenetics Group, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Merja R Häkkinen
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rami El-Dairi
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku Pasanen
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Risto O Juvonen
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
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29
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Piekos SC, Chen L, Wang P, Shi J, Yaqoob S, Zhu HJ, Ma X, Zhong XB. Consequences of Phenytoin Exposure on Hepatic Cytochrome P450 Expression during Postnatal Liver Maturation in Mice. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1241-1250. [PMID: 29884652 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.080861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes in response to drug treatment is a significant contributing factor to drug-drug interactions, which may reduce therapeutic efficacy and/or cause toxicity. Since most studies on P450 induction are performed in adults, enzyme induction at neonatal, infant, and adolescent ages is not well understood. Previous work defined the postnatal ontogeny of drug-metabolizing P450s in human and mouse livers; however, there are limited data on the ontogeny of the induction potential of each enzyme in response to drug treatment. Induction of P450s at the neonatal age may also cause permanent alterations in P450 expression in adults. The goal of this study was to investigate the short- and long-term effects of phenytoin treatment on mRNA and protein expressions and enzyme activities of CYP2B10, 2C29, 3A11, and 3A16 at different ages during postnatal liver maturation in mice. Induction of mRNA immediately following phenytoin treatment appeared to depend on basal expression of the enzyme at a specific age. While neonatal mice showed the greatest fold changes in CYP2B10, 2C29, and 3A11 mRNA expression following treatment, the levels of induced protein expression and enzymatic activity were much lower than that of induced levels in adults. The expression of fetal CYP3A16 was repressed by phenytoin treatment. Neonatal treatment with phenytoin did not permanently induce enzyme expression in adulthood. Taken together, our data suggest that inducibility of drug-metabolizing P450s is much lower in neonatal mice than it is in adults and neonatal induction by phenytoin is not permanent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Piekos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (S.C.P., L.C., S.Y., X.-b.Z.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.W., X.M.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (J.S., H.-J.Z.)
| | - Liming Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (S.C.P., L.C., S.Y., X.-b.Z.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.W., X.M.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (J.S., H.-J.Z.)
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (S.C.P., L.C., S.Y., X.-b.Z.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.W., X.M.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (J.S., H.-J.Z.)
| | - Jian Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (S.C.P., L.C., S.Y., X.-b.Z.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.W., X.M.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (J.S., H.-J.Z.)
| | - Sharon Yaqoob
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (S.C.P., L.C., S.Y., X.-b.Z.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.W., X.M.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (J.S., H.-J.Z.)
| | - Hao-Jie Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (S.C.P., L.C., S.Y., X.-b.Z.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.W., X.M.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (J.S., H.-J.Z.)
| | - Xiaochao Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (S.C.P., L.C., S.Y., X.-b.Z.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.W., X.M.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (J.S., H.-J.Z.)
| | - Xiao-Bo Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (S.C.P., L.C., S.Y., X.-b.Z.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.W., X.M.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (J.S., H.-J.Z.)
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30
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Ueyama T, Tsuji S, Sugiyama T, Tada M. Fluorometric evaluation of CYP3A4 expression using improved transgenic HepaRG cells carrying a dual-colour reporter for CYP3A4 and CYP3A7. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2874. [PMID: 28588200 PMCID: PMC5460180 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03146-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary human hepatocytes are necessary to evaluate cytotoxicity, drug metabolism, and drug–drug interactions for candidate compounds in early-phase drug discovery and development. However, these analyses are often hampered by limited resources and functional or genetic variation among lots. HepaRG human hepatocellular carcinoma cells can differentiate into mature hepatocyte-like cells (HepLCs) that possess similar metabolic activity to human hepatocytes. We previously established transgenic HepaRG cells carrying a dual reporter that express red fluorescent protein (RFP) under the transcriptional regulation of CYP3A7 in the hepatoblast-like cell state and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under the transcriptional regulation of CYP3A4 following HepLC differentiation. In this study, we successfully isolated a subclone of transgenic CYP3A4G/7R HepaRG cells with an improved HepLC differentiation potency. Midazolam metabolism by CYP3A4 in these HepLCs was comparable to that in wild-type HepLCs. The EGFP fluorescence intensity was greatly induced by rifampicin (RIF) treatment. There was a strong correlation between fluorometric and metabolic analyses. The fold change in EGFP-positive cells was comparable to those in the CYP3A4 mRNA level and luminescence of proluciferin metabolites. RIF treatment and cell proliferation increased the RFP-positive cell number. Thus, CYP3A4G/7R HepLCs provide a real-time, multiwell-based system to co-evaluate CYP3A4 induction and hepatic regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Ueyama
- Tottori Cell Laboratory, Cell Technology, KAC Co., Ltd., Yonago, Japan.,Chromosome Engineering Research Centre, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Saori Tsuji
- Tottori Cell Laboratory, Cell Technology, KAC Co., Ltd., Yonago, Japan.,Chromosome Engineering Research Centre, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Takemi Sugiyama
- Tottori Cell Laboratory, Cell Technology, KAC Co., Ltd., Yonago, Japan
| | - Masako Tada
- Chromosome Engineering Research Centre, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan. .,Stem Cells & Reprogramming Laboratory, Human Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan.
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31
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Identification and comparative oridonin metabolism in different species liver microsomes by using UPLC-Triple-TOF-MS/MS and PCA. Anal Biochem 2016; 511:61-73. [PMID: 27503750 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Oridonin (ORI) is an active natural ent-kaurene diterpenoid ingredient with notable anti-cancer and anti-inflammation activities. Currently, a strategy was developed to identify metabolites and to assess the metabolic profiles of ORI in vitro using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-Triple/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Triple-TOF-MS/MS). Meanwhile, the metabolism differences of ORI in the liver microsomes of four different species were investigated using a principal component analysis (PCA) based on the metabolite absolute peak area values as the variables. Based on the proposed methods, 27 metabolites were structurally characterized. The results indicate that ORI is universally metabolized in vitro, and the metabolic pathway mainly includes dehydration, hydroxylation, di-hydroxylation, hydrogenation, decarboxylation, and ketone formation. Overall, there are obvious inter-species differences in types and amounts of ORI metabolites in the four species. These results will provide basic data for future pharmacological and toxicological studies of ORI and for other ent-kauranes diterpenoids. Meanwhile, studying the ORI metabolic differences helps to select the proper animal model for further pharmacology and toxicological assessment.
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32
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Characterization of Pharmacokinetics in the Göttingen Minipig with Reference Human Drugs: An In Vitro and In Vivo Approach. Pharm Res 2016; 33:2565-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1982-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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33
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Moskaleva N, Moysa A, Novikova S, Tikhonova O, Zgoda V, Archakov A. Spaceflight Effects on Cytochrome P450 Content in Mouse Liver. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142374. [PMID: 26561010 PMCID: PMC4641588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hard conditions of long-term manned spaceflight can affect functions of many biological systems including a system of drug metabolism. The cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily plays a key role in the drug metabolism. In this study we examined the hepatic content of some P450 isoforms in mice exposed to 30 days of space flight and microgravity. The CYP content was established by the mass-spectrometric method of selected reaction monitoring (SRM). Significant changes in the CYP2C29, CYP2E1 and CYP1A2 contents were detected in mice of the flight group compared to the ground control group. Within seven days after landing and corresponding recovery period changes in the content of CYP2C29 and CYP1A2 returned to the control level, while the CYP2E1 level remained elevated. The induction of enzyme observed in the mice in the conditions of the spaceflight could lead to an accelerated biotransformation and change in efficiency of pharmacological agents, metabolizing by corresponding CYP isoforms. Such possibility of an individual pharmacological response to medication during long-term spaceflights and early period of postflight adaptation should be taken into account in space medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Victor Zgoda
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
- * E-mail:
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34
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Lassila T, Rousu T, Mattila S, Chesné C, Pelkonen O, Turpeinen M, Tolonen A. Formation of GSH-trapped reactive metabolites in human liver microsomes, S9 fraction, HepaRG-cells, and human hepatocytes. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 115:345-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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35
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Fashe MM, Juvonen RO, Petsalo A, Räsänen J, Pasanen M. Species-Specific Differences in the in Vitro Metabolism of Lasiocarpine. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:2034-44. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muluneh M. Fashe
- School
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.
Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Risto O. Juvonen
- School
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.
Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Aleksanteri Petsalo
- School
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.
Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha Räsänen
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oulu, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, FI-70029 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku Pasanen
- School
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.
Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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36
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Shi X, Yang S, Zhang G, Song Y, Su D, Liu Y, Guo F, Shan L, Cai J. The different metabolism of morusin in various species and its potent inhibition against UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) and cytochrome p450 (CYP450) enzymes. Xenobiotica 2015; 46:467-76. [PMID: 26372370 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1086839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
1. The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of morusin on Glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) isoforms and cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450s). We also investigated the metabolism of morusin in human, rat, dog, monkey, and minipig liver microsomes. 2. 100 μM of morusin exhibited strong inhibition on all UGTs and CYP450s. The half inhibition concentration (IC50) values for CYP3A4, CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2E1, UGT1A6, UGT1A7, and UGT1A8 were 2.13, 1.27, 3.18, 9.28, 4.23, 0.98, and 3.00 μM, and the inhibition kinetic parameters (Ki) were 1.34, 1.16, 2.98, 6.23, 4.09, 0.62, and 2.11 μM, respectively. 3. Metabolism of morusin exhibited significant species differences. The quantities of M1 from minipig, monkey, dog, and rat were 7.8, 11.9, 2.0, and 6.3-fold of human levels. The Km values in HLMs, RLMs, MLMs, DLMs, and PLMs were 7.84, 22.77, 14.32, 9.13, and 22.83 μM, and Vmax for these species were 0.09, 1.23, 1.43, 0.15, and 0.75 nmol/min/mg, respectively. CLint (intrinsic clearance) values (Vmax/Km) for morusin obeyed the following order: monkey > rat > minipig > dog > human. CLH (hepatic clearance) values for humans, dogs, and rats were calculated to be 8.28, 17.38, and 35.12 mL/min/kg body weight, respectively. 4. This study provided vital information to understand the inhibitory potential and metabolic behavior of morusin among various species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbao Shi
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology , School of Pharmacy, China Medical University , Shenyang , China .,b Department of Pharmacy , The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University , Jinzhou , China
| | - Shuman Yang
- c Department of Internal Medicine/Community Health Sciences , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada
| | - Gang Zhang
- d Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA , and
| | - Yonggui Song
- e National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanchang , China
| | - Dan Su
- e National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanchang , China
| | - Yali Liu
- e National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanchang , China
| | - Feng Guo
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology , School of Pharmacy, China Medical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Lina Shan
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology , School of Pharmacy, China Medical University , Shenyang , China .,b Department of Pharmacy , The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University , Jinzhou , China
| | - Jiqun Cai
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology , School of Pharmacy, China Medical University , Shenyang , China
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Bian Y, Yao Q, Shang H, Lei J, Hu H, Guo K, Jiang H, Yu L, Wei H, Zeng S. Expression of Bama Minipig and Human CYP3A Enzymes: Comparison of the Catalytic Characteristics with Each Other and Their Liver Microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1336-40. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.064717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Lassila T, Mattila S, Turpeinen M, Tolonen A. Glutathione trapping of reactive drug metabolites produced by biomimetic metalloporphyrin catalysts. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:521-532. [PMID: 26160418 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Metalloporphyrins can be useful in the production of drug metabolites, as they enable easier production of oxidative metabolites usually produced by the cytochrome P450 enzymes. Our aim was to test metalloporphyrin-based biomimetic oxidation (BMO) methods for production and S-glutathione trapping of reactive drug metabolites in addition to phase I metabolites. METHODS Clozapine, ticlopidine and citalopram were selected as model compounds. These were incubated with the BMO assay and the incubations were analyzed with high-resolution liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Additionally, incubations with human liver S9 fraction were performed to compare the results with the BMO assay. RESULTS Six glutathione conjugates were identified for clozapine from the S9 incubation, while the BMO assay produced four of these. Four out of the five phase I metabolites produced by S9 were detected using the BMO assay. For ticlopidine, four glutathione conjugates were detected from the S9 incubation, but none of these were observed using the BMO assay. Eight of the nine phase I metabolites produced by S9 incubation were detected in the BMO assay. As expected, no glutathione conjugates were detected for citalopram, and the same three phase I metabolites were detected in both S9 and BMO incubations. CONLUSIONS Differences in formation of GSH-trapped reactive metabolites by BMO assay between clozapine and ticlopidine are probably due to different reactive intermediates and reaction mechanisms. The reactive intermediate of clozapine, the nitrenium ion was generated, but the reactive intermediates of ticlopidine, S-oxide and epoxide, were not detected from the incubations. However, the results show that for selected cases the use of biomimetic assays can be used to produce high amounts of S-glutathione conjugates identical to those from liver subfraction incubations, on a scale that is relevant for purification and subsequent identification by NMR spectroscopy; which is often difficult using incubations with liver subfractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Lassila
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sampo Mattila
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Miia Turpeinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Medical Research Center Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Ari Tolonen
- Admescope Ltd, Typpitie 1, 90620, Oulu, Finland
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Lee SY, Lee JY, Kim YM, Kim SK, Oh SJ. Expression of hepatic cytochrome P450s and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases in PXR and CAR double humanized mice treated with rifampicin. Toxicol Lett 2015; 235:107-15. [PMID: 25835148 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptor humanized mice models have been developed to predict regulation of drug metabolizing enzyme by xenobiotics. However, limited information is available concerning xenobiotic-induced regulation of drug metabolizing enzymes in multiple nuclear receptor humanized mice. The present study investigated the hepatic regulation of cytochrome P450s (CYPs) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) in the pregnane X receptor (PXR) and the constitutive androstane receptor double humanized mice treated with rifampicin (RIF; 10mg/kg) for 4 days. RIF increased hepatic microsomal protein and total CYP contents, and CYP reductase activity in the humanized mice, but not in normal mice. Moreover, hepatic induction of Cyp2b10, Cyp2c, and Cyp3a11 were observed only in the RIF-treated humanized mice, suggesting that the humanized mice are sensitive to RIF with respect to the regulation of the hepatic CYP system. Hepatic UGT activities using estradiol, serotonin, and mefenamic acid, but not chenodeoxycholic acid as substrates, increased in the RIF-treated humanized mice, and the glucuronidation activities of estradiol and chenodeoxycholic acid increased in RIF-treated normal mice. These results raise the possibility that a PXR-independent mechanism may be involved in hepatic regulation of UGTs by RIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Yoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Mi Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggido 426-791 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kyum Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soo Jin Oh
- Bio-Evaluation Center, KRIBB, 685-1 Yangcheong-ri, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea.
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Comparison of minipig, dog, monkey and human drug metabolism and disposition. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2014; 74:80-92. [PMID: 25545337 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This article gives an overview of the drug metabolism and disposition (ADME) characteristics of the most common non-rodent species used in toxicity testing of drugs (minipigs, dogs, and monkeys) and compares these to human characteristics with regard to enzymes mediating the metabolism of drugs and the transport proteins which contribute to the absorption, distribution and excretion of drugs. METHODS Literature on ADME and regulatory guidelines of relevance in drug development of small molecules has been gathered. RESULTS Non-human primates (monkeys) are the species that is closest to humans in terms of genetic homology. Dogs have an advantage due to the ready availability of comprehensive background data for toxicological safety assessment and dogs are easy to handle. Pigs have been used less than dogs and monkeys as a model in safety assessment of drug candidates. However, when a drug candidate is metabolised by aldehyde oxidase (AOX1), N-acetyltransferases (NAT1 and NAT2) or cytochrome (CYP2C9-like) enzymes which are not expressed in dogs, but are present in pigs, this species may be a better choice than dogs, provided that adequate exposure can be obtained in pigs. Conversely, pigs might not be the right choice if sulfation, involving 3-phospho-adenosyl-5-phosphosulphate sulphotransferase (PAPS) is an important pathway in the human metabolism of a drug candidate. DISCUSSION In general, the species selection should be based on comparison between in vitro studies with human cell-based systems and animal-cell-based systems. Results from pharmacokinetic studies are also important for decision-making by establishing the obtainable exposure level in the species. Access to genetically humanized mouse models and highly sensitive analytical methods (accelerator mass spectrometry) makes it possible to improve the chance of finding all metabolites relevant for humans before clinical trials have been initiated and, if necessary, to include another animal species before long term toxicity studies are initiated. In conclusion, safety testing can be optimized by applying knowledge about species ADME differences and utilising advanced analytical techniques.
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Sjögren E, Abrahamsson B, Augustijns P, Becker D, Bolger MB, Brewster M, Brouwers J, Flanagan T, Harwood M, Heinen C, Holm R, Juretschke HP, Kubbinga M, Lindahl A, Lukacova V, Münster U, Neuhoff S, Nguyen MA, Peer AV, Reppas C, Hodjegan AR, Tannergren C, Weitschies W, Wilson C, Zane P, Lennernäs H, Langguth P. In vivo methods for drug absorption – Comparative physiologies, model selection, correlations with in vitro methods (IVIVC), and applications for formulation/API/excipient characterization including food effects. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 57:99-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Guo S, Liu Y, Lin Z, Tai S, Yin S, Liu G. Effects of eleutheroside B and eleutheroside E on activity of cytochrome P450 in rat liver microsomes. Altern Ther Health Med 2014; 14:1. [PMID: 24383621 PMCID: PMC3880977 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemicals of herbal products may cause unexpected toxicity or adverse effect by the potential for alteration of the activity of CYP450 when co-administered with other drugs. Eleutherococcus senticosus (ES), has been widely used as a traditional herbal medicine and popular herbal dietary supplements, and often co-administered with many other drugs. The main bioactive constituents of ES were considered to be eleutherosides including eleutheroside B (EB) and eleutheroside E (EE). This study was to investigate the effects of EB and EE on CYP2C9, CYP2D6, CYP2E1 and CYP3A4 in rat liver microsomes in vitro. METHOD Probe drugs of tolbutamide (TB), dextromethorphan (DM), chlorzoxazone (CLZ) and testosterone (TS) as well as eleutherosides of different concentrations were added to incubation systems of rat liver microsomes in vitro. After incubation, validated HPLC methods were used to quantify relevant metabolites. RESULTS The results suggested that EB and EE exhibited weak inhibition against the activity of CYP2C9 and CYP2E1, but no effects on CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 activity. The IC50 values for EB and EE were calculated to be 193.20 μM and 188.36 μM for CYP2E1, 595.66 μM and 261.82 μM for CYP2C9, respectively. Kinetic analysis showed that inhibitions of CYP2E1 by EB and EE were best fit to mixed-type with Ki value of 183.95 μM and 171.63 μM, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that EB and EE may inhibit the metabolism of drugs metabolized via CYP2C9 and CYP2E1, and have the potential to increase the toxicity of the drugs.
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Abass K, Reponen P, Mattila S, Rautio A, Pelkonen O. Comparative metabolism of benfuracarb in in vitro mammalian hepatic microsomes model and its implications for chemical risk assessment. Toxicol Lett 2014; 224:290-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Van Peer E, Verbueken E, Saad M, Casteleyn C, Van Ginneken C, Van Cruchten S. Ontogeny of CYP3A and P-Glycoprotein in the Liver and the Small Intestine of the Göttingen Minipig: An Immunohistochemical Evaluation. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 114:387-94. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Els Van Peer
- Applied Veterinary Morphology; Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Antwerp; Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Evy Verbueken
- Applied Veterinary Morphology; Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Antwerp; Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Moayad Saad
- Applied Veterinary Morphology; Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Antwerp; Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Christophe Casteleyn
- Applied Veterinary Morphology; Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Antwerp; Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Chris Van Ginneken
- Applied Veterinary Morphology; Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Antwerp; Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Steven Van Cruchten
- Applied Veterinary Morphology; Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Antwerp; Wilrijk Belgium
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Pontoppidan PL, Shen RL, Petersen BL, Thymann T, Heilmann C, Müller K, Sangild PT. Intestinal response to myeloablative chemotherapy in piglets. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 239:94-104. [DOI: 10.1177/1535370213509563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced myeloablation prior to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) may be associated with severe toxicity. The current understanding of the pathophysiology of oral and gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity is largely derived from studies in rodents and very little is known from humans, especially children. We hypothesized that milk-fed piglets can be used as a clinically relevant model of GI-toxicity related to a standard conditioning chemotherapy (intravenous busulfan, Bu plus cyclophosphamide, Cy) used prior to HSCT. In study 1, dose–response relationships were investigated in three-day-old pigs (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc, n = 6). Pigs were given one of three different dose combinations of Bu and Cy (A: 4 days Bu, 2 × 1.6 mg/kg plus 2 days Cy, 60 mg/kg; B: 4 days Bu, 2 × 0.8 mg/kg plus 2 days Cy, 30 mg/kg; C: 2 days Bu at 2 × 1.6 mg/kg plus 1 day Cy, 60 mg/kg) and bone marrow was collected on day 11. Histology of bone marrow samples showed total aplasia after treatment A. Using this treatment in study 2, Bu–Cy pigs showed lowered spleen and intestinal weights and variable clinical signs of dehydration, sepsis, and pneumonia at tissue collection. Oral mucositis was evident as ulcers in the soft palate in 4/9 Bu–Cy pigs and villus height and brush-border enzyme activities were reduced, especially in the proximal intestine. There were no consistent effects on tissue cytokine levels (IL-8, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α) or blood chemistry values (electrolytes, liver transaminases, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase), except that blood iron levels were higher in Bu–Cy pigs. We conclude that a myeloablative Bu–Cy regimen to piglets results in clinical signs comparable to those seen in pediatric patients subjected to myeloablative treatment prior to HSCT. Piglets may be used as a model for investigating chemotherapy-induced toxicity and dietary and medical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Pontoppidan
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, 30 Rolighedsvej, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - René L Shen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, 30 Rolighedsvej, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Bodil L Petersen
- Department of Pathology, Roskilde Hospital, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Thomas Thymann
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, 30 Rolighedsvej, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Carsten Heilmann
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Rheumatology, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 3, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Klaus Müller
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Rheumatology, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 3, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Department of Rheumatology, Institute of Inflammation Research, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 3, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Per T Sangild
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, 30 Rolighedsvej, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Lehtinen T, Tolonen A, Turpeinen M, Uusitalo J, Vuorinen J, Lammintausta R, Pelkonen O, Scheinin M. Effects of cytochrome P450 inhibitors and inducers on the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of ospemifene. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2013; 34:387-95. [PMID: 23852652 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objectives were to determine the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes involved in the metabolism of ospemifene and its main hydroxylated metabolites and to examine the effects of CYP inhibitors and inducers on ospemifene pharmacokinetics. METHODS In vitro metabolism studies were conducted using human liver microsomes; CYP-selective inhibitors and CYP-specific substrates were used to determine the roles of nine CYP isoforms in ospemifene metabolism. Two Phase 1 clinical trials were conducted in healthy postmenopausal women; crossover designs examined the effects of pretreatment with the CYP modulators rifampicin, ketoconazole, fluconazole and omeprazole on ospemifene pharmacokinetics. RESULTS Although several CYP inhibitors decreased the in vitro formation of ospemifene metabolites, none of them completely blocked metabolism. Roles for CYP3A4, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP2B6 in the metabolism of ospemifene and its two main metabolites, 4--hydroxyospemifene and 4'-hydroxyospemifene, were confirmed. The in vivo experiments demonstrated that ospemifene serum concentrations were decreased by rifampicin pretreatment, increased by ketoconazole or fluconazole pretreatment, and minimally affected by omeprazole pretreatment. CONCLUSIONS The clinical pharmacokinetic findings and in vitro data suggest that CYP3A4 is important for ospemifene metabolism, but other CYP isoforms and metabolic pathways also contribute. Strong CYP3A or CYP2C9 inducers (e.g. rifampicin) would be expected to decrease the exposure to ospemifene. Ospemifene should be used with caution when coadministered with the modest CYP3A inhibitor ketoconazole and should not be coadministered with the potent CYP3A/CYP2C9/CYP2C19 inhibitor fluconazole. The potent CYP2C19 inhibitor omeprazole is unlikely to cause clinically significant changes in ospemifene pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terhi Lehtinen
- Clinical Research Services Turku, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Turpeinen M, Uusitalo J, Lehtinen T, Kailajärvi M, Pelkonen O, Vuorinen J, Tapanainen P, Stjernschantz C, Lammintausta R, Scheinin M. Effects of ospemifene on drug metabolism mediated by cytochrome P450 enzymes in humans in vitro and in vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:14064-75. [PMID: 23880855 PMCID: PMC3742231 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140714064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of these investigations was to determine the possible effects of the novel selective estrogen receptor modulator, ospemifene, on cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated drug metabolism. Ospemifene underwent testing for possible effects on CYP enzyme activity in human liver microsomes and in isolated human hepatocytes. Based on the results obtained in vitro, three Phase 1 crossover pharmacokinetic studies were conducted in healthy postmenopausal women to assess the in vivo effects of ospemifene on CYP-mediated drug metabolism. Ospemifene and its main metabolites 4-hydroxyospemifene and 4′-hydroxyospemifene weakly inhibited a number of CYPs (CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2C8, and CYP2D6) in vitro. However, only CYP2C9 activity was inhibited by 4-hydroxyospemifene at clinically relevant concentrations. Induction of CYPs by ospemifene in cultured human hepatocytes was 2.4-fold or less. The in vivo studies showed that ospemifene did not have significant effects on the areas under the plasma concentration-time curves of the tested CYP substrates warfarin (CYP2C9), bupropion (CYP2B6) and omeprazole (CYP2C19), demonstrating that pretreatment with ospemifene did not alter their metabolism. Therefore, the risk that ospemifene will affect the pharmacokinetics of drugs that are substrates for CYP enzymes is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miia Turpeinen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu 90230, Finland; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +358-50-350-5857; Fax: +358-8-537-5347
| | | | - Terhi Lehtinen
- Clinical Research Services Turku, Institute of Biomedicine, Turku 20520, Finland; E-Mails: (T.L.); (M.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Marita Kailajärvi
- Clinical Research Services Turku, Institute of Biomedicine, Turku 20520, Finland; E-Mails: (T.L.); (M.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Olavi Pelkonen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu 90230, Finland; E-Mail:
| | | | | | | | | | - Mika Scheinin
- Clinical Research Services Turku, Institute of Biomedicine, Turku 20520, Finland; E-Mails: (T.L.); (M.K.); (M.S.)
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Matuo MCS, de Oliveira Takamoto RT, Kikuchi IS, de Jesus Andreoli Pinto T. Effect of bixin and norbixin on the expression of cytochrome P450 in HepG2 cell line. Cell Biol Int 2013; 37:843-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Míriam Cristina Sakuragui Matuo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy; University of São Paulo; Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580-Bloco 13 A; São Paulo; 05508-900; SP; Brazil
| | - Rafael Teruiti de Oliveira Takamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy; University of São Paulo; Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580-Bloco 13 A; São Paulo; 05508-900; SP; Brazil
| | - Irene Satiko Kikuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy; University of São Paulo; Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580-Bloco 13 A; São Paulo; 05508-900; SP; Brazil
| | - Terezinha de Jesus Andreoli Pinto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy; University of São Paulo; Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580-Bloco 13 A; São Paulo; 05508-900; SP; Brazil
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Nishimuta H, Nakagawa T, Nomura N, Yabuki M. Species differences in hepatic and intestinal metabolic activities for 43 human cytochrome P450 substrates between humans and rats or dogs. Xenobiotica 2013; 43:948-55. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2013.787155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Rahikainen T, Häkkinen MR, Finel M, Pasanen M, Juvonen RO. A high throughput assay for the glucuronidation of 7-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin by recombinant human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases and liver microsomes. Xenobiotica 2013; 43:853-61. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2013.783724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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