1
|
Peng B, Dong Q, Li F, Wang T, Qiu X, Zhu T. A Systematic Review of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Derivatives: Occurrences, Levels, Biotransformation, Exposure Biomarkers, and Toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:15314-15335. [PMID: 37703436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) derivatives constitute a significant class of emerging contaminants that have been ubiquitously detected in diverse environmental matrixes, with some even exhibiting higher toxicities than their corresponding parent PAHs. To date, compared with parent PAHs, fewer systematic summaries and reanalyses are available for PAH derivatives with great environmental concerns. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the chemical species, levels, biotransformation patterns, chemical analytical methods, internal exposure routes with representative biomarkers, and toxicity of PAH derivatives, primarily focusing on nitrated PAHs (NPAHs), oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs), halogenated PAHs (XPAHs), and alkylated PAHs (APAHs). A collection of 188 compounds from four categories, 44 NPAHs, 36 OPAHs, 56 APAHs, and 52 XPAHs, has been compiled from 114 studies that documented the environmental presence of PAH derivatives. These compounds exhibited weighted average air concentrations that varied from a lower limit of 0.019 pg/m3 to a higher threshold of 4060 pg/m3. Different analytical methods utilizing comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOF-MS), gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS), comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC × GC-QQQ-MS), and Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS), that adopted untargeted strategies for the identification of PAH derivatives are also reviewed here. Additionally, an in-depth analysis of biotransformation patterns for each category is provided, including the likelihood of specific biotransformation reaction types. For the toxicity, we primarily summarized key metabolic activation pathways, which could result in the formation of reactive metabolites capable of covalently bonding with DNA and tissue proteins, and potential health outcomes such as carcinogenicity and genotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation and immunotoxicity, and developmental toxicity that might be mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Finally, we pinpoint research challenges and emphasize the need for further studies on identifying PAH derivatives, tracking external exposure levels, evaluating internal exposure levels and associated toxicity, clarifying exposure routes, and considering mixture exposure effects. This review aims to provide a broad understanding of PAH derivatives' identification, environmental occurrence, human exposure, biotransformation, and toxicity, offering a valuable reference for guiding future research in this underexplored area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Peng
- SKL-ESPC and College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qianli Dong
- SKL-ESPC and College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fangzhou Li
- SKL-ESPC and College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Teng Wang
- SKL-ESPC and College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xinghua Qiu
- SKL-ESPC and College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- SKL-ESPC and College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kukal S, Thakran S, Kanojia N, Yadav S, Mishra MK, Guin D, Singh P, Kukreti R. Genic-intergenic polymorphisms of CYP1A genes and their clinical impact. Gene 2023; 857:147171. [PMID: 36623673 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The humancytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) subfamily genes, CYP1A1 and CYP1A2, encoding monooxygenases are critically involved in biotransformation of key endogenous substrates (estradiol, arachidonic acid, cholesterol) and exogenous compounds (smoke constituents, carcinogens, caffeine, therapeutic drugs). This suggests their significant involvement in multiple biological pathways with a primary role of maintaining endogenous homeostasis and xenobiotic detoxification. Large interindividual variability exist in CYP1A gene expression and/or catalytic activity of the enzyme, which is primarily due to the existence of polymorphic alleles which encode them. These polymorphisms (mainly single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs) have been extensively studied as susceptibility factors in a spectrum of clinical phenotypes. An in-depth understanding of the effects of polymorphic CYP1A genes on the differential metabolic activity and the resulting biological pathways is needed to explain the clinical implications of CYP1A polymorphisms. The present review is intended to provide an integrated understanding of CYP1A metabolic activity with unique substrate specificity and their involvement in physiological and pathophysiological roles. The article further emphasizes on the impact of widely studied CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 SNPs and their complex interaction with non-genetic factors like smoking and caffeine intake on multiple clinical phenotypes. Finally, we attempted to discuss the alterations in metabolism/physiology concerning the polymorphic CYP1A genes, which may underlie the reported clinical associations. This knowledge may provide insights into the disease pathogenesis, risk stratification, response to therapy and potential drug targets for individuals with certain CYP1A genotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samiksha Kukal
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi 110007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sarita Thakran
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi 110007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Neha Kanojia
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi 110007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Saroj Yadav
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi 110007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Manish Kumar Mishra
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi 110007, India; Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Main Bawana Road, Delhi 110042, India
| | - Debleena Guin
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi 110007, India; Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Main Bawana Road, Delhi 110042, India
| | - Pooja Singh
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi 110007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ritushree Kukreti
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi 110007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Luo Y, Zhang B, Geng N, Sun S, Song X, Chen J, Zhang H. Insights into the hepatotoxicity of pyrene and 1-chloropyrene using an integrated approach of metabolomics and transcriptomics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 829:154637. [PMID: 35307418 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of pyrene (Pyr) and its chlorinated species have not be comprehensively and clearly elucidated. In this study, an integrated approach of metabolomics and transcriptomics were applied to evaluate the hepatotoxicity of Pyr and 1-chloropyrene (1-Cl-Pyr) at human exposure level, using human L02 hepatocytes. After 24 h exposure to Pyr and 1-Cl-Pyr at 5-500 nM, cell viability was not significantly changed. Transcriptomics results showed that exposure to Pyr and 1-Cl-Pyr at 5 and 50 nM obviously altered the gene expression profiles, but did not significantly induce the expression of genes strongly related to the activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), such as CYP1A1, CYP1B1, AHR, ARNT. Pyr and 1-Cl-Pyr both induced a notable metabolic perturbation to L02 cells. Glycerophospholipid metabolism was found to be the most significantly perturbed pathway after exposure to Pyr and 1-Cl-Pyr, indicating their potential damage to the cell membrane. The other significantly perturbed pathways were identified to be oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), glycolysis, and fatty acid β oxidation, all of which are related to energy production. Exposure to Pyr at 5 and 50 nM induced the up-regulation of fatty acid β oxidation and OXPHOS. The similar result was observed after exposure to 5 nM 1-Cl-Pyr. In contrast, exposure to 50 nM 1-Cl-Pyr induced the down-regulation of OXPHOS by inhibiting the activity of complex I. The obtained results suggested that the modes of action of Pyr and 1-Cl-Pyr on energy production remarkably varied not only with molecular structure change but also with exposure concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baoqin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ningbo Geng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Shuai Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyao Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jiping Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Srdič M, Fessner ND, Yildiz D, Glieder A, Spiertz M, Schwaneberg U. Preparative Production of Functionalized (N- and O-Heterocyclic) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Human Cytochrome P450 3A4 in a Bioreactor. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020153. [PMID: 35204652 PMCID: PMC8961652 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their N- and O-containing derivatives (N-/O-PAHs) are environmental pollutants and synthetically attractive building blocks in pharmaceuticals. Functionalization of PAHs can be achieved via C-H activation by cytochrome P450 enzymes (e.g., P450 CYP3A4) in an environmentally friendly manner. Despite its broad substrate scope, the contribution of CYP3A4 to metabolize common PAHs in humans was found to be small. We recently showcased the potential of CYP3A4 in whole-cell biocatalysis with recombinant yeast Komagataella phaffii (Pichia pastoris) catalysts for the preparative-scale synthesis of naturally occurring metabolites in humans. In this study, we aimed at exploring the substrate scope of CYP3A4 towards (N-/O)-PAHs and conducted a bioconversion experiment at 10 L scale to validate the synthetic potential of CYP3A4 for the preparative-scale production of functionalized PAH metabolites. Hydroxylated products were purified and characterized using HPLC and NMR analysis. In total, 237 mg of fluorenol and 48 mg of fluorenone were produced from 498 mg of fluorene, with peak productivities of 27.7 μmol/L/h for fluorenol and 5.9 μmol/L/h for fluorenone; the latter confirmed that CYP3A4 is an excellent whole-cell biocatalyst for producing authentic human metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matic Srdič
- SeSaM-Biotech GmbH, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Nico D. Fessner
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Deniz Yildiz
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Markus Spiertz
- SeSaM-Biotech GmbH, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (U.S.)
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (U.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Yu W, Li A, Gao X, Lv D, Zheng H, Kou X, Xue Z. Toxicology of respiratory system: Profiling chemicals in PM 10 for molecular targets and adverse outcomes. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 159:107040. [PMID: 34922181 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.107040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that the increasing trend of respiratory diseases have been closely associated with the endogenous toxic chemicals (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metal ions, etc.) in PM10. In the present study, we aim to determine the strong correlations between the chemicals in PM10 and the adverse consequences. We used the ChemView DB, the ToxRef DB and a comprehensive literature analysis to collect, identify, and evaluate the chemicals in PM10 and their adverse effects on respiratory system, and then used the ToxCast DB to analyze their bioactivity and key targets through 1192 molecular targets and cell characteristic endpoints. Meanwhile, the bioinformatics analysis were carried out on the molecular targets to screen out prevention and treatment targets. A total of 310 chemicals related to the respiratory system were identified. An unsupervised two-directional heatmap was constructed based on hierarchical clustering of 227 chemicals by their effect scores. A subset of 253 chemicals with respiratory system toxicity had in vitro bioactivity on 318 molecular targets that could be described, clustered and annotated in the heatmap and bipartite network, which were analyzed based on the protein information in UniProt KB database and the software of GO, STRING, and KEGG. These results showed that the chemicals in PM10 have strong correlation with different types of respiratory system injury. The main pathways of respiratory system injury caused by PM10 are the Calcium signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, and PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, and the core proteins in which are likely to be the molecular targets for the prevention and treatment of damage caused by PM10.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Wang
- Department of Food Science, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, 300350 Tianjin, China
| | - Yixia Zhang
- Department of Food Science, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, 300350 Tianjin, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Preservation of Agricultural Products, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Postharvest Physiology and Storage of Agricultural Products, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Wancong Yu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Ang Li
- Department of Food Science, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, 300350 Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Food Science, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, 300350 Tianjin, China
| | - Danyu Lv
- Department of Food Science, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, 300350 Tianjin, China
| | - Huaize Zheng
- Department of Food Science, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, 300350 Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaohong Kou
- Department of Food Science, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, 300350 Tianjin, China.
| | - Zhaohui Xue
- Department of Food Science, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, 300350 Tianjin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nagayoshi H, Murayama N, Takenaka S, Kim V, Kim D, Komori M, Yamazaki H, Guengerich FP, Shimada T. Roles of cytochrome P450 2A6 in the oxidation of flavone, 4'-hydroxyflavone, and 4'-, 3'-, and 2'-methoxyflavones by human liver microsomes. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:995-1009. [PMID: 34224301 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.1950866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nine forms of recombinant cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP) enzymes were used to study roles of individual P450 enzymes in the oxidation of flavone and some other flavonoids, 4'-hydroxyflavone and 4'-, 3'-, and 2'-methoxyflavones, by human liver microsomes using LC-MS/MS analysis.As has been reported previously , 4'-, 3'-, and 2'-methoxyflavones were preferentially O-demethylated by human liver P450 enzymes to form 4'-, 3'-, and 2'-hydroxylated flavones and also 3',4'-dihydroxyflavone from the former two substrates.In comparisons of product formation by oxidation of these methoxylated flavones, CYP2A6 was found to be a major enzyme catalysing flavone 4'- and 3'-hydroxylations by human liver microsomes but did not play significant roles in 2'-hydroxylation of flavone, O-demethylations of three methoxylated flavones, and the oxidation of 4'-hydroxyflavone to 3',4'-dihydroxyflavone.The effects of anti-CYP2A6 IgG and chemical P450 inhibitors suggested that different P450 enzymes, as well as CYP2A6, catalysed oxidation of these flavonoids at different positions by liver microsomes.These studies suggest that CYP2A6 catalyses flavone 4'- and 3'-hydroxylations in human liver microsomes and that other P450 enzymes have different roles in oxidizing these flavonoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Nagayoshi
- Laboratory of Food Sanitation, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norie Murayama
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Takenaka
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Habikino, Osaka, Japan
| | - Vitchan Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Donghak Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Masayuki Komori
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Tsutomu Shimada
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Habikino, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Human cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) is an extrahepatic heme-containing monooxygenase. CYP1B1 contributes to the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics, drugs, and endogenous substrates like melatonin, fatty acids, steroid hormones, and retinoids, which are involved in diverse critical cellular functions. CYP1B1 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, hormone-related cancers and is responsible for anti-cancer drug resistance. Inhibition of CYP1B1 activity is considered as an approach in cancer chemoprevention and cancer chemotherapy. CYP1B1 can activate anti-cancer prodrugs in tumor cells which display overexpression of CYP1B1 in comparison to normal cells. CYP1B1 involvement in carcinogenesis and cancer progression encourages investigation of CYP1B1 interactions with its ligands: substrates and inhibitors. Computational methods, with a simulation of molecular dynamics (MD), allow the observation of molecular interactions at the binding site of CYP1B1, which are essential in relation to the enzyme’s functions.
Collapse
|
8
|
Pang YY, Li JD, Gao L, Yang X, Dang YW, Lai ZF, Liu LM, Yang J, Wu HY, He RQ, Huang ZG, Xiong DD, Yang LH, Shi L, Mo WJ, Tang D, Lu HP, Chen G. The clinical value and potential molecular mechanism of the downregulation of MAOA in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues. Cancer Med 2020; 9:8004-8019. [PMID: 32931665 PMCID: PMC7643659 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains one of the most common cancers worldwide and tends to be detected at an advanced stage. More effective biomarkers for HCC screening and prognosis assessment are needed and the mechanisms of HCC require further exploration. The role of MAOA in HCC has not been intensively investigated. Methods In‐house tissue microarrays, genechips, and RNAsequencing datasets were integrated to explore the expression status and the clinical value of MAOA in HCC. Immunohistochemical staining was utilized to determine MAOA protein expression. Intersection genes of MAOA related co‐expressed genes and differentially expressed genes were obtained to perform functional enrichment analyses. In vivo experiment was conducted to study the impact of traditional Chinese medicine nitidine chloride (NC) on MAOA in HCC. Results MAOA was downregulated and possessed an excellent discriminatory capability in HCC patients. Decreased MAOA correlated with poor prognosis in HCC patients. Downregulated MAOA protein was relevant to an advanced TNM stage in HCC patients. Co‐expressed genes that positively related to MAOA were clustered in chemical carcinogenesis, where CYP2E1 was identified as the hub gene. In vivo experiment showed that nitidine chloride significantly upregulated MAOA in a nude mouse HCC model. Conclusions A decreased MAOA level is not only correlated with aggressive behaviors in males but also serves as a promising biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of HCC patients. Moreover, MAOA may play a role in AFB1 toxic transformation through its synergistic action with co‐expressed genes, especially CYP3A4. MAOA also serves as a potential therapy target of NC in HCC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yan Pang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Di Li
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Wu Dang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China
| | - Ze-Feng Lai
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China
| | - Li-Min Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China
| | - Jie Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China
| | - Hua-Yu Wu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China
| | - Rong-Quan He
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Guang Huang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China
| | - Dan-Dan Xiong
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China
| | - Li-Hua Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China
| | - Lin Shi
- Department of Pathology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Jia Mo
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China
| | - Deng Tang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Ping Lu
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nagayoshi H, Murayama N, Tsujino M, Takenaka S, Katahira J, Kim V, Kim D, Komori M, Yamazaki H, Guengerich FP, Shimada T. Preference for O-demethylation reactions in the oxidation of 2'-, 3'-, and 4'-methoxyflavones by human cytochrome P450 enzymes. Xenobiotica 2020; 50:1158-1169. [PMID: 32312164 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1759157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
2'-, 3'-, and 4'-Methoxyflavones (MeFs) were incubated with nine forms of recombinant human cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP) enzymes in the presence of an NADPH-generating system and the products formed were analyzed with LC-MS/MS methods.CYP1B1.1 and 1B1.3 were highly active in demethylating 4'MeF to form 4'-hydroxyflavone (rate of 5.0 nmol/min/nmol P450) and further to 3',4'-dihydroxyflavone (rates of 2.1 and 0.66 nmol/min/nmol P450, respectively). 3'MeF was found to be oxidized by P450s to m/z 239 (M-14) products (presumably 3'-hydroxyflavone) and then to 3',4'-dihydroxyflavone. P450s also catalyzed oxidation of 2'MeF to m/z 239 (M-14) and m/z 255 (M-14, M-14 + 16) products, presumably mono- and di-hydroxylated products, respectively.At least two types of ring oxidation products having m/z 269 fragments were formed, although at slower rates than the formation of mono- and di-hydroxylated products, on incubation of these MeFs with P450s; one type was products oxidized at the C-ring, having m/z 121 fragments, and the other one was the products oxidized at the A-ring (having m/z 137 fragments).Molecular docking analysis indicated the preference of interaction of O-methoxy moiety of methoxyflavones in the active site of CYP1A2.These results suggest that 2'-, 3'-, and 4'-methoxyflavones are principally demethylated by human P450s to form mono- and di-hydroxyflavones and that direct oxidation occurs in these MeFs to form mono-hydroxylated products, oxidized at the A- or B-ring of MeF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Norie Murayama
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shigeo Takenaka
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Habikino, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Katahira
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Vitchan Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea, and
| | - Donghak Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea, and
| | - Masayuki Komori
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Tsutomu Shimada
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Boonruang S, Prakobsri K, Pouyfung P, Prasopthum A, Rongnoparut P, Sarapusit S. Structure-activity relationship and in vitro inhibition of human cytochrome CYP2A6 and CYP2A13 by flavonoids. Xenobiotica 2019; 50:630-639. [PMID: 31578905 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2019.1675101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is one of the major risk factors of various diseases including respiratory diseases and lung cancer. While the liver-specific CYP2A6 is associated with the nicotine clearance and smoking addiction, the metabolic activation of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine by lung-specific CYP2A13 can lead to lung tumorigenesis.It has been reported that inhibition of CYP2A6 and CYP2A13 enzymes by flavonoids constituents could be an aids in smoking cessation. This study demonstrates the inhibition activity of kaempferol and myricetin and the structure-function relationship of these two flavonoids and previously isolated flavonoids from Vernonia cinerea and Pluchea indica against both enzymes.Kaempferol could inhibit CYP2A6 with Kic value of 1.77 ± 0.47 µM while inhibit CYP2A13 with Kic value of 0.12 ± 0.01 µM. Myricetin could inhibit CYP2A6 with Kic value of 4.06 ± 0.52 µM while inhibit CYP2A13 with Kic value of 1.88 ± 0.03 µM.Molecular docking indicated that CYP2A13 enzyme has strong hydrophobic interaction with ring B of flavonoids compared to CYP2A6 enzyme. The presence of the hydroxyl group at C3 position of ring C and the hydroxyl group at C5' of ring B affected inhibitory activity on both enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Supattra Boonruang
- Faculty of Engineering, Bioengineering Program, Burapha University, Muang, Chonburi, Thailand
| | - Khanistha Prakobsri
- Faculty of Engineering, Bioengineering Program, Burapha University, Muang, Chonburi, Thailand
| | - Phisit Pouyfung
- Department of Community Public Health, School of Public Health, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Aruna Prasopthum
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pornpimol Rongnoparut
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Songklod Sarapusit
- Department of Biochemistry and Research Unit of Natural Bioactive Compounds for Healthcare Products Development, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Muang, Chonburi, Thailand.,Center for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Muang, Chonburi, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nagayoshi H, Murayama N, Kakimoto K, Tsujino M, Takenaka S, Katahira J, Lim YR, Kim D, Yamazaki H, Komori M, Guengerich FP, Shimada T. Oxidation of Flavone, 5-Hydroxyflavone, and 5,7-Dihydroxyflavone to Mono-, Di-, and Tri-Hydroxyflavones by Human Cytochrome P450 Enzymes. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:1268-1280. [PMID: 30964977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biologically active plant flavonoids, including 5,7-dihydroxyflavone (57diOHF, chrysin), 4',5,7-trihydroxyflavone (4'57triOHF, apigenin), and 5,6,7-trihydroxyflavone (567triOHF, baicalein), have important pharmacological and toxicological significance, e.g., antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antimicrobial, and antitumorgenic properties. In order to better understand the metabolism of these flavonoids in humans, we examined the oxidation of flavone, 5-hydroxyflavone (5OHF), and 57diOHF to various products by human cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP) and liver microsomal enzymes. Individual human P450s and liver microsomes oxidized flavone to 6-hydroxyflavone, small amounts of 5OHF, and 11 other monohydroxylated products at different rates and also produced several dihydroxylated products (including 57diOHF and 7,8-dihydroxyflavone) from flavone. We also found that 5OHF was oxidized by several P450 enzymes and human liver microsomes to 57diOHF and further to 567triOHF, but the turnover rates in these reactions were low. Interestingly, both CYP1B1.1 and 1B1.3 converted 57diOHF to 567triOHF at turnover rates (on the basis of P450 contents) of >3.0 min-1, and CYP1A1 and 1A2 produced 567triOHF at rates of 0.51 and 0.72 min-1, respectively. CYP2A13 and 2A6 catalyzed the oxidation of 57diOHF to 4'57triOHF at rates of 0.7 and 0.1 min-1, respectively. Our present results show that different P450s have individual roles in oxidizing these phytochemical flavonoids and that these reactions may cause changes in their biological and toxicological properties in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Nagayoshi
- Osaka Institute of Public Health , 1-3-69 Nakamichi , Higashinari-ku , Osaka 537-0025 , Japan
| | - Norie Murayama
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Showa Pharmaceutical University , Machida , Tokyo 194-8543 , Japan
| | - Kensaku Kakimoto
- Osaka Institute of Public Health , 1-3-69 Nakamichi , Higashinari-ku , Osaka 537-0025 , Japan
| | - Masaki Tsujino
- Osaka Institute of Public Health , 1-3-69 Nakamichi , Higashinari-ku , Osaka 537-0025 , Japan
| | - Shigeo Takenaka
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation , Osaka Prefecture University , 3-7-30 , Habikino , Osaka 583-8555 , Japan
| | - Jun Katahira
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Sciences , Osaka Prefecture University , 1-58 Rinku-Orai-Kita , Izumisano , Osaka 598-8531 , Japan
| | - Young-Ran Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences , Konkuk University , Seoul 05029 , Korea
| | - Donghak Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences , Konkuk University , Seoul 05029 , Korea
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Showa Pharmaceutical University , Machida , Tokyo 194-8543 , Japan
| | - Masayuki Komori
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Sciences , Osaka Prefecture University , 1-58 Rinku-Orai-Kita , Izumisano , Osaka 598-8531 , Japan
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , Tennessee 37232-0146 , United States
| | - Tsutomu Shimada
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Sciences , Osaka Prefecture University , 1-58 Rinku-Orai-Kita , Izumisano , Osaka 598-8531 , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nagayoshi H, Murayama N, Kakimoto K, Takenaka S, Katahira J, Lim YR, Kim V, Kim D, Yamazaki H, Komori M, Guengerich FP, Shimada T. Site-specific oxidation of flavanone and flavone by cytochrome P450 2A6 in human liver microsomes. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:791-802. [PMID: 30048196 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1505064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The roles of human cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP) 2A6 in the oxidation of flavanone [(2R)- and (2S)-enantiomers] and flavone were studied in human liver microsomes and recombinant human P450 enzymes. CYP2A6 was highly active in oxidizing flavanone to form flavone, 2'-hydroxy-, 4'-, and 6-hydroxyflavanones and in oxidizing flavone to form mono- and di-hydroxylated products, such as mono-hydroxy flavones M6, M7, and M11 and di-hydroxy flavones M3, M4, and M5. Liver microsomes prepared from human sample HH2, defective in coumarin 7-hydroxylation activity, were very inefficient in forming 2'-hydroxyflavanone from flavanone and a mono-hydroxylated product, M6, from flavone. Coumarin and anti-CYP2A6 antibodies strongly inhibited the formation of these metabolites in microsomes prepared from liver samples HH47 and 54, which were active in coumarin oxidation activities. Molecular docking analysis showed that the C2'-position of (2R)-flavanone (3.8 Å) was closer to the iron center of CYP2A6 than the C6-position (10 Å), while distances from C2' and C6 of (2S)-flavanone to the CYP2A6 were 6.91 Å and 5.42 Å, respectively. These results suggest that CYP2A6 catalyzes site-specific oxidation of (racemic) flavanone and also flavone in human liver microsomes. CYP1A2 and CYP2B6 were also found to play significant roles in some of the oxidations of these flavonoids by human liver microsomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Norie Murayama
- b Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Showa Pharmaceutical University , Machida , Tokyo , Japan
| | | | - Shigeo Takenaka
- c Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation , Osaka Prefecture University , Habikino Osaka , Japan
| | - Jun Katahira
- d Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology , Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Izumisano , Osaka , Japan
| | - Young-Ran Lim
- e Department of Biological Sciences , Konkuk University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Vitchan Kim
- e Department of Biological Sciences , Konkuk University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Donghak Kim
- e Department of Biological Sciences , Konkuk University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- b Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Showa Pharmaceutical University , Machida , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Masayuki Komori
- d Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology , Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Izumisano , Osaka , Japan
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- f Department of Biochemistry Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , Tennessee , USA
| | - Tsutomu Shimada
- d Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology , Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Izumisano , Osaka , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kim V, Yeom S, Lee Y, Park HG, Cho MA, Kim H, Kim D. In vitro functional analysis of human cytochrome P450 2A13 genetic variants: P450 2A13*2, *3, *4, and *10. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2018; 81:493-501. [PMID: 29652224 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2018.1460784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Humans possess three cytochrome P450 enzymes in the 2A subfamily (2A6, 2A7, and 2A13). P450 2A13 is mainly expressed in the human trachea and lung, whereas P450 2A6 is found in human liver. The P450 2A13 enzyme may be considered as the primary enzyme responsible for metabolic activation of many tobacco-specific carcinogens. Genetic variations significantly influence the toxicological consequences attributed to tobacco smoking. The aim of this study was to examine the in vitro functional activities of five P450 2A13 genetic variations (R257C, 133_134insT, R101Q, I331T, and R257C/I331T) in P450 2A13*2, *3, *4, and *10 alleles. Mutant clones were constructed and their recombinant enzymes were expressed in Escherichia coli. P450 2A13 mutants containing R257C, 133_134insT, I331T, and R257C/I331T displayed P450 holoenzyme spectra. The R101Q mutant was not apparently expressed. P450 2A13 enzymes displayed the typical type I binding spectra to coumarin and the calculated binding affinities of R257C, R257C/I331T, and 133_134insT mutants were decreased approximately three- to sevenfold. In catalytic analyses of purified mutant enzymes for coumarin and nicotine, the R257C and I331T mutants exhibited lower kcat values with catalytic efficiencies reduced up to approximately 20%. The double mutation of R257C/I331T induced increased Km values and diminished kcat values that resulted in >50% decrease in catalytic efficiencies. For 133_134insT mutant, catalytic activities were not markedly saturated but the measured rates at the highest concentrations were significantly lower than those of the wild-type or other mutant enzymes. Functional analysis of these variations in P450 2A13 allelic variants may help to understand the consequences of P450 2A13 polymorphism in bioactivation of many tobacco-derived carcinogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vitchan Kim
- a Department of Biological Sciences , Konkuk University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Sora Yeom
- a Department of Biological Sciences , Konkuk University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Yejin Lee
- a Department of Biological Sciences , Konkuk University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Hyoung-Goo Park
- a Department of Biological Sciences , Konkuk University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Myung-A Cho
- a Department of Biological Sciences , Konkuk University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Harim Kim
- a Department of Biological Sciences , Konkuk University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Donghak Kim
- a Department of Biological Sciences , Konkuk University , Seoul , Korea
| |
Collapse
|