1
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Lautz LS, Jeddi MZ, Girolami F, Nebbia C, Dorne JLCM. Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of pharmaceuticals in cats (Felix sylvestris catus) and implications for the risk assessment of feed additives and contaminants. Toxicol Lett 2020; 338:114-127. [PMID: 33253781 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In animal health risk assessment, hazard characterisation of feed additives has been often using the default uncertainty factor (UF) of 100 to translate a no-observed-adverse-effect level in test species (rat, mouse, dog, rabbit) to a 'safe' level of chronic exposure in farm and companion animal species. Historically, both 10-fold factors have been further divided to include chemical-specific data in both dimensions when available. For cats (Felis Sylvestris catus), an extra default UF of 5 is applied due to the species' deficiency in particularly glucuronidation and glycine conjugation. This paper aims to assess the scientific basis and validity of the UF for inter-species differences in kinetics (4.0) and the extra UF applied for cats through a comparison of kinetic parameters between rats and cats for 30 substrates of phase I and phase II metabolism. When the parent compound undergoes glucuronidation the default factor of 4.0 is exceeded, with exceptions for zidovudine and S-carprofen. Compounds that were mainly renally excreted did not exceed the 4.0-fold default. Mixed results were obtained for chemicals which are metabolised by CYP3A in rats. When chemicals were administered intravenously the 4.0-fold default was not exceeded with the exception of clomipramine, lidocaine and alfentanil. The differences seen after oral administration might be due to differences in first-pass metabolism and bioavailability. Further work is needed to further characterise phase I, phase II enzymes and transporters in cats to support the development of databases and in silico models to support hazard characterisation of chemicals particularly for feed additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Lautz
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Houtlaan 4, 6525 XZ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - M Z Jeddi
- European Food Safety Authority, Scientific Committee and Emerging Risks Unit, Via Carlo Magno, 1A, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - F Girolami
- University of Torino, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - C Nebbia
- University of Torino, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - J L C M Dorne
- European Food Safety Authority, Scientific Committee and Emerging Risks Unit, Via Carlo Magno, 1A, 43126 Parma, Italy.
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2
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Helke KL, Nelson KN, Sargeant AM, Jacob B, McKeag S, Haruna J, Vemireddi V, Greeley M, Brocksmith D, Navratil N, Stricker-Krongrad A, Hollinger C. Pigs in Toxicology. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 44:575-90. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623316639389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Both a rodent and a nonrodent species are required for evaluation in nonclinical safety studies conducted to support human clinical trials. Historically, dogs and nonhuman primates have been the nonrodent species of choice. Swine, especially the miniature swine or minipigs, are increasingly being used in preclinical safety as an alternate nonrodent species. The pig is an appropriate option for these toxicology studies based on metabolic pathways utilized in xenobiotic biotransformation. Both similarities and differences exist in phase I and phase II biotransformation pathways between humans and pigs. There are numerous breeds of pigs, yet only a few of these breeds are characterized with regard to both xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and background pathology findings. Some specific differences in these enzymes based on breed and sex are known. Although swine have been used extensively in biomedical research, there is also a paucity of information in the current literature detailing the incidence of background lesions and differences between commonly used breeds. Here, the xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes are compared between humans and pigs, and minipig background pathology changes are reviewed with emphasis on breed differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L. Helke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Binod Jacob
- Charles River Laboratories, Spencerville, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Derek Brocksmith
- Sinclair Research Center and Sinclair Bio Resources, Auxvasse, Missouri, USA
| | | | | | - Charlotte Hollinger
- Zoological Health Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, USA
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3
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Malekinejad H, Varasteh S, Rahmani F, Cheraghi H, Alizadeh A, Behfar M. Acetaminophen toxicity up-regulates MRP2expression in the liver of cats: an old story with new vision. TOXIN REV 2015. [DOI: 10.3109/15569543.2015.1027829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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4
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van Beusekom CD, Fink-Gremmels J, Schrickx JA. Comparing the glucuronidation capacity of the feline liver with substrate-specific glucuronidation in dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37:18-24. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. D. van Beusekom
- Veterinary Pharmacology; Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - J. Fink-Gremmels
- Veterinary Pharmacology; Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - J. A. Schrickx
- Veterinary Pharmacology; Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
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5
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Whitehouse-Tedd KM, Cave NJ, Ugarte CE, Waldron LA, Prasain JK, Arabshahi A, Barnes S, Hendriks WH, Thomas DG. Isoflavone metabolism in domestic cats (Felis catus): comparison of plasma metabolites detected after ingestion of two different dietary forms of genistein and daidzein. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:1295-306. [PMID: 23307849 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Some felid diets contain isoflavones but the metabolic capacity of cats toward isoflavones is relatively unknown, despite the understanding that isoflavones have divergent biological potential according to their metabolite end products. The objective of this study was to determine the plasma metabolites detectable in domestic cats after exposure to 2 different dietary forms of isoflavones, either as a soy extract tablet (n = 6) or as part of a dietary matrix (n = 4). Serial blood samples were collected after isoflavone exposure to identify the plasma metabolites of each cat. Genistein was detected in its unconjugated form or as a monosulfate. Daidzein was detected as both a mono- and disulfate as well as in its unconjugated form. Other daidzein metabolites detected included equol mono- and disulfate, dihydrodaidzein, and O-desmethylangolensin. No β-glucuronide metabolites of either isoflavone were detected. Equol was produced in markedly fewer cats after ingestion of a soy extract tablet as a single oral bolus compared with cats consuming an isoflavone-containing diet. The detectable metabolites of the isoflavones, genistein and daidzein, in domestic cat plasma after dietary ingestion has been described in the present study for the first time. The metabolic capacity for isoflavones by domestic cats appears to be efficient, with only minimal proportions of the ingested amount detected in their unconjugated forms. This has implications for the potential of isoflavones to exert physiological activity in the domestic cat when consumed at concentrations representative of typical dietary intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Whitehouse-Tedd
- Center for Feline Nutrition, Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Human Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4410, New Zealand.
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6
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Escobar A, Pypendop BH, Siao KT, Stanley SD, Ilkiw JE. Pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine administered intravenously in isoflurane-anesthetized cats. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:285-9. [PMID: 22280391 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.2.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine administered as a short-duration IV infusion in isoflurane-anesthetized cats. ANIMALS 6 healthy adult domestic female cats. PROCEDURES Dexmedetomidine hydrochloride was injected IV (10 μg/kg over 5 minutes [rate, 2 μg/kg/min]) in isoflurane-anesthetized cats. Blood samples were obtained immediately prior to and at 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 10, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 240, and 480 minutes following the start of the IV infusion. Collected blood samples were transferred to tubes containing EDTA, immediately placed on ice, and then centrifuged at 3,901 × g for 10 minutes at 4°C. The plasma was harvested and stored at -20°C until analyzed. Plasma dexmedetomidine concentrations were determined by means of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Dexmedetomidine plasma concentration-time data were fitted to compartmental models. RESULTS A 2-compartment model with input in and elimination from the central compartment best described the disposition of dexmedetomidine administered via short-duration IV infusion in isoflurane-anesthetized cats. Weighted mean ± SEM apparent volume of distribution of the central compartment and apparent volume of distribution at steady-state were 402 ± 47 mL/kg and 1,701 ± 200 mL/kg, respectively; clearance and terminal half-life (harmonic mean ± jackknife pseudo-SD) were 6.3 ± 2.8 mL/min/kg and 198 ± 75 minutes, respectively. The area under the plasma concentration curve and maximal plasma concentration were 1,061 ± 292 min•ng/mL and 17.6 ± 1.8 ng/mL, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Disposition of dexmedetomidine administered via short-duration IV infusion in isoflurane-anesthetized cats was characterized by a moderate clearance and a long terminal half-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Escobar
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 95616, USA
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7
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Shrestha B, Reed JM, Starks PT, Kaufman GE, Goldstone JV, Roelke ME, O'Brien SJ, Koepfli KP, Frank LG, Court MH. Evolution of a major drug metabolizing enzyme defect in the domestic cat and other felidae: phylogenetic timing and the role of hypercarnivory. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18046. [PMID: 21464924 PMCID: PMC3065456 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The domestic cat (Felis catus) shows remarkable sensitivity to
the adverse effects of phenolic drugs, including acetaminophen and aspirin, as
well as structurally-related toxicants found in the diet and environment. This
idiosyncrasy results from pseudogenization of the gene encoding
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A6, the major species-conserved phenol
detoxification enzyme. Here, we established the phylogenetic timing of
disruptive UGT1A6 mutations and explored the hypothesis that
gene inactivation in cats was enabled by minimal exposure to plant-derived
toxicants. Fixation of the UGT1A6 pseudogene was estimated to
have occurred between 35 and 11 million years ago with all extant Felidae having
dysfunctional UGT1A6. Out of 22 additional taxa sampled,
representative of most Carnivora families, only brown hyena (Parahyaena
brunnea) and northern elephant seal (Mirounga
angustirostris) showed inactivating UGT1A6
mutations. A comprehensive literature review of the natural diet of the sampled
taxa indicated that all species with defective UGT1A6 were
hypercarnivores (>70% dietary animal matter). Furthermore those
species with UGT1A6 defects showed evidence for reduced amino
acid constraint (increased dN/dS ratios approaching the neutral
selection value of 1.0) as compared with species with intact
UGT1A6. In contrast, there was no evidence for reduced
amino acid constraint for these same species within UGT1A1, the
gene encoding the enzyme responsible for detoxification of endogenously
generated bilirubin. Our results provide the first evidence suggesting that diet
may have played a permissive role in the devolution of a mammalian drug
metabolizing enzyme. Further work is needed to establish whether these
preliminary findings can be generalized to all Carnivora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binu Shrestha
- Comparative and Molecular Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Department of
Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Tufts University School of Medicine,
Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United
States of America
| | - J. Michael Reed
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United
States of America
| | - Philip T. Starks
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United
States of America
| | - Gretchen E. Kaufman
- Department of Environmental and Population Health, Tufts Cummings School
of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of
America
| | - Jared V. Goldstone
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole,
Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Melody E. Roelke
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, SAIC-Frederick Incorporated, National
Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of
America
| | - Stephen J. O'Brien
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute at Frederick,
Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Klaus-Peter Koepfli
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute at Frederick,
Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Laurence G. Frank
- Living with Lions Project (Kenya), Museum of Vertebrate Zoology,
University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of
America
| | - Michael H. Court
- Comparative and Molecular Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Department of
Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Tufts University School of Medicine,
Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Le PD, Aarnink AJA, Ogink NWM, Becker PM, Verstegen MWA. Odour from animal production facilities: its relationship to diet. Nutr Res Rev 2007; 18:3-30. [DOI: 10.1079/nrr200592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThough bad odour has always been associated with animal production, it did not attract much research attention until in many countries the odour production and emission from intensified animal production caused serious nuisance and was implicated in the health problems of individuals living near animal farms. Odour from pig production facilities is generated by the microbial conversion of feed in the large intestine of pigs and by the microbial conversion of pig excreta under anaerobic conditions and in manure stores. Assuming that primary odour-causing compounds arise from an excess of degradable protein and a lack of specific fermentable carbohydrates during microbial fermentation, the main dietary components that can be altered to reduce odour are protein and fermentable carbohydrates. In the present paper we aim to give an up-to-date review of studies on the relationship between diet composition and odour production, with the emphasis on protein and fermentable carbohydrates. We hypothesise how odour might be changed and/or reduced by altering the diet of pigs. Research so far has mainly focused on the single effects of different levels of crude protein and fermentable carbohydrates on odour production. However, also important for odour formation are the sources of protein and fermentable carbohydrates. In addition, it is not only the amount and source of these compounds that is important, but also the balance between them. On the basis of our review of the literature, we hypothesise that odour nuisance from pig production facilities might be reduced significantly if there is an optimum balance between protein and fermentable carbohydrates in the diet of pigs.
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9
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Tanaka N, Miyasho T, Shinkyo R, Sakaki T, Yokota H. cDNA cloning and characterization of feline CYP1A1 and CYP1A2. Life Sci 2006; 79:2463-73. [PMID: 17097115 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2006] [Revised: 09/20/2006] [Accepted: 08/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Deficiency of drug glucuronidation in the cat is one of the major reasons why this animal is highly sensitive to the side effects of drugs. The characterization of cytochrome P450 isoforms belonging to the CYP1A subfamily, which exhibit important drug oxidation activities such as activation of pro-carcinogens, was investigated. Two cDNAs, designated CYP1A-a and CYP1A-b, corresponding to the CYP1A subfamily were obtained from feline liver. CYP1A-a and CYP1A-b cDNAs comprise coding regions of 1554 bp and 1539 bp, and encode predicted amino acid sequences of 517 and 512 residues, respectively. These amino acid sequences contain a heme-binding cysteine and a conserved threonine. The cDNA identities, as well as the predicted amino acid sequences containing six substrate recognition sites, suggest that CYP1A-a and CYP1A-b correspond to CYP1A1 and CYP1A2, respectively. This was confirmed by the kinetic parameters of the arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase and 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activities of expressed CYPs in yeast AH22 cells and by the tissue distribution of each mRNA. However, theophylline 3-demethylation is believed to be catalyzed by CYP1A1 in cats, based on the high V(max) and low K(m) seen, in contrast to other animals. Because feline CYP1A2 had a higher K(m) for phenacetin O-deethylase activity with acetaminophen, which cannot be conjugated with glucuronic acid due to UDP-glucuronosyltransferase deficiency, it is supposed that the side effects of phenacetin as a result of toxic intermediates are severe and prolonged in cats.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Analgesics, Non-Narcotic/metabolism
- Analgesics, Non-Narcotic/pharmacokinetics
- Animals
- Cats/genetics
- Cats/metabolism
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1/genetics
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1/metabolism
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2/genetics
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Inactivation, Metabolic
- Kinetics
- Microsomes, Liver/enzymology
- Microsomes, Liver/metabolism
- Mixed Function Oxygenases/metabolism
- Models, Biological
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phenacetin/metabolism
- Phenacetin/pharmacokinetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagako Tanaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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10
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Lichtenberger LM. Where is the evidence that cyclooxygenase inhibition is the primary cause of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced gastrointestinal injury? Topical injury revisited. Biochem Pharmacol 2001; 61:631-7. [PMID: 11266647 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(00)00576-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In this commentary, we take a critical look at the concept that the gastrointestinal (GI) side-effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are due to the ability of these drugs to inhibit cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) that is constitutively expressed in the GI mucosa. Indeed, development of the new "super aspirins," such as Celebrex and Vioxx, that selectively inhibit the inducible COX-2, expressed in areas of inflammation, is a direct outgrowth of this concept. We discuss evidence from both the laboratory and the clinic that appears to be inconsistent with the above concept, and cite a number of examples where the depletion of mucosal prostaglandin levels and the development of GI injury can be dissociated. Instead, we revisit the possibility that NSAID-induced GI side-effects are mostly due to the ability of these drugs to topically injure the GI mucosa. We devote the remainder of the commentary to presenting evidence from our and other laboratories that NSAIDs can directly attenuate the surface hydrophobic barrier of the GI mucosa due to their ability to bind to zwitterionic phospholipids, and that even systemically administered NSAIDs that are secreted into the bile may induce GI ulceration and/or bleeding due to phospholipid interactions and the development of topical mucosal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Lichtenberger
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 77030, USA.
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11
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Court MH, Greenblatt DJ. Molecular basis for deficient acetaminophen glucuronidation in cats. An interspecies comparison of enzyme kinetics in liver microsomes. Biochem Pharmacol 1997; 53:1041-7. [PMID: 9174118 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(97)00072-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cats are highly susceptible to acetaminophen toxicity because of deficient glucuronidation of this drug in vivo. The enzyme kinetic basis for this defect is unknown. Therefore, the kinetic properties of acetaminophen UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (acetaminophen-UGT) were investigated, using hepatic microsomes from cats (N = 4) compared with those of species that are less sensitive to acetaminophen intoxication including dogs (N = 4), humans (N = 4), and six other mammalian species (one liver from each). Gunn rats were also studied, since they express defective UGT family 1 isoenzymes and are also prone to acetaminophen toxicity. Acetaminophen kinetics were biphasic in all instances with distinct high and low affinity components. Km values for the high affinity activity in cat microsomes (0.31 +/- 0.1 mM; mean +/- SEM) were intermediate between those of dogs (0.11 +/- 0.02 mM) and humans (0.60 +/- 0.06 mM) and other species (0.22 to 6.7 mM; range). On the other hand, high affinity Vmax values were over 10-fold less in cat microsomes (0.025 +/- 0.006 nmol/min/mg) than in dogs (0.92 +/- 0.09 nmol/min/mg) and humans (0.27 +/- 0.09 nmol/min/mg); and over 5-fold less compared with microsomes from other species (range 0.13 to 7.63 nmol/min/mg). Gunn rat microsomes showed a similar 10-fold difference in high affinity Vmax values between the homozygous mutant (0.67 nmol/min/mg) and homozygous normal (6.75 nmol/min/mg) animals. These results demonstrate that, relative to a number of other species, cats have remarkably low hepatic levels of a high affinity acetaminophen-UGT. This difference is sufficient enough to explain poor glucuronidation of acetaminophen in vivo and susceptibility to acetaminophen intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Court
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, U.S.A
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Z H Siddik
- Department of Medical Oncology, M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, Houston, Texas 77030
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13
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Sweeny DJ, Reinke LA. Effect of ethanol feeding on hepatic microsomal UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity. Biochem Pharmacol 1987; 36:1381-3. [PMID: 3109441 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(87)90100-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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14
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Jones M, d'Arcy Doherty M, Cohen GM. Antitumour activity of 1-naphthol against L1210 leukaemia in vivo and Ehrlich ascites tumour cells in vivo and in vitro. Cancer Lett 1986; 33:347-54. [PMID: 3802063 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(86)90075-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
1-Naphthol inhibited ascitic fluid formation in mice infected intraperitoneally with either L1210 leukaemia or Ehrlich ascites tumour cells (EATC). A significant increase in life span was observed in EATC but not in L1210 bearing mice dosed with 1-naphthol (50-60 mg/kg). 1-Naphthol caused a concentration-dependent toxicity to EATC in vitro.
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15
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Keimig SD, Morgan DP. Urinary 1-Naphthol as a Biological Indicator of Naphthalene Exposure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1080/08828032.1986.10390469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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16
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Chern WH, Dauterman WC. Studies on the metabolism and excretion of 1-naphthol, 1-naphthyl-beta-D-glucuronide, and 1-naphthyl-beta-D-glucoside in the mouse. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1983; 67:303-9. [PMID: 6845360 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(83)90313-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Radiolabeled 1-naphthyl-beta-D-glucuronide and 1-naphthyl-beta-D-glucoside were synthesized from 1-[14C]naphthol. The fate of the three compounds in male mice was studied. After a po dose of 45 mg/kg of 1-naphthol, 100 mg/kg of 1-naphthyl glucuronide, and 100 mg/kg of 1-naphthyl glucoside, 95, 93, and 81%, respectively, of the administered dose were eliminated 72 hr after treatment. 1-Naphthyl glucoside was eliminated more slowly than the other two compounds. 1-Naphthol was metabolized predominantly to the sulfate and the glucuronide conjugates, whereas a portion of 1-naphthyl glucoside was eliminated directly or cleaved and then reconjugated to form the sulfate and the glucuronide conjugates. 1-Naphthyl glucuronide was excreted as parent compound and sulfate, indicating hydrolysis and resynthesis. When the glucoside was administered at three doses (10, 50, and 100 mg/kg), it was observed that the lower doses of the glucoside were more readily eliminated in the urine than the higher doses. Larger amounts of the parent compound were found in the excreta at the lower doses than at the higher doses.
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17
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Watkins JB, Gregus Z, Thompson TN, Klaassen CD. Induction studies on the functional heterogeneity of rat liver UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1982; 64:439-46. [PMID: 6814015 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(82)90240-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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18
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Abstract
1. The biotransformation of phenol was investigated in eight species of freshwater fish: bream (Abramis brama), goldfish (Carassius auratus), guppy (Poecilia reticulata), minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus), perch (Perca fluviatilis), roach (Rutilus rutilus), rudd (Scardinius erythropthalmus) and tench (Tinca tinca), when exposed to sublethal concentrations of phenol in the aquarium water. 2. The two conjugates, phenyl sulphate and phenyl glucuronide, were the sole detected products produced by bream, perch, roach and rudd while phenyl sulphate alone was produced by goldfish, guppy, minnow and tench. 3. The immersion dosing method employed for the experiment is discussed with relation to the natural habitat of the fish.
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Rhodes JC, Houston JB. Quantification of naphthyl conjugates. Comparison of high-performance liquid chromatography and selective enzyme hydrolysis methods. Xenobiotica 1981; 11:63-70. [PMID: 7222731 DOI: 10.3109/00498258109045273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
1. An h.p.l.c. method for the simultaneous determination of naphthol, naphthyl glucuronide and naphthyl sulphate in urine is described. This procedure is based on the selective formation of an ion pair between the sulphate conjugate and tetrabutyl lammonium, which allows its resolution from the glucuronide on a reverse phase column. 2. The h.p.l.c. method is sed to assess the selective enzyme hydrolysis method which is frequently employed in drug conjugate assays. Results suggest that the use of sulphatase and beta-glucuronidase may give data which are quantitatively and qualitatively erroneous.
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Parker RJ, Hirom PC, Millburn P. Enterohepatic recycling of phenolphthalein, morphine, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and diphenylacetic acid in the rat. Hydrolysis of glucuronic acid conjugates in the gut lumen. Xenobiotica 1980; 10:689-703. [PMID: 7445530 DOI: 10.3109/00498258009108376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
1. Biliary elimination in female Wistar albino rats 3 h after i.p. injection of [3H]phenolphthalein, [3H]morphine, 14C-LSD and [14C]diphenylacetic acid was 90%, 45%, 75% and 57% respectively, predominantly as glucuronides. 2. Infusion of 3 h bile from the previous experiments into the duodena of bile-duct-cannulated animals demonstrated enterohepatic circulation, amounting in 24 h to 85%, 41%, 28% and 66% of the infused doses of the conjugates of phenolphthalein, morphine, LSD and diphenylacetic acid respectively. 3. Pretreatment with antibiotics to suppress intestinal microflora decreased this enterohepatic recirculation to 22%, 8.6% and 21% in 24 h for phenolphthalein, morphine and diphenylacetic acid glucuronides respectively. Antibiotic pretreatment did not influence the absorption and re-excretion of infused doses of the free aglycones, thus demonstrating the importance of bacterial beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis of the biliary conjugates. 4. The extent of intestinal absorption of the aglycones after bacterial beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis of the conjugates is related to their lipid-solubility as estimated by octan-1-ol:0.1 M phosphate buffer partition ratios (P-values). 5. The persistence of compounds in the enterohepatic circulation is determined by the faecal and urinary elimination of the circulating compounds. Faecal elimination is governed by the extent of intestinal absorption of the circulating compounds, which is influenced by the efficacy of intestinal hydrolysis of the conjugates and the relative lipophilicity of the aglycones released.
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Spoelstra S. Origin of objectionable odorous components in piggery wastes and the possibility of applying indicator components for studying odour development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-1131(80)90004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Barrow A, Brownsill RD, Spalton PN, Walls CM, Gunn Y, Haskins NJ, Rose DA, Palmer RF. Disposition of pranolium chloride in small mammals. Xenobiotica 1980; 10:219-28. [PMID: 7467406 DOI: 10.3109/00498258009033748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The disposition of [14C]pranolium chloride, a dimethyl quaternary derivative of propranolol, has been studied in rats, mice and hamsters after oral parenteral dosage. 2. Elimination of 14C occurred largely via the kidneys after parenteral dosage, but biliary excretion was significant. Pranolium chloride was excreted unchanged and as a conjugate, and was also metabolized to 1-naphthol which was conjugated. 3. The radiolabel was localized in the liver, kidneys, heart, lungs and gastro-intestinal tract of the rat, but did not pass the placental or blood-brain barriers to any appreciable extent. Unchanged pranolium chloride was localized in rat cardiac tissue for at least 6 h after i.v. dosage. 4. Pranolium chloride was poorly and variably absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract of animals. Peak plasma levels occurred between 10 min and 1 h. The absorption of the pranolium cation was marginally increased after prolonged fasting, but was not affected by the presence of alternative anions.
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Abstract
1. Following an oral dose of [14C]phenol (12.5 or 25 mg/kg) to sheep, pig and rat, urinary elimination of radioactivity was rapid, 80-90% dose being excreted in the first 8 h. 2. In anaesthetized, ureter-cannulated rats, 70-80% of an intraduodenal dose was eliminated in 2 h; 2% dose was excreted as phenol conjugates in the urine within 10 min. 3. The major urinary metabolites from phenol (25 mg/kg) were phenylglucuronide and phenylsulphate. In the sheep, pig and rat, the glucuronide accounted for 49%, 83% and 42% respectively, of the total urinary metabolites and sulphate accounted for 32%, 1% and 55%. Conjugates of quinol were minor urinary metabolites (less than 7%) in all three species. 4. In sheep some 12% of the urinary metabolites was conjugated with phosphate; this metabolite was not found in rat or pig.
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Back DJ, Singh JK. The biliary excretion of [3H] lysergic acid diethylamide in Wistar and Gunn rats. EXPERIENTIA 1976; 32:616-7. [PMID: 1278313 DOI: 10.1007/bf01990195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The biliary excretion of [3H] LSD was studied in Wistar and homozygous Gunn rats. In Wistar rats approximately 46% of the given dose was recovered from bile in 2.5 h whilst in the homozygous Gunn rat 26% was recovered in the same time period. In both strains the main metabolites were glucuronides.
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Khera KS. Significance of metabolic patterns in teratogenic testing for food safety. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 1976; 9:773-90. [PMID: 826367 DOI: 10.3109/15563657608988181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Mulder GJ, Bleeker B. UDP glucuronyltransferase and phenolsulfotransferase from rat liver in vivo and in vitro--IV. Species differences in harmol conjugation and elimination in bile and urine in vivo. Biochem Pharmacol 1975; 24:1481-4. [PMID: 811225 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(75)90022-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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