1
|
Yang YZ, Wang T, Chen QL, Chen HB, He QS, Zhang YZ. Identification of the Metabolites of Both Formononetin in Rat Hepatic S9 and Ononin in Rat Urine Samples and Preliminary Network Pharmacology Evaluation of Their Main Metabolites. Molecules 2023; 28:7451. [PMID: 37959870 PMCID: PMC10648658 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Astragalus membranaceus is a traditional Chinese medicine derived from the roots of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge., which has the same medicinal and edible uses in China. It is also widely used in daily food, and its pharmacological effects mainly include antioxidant effects, vascular softening effects, etc. Currently, it is increasingly widely used in the prevention of hypertension, cerebral ischemia, and stroke in China. Formononetin and its glucopyranoside (ononin) are both important components of Astragalus membranaceuss and may play important roles in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This study conducted metabolic studies using formononectin and its glucopyranoside (ononin), including a combination of the in vitro metabolism of Formonetin using rat liver S9 and the in vivo metabolism of ononin administered orally to rats. Five metabolites (Sm2, 7, 9, 10, and 12) were obtained from the solution incubated with formononetin and rat hepatic S9 fraction using chromatographic methods. The structures of the five metabolites were elucidated as (Sm2)6,7,4'-trihydroxy-isoflavonoid; (Sm7)7,4'-dihydroxy-isoflavonoid; (Sm9)7,8,4'-trihydroxy-isoflavonoid; (Sm10)7,8,-dihydroxy-4'-methoxy-isoflavonoid; and (Sm12)6,7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxy- isoflavonoid on the basis of UV, NMR, and MS data. Totally, 14 metabolites were identified via HPLC-DAD-ESI-IT-TOF-MSn analysis, from which the formononetin was incubated with rat hepatic S9 fraction, and the main metabolic pathways were hydroxylation, demethylation, and glycosylation. Then, 21 metabolites were identified via HPLC-DAD-ESI-IT-TOF-MSn analysis from the urine samples from SD rats to which ononin was orally administered, and the main metabolic pathways were glucuronidation, hydroxylation, demethylation, and sulfonation. The main difference between the in vitro metabolism of formononetin and the in vivo metabolism of ononin is that ononin undergoes deglycemic transformation into Formonetin in the rat intestine, while Formonetin is absorbed into the bloodstream for metabolism, and the metabolic products also produce combined metabolites during in vivo metabolism. The six metabolites obtained from the aforementioned separation indicate the primary forms of formononetin metabolism, and due to their higher contents of similar isoflavone metabolites, they are considered the main active compounds that are responsible for pharmacological effects. To investigate the metabolites of the active ingredients of formononetin in the rat liver S9 system, network pharmacology was used to evaluate the cardiovascular disease (CVD) activities of the six primary metabolites that were structurally identified. Additionally, the macromolecular docking results of six main components and two core targets (HSP90AA1 and SRC) related to CVD showed that formononetin and its main metabolites, Sm10 and Sm12, may have roles in CVD treatment due to their strong binding activities with the HSP90AA1 receptor, while the Sm7 metabolite may have a role in CVD treatment due to its strong binding activity with the SRC receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Zhu Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China;
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China; (Q.-L.C.); (H.-B.C.)
| | - Tao Wang
- Departments of, Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G1Y6, Canada;
| | - Qi-Lei Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China; (Q.-L.C.); (H.-B.C.)
| | - Hu-Biao Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China; (Q.-L.C.); (H.-B.C.)
| | - Qian-Song He
- First Clinical Medical College, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Ya-Zhou Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China;
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China; (Q.-L.C.); (H.-B.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Szpot P, Wachełko O, Jurek T, Zawadzki M. Determination of Mifepristone (RU-486) and Its Metabolites in Maternal Blood Sample after Pharmacological Abortion. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217605. [PMID: 36364430 PMCID: PMC9657224 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was the development and validation of the UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS method for the determination of mifepristone in human blood as well as the identification and quantification of its metabolites after self-induced pharmacological abortion. The metabolic pathway in humans was proposed after examination of an authentic casework. The fast and simple preanalytical procedure was successfully applied (pH9, tert-butyl-methyl ether). The validation parameters of the method were as follows: limit of quantification: 0.5 ng/mL; coefficients of determination: >0.999 (R2), intra- and inter-day accuracy and precision values did not exceed ± 13.2%. The recovery and matrix effect were in the range of 96.3−114.7% and from −3.0 to 14.7%, respectively. Toxicological analysis of the mother’s blood (collected the day after the pregnancy termination) revealed the presence of five compounds: mifepristone (557.4 ng/mL), N-desmethyl-mifepristone (638.7 ng/mL), 22-OH-mifepristone (176.9 ng/mL), N,N-didesmethyl-mifepristone (144.5 ng/mL) and N-desmethyl-hydroxy-mifepristone (qualitatively). To our knowledge, the study presented in this paper is the first report on the concentrations of mifepristone and its metabolites in maternal blood samples after performing a self-induced abortion. The established UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS method is suitable for forensic toxicological analysis as well as in terms of clinical toxicology in future investigations (examination of pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and metabolism of RU-486).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Szpot
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 4 J. Mikulicza-Radeckiego Street, 50345 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Olga Wachełko
- Institute of Toxicology Research, 45 Kasztanowa Street, 55093 Borowa, Poland
| | - Tomasz Jurek
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 4 J. Mikulicza-Radeckiego Street, 50345 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Zawadzki
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 4 J. Mikulicza-Radeckiego Street, 50345 Wroclaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nguyen D, Mizne S. Effects of Ketoconazole on the Pharmacokinetics of Mifepristone, a Competitive Glucocorticoid Receptor Antagonist, in Healthy Men. Adv Ther 2017; 34:2371-2385. [PMID: 29022184 PMCID: PMC5656713 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-017-0621-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Mifepristone, a competitive glucocorticoid receptor antagonist approved for Cushing syndrome, and ketoconazole, an antifungal and steroidogenesis inhibitor, are both inhibitors of and substrates for cytochrome P450 (CYP3A4). This study evaluated the pharmacokinetic effects of concomitant ketoconazole, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, on mifepristone. Methods In an open-label, two-period, single-center study, healthy adult men received mifepristone 600 mg orally daily for 12 days (period 1) followed by mifepristone 600 mg daily plus ketoconazole 200 mg orally twice daily for 5 days (period 2). Serial pharmacokinetic blood samples were collected predose and over 24 h postdose on days 12 (period 1) and 17 (period 2). A cross-study comparison (using data on file) further examined whether systemic exposure to mifepristone plus ketoconazole exceeded the exposure following mifepristone 1200 mg orally administered for 7 days. Results Sixteen subjects were enrolled and 14 completed the study. Concomitant administration with ketoconazole increased the systemic exposure to mifepristone, based on geometric least squares mean ratios, by 28% for Cmax and 38% for AUC0–24. This increase was 85% and 87% of the exposure observed following mifepristone’s highest label dose of 1200 mg/day for Cmax and AUC0–24, respectively. Adverse events (AEs) were reported in 56.3% (9/16) of subjects during administration of mifepristone alone and in 57.1% (8/14) during combination with ketoconazole. No serious AEs were reported. Conclusion Systemic exposure to mifepristone increased following multiple doses of mifepristone 600 mg daily plus ketoconazole 200 mg twice daily. Little to no increase in AEs occurred. Dose adjustment of mifepristone may be needed when given with ketoconazole. Funding Corcept Therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dat Nguyen
- Corcept Therapeutics, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
| | - Sarah Mizne
- MedVal Scientific Information Services, LLC, Princeton, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Patel B, Rashid J, Ahsan F. Aerosolizable modified-release particles of montelukast improve retention and availability of the drug in the lungs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 96:560-570. [PMID: 27989858 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Montelukast, a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist available as oral tablets, is used as a second-line therapy in asthma. In this study, we sought to enhance the availability of montelukast in the lungs by encapsulating the drug in poly (lactide-co-glycolic acid)-based (PLGA) respirable large porous particles. We determined the oral and lung specific availability of montelukast by assessing metabolic stability of the drug in the lung and liver homogenates, respectively. We similarly measured the oral and inhalational bioavailability by monitoring the pharmacokinetics and disposition of the drug in live animals. After preparing montelukast-loaded particles with various polymers, in the absence or presence of polyethylenimine (PEI-1), we characterized the particles for physical-chemical properties, entrapment efficiency, in vitro release, uptake by alveolar macrophages, deposition in the lungs, and safety after pulmonary administration. When incubated in lung or liver homogenates, the amount of intact drug in the lung homogenates was greater than that in the liver homogenates. Likewise, the extent of montelukast absorption via the lungs was greater than that via the oral route. Compared with smaller non-porous particles, large porous particles (PEI-1) were taken up by the alveolar macrophages at a lesser extent but deposited in the lungs at a greater extent. The levels of injury markers in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), collected from rat lungs treated with PEI-1, were no different from that in BALF collected from saline treated rats. Overall, the retention time and concentration of montelukast in the lungs can be increased by formulating the drug in large porous particles of PLGA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brijeshkumar Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 Coulter Drive, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Jahidur Rashid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 Coulter Drive, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Fakhrul Ahsan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 Coulter Drive, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tozuka Z, Kaneko H, Shiraga T, Mitani Y, Beppu M, Terashita S, Kawamura A, Kagayama A. Strategy for structural elucidation of drugs and drug metabolites using (MS)n fragmentation in an electrospray ion trap. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2003; 38:793-808. [PMID: 12938100 DOI: 10.1002/jms.511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Triple-stage quadrupole (TSQ) electrospray ionization (ESI) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and ion trap ESI-MS/MS can be used to cleave protonated molecules to produce carbocations and neutral molecules in the positive ion mode. Dissociation products which correspond to protonated forms of neutral fragment molecules can also be trapped and detected. These protonated molecules in turn can cleave via carbocation cleavage, ipso cleavage, onium cleavage or McLafferty or related rearrangements. One can elucidate the structures of metabolites from the differences in m/z ratios of the fragments arising from the original drug compound and its metabolite. This strategy for structural elucidation is further facilitated by estimates of the reactivity of drugs with oxygen diradicals involved in cytochrome P-450 cycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zenzaburo Tozuka
- Biopharmaceutical and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 2-1-6 Kashima, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8514, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sorensen BK, Link JT, von Geldern T, Emery M, Wang J, Hickman B, Grynfarb M, Goos-Nilsson A, Carroll S. An evaluation of a C-glucuronide as a liver targeting group: conjugate of a glucocorticoid antagonist. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:2307-10. [PMID: 12824023 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00431-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A beta-C-glucuronide conjugate of the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, Mifepristone 1, was prepared which maintained binding affinity, had modest in vitro activity, and was metabolically more stable than the parent. Pharmacokinetic studies suggest that the conjugate is recognized by the liver like O-glucuronides and may undergo a portion of the enterohepatic recirculation loop.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan K Sorensen
- Metabolic Disease Research, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, 60064, Abbott Park, IL, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tozuka Z, Kaneko H, Shiraga T, Beppu M, Niwa T, Kawamura A, Kagayama A. New SRM Data Dependent Exclusion (MS)n Measurement for Structural Determination of Drug Metabolites Using LC/ESI/Ion Trap MS. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2003; 18:390-403. [PMID: 15618760 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.18.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
New SRM (selected reaction monitoring) data dependent exclusion (MS)(n) measurement makes it possible to obtain MS(3) fragmentation data for all MS(2) fragments, useful for structural determination of drug metabolites using ESI ion trap. MS(2) fragments are produced by cleavage of all protonated molecules at the lone electron pairs of heteroatoms or the pi electrons of double and triple bonds, benzene rings and hetero-rings of drugs. Usually, data dependent MS(3) measurement cleaves only MS(2) fragment of highest intensity, that normally does not contain important metabolic sites. Fragmentation data from all parts of drug metabolites is required to determine structure. In addition to the usual basic measurement of protonated molecules and (MS)(n) fragmentation of drug metabolites, we demonstrate the use of SRM data dependent (MS)(n) measurement, plus new SRM data dependent exclusion (MS)(n) measurement for structural determination of metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zenzaburo Tozuka
- Biopharmaceutical and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tozuka Z, Kaneko H, Shiraga T, Mitani Y, Kawamura A, Kagayama A, Aoba A. Strategy for Structure Elucidation of Drug Metabolites Derived from Protonated Molecules and (MS)n Fragmentation of Zotepine, Tiaramide and their Metabolites. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2002; 17:316-39. [PMID: 15618683 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.17.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
TSQ ESI MS/MS and ion trap ESI MS(2) cleave protonated molecules. MS(2) at m/z 332 of zotepine cleaved m/z 245 (10%), m/z 287 (5%) and m/z 315 (100%) fragment ions at protonated positions. MS(2) at m/z 356 of tiaramide cleaved m/z 338 (18%), 313 (10%), 226 (100%), 198 (78%) and 131 (60%) fragment ions at protonated positions. The ESI ion trap MS produced new internal protonated molecules in an ion trap, such as m/z 113 and m/z 88 from m/z 131 protonated piperazinonium, and m/z 245 protonated 8-chloro dibenzo[b,f]thiepin. ESI ion trap (MS)(n) (n>or=3) cleaved new internal protonated molecules. It also causes carbocation cleavage, alpha cleavage, onium cleavage and McLafferty cleavage. We can easily elucidate the structure of metabolites from the difference in m/z of corresponding fragments between unchanged compound and its metabolite. Reactive oxygen diradicals involved in cytochrome P-450 cycles react with electron rich groups and reactive C-H bonds of zotepine and tiaramide to produce metabolites of 2-hydroxyzotepine, 3-hydroxyzotepine, norzotepine, zotepine-N-oxide, zotepine-S-oxide, Tiaramide carboxylic acid, dehydroxyethyltiaramide and tiaramide-N-oxide. The strategy for structure elucidation of drug metabolites was established on the basis of the reactivity of unchanged drug with reactive oxygen diradicals involved in cytochrome P-450 cycles and theory associated with protonated molecules and (MS)(n) fragmentation of drug metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zenzaburo Tozuka
- Biopharmaceutical and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lawson EC, Hoekstra WJ, Addo MF, Andrade-Gordon P, Damiano BP, Kauffman JA, Mitchell JA, Maryanoff BE. 1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-a]pyridine as a novel, constrained template for fibrinogen receptor (GPIIb/IIIa) antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:2619-22. [PMID: 11551763 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00529-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Conformationally constrained analogues of the GPIIb/IIIa antagonist elarofiban (RWJ-53308) have been synthesized and biologically evaluated. The 1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-a]pyridine scaffold provided potent antagonists with favorable pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic attributes in dogs. Compounds 12a and 13a exhibited enhancements in oral bioavailability, t(1/2), and ex vivo duration of action (inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation) relative to elarofiban.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E C Lawson
- Drug Discovery, The R. W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Spring House, PA 19477-0776, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|