1
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Garg N, Li YL, Garcia Collazo AM, Litten C, Ryono DE, Zhang M, Caringal Y, Brigance RP, Meng W, Washburn WN, Agback P, Mellström K, Rehnmark S, Rahimi-Ghadim M, Norin T, Grynfarb M, Sandberg J, Grover G, Malm J. Thyroid receptor ligands. Part 8: Thyromimetics derived from N-acylated-α-amino acid derivatives displaying modulated pharmacological selectivity compared with KB-141. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:4131-4. [PMID: 17543524 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2007] [Revised: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 05/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Based on the scaffold of the pharmacologically selective thyromimetic 2b, structurally a close analog to KB-141 (2a), a number of novel N-acylated-alpha-amino acid derivatives were synthesized and tested in a TR radioligand binding assay as well as in a reporter cell assay. On the basis of TRbeta(1)-isoform selectivity and affinity, as well as affinity to the reporter cell assay, 3d was selected for further studies in the cholesterol-fed rat model. In this model 3d revealed an improved therapeutic window between cholesterol and TSH lowering but decreased margins versus tachycardia compared with 2a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Garg
- Karo Bio AB, Novum, Huddinge S-141 57, Sweden
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2
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Backes BJ, Hamilton GL, Nguyen P, Wilcox D, Fung S, Wang J, Grynfarb M, Goos-Nilsson A, Jacobson PB, von Geldern TW. Parallel strategies for the preparation and selection of liver-targeted glucocorticoid receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:40-4. [PMID: 17070047 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2006] [Revised: 10/02/2006] [Accepted: 10/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Libraries of mifepristone analogs, MP-Acids, were designed and synthesized to increase the chances of identifying GR antagonists that possess liver-selective pharmacological profiles. MP-Acids were uniformly potent GR antagonists in binding and in cell-based functional assays. A high throughput pharmacokinetic selection strategy that employs the cassette dosing of MP-Acids was developed to identify liver-targeting compounds. Thus, resource-intensive in vivo assays to measure liver-selective pharmacology were enriched with GR antagonists that achieve high concentrations in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J Backes
- Metabolic Disease Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064-6099, USA.
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3
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Richards SJ, von Geldern TW, Jacobson P, Wilcox D, Nguyen P, Öhman L, Österlund M, Gelius B, Grynfarb M, Goos-Nilsson A, Wang J, Fung S, Kalmanovich M. Synthesis and activity of novel bile-acid conjugated glucocorticoid receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:6086-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.08.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2006] [Revised: 08/22/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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4
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Koehler K, Gordon S, Brandt P, Carlsson B, Bäcksbro-Saeidi A, Apelqvist T, Agback P, Grover GJ, Nelson W, Grynfarb M, Färnegårdh M, Rehnmark S, Malm J. Thyroid Receptor Ligands. 6. A High Affinity “Direct Antagonist” Selective for the Thyroid Hormone Receptor. J Med Chem 2006; 49:6635-7. [PMID: 17154490 DOI: 10.1021/jm060521i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new high-affinity thyroid hormone antagonist 6 with druglike properties was designed and synthesized. The compound behaved as an antagonist in a cell transactivation assay, and in a first in vivo experiment in rats.
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5
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Garcia Collazo AM, Koehler KF, Garg N, Färnegårdh M, Husman B, Ye L, Ljunggren J, Mellström K, Sandberg J, Grynfarb M, Ahola H, Malm J. Thyroid receptor ligands. Part 5: Novel bicyclic agonist ligands selective for the thyroid hormone receptor β. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:1240-4. [PMID: 16338239 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2005] [Revised: 11/20/2005] [Accepted: 11/21/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Based on the examination of the crystal structure of rat TRbeta complexed with 3,5,3'-triiodo-l-thyronine (2) a novel TRbeta-selective indole derivative 6b was prepared and tested in vitro. This compound was found to be 14 times selective for TRbeta over TRalpha in binding and its beta-selectivity could be rationalized through the comparison of the X-ray crystallographic structures of 6b complexed with TRalpha and TRbeta.
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6
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Li YL, Litten C, Koehler KF, Mellström K, Garg N, Garcia Collazo AM, Färnegård M, Grynfarb M, Husman B, Sandberg J, Malm J. Thyroid receptor ligands. Part 4: 4′-amido bioisosteric ligands selective for the thyroid hormone receptor beta. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:884-6. [PMID: 16303304 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2005] [Revised: 11/01/2005] [Accepted: 11/02/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Based on the examination of the X-ray crystallographic structures of the LBD of TRalpha and TRbeta in complex with KB-141 (2), a number of novel 4'-hydroxy bioisosteric thyromimetics were prepared. Optimal affinity and beta-selectivity (33 times), was found with a medium-sized alkyl-substituted amido group; iso-butyl (12c). It can be concluded that bioisosteric replacements of the 4'-hydroxy position represent a new promising class of TRbeta-selective synthetic thyromimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lin Li
- Karo Bio AB, Novum, Huddinge S-141 57, Sweden
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7
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Hangeland JJ, Friends TJ, Doweyko AM, Mellström K, Sandberg J, Grynfarb M, Ryono DE. Corrigendum to “A new class of high affinity thyromimetics containing a phenyl-naphthylene core” [Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 15 (2005) 4579–4584]. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.10.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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8
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Hangeland JJ, Friends TJ, Doweyko AM, Mellström K, Sandberg J, Grynfarb M, Ryono DE. A new class of high affinity thyromimetics containing a phenyl-naphthylene core. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:4579-84. [PMID: 16099653 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.06.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2005] [Revised: 06/28/2005] [Accepted: 06/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High affinity thyromimetics containing a novel phenyl-naphthylene core are reported. The functionalized core is readily accessible via a Suzuki coupling protocol. Examples of this new class of TR ligands have sub-nanomolar binding affinities for the TRbeta receptor and low to modest selectivity for TRbeta. They also exhibit an SAR that diverges from other thyromimetics that are based on the diaryl ether core found in 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon J Hangeland
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, USA.
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9
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Link JT, Sorensen B, Patel J, Grynfarb M, Goos-Nilsson A, Wang J, Fung S, Wilcox D, Zinker B, Nguyen P, Hickman B, Schmidt JM, Swanson S, Tian Z, Reisch TJ, Rotert G, Du J, Lane B, von Geldern TW, Jacobson PB. Antidiabetic activity of passive nonsteroidal glucocorticoid receptor modulators. J Med Chem 2005; 48:5295-304. [PMID: 16078847 DOI: 10.1021/jm050205o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Much has been learned about the consequences of glucocorticoid receptor antagonism by studying steroidal active antagonists such as RU-38486 (1). In the liver glucocorticoid receptor antagonism suppresses hepatic glucose production decreasing plasma glucose levels; however, extrahepatic antagonism produces several undesirable side effects including activation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis. A series of nonsteroidal passive N-(3-dibenzylamino-2-alkyl-phenyl)-methanesulfonamide glucocorticoid receptor modulators was discovered. Liver selective and systemically available members of this series were found and characterized in diabetes and side effect rodent models. A highly liver selective member of this series, acid 14, shows efficacy in the ob/ob model of diabetes. It lowers plasma glucose, cholesterol, and free fatty acid concentrations and reduces the rate of body weight gain. The structurally related systemically available passive modulator 12 lowers glucose, HbA(1c), triglyceride, free fatty acid, and cholesterol levels. Interestingly, it did not acutely activate the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis in unstressed CD-1 mice or have the abortive effects observed with 1. These results indicate that passive GR antagonists may have utility as antidiabetic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Link
- Metabolic Disease Research, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Department 4CB, Room L-14, Building AP-10, Abbott Park, IL 60064-6098, USA.
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10
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Hedfors A, Appelqvist T, Carlsson B, Bladh LG, Litten C, Agback P, Grynfarb M, Koehler KF, Malm J. Thyroid Receptor Ligands. 3. Design and Synthesis of 3,5-Dihalo-4-alkoxyphenylalkanoic Acids as Indirect Antagonists of the Thyroid Hormone Receptor. J Med Chem 2005; 48:3114-7. [PMID: 15857115 DOI: 10.1021/jm050004k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Based on the recently described concept of "indirect antagonism" of nuclear receptors, a series of thyroid hormone receptor (TR) antagonists were prepared, in which the outer ring of a thyromimetic was replaced with alkyl chains of variable length and branch. The results of a binding assay for the human TR and reporter cell assay revealed, within this series, a positive correlation between increasing bulk of the alkyl group and affinity to TRs. Compared with already reported TR antagonists, their affinities are within the same range, thus potentially representing a useful approach to novel and high affinity TR-antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asa Hedfors
- Karo Bio AB, Novum, Huddinge SE-141 57, Sweden
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11
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Jacobson PB, von Geldern TW, Ohman L, Osterland M, Wang J, Zinker B, Wilcox D, Nguyen PT, Mika A, Fung S, Fey T, Goos-Nilsson A, Grynfarb M, Barkhem T, Marsh K, Beno DWA, Nga-Nguyen B, Kym PR, Link JT, Tu N, Edgerton DS, Cherrington A, Efendic S, Lane BC, Opgenorth TJ. Hepatic glucocorticoid receptor antagonism is sufficient to reduce elevated hepatic glucose output and improve glucose control in animal models of type 2 diabetes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 314:191-200. [PMID: 15784656 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.104.081257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids amplify endogenous glucose production in type 2 diabetes by increasing hepatic glucose output. Systemic glucocorticoid blockade lowers glucose levels in type 2 diabetes, but with several adverse consequences. It has been proposed, but never demonstrated, that a liver-selective glucocorticoid receptor antagonist (LSGRA) would be sufficient to reduce hepatic glucose output (HGO) and restore glucose control to type 2 diabetic patients with minimal systemic side effects. A-348441 [(3b,5b,7a,12a)-7,12-dihydroxy-3-{2-[{4-[(11b,17b)-17-hydroxy-3-oxo-17-prop-1-ynylestra-4,9-dien-11-yl] phenyl}(methyl)amino]ethoxy}cholan-24-oic acid] represents the first LSGRA with significant antidiabetic activity. A-348441 antagonizes glucocorticoid-up-regulated hepatic genes, normalizes postprandial glucose in diabetic mice, and demonstrates synergistic effects on blood glucose in these animals when coadministered with an insulin sensitizer. In insulin-resistant Zucker fa/fa rats and fasted conscious normal dogs, A-348441 reduces HGO with no acute effect on peripheral glucose uptake. A-348441 has no effect on the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis or on other measured glucocorticoid-induced extrahepatic responses. Overall, A-348441 demonstrates that an LSGRA is sufficient to reduce elevated HGO and normalize blood glucose and may provide a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peer B Jacobson
- Department of Metabolic Disease Research, Abbott Laboratories, R47M, AP10-111, 100 Abbott Park Rd., Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA.
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12
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von Geldern TW, Tu N, Kym PR, Link JT, Jae HS, Lai C, Apelqvist T, Rhonnstad P, Hagberg L, Koehler K, Grynfarb M, Goos-Nilsson A, Sandberg J, Österlund M, Barkhem T, Höglund M, Wang J, Fung S, Wilcox D, Nguyen P, Jakob C, Hutchins C, Färnegårdh M, Kauppi B, Öhman L, Jacobson PB. Liver-Selective Glucocorticoid Antagonists: A Novel Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes. J Med Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/jm058170f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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von Geldern TW, Tu N, Kym PR, Link JT, Jae HS, Lai C, Apelqvist T, Rhonnstad P, Hagberg L, Koehler K, Grynfarb M, Goos-Nilsson A, Sandberg J, Osterlund M, Barkhem T, Höglund M, Wang J, Fung S, Wilcox D, Nguyen P, Jakob C, Hutchins C, Färnegårdh M, Kauppi B, Ohman L, Jacobson PB. Liver-selective glucocorticoid antagonists: a novel treatment for type 2 diabetes. J Med Chem 2004; 47:4213-30. [PMID: 15293993 DOI: 10.1021/jm0400045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic blockade of glucocorticoid receptors (GR) suppresses glucose production and thus decreases circulating glucose levels, but systemic glucocorticoid antagonism can produce adrenal insufficiency and other undesirable side effects. These hepatic and systemic responses might be dissected, leading to liver-selective pharmacology, when a GR antagonist is linked to a bile acid in an appropriate manner. Bile acid conjugation can be accomplished with a minimal loss of binding affinity for GR. The resultant conjugates remain potent in cell-based functional assays. A novel in vivo assay has been developed to simultaneously evaluate both hepatic and systemic GR blockade; this assay has been used to optimize the nature and site of the linker functionality, as well as the choice of the GR antagonist and the bile acid. This optimization led to the identification of A-348441, which reduces glucose levels and improves lipid profiles in an animal model of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W von Geldern
- Metabolic Disease Research and Structural Biology Departments, Global Pharmaceutical Discovery, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, UDA.
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14
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Tu N, Link JT, Sorensen BK, Emery M, Grynfarb M, Goos-Nilsson A, Nguyen B. Bile acid conjugates of a nonsteroidal glucocorticoid receptor modulator. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:4179-83. [PMID: 15261266 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2004] [Revised: 06/09/2004] [Accepted: 06/09/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Bile acid conjugates of a selective nonsteroidal glucocorticoid receptor modulator were prepared and evaluated. Potent GR binding conjugates that showed improved metabolic stability were discovered. However, cellular potency and pharmacokinetics were not substantially improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Tu
- Metabolic Disease Research, Abbott Laboratories, Dept 4CB, Building AP-10, Rm. L-14, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064-6098, USA
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15
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Link JT, Sorensen BK, Lai C, Wang J, Fung S, Deng D, Emery M, Carroll S, Grynfarb M, Goos-Nilsson A, Von Geldern T. Synthesis, activity, metabolic stability, and pharmacokinetics of glucocorticoid receptor modulator–statin hybrids. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:4173-8. [PMID: 15261265 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2004] [Revised: 06/07/2004] [Accepted: 06/09/2004] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, activity, metabolic stability, and pharmacokinetics of steroidal and nonsteroidal glucocorticoid receptor modulator-statin hybrids is reported. Potent steroidal antagonist-statin hybrids like 22 (h-GR binding IC(50)=7 nM) and nonsteroidal modulator hybrids like 16 (h-GR binding IC(50)=2 nM) were discovered. Appending a 'statin'-like diol-acid group to the modulators dramatically improved metabolic stability (and in some cases hepatocyte activity), but did not impart hepatoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Link
- Metabolic Disease Research, Abbott Laboratories, Dept 4 CB, Bldg. AP-10, Rm. L-14, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064-6098, USA.
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16
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Link JT, Sorensen BK, Patel J, Arendsen D, Li G, Swanson S, Nguyen B, Emery M, Grynfarb M, Goos-Nilsson A. Optimization and metabolic stabilization of a class of nonsteroidal glucocorticoid modulators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:4169-72. [PMID: 15261264 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2004] [Revised: 06/07/2004] [Accepted: 06/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The optimization of a series of nonsteroidal glucocorticoid modulators is reported. Potent selective GR ligands that have improved metabolic stability were discovered typified by the subnanomolar acid 12 (GR binding IC(50)=0.6 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Link
- Metabolic Disease Research, Abbott Laboratories, Dept 4CB, Bldg. AP-10, Rm. L-14, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abott Park, IL 60064-6098, USA.
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17
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Hangeland JJ, Doweyko AM, Dejneka T, Friends TJ, Devasthale P, Mellström K, Sandberg J, Grynfarb M, Sack JS, Einspahr H, Färnegårdh M, Husman B, Ljunggren J, Koehler K, Sheppard C, Malm J, Ryono DE. Thyroid receptor ligands. Part 2: Thyromimetics with improved selectivity for the thyroid hormone receptor beta. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:3549-53. [PMID: 15177471 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2004] [Revised: 04/09/2004] [Accepted: 04/10/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A set of thyromimetics having improved selectivity for TR-beta1 were prepared by replacing the 3'-isopropyl group of 2 and 3 with substituents having increased steric bulk. From this limited SAR study, the most potent and selective compounds identified were derived from 2 and contained a 3'-phenyl moiety bearing small hydrophobic groups meta to the biphenyl link. X-ray crystal data of 15c complexed with TR-beta1 LBD shows methionine 442 to be displaced by the bulky R3' phenyl ethyl amide side chain. Movement of this amino acid side chain provides an expanded pocket for the bulky side chain while the ligand-receptor complex retains full agonist activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon J Hangeland
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA.
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18
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Link JT, Sorensen BK, Patel J, Emery M, Grynfarb M, Goos-Nilsson A. Discovery of novel nonsteroidal glucocorticoid receptor modulators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:2209-12. [PMID: 15081010 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2004] [Revised: 02/02/2004] [Accepted: 02/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new class of selective nonsteroidal glucocorticoid receptor modulators typified by N-[3-[benzyl-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-benzyl)-amino]-2-methyl-phenyl]-methanesulfonamide 19 has been discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Link
- Metabolic Disease Research, Abbott Laboratories, Department 4CB, Bldg. AP-10, Rm. L-14, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064-6098, USA.
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19
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Sorensen BK, Link JT, von Geldern T, Emery M, Wang J, Hickman B, Grynfarb M, Goos-Nilsson A, Carroll S. An evaluation of a C-glucuronide as a liver targeting group: conjugate of a glucocorticoid antagonist. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:2307-10. [PMID: 12824023 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00431-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A beta-C-glucuronide conjugate of the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, Mifepristone 1, was prepared which maintained binding affinity, had modest in vitro activity, and was metabolically more stable than the parent. Pharmacokinetic studies suggest that the conjugate is recognized by the liver like O-glucuronides and may undergo a portion of the enterohepatic recirculation loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan K Sorensen
- Metabolic Disease Research, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, 60064, Abbott Park, IL, USA.
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20
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Jansson E, Bomfim V, Grynfarb M, Kaijser L. Myocardial metabolism during aortic valve replacement. III. Continuous infusion of cold blood for cardioplegia. Scand J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1986; 20:141-4. [PMID: 3738445 DOI: 10.3109/14017438609106492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial energy metabolism during hypothermic potassium cardioplegia with blood as the cardioplegia vehicle was studied in eight patients undergoing aortic valve replacement. Cardiac arrest was induced with a single bolus infusion and maintained by continuous perfusion. Myocardial biopsies were taken from the left ventricle 10 min after aortic cross-clamping (a.c.) and immediately before declamping (d.c.) and were analyzed for ATP, creatine phosphate (CP), creatine (C) and lactate. The interindividual range of myocardial temperature was 15-21 degrees a.c. and 17-22 degrees C immediately before d.c. The ATP concentration decreased (12.7 +/- 3.9-10.4 +/- 3.5 mmol X kg-1 dry muscle), the lactate concentration increased (102 +/- 30-156 +/- 8 mmol X kg-1 d.m.), and the total creatine (CP + C) remained constant. Induction of cardioplegia by blood resulting in a mean myocardial temperature of 19 degrees C could not prevent anaerobic metabolism. The changes in ATP levels between 10 min after a.c. and just before d.c. were small, however, indicating that oxygen delivery during continuous blood cardioplegia at a myocardial temperature of c. 20 degrees C prevented further loss of ATP. The lactate concentration, however, increased markedly between 10 min after a.c. and d.c., demonstrating that a significant proportion of the total metabolism was anaerobic.
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21
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Jansson E, Bomfim V, Grynfarb M, Kaijser L. Myocardial metabolism during aortic valve replacement. II. Bolus infusion of cold blood for cardioplegia. Scand J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1986; 20:137-40. [PMID: 3738444 DOI: 10.3109/14017438609106491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial energy metabolism during hypothermic potassium cardioplegia with blood as the cardioplegia vehicle, given in one or two bolus doses, was studied in eight patients undergoing aortic valve replacement. Myocardial biopsies were taken from the left ventricle 10 min after aortic cross-clamping (a.c.) and immediately before declamping (d.c.) and were analyzed for ATP, creatine phosphate (CP), creatine (C) and lactate. The interindividual range of myocardial temperature was 11-19 degrees C at 10 min a.c. and 11-25 degrees C immediately before d.c. The myocardial ATP concentration fell (17.2 +/- 5.7-12.8 +/- 2.8 mmol X kg-1 dry muscle), the lactate concentration rose (64.7 +/- 35.8-136 +/- 33.8 mmol X kg-1 d.m.) and the total creatine pool (CP + C) was unchanged. Hypothermic blood cardioplegia conferred fairly good initial protection of the myocardium, but the reduction in ATP and the great lactate accumulation towards the end of cardioplegia, especially in patients with myocardial temperature reaching 19-25 degrees C, indicates that such protection is adequate only if the myocardial temperature is maintained between 11 and 18 degrees C.
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Hedlund B, Grynfarb M, Bartfai T. Two ligands may bind simultaneously to the muscarine receptor. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1982; 320:3-13. [PMID: 6896905 DOI: 10.1007/bf00499064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Competition between 3H-3-quinuclidinyl benzilate (2 and 18 nM) and varying concentrations of antagonists (4-N-methyl piperidinyl benzilate (4-NMPB), atropine, scopolamine and pirenzepine (0-1000 nM) and agonists (acetylcholine, carbamylcholine, oxotremorine and pilocarpine (0.10(-10) to 10(-2) M)) was studied. Inhibition of specific 3H-3-quinuclidinyl benzilate binding was evaluated by Dixon plots which for both competing agonists and antagonists showed deviations from linearity. The best nonlinear least square fit to the Dixon plots was offered by a hyperbola, parabola or a straight line, depending on the ligand used. The data support a model of equilibrium binding which assumes that 3H-3-quinuclidinyl benzilate and one competing ligand molecule may simultaneously bind to the receptor at high concentrations of the competing ligand.
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Abstract
Nine days after medial septal lesion a 20% increase in the number of muscarinic antagonist binding sites in rat hippocampus was observed without any change in the affinity for agonist or antagonist. Chronic atropine treatment (s.c. 5 mg/kg, twice a day for 14 days, 20 mg/kg once a day for 14 days or 100 mg/kg for 4 days and 20 mg/kg for 10 days, once daily) led to an increase in the number of muscarinic antagonist binding sites in rat hippocampus with 35, 80 and 80% respectively and also lowered the affinity for 3H-antagonists in a dose dependent manner. Agonist binding studies also indicated an increase in receptor number and a decrease in affinity. The latter change can possibly be explained by the presence of residual atropine 24 h after the last injection. If this is taken into account we may conclude that muscarinic supersensitivity evoked either by severing the input or by chronic pharmacologic blockade both produced "new receptors' with ligand binding properties similar to the original receptors.
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Bakke Ø, Mostad A, Grynfarb M, Bartfai T, Enzell CR. The Structure and Conformation of Tryptophan in the Crystal of the Pure Racemic Compound and the Hydrogen Oxalate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.3891/acta.chem.scand.34b-0559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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