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Lever JR, Duffield R, Murray A, Bartlett JD, Fullagar HHK. Quantifying the training demands of a highly trained male youth basketball players by year, term and position. J Sports Sci 2024:1-8. [PMID: 39259777 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2402619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
This study describes the training demands of highly trained male youth basketball players, based on training year, term and playing position. Data was collected from 41 male youth basketballers over two seasons from all on-court coach-led training sessions utilising an LPS. Linear mixed-models and pairwise comparisons were used to analyse by training year (Y1, Y2 and Y3), term (T1, T2, T3 and T4) and playing position (Backcourt, Frontcourt). Results showed no differences in external load metrics between training years. Significant differences existed between training terms, with total distance greater in both T3 and T4 than T1 and 2 (p < 0.03). Total PlayerLoad was significantly greater in T4 than T1 (p < 0.001) and T3 (p = 0.004). Distance/min was greater in T2, T3 and T4 than T1 (p < 0.01). PlayerLoad/min was higher in T4 than T1 and T2 (p < 0.01). Backcourt players showed significantly greater distance/min (p = 0.011), PlayerLoad/min (p = 0.011) and deceleration counts (p < 0.001). Overall, limited year-on-year change existed in external training load metrics (p > 0.05), though volume (p < 0.001) and intensity (p < 0.001) differed between terms. Backcourt players completed higher intensities (p = 0.011) than Frontcourt players. This study provides a description of external loads of training in highly trained youth basketball players assisting coaches and performance practitioners to better understand physical demands within youth basketball development pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon R Lever
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Sydney, Australia
- International Basketball Operations, National Basketball Association New York, New York, USA
- Sports Performance, University of Notre Dame, Sports Performance, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Rob Duffield
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew Murray
- International Basketball Operations, National Basketball Association New York, New York, USA
| | - Jonathan D Bartlett
- International Basketball Operations, National Basketball Association New York, New York, USA
| | - Hugh H K Fullagar
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Sport Science, Reykjavik University, Sydney, Iceland
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Lever JR, Duffield R, Murray A, Bartlett JD, Fullagar HHK. Longitudinal Internal Training Load and Exposure in a High-Performance Basketball Academy. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:1464-1471. [PMID: 38662929 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Lever, JR, Duffield, R, Murray, A, Bartlett, JD, and Fullagar, HHK. Longitudinal internal training load and exposure in a high-performance basketball academy. J Strength Cond Res 38(8): 1464-1471, 2024-This study describes the longitudinal training exposure (session counts) and internal training load (Rating of Perceived Exertion [RPE] and Session Rating of Perceived Exertion [sRPE]) of youth basketball players at a high-performance academy, based on the training year, training term, and playing position. Historical internal training load and training exposure data were collated from 45 male high-performance youth basketball athletes between 2015 and 2019. Data included session duration, RPE, sRPE, training type, and date. Linear mixed models and pairwise comparisons were performed on the weekly means and categorized by training year (year 1, year 2, year 3), term (term 1, term 2, term 3, term 4), and playing position (Backcourt, Frontcourt). Linear mixed models indicate that the individual athlete had the greatest influence on variance in training load and exposure. Significant differences were observed for increased session count, duration, and sRPE ( p < 0.001) in year 2 compared with year 1. These measures also increased within each year whereby term 3 and term 4 ( p < 0.001) were significantly greater than term 1 and term 2. No significant differences were observed between playing position ( p > 0.05). Training exposure and internal training load increase in year 2 from year 1 for high-performance youth basketball academy athletes. Differences between training load and exposure for terms (i.e., training blocks) suggest the phase of season influences training prescription, while playing position has limited effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon R Lever
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
- National Basketball Association, New York, New York
- University of Notre Dame, Sports Performance, Notre Dame, Indiana; and
| | - Rob Duffield
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - Hugh H K Fullagar
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
- Physical Activity, Physical Education, Sport and Health (PAPESH) Research Center, Department of Sports Science, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Association between basketball playing position and ACTN3 R577X polymorphism in athletes of first division Brazilian Basketball League. Gene 2023; 863:147302. [PMID: 36813062 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Genetic-association studies have shown that some polymorphisms are associated with different aspects of athletic performance, including very specific features, such as players' position in team sports, like soccer, rugby, and Australian football. However, this type of association has not been investigated in Basketball yet. The present study analyzed the association of ACTN3 R577X, AGT M268T, ACE I/D and BDKRB2+9/-9 polymorphisms with the position of basketball players. METHODS One hundred fifty-two male athletes from 11 teams of the first division of Brazilian Basketball League and 154 male Brazilian controls were genotyped. The analyses of the ACTN3 R577X and AGT M268T were performed by the allelic discrimination method, while ACE I/D and BDKRB2+9/-9 by conventional PCR followed by electrophorese in agarose gel. RESULTS The results showed a significant effect of height on all positions and an association between the genetic polymorphisms analyzed and basketball positions. In addition, a significantly higher frequency of ACTN3 577XX genotype was observed in Point Guards. Also, compared to Point Guard, ACTN3 RR and RX were more prevalent in the Shooting Guard and Small Forward group and RR genotype was also more prevalent in the Power Forward and Center group. CONCLUSION The main finding of our study was the positive association of ACTN3 R577X polymorphism and basketball playing position, and a suggestion of genotypes related to strength/power performance with post players and genotypes related to endurance performance with point guard players.
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Sacot A, López-Ros V, Prats-Puig A, Escosa J, Barretina J, Calleja-González J. Multidisciplinary Neuromuscular and Endurance Interventions on Youth Basketball Players: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:9642. [PMID: 35954997 PMCID: PMC9368565 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The main aims of this systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression were to describe the effect of multidisciplinary neuromuscular and endurance interventions, including plyometric training, mixed strength and conditioning, HIIT basketball programs and repeated sprint training on youth basketball players considering age, competitive level, gender and the type of the intervention performed to explore a predictive model through a meta-regression analysis. A structured search was conducted following PRISMA guidelines and PICOS model in Medline (PubMed), Web of Science (WOS) and Cochrane databases. Groups of experiments were created according to neuromuscular power (vertical; NPV and horizontal; NPH) and endurance (E). Meta-analysis and sub-groups analysis were performed using a random effect model and pooled standardized mean differences (SMD). A random effects meta-regression was performed regressing SMD for the different sub-groups against percentage change for NPV and NPH. There was a significant positive overall effect of the multidisciplinary interventions on NPV, NPH and E. Sub-groups analysis indicate differences in the effects of the interventions on NPV and NPH considering age, gender, competitive level and the type of the intervention used. Considering the current data available, the meta-regression analysis suggests a good predictability of U-16 and plyometric training on jump performance. Besides, male and elite level youth basketball players had a good predictability on multidirectional speed and agility performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Sacot
- University School of Health and Sport (EUSES), University of Girona, 17004 Girona, Spain
- Basquet Girona, 17007 Girona, Spain
| | - Víctor López-Ros
- Research Institute of Education, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Girona, 17004 Girona, Spain
| | - Anna Prats-Puig
- University School of Health and Sport (EUSES), University of Girona, 17004 Girona, Spain
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, 17004 Girona, Spain
| | - Jesús Escosa
- University School of Health and Sport (EUSES), University of Girona, 17004 Girona, Spain
- Basquet Girona, 17007 Girona, Spain
| | - Jordi Barretina
- Basquet Girona, 17007 Girona, Spain
- Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), 17190 Salt, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Julio Calleja-González
- Faculty of Education and Sport, University of Basque Country, 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, 10110 Zagreb, Croatia
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Anthropometric and Power-Related Attributes Differ Between Competition Levels in Age-Matched Under-19-Year-Old Male Basketball Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:562-568. [PMID: 35108672 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare anthropometric and power-related attributes between competition levels in under-19-year-old (U19) male basketball players. METHODS National-level (n = 7; age: 17.7 [0.5] y), first-division state-level (n = 8; 17.4 [0.4] y), and second-division state-level (n = 8; 17.1 [0.4] y) players from Australian basketball programs participated in this pilot study. Players had various anthropometric attributes (height, standing reach height, wingspan, and body mass) and power-related attributes (isometric midthigh pull, linear sprint, countermovement jump, 1-step vertical jump, standing long jump, repeated lateral bound, and Modified Agility T Test) measured in the preseason. Differences between groups were assessed using 1-way analyses of variance with Tukey post hoc tests and effect sizes (ES) interpreted as trivial, <0.20; small, 0.20 to 0.59; moderate, 0.60 to 1.19; large, 1.20 to 1.99; and very large, ≥2.00. RESULTS Regarding anthropometric attributes, national-level players possessed greater (P < .05, large-very large) height (ES = 2.09), standing reach height (ES = 1.54), wingspan (ES = 1.45), and body mass (ES = 1.77) than second-division state-level players. For power-related attributes, national-level players possessed greater (P < .05, large-very large) isometric midthigh-pull peak force (ES = 1.46-2.57), sprint momentum (ES = 1.17-2.18), and countermovement jump peak force (ES = 1.73-2.01) than state-level players. Moreover, national-level players demonstrated greater (P < .05) 1-step vertical jump height (ES = 1.95, large) than second division state-level players. CONCLUSIONS Specific anthropometric and power-related attributes clearly differ between competition levels in U19 male basketball players. This information can inform development of testing protocols, reference ranges, and training programs in practice. Further research is encouraged on this topic to confirm our findings across larger samples of basketball players.
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Petway AJ, Freitas TT, Calleja-González J, Torres-Ronda L, Alcaraz PE. Seasonal Variations in Game Activity Profiles and Players' Neuromuscular Performance in Collegiate Division I Basketball: Non-conference vs. Conference Tournament. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:592705. [PMID: 33345170 PMCID: PMC7739638 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.592705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Basketball has a high demand on a player's neuromuscular system due to a high volume of explosive high-intensity actions. This study aimed to examine the seasonal variations on game demands and players' neuromuscular performance during the Non-Conference (NON-CONF) and Conference (CONF) seasons in NCAA Division I Men's Basketball. Seven NCAA Division I Basketball players' (20 ± 1.2 years, 1.95 ± 0.1 m, and 94 ± 15 kg) match activity profiles were tracked in 17 home games (7 NON-CONF; 10 CONF); furthermore, players performed a repeat hop test on a force platform the day before competition to assess neuromuscular performance. A t-test for paired samples was used to analyze the differences between NON-CONF and CONF. Results indicated no significant differences in Total Distance, Peak Speed, Acceleration, and Deceleration loads when comparing NON-CONF and CONF match-play. Regarding neuromuscular performance, Jump Height (p = 0.03; ES = 0.43) was negatively affected during CONF. Moreover, a trend toward a decline in Peak Force (p = 0.06; ES = 0.38) was found in CONF. Conversely, no differences were obtained regarding Reactive Strength Index and Contact Time. In conclusion, match-play demands remained constant across the season whilst neuromuscular outputs were inhibited during the CONF season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Petway
- Philadelphia 76ers Athlete Care Department, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Tomás T Freitas
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julio Calleja-González
- Physical Education and Sport Department, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria, Spain.,Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, UCAM, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Mancha-Triguero D, García-Rubio J, Calleja-González J, Ibáñez SJ. Physical fitness in basketball players: a systematic review. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2019; 59:1513-1525. [PMID: 31610639 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.19.09180-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Physical fitness is a performance factor that is characterized by its ability to be assessed using closed tests. Among the existing tests today, there are no data on which are the most optimal ones for the sport for which they are applied. Tests of a generic nature are widely used regardless of the sample of players or the sport to which is being referred as they allow to compare the performance among athletes. In spite of this, it is necessary to identify and develop specific tests of physical fitness for each sport. Thus, the main purpose of this review on physical fitness in basketball players was to identify and group the different tests described in the literature up until November 2018. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A literature search was conducted in the different data base to systematically ascertain the most commonly used tests for assessing physical fitness in basketball players. A total of 40 articles were selected, after passing the selection and exclusion criteria. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Finally, they were classified according to the tests assessed in each document. The capacities more frequently studied in literature are jump (N.=21) aerobic capacity (N.=17) and anaerobic capacity (N.=16). On the contrary, the least common evaluated capacities are speed and agility (N.=14). CONCLUSIONS The results and discussion showed that few specific tests are used to assess this quality in athletes. The analyzed bibliography reveals the lack of design and use of specific tests to highlight the qualities involved in the targeted sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mancha-Triguero
- Group for Optimisation of Training and Sport Performance (GOERD), Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain - .,Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain -
| | - Javier García-Rubio
- Group for Optimisation of Training and Sport Performance (GOERD), Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain.,Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Julio Calleja-González
- Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country / UPV-EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Sergio J Ibáñez
- Group for Optimisation of Training and Sport Performance (GOERD), Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain.,Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
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Freitas TT, Calleja-González J, Carlos-Vivas J, Marín-Cascales E, Alcaraz PE. Short-term optimal load training vs a modified complex training in semi-professional basketball players. J Sports Sci 2018; 37:434-442. [PMID: 30064297 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1504618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects on neuromuscular performance of a 6-week Optimal Load Training (OLT) and a novel modified Complex Training (MCT) (complex pairs: the same exercise using a moderate and an OL) in basketball players, in-season. Eighteen male athletes were randomly assigned to one of the protocols. Anthropometric measurements were taken to evaluate body composition. Lower- and upper-body maximum dynamic strength, countermovement jump (CMJ), standing long jump (SLJ), 10-m sprint and change of direction (COD) were also assessed. Moderate-to-large strength gains (presented as percentage change ± 90% confidence limits) were obtained for half-squat (OLT: 10.8 ± 5.3%; MCT: 17.2 ± 11.6%) and hip thrust (OLT: 23.5 ± 17.7%; MCT: 28.2 ± 19.0%). OLT athletes achieved likely small improvements in sprint (1.6 ± 1.6%) and COD (3.0 ± 3.2%). Players in the MCT attained likely moderate improvements in COD (3.0 ± 2.0%) and possibly small in SLJ (2.5 ± 4.6%). No protocol relevantly affected CMJ or body composition. An ANCOVA test revealed unclear between-group differences. In conclusion, both protocols increased basketball players' strength without the use of heavy loads (> 85% 1RM) and without impairing sprint, CMJ and SLJ performance. These findings suggest that basketball strength and conditioning professionals may use either method to counteract strength losses during the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás T Freitas
- a Research Center for High Performance Sport - Catholic University of Murcia , UCAM , Murcia , Spain
| | - Julio Calleja-González
- b Laboratorio de Análisis del Rendimiento Deportivo, Departamento de Educación Física Deportiva - Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences , University of Basque Country
| | - Jorge Carlos-Vivas
- a Research Center for High Performance Sport - Catholic University of Murcia , UCAM , Murcia , Spain
| | - Elena Marín-Cascales
- a Research Center for High Performance Sport - Catholic University of Murcia , UCAM , Murcia , Spain
| | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- a Research Center for High Performance Sport - Catholic University of Murcia , UCAM , Murcia , Spain.,c Faculty of Sport Sciences - Catholic University of Murcia, UCAM , Spain
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