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Santiesteban-Romero B, Martínez-Ruiz M, Sosa-Hernández JE, Parra-Saldívar R, Iqbal HMN. Microalgae Photo-Protectants and Related Bio-Carriers Loaded with Bioactive Entities for Skin Applications—An Insight of Microalgae Biotechnology. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20080487. [PMID: 36005491 PMCID: PMC9409820 DOI: 10.3390/md20080487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are photosynthetic organisms known for producing valuable metabolites under different conditions such as extreme temperatures, high salinity, osmotic pressure, and ultraviolet radiation. In recent years, these metabolites have become a trend due to their versatility in applications such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and others. They have even been proposed as an alternative source of bioactive metabolites to avoid the harmful effects on the environment produced by active compounds such as oxybenzone in commercials sunscreens. One of the most studied applications is the use of microalgae for skin care and topical use as cosmeceuticals. With the increasing demand for more environmentally friendly products in cosmetics, microalgae have been further explored in relation to this application. It has been shown that some microalgae are resistant to UV rays due to certain compounds such as mycosporine-like amino acids, sporopollenin, scytonemin, and others. These compounds have different mechanisms of action to mitigate UV damage induced. Still, they all have been proven to confer UV tolerance to microalgae with an absorbance spectrum like the one in conventional sunscreens. This review focuses on the use of these microalgae compounds obtained by UV stimulation and takes advantage of their natural UV-resistant characteristics to potentially apply them as an alternative for UV protection products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berenice Santiesteban-Romero
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (B.S.-R.); (M.M.-R.); (J.E.S.-H.)
| | - Manuel Martínez-Ruiz
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (B.S.-R.); (M.M.-R.); (J.E.S.-H.)
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Juan Eduardo Sosa-Hernández
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (B.S.-R.); (M.M.-R.); (J.E.S.-H.)
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Roberto Parra-Saldívar
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (B.S.-R.); (M.M.-R.); (J.E.S.-H.)
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
- Correspondence: (R.P.-S.); (H.M.N.I.)
| | - Hafiz M. N. Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (B.S.-R.); (M.M.-R.); (J.E.S.-H.)
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
- Correspondence: (R.P.-S.); (H.M.N.I.)
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Miguel SP, Ribeiro MP, Otero A, Coutinho P. Application of microalgae and microalgal bioactive compounds in skin regeneration. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Zhang Z, Hao G, Liu C, Fu J, Hu D, Rong J, Yang X. Recent progress in the preparation, chemical interactions and applications of biocompatible polysaccharide-protein nanogel carriers. Food Res Int 2021; 147:110564. [PMID: 34399540 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanogel carriers are rapidly emerged as a major delivery strategy in the fields of food, biology and medicine for small particle size, excellent solubility, high loading, and controlled release. Natural polysaccharides and proteins are selected for the preparation of biocompatible, biodegradable, low toxic, and less immunogenic nanogels. Different polysaccharides and proteins form complex nanogels through different interaction forces (e.g., electrostatic interaction and hydrophobic interaction). The present review pursues three aims: 1) to introduce several well-known dietary polysaccharides (chitosan, dextran and alginate) and proteins (whey protein and lysozyme); 2) to discuss the types, preparation methods, chemical interactions and properties of various biocompatible complex carriers; 3) to present the application and prospect of polysaccharide-protein complex in bioactive ingredient delivery, nutrient encapsulation and flavor protection. We expect that the integration with nano-intelligent technology will improve the functional ingredient loading, recognition specificity and controlled release capabilities of polysaccharide-protein nanocomposites to generate new intelligent nanogels in the field of food industry in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Zhang
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing Safety Control, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Preservation, Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization of Western Fruit Resources and College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China; School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Guoying Hao
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing Safety Control, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Preservation, Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization of Western Fruit Resources and College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing Safety Control, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Preservation, Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization of Western Fruit Resources and College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Junqing Fu
- Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Ji'nan, Shandong 250101, China
| | - Dan Hu
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing Safety Control, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Preservation, Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization of Western Fruit Resources and College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Jianhui Rong
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
| | - Xingbin Yang
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing Safety Control, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Preservation, Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization of Western Fruit Resources and College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China.
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Cesco CT, Valente AJM, Paulino AT. Methylene Blue Release from Chitosan/Pectin and Chitosan/DNA Blend Hydrogels. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:842. [PMID: 34200364 PMCID: PMC8228472 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan/DNA blend hydrogel (CDB) and chitosan/pectin blend hydrogel (CPB) were synthesized using an emulsion (oil-in-water) technique for the release of methylene blue (model molecule). Both hydrogels were characterized by swelling assays, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), before and after the methylene blue (MB) loading. Higher swelling degrees were determined for both hydrogels in simulated gastric fluid. FT-IR spectra inferred absorption peak changes and shifts after MB loading. The TGA results confirmed changes in the polymer network degradation. The SEM images indicated low porosities on the hydrogel surfaces, with deformed structure of the CPB. Smoother and more uniform surfaces were noticed on the CDB chain after MB loading. Higher MB adsorption capacities were determined at lower initial hydrogel masses and higher initial dye concentrations. The MB adsorption mechanisms on the hydrogel networks were described by the monolayer and multilayer formation. The MB release from hydrogels was studied in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids, at 25 °C and 37 °C, with each process taking place at roughly 6 h. Higher release rates were determined in simulated gastric fluid at 25 °C. The release kinetics of MB in chitosan/DNA and chitosan/pectin matrices follows a pseudo-second-order kinetic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassiele T. Cesco
- Department of Food and Chemical Engineering, Santa Catarina State University, Pinhalzinho 89870-000, Brazil;
| | | | - Alexandre T. Paulino
- Department of Food and Chemical Engineering, Santa Catarina State University, Pinhalzinho 89870-000, Brazil;
- Postgraduate Program in Applied Chemistry, Santa Catarina State University, Joinville 89219-710, Brazil
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Sato T, Mello D, Vasconcellos L, Valente AJM, Borges A. Chitosan-Based Coacervate Polymers for Propolis Encapsulation: Release and Cytotoxicity Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4561. [PMID: 32604927 PMCID: PMC7352910 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan-DNA (CS-DNA) and Chitosan-Pectin (CS-P) hydrogels were formulated as a sustained drug delivery carrier for drug delivery. For this, hydrogels were prepared by emulsion technique: mixing aqueous phase of the CS and DNA or P solution with benzyl alcohol using a high-performance dispersing instrument. Green Propolis (GP) was incorporated by imbibition: hydrogels were placed in GP aqueous solution (70 µg/mL) for 2 h. The specimens were freeze-dried and then characterized using different techniques. In vitro cell viability and morphology were also performed using the MG63 cell line. The presence of P was evidenced by the occurrence of a strong band at 1745 cm-1, also occurring in the blend. DNA and CS-DNA showed a strong band at 1650 cm-1, slightly shifted from the chitosan band. The sorption of GP induced a significant modification of the gel surface morphology and some phase separation occurs between chitosan and DNA. Drug release kinetics in water and in saliva follow a two-step mechanism. Significant biocompatibility revealed that these hydrogels were non-toxic and provided acceptable support for cell survival. Thus, the hydrogel complexation of chitosan with DNA and with Pectin provides favorable micro-environment for cell growth and is a viable alternative drug delivery system for Green Propolis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabata Sato
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Institute of Science and Technology, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Sao Paulo 12.245-700, Brazil;
| | - Daphne Mello
- Department of Bioscience and Buccal Diagnose, Institute of Science and Technology, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Sao Paulo 12.245-700, Brazil; (D.M.); (L.V.)
| | - Luana Vasconcellos
- Department of Bioscience and Buccal Diagnose, Institute of Science and Technology, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Sao Paulo 12.245-700, Brazil; (D.M.); (L.V.)
| | - Artur J. M. Valente
- Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, CQC, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Borges
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Institute of Science and Technology, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Sao Paulo 12.245-700, Brazil;
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