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Bravo Cardenas R, Ngac P, Watson C, Valentin-Blasini L. Determination of Free Solanesol Levels in Cigarette Filters by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2022; 46:549-558. [PMID: 33860788 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkab041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Solanesol, a naturally occurring constituent of tobacco, has been utilized as a good marker for environmental tobacco smoke particulate and as a noninvasive predictor of mainstream cigarette smoke tar and nicotine intake under naturalistic smoking conditions. A fast and accurate method for measuring free solanesol to assess tobacco smoke exposure is highly desirable. We have developed and validated a new environmentally friendly, high-throughput method for measuring solanesol content in discarded cigarette filter butts. The solanesol deposited in the used filters can be correlated with mainstream smoke deliveries of nicotine and total particle matter to estimate constituent delivery to smokers. A portion of filter material is removed from cigarette butts after machine smoking, spiked with internal standard solution, extracted and quantitatively analyzed using reverse-phase liquid chromatography coupled to a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer. The new method incorporates a 48-well plate format for automated sample preparation that reduces sample preparation time and solvent use and increases sample throughput 10-fold compared to our previous method. Accuracy and precision were evaluated by spiking known amounts of solanesol on both clean and smoked cigarette butts. Recoveries exceeded 93% at both low and high spiking levels. Linear solanesol calibration curves ranged from 1.9 to 367 µg/butt with a 0.05 µg/butt limit of detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Bravo Cardenas
- Tobacco Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, N.E, Mailstop F-19, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Phuong Ngac
- Tobacco Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, N.E, Mailstop F-19, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Clifford Watson
- Tobacco Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, N.E, Mailstop F-19, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Liza Valentin-Blasini
- Tobacco Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, N.E, Mailstop F-19, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
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Afolalu EF, Spies E, Bacso A, Clerc E, Abetz-Webb L, Gallot S, Chrea C. Impact of tobacco and/or nicotine products on health and functioning: a scoping review and findings from the preparatory phase of the development of a new self-report measure. Harm Reduct J 2021; 18:79. [PMID: 34330294 PMCID: PMC8325199 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-021-00526-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measuring self-reported experience of health and functioning is important for understanding the changes in the health status of individuals switching from cigarettes to less harmful tobacco and/or nicotine products (TNP) or reduced-risk products (RRP) and for supporting tobacco harm reduction strategies. METHODS This paper presents insights from three research activities from the preparatory phase of the development of a new self-report health and functioning measure. A scoping literature review was conducted to identify the positive and negative impact of TNP use on health and functioning. Focus groups (n = 29) on risk perception and individual interviews (n = 40) on perceived dependence in people who use TNPs were reanalyzed in the context of health and functioning, and expert opinion was gathered from five key opinion leaders and five technical consultants. RESULTS Triangulating the findings of the review of 97 articles, qualitative input from people who use TNPs, and expert feedback helped generate a preliminary conceptual framework including health and functioning and conceptually-related domains impacted by TNP use. Domains related to the future health and functioning measurement model include physical health signs and symptoms, general physical appearance, functioning (physical, sexual, cognitive, emotional, and social), and general health perceptions. CONCLUSIONS This preliminary conceptual framework can inform future research on development and validation of new measures for assessment of overall health and functioning impact of TNPs from the consumers' perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther F Afolalu
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Product S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Erica Spies
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Product S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Agnes Bacso
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Product S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Emilie Clerc
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Product S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Linda Abetz-Webb
- Patient-Centered Outcomes Assessments Ltd., 1 Springbank, Bollington, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 5LQ, UK
| | - Sophie Gallot
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Product S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Chrea
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Product S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Shafi RMA, Nakonezny PA, Miller KA, Desai J, Almorsy AG, Ligezka AN, Morath BA, Romanowicz M, Croarkin PE. Altered markers of stress in depressed adolescents after acute social media use. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 136:149-156. [PMID: 33592386 PMCID: PMC8009842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Social media use (SMU) is an inherent element in the daily life and neurodevelopment of adolescents, but broad concerns exist regarding the untoward effects of social media on adolescents. We conducted a prospective, cross-sectional study that sought to examine the acute effects of SMU on clinical measures and biomarkers of stress in healthy and depressed adolescents. After at least 24 h of abstinence from social media, depressed adolescents (n = 30) and healthy control adolescents (n = 30) underwent baseline clinical assessment of their prior SMU, depressive symptom severity, self-esteem, and exposure to bullying. Participants provided salivary samples that were analyzed for α-amylase and cortisol levels. After 20 min of unsupervised SMU, saliva analyses and clinical assessments were repeated. After 20 min of SMU, salivary cortisol and α-amylase levels were significantly higher in adolescents with depression but not in healthy control adolescents. Furthermore, small but statistically significant changes in depressive symptom severity occurred in all participants. These changes in depressive symptoms were not clinically meaningful. SMU did not significantly change self-esteem measures among participants. Adolescents with depression appeared to have more physiological reactivity after SMU compared with healthy adolescents. Further research should characterize SMU as a clinical dimension and risk factor among adolescents with depression and other psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem M A Shafi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Cairns and Hinterland Hospital and Health Service, QLD, Australia.
| | - Paul A Nakonezny
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Keith A Miller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jinal Desai
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ammar G Almorsy
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Anna N Ligezka
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Brooke A Morath
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Paul E Croarkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Rajalu BM, Jayarajan D, Muliyala KP, Sharma P, Gandhi S, Chand PK, Thirthalli J, Murthy P. Non-pharmacological interventions for smoking in persons with schizophrenia spectrum disorders - A systematic review. Asian J Psychiatr 2021; 56:102530. [PMID: 33465747 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The rates and intensity of tobacco use are higher in persons with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (PwS) compared to the general population, contributing to increased morbidity and mortality. We aimed to systematically review randomised control trials (RCTs) that used non-pharmacological interventions to reduce or cease tobacco use in PwS. METHODS We searched PubMed, EBSCO, ProQuest and PsycINFO for RCTs, published between January 2004 and December 2019, which included adult PwS. Studies providing self-reported or biochemically measured reduction of tobacco use and cessation after a minimum follow-up period of 6 months were included. We used the Cochrane Risk of Bias (ROB) tool for assessing the quality of selected studies. RESULTS Of the six included trials, two compared non-pharmacological interventions alone while four compared combinations with pharmacological interventions with routine care. The non-pharmacological interventions varied widely. Continuous abstinence and seven days point-prevalence abstinence (7 PPA) were reported in 2 and 4 studies respectively, with one study assessing both. All six trials measured reduction in the number of cigarettes smoked, but only two trials reported significant reductions in intervention groups. No worsening of psychiatric symptoms was reported. CONCLUSIONS Two trials were rated as "low risk", and 4 trials as "some concerns" on the ROB tool. Heterogeneity among trials precluded meta-analysis. Abstinence was significantly higher among groups who were given combination interventions, and intervention groups in studies showed significantly greater or a trend towards reduction in the number of cigarettes smoked than controls. No specific method of non-pharmacological management was conclusively favoured. IMPLICATIONS Reduction in cigarettes smoked seemed to significantly favour or show non-significant trends favouring intervention groups over controls, while abstinence was significantly higher among groups in studies that used specific combination interventions. Combinations of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment were better than non-pharmacological interventions used in isolation, for facilitating abstinence and reduction in cigarettes smoked. Specific interventions such as home visits and contingent reinforcement merit further study. Trials included in this study were conducted in high-income and upper-middle-income countries. Thus, the application of these interventions to low and middle-income countries (LAMICs) needs to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banu Manickam Rajalu
- Psychiatric Rehabilitation Services, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560029, India.
| | - Deepak Jayarajan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560029, India.
| | - Krishna Prasad Muliyala
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560029, India.
| | - Priyamvada Sharma
- Centre for Addiction Medicine, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurotoxicology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560029, India.
| | - Sailaxmi Gandhi
- Department of Nursing, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560029, India.
| | - Prabhat Kumar Chand
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560029, India.
| | - Jagadisha Thirthalli
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560029, India.
| | - Pratima Murthy
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560029, India.
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Müller TE, Fontana BD, Bertoncello KT, Franscescon F, Mezzomo NJ, Canzian J, Stefanello FV, Parker MO, Gerlai R, Rosemberg DB. Understanding the neurobiological effects of drug abuse: Lessons from zebrafish models. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 100:109873. [PMID: 31981718 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Drug abuse and brain disorders related to drug comsumption are public health problems with harmful individual and social consequences. The identification of therapeutic targets and precise pharmacological treatments to these neuropsychiatric conditions associated with drug abuse are urgently needed. Understanding the link between neurobiological mechanisms and behavior is a key aspect of elucidating drug abuse-related targets. Due to various molecular, biochemical, pharmacological, and physiological features, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been considered a suitable vertebrate for modeling complex processes involved in drug abuse responses. In this review, we discuss how the zebrafish has been successfully used for modeling neurobehavioral phenotypes related to drug abuse and review the effects of opioids, cannabinoids, alcohol, nicotine, and psychedelic drugs on the central nervous system (CNS). Moreover, we summarize recent advances in zebrafish-based studies and outline potential advantages and limitations of the existing zebrafish models to explore the neurochemical bases of drug abuse and addiction. Finally, we discuss how the use of zebrafish models may present fruitful approaches to provide valuable clinically translatable data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talise E Müller
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Barbara D Fontana
- Brain and Behaviour Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Old St Michael's Building, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Kanandra T Bertoncello
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Francini Franscescon
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Nathana J Mezzomo
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Julia Canzian
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Flavia V Stefanello
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Matthew O Parker
- Brain and Behaviour Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Old St Michael's Building, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Robert Gerlai
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Mississauga, Canada; Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Denis B Rosemberg
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA.
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Lally J, Spaducci G, Gardner-Sood P, Atakan Z, Greenwood K, Di Forti M, Ismail K, Murphy KC, Smith S, McNeill A, Murray RM, Gaughran F. Tobacco smoking and nicotine dependence in first episode and established psychosis. Asian J Psychiatr 2019; 43:125-131. [PMID: 31132542 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM People with psychotic disorders have increased premature mortality in comparison with the general population, with high rates of cigarette use a contributing factor. We aimed to describe the prevalence of cigarette use and nicotine dependence (ND) in first episode psychosis (FEP), and established psychosis; and to investigate associations between clinical symptoms and ND. METHODOLOGY Smoking and clinical data were collected from two cohorts: 181 people with FEP recruited as part of the Physical Health and Substance Use Measures in First Onset Psychosis (PUMP) study and from 432 people with established psychosis recruited as part of the Improving physical health and reducing substance use in psychosis randomised controlled trial (IMPaCT RCT). RESULTS The prevalence of cigarette smoking was 78% in FEP and 62% in established psychosis. Forty nine percent (n = 60) of smokers in the FEP cohort and 69% (n = 183) of smokers with established psychosis were highly nicotine dependent. Being a highly nicotine dependent smoker was significantly associated with higher PANSS positive symptom scores (F = 5.480 p = 0.004), and with decreased scores on the Rosenberg self-esteem scale (F = 3.261, p = 0.039) in established psychosis. There was no diagnostic specificity identified in relation to smoking or ND in both groups. CONCLUSION High rates of cigarette usage and nicotine dependence are problems from the early stages of psychosis. ND is higher in people with established psychosis. Smoking cessation strategies as part of comprehensive management of psychotic disorders at every stage require further development and evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Lally
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, Denmark Hill, London, UK; Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; St Vincent's Hospital Fairview, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Gilda Spaducci
- Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, Denmark Hill, London, UK.
| | | | - Zerrin Atakan
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, Denmark Hill, London, UK
| | - Kathryn Greenwood
- Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.
| | - Marta Di Forti
- MRC Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, UK.
| | - Khalida Ismail
- Psychological Medicine Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, Denmark Hill, London, UK.
| | - Kieran C Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Shubulade Smith
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, Denmark Hill, London, UK; Forensic Intensive Care Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | - Ann McNeill
- Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, Denmark Hill, London, UK.
| | - Robin M Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, Denmark Hill, London, UK; Department of Psychiatry, Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience (BIONEC), University of Palermo, Italy.
| | - Fiona Gaughran
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, Denmark Hill, London, UK; National Psychosis Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Reader, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, UK.
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The role of substance use, smoking, and inflammation in risk for suicidal behavior. J Affect Disord 2019; 243:33-41. [PMID: 30223137 PMCID: PMC6241516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol and substance use disorders are important predictors for suicidal behavior. However, the role of individual substances as proximal risk factors for suicidal behavior and the mechanisms through which substance use affect risk are not entirely clear. We examine whether the frequency of substance use and whether biological markers in the HPA axis and inflammatory pathways are associated with clinical risk factors of suicidal behavior of aggression, impulsivity, hopelessness, and poor sleep. METHODS The sample consisted of psychiatric inpatients, aged 15-30 years, admitted for suicide attempt (n = 38), suicidal ideation (n = 40); and healthy controls (n = 37). We measured hair cortisol concentrations, glucocorticoid receptor (GR) sensitivity, stimulated production of interleukin- or IL-6, C-reactive protein, and mRNA expression of GR, SKA2, FKBP5, TNF-α, and IL-1β. RESULTS Smoking was associated with increased aggression [β = 2.9, 95% CI (-0.03, 6), p = 0.05], impulsivity [β = 3.1, 95% CI (1.6, 4.6), p < 0.001], and poor sleep [β = 0.5, 95% CI (0.03, 0.95), p = 0.04] even after controlling for demographics and group. Similarly, TNF-α mRNA was associated with impulsivity [β = 0.07, 95% CI (0.01, 0.1), p = 0.02] and hopelessness [β = 0.03, 95% CI (0.004, 0.05), p = 0.03]. Smoking tobacco (r = 0.32, p < 0.001) was positively associated with TNF-α mRNA. LIMITATIONS Study limitations include the cross-sectional design, retrospective assessment, and relatively small sample size. CONCLUSIONS Future longitudinal studies are needed to test whether inflammatory markers mediate the relationships between smoking, clinical risk factors, and suicidal behavior; and to examine whether smoking cessation could reduce the risk for suicidal behavior in at-risk patients.
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Neves CDC, Lacerda ACR, Lima LP, Lage VKS, Balthazar CH, Leite HR, Mendonça VA. Different levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and cortisol in healthy heavy smokers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 50:e6424. [PMID: 29069228 PMCID: PMC5649870 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20176424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies suggest that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis modulate dopaminergic activity in response to nicotine and that the concentrations of BDNF and cortisol seem to be dependent on the amount and duration of smoking. Therefore, we investigated BDNF and cortisol levels in smokers ranked by daily cigarette consumption. Twenty-seven adult males (13 non-smokers and 14 smokers) participated in the study. The smokers were divided in two groups: light (n=7) and heavy smokers (n=7). Anthropometric parameters and age were paired between the groups, and plasma BDNF and salivary cortisol levels were measured. Saliva samples were collected on awakening, 30 min after awakening, at 10:00 and 12:00 am, 5:00 and 10:00 pm. Additionally, cotinine serum levels were measured in smokers. Heavy smokers had higher mean values of BDNF compared to the control group (P=0.01), whereas no difference was observed in light smokers. Moreover, heavy smokers presented lower cortisol levels in the last collection (10:00 pm) than the control group (P=0.02) and presented statically higher values of cotinine than the light smokers (P=0.002). In conclusion, changes in BDNF and cortisol levels (10:00 pm) appear to be dependent on heavy cigarette smoking and can be involved in activation and in the relationship between the mesolimbic system and the HPA axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D C Neves
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brasil.,Laboratório de Inflamação e Metabolismo, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
| | - A C R Lacerda
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
| | - L P Lima
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Metabolismo, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
| | - V K S Lage
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brasil.,Laboratório de Inflamação e Metabolismo, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
| | - C H Balthazar
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brasil.,Laboratório de Inflamação e Metabolismo, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
| | - H R Leite
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brasil.,Laboratório de Inflamação e Metabolismo, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
| | - V A Mendonça
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brasil.,Laboratório de Inflamação e Metabolismo, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
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