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Liu X, Gu X, Zhang J, Li X, Wei X, Jiang S, Li W. Resveratrol delays the progression of diabetic nephropathy through multiple pathways: A dose-response meta-analysis based on animal models. J Diabetes 2024; 16:e13608. [PMID: 39264004 PMCID: PMC11391385 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.13608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accumulating experimental evidence has shown that resveratrol supplementation is effective for treating diabetic nephropathy (DN) in animal models. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we assessed the effects and multiple mechanisms of resveratrol in animal models of DN. METHODS Before September 2023, preclinical literature was systematically searched and screened across PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library. Forty-two studies were included, and the risk of bias tool from SYRCLE was used to assess the methodological quality. Pooled overall effect sizes of the results were generated by STATA 16.0. RESULTS The overall results provide preliminary evidence that the consumption of resveratrol can significantly reduce the mesangial index, glomerular basement membrane thickness, glomerular hypertrophy, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, 24-h urinary protein, blood glucose, kidney index, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. In contrast, the levels of albumin and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol are significantly increased. However, resveratrol did not significantly reduce creatinine clearance or glycated hemoglobin levels. Dose-response analysis revealed that resveratrol was most effective at improving kidney function and reducing DN when administered at lower doses of ≤15 mg/kg/day or higher doses of 100-200 mg/kg/day, with significant improvements in biochemical kidney injury markers and a better effect on dysglycemia. CONCLUSIONS The benefits of resveratrol in DN are likely due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, metabolic regulatory, and autophagy-promoting effects. To confirm these findings for clinical use, further large-scale, long-term, high-quality preclinical trials are warranted to accurately assess the anti-DN effects and safety of resveratrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Liu
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Gu
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiao Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital (Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences), Beijing, China
| | - Xiangmeng Li
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiansen Wei
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shimin Jiang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wenge Li
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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2
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Abou-Elghait AT, Al Adly RM, Radwan E, Meligy FY. Metformin modulates autophagic pathway in renal fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride in adult male albino rats. Ultrastruct Pathol 2024; 48:153-171. [PMID: 38654519 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2024.2342444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global public health problem. All progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Exposure to high concentrations of carbon tetrachloride (including vapor) can destroy the kidneys. Autophagy played an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of organs. Impaired autophagy was frequently associated with renal damage and fibrosis. Recent data suggests that metformin protects against a variety of kidney disorders. AIM To investigate the protective role of metformin on carbon tetrachloride induced renal damage via autophagy pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty adult male albino rats were divided into four equal groups (10 rats, each); Group 1: control group. Group 2: olive oil group received olive oil 1.5 mg/kg twice weekly S.C for 12 weeks. Group 3: The ccl4 group, the rats were received ccl4 1.5 mg/kg twice weekly S.C for 12 weeks. Group 4: CCL4 and Metformin group received concomitant treatment of CCL4, 1.5 mg/kg twice weekly S.C and 100 mg/kg/day Metformin orally for 12 weeks. After sacrifice, kidneys were taken from all animal groups and processed for light and electron microscopy, immunological studies and biochemical tests. Statistical analysis was done. RESULTS Administration of ccl4 resulted in histopathological changes in the kidney tissue in the form of areas of tissue destruction, inflammatory cell infiltration, congestion and fibrosis. Ultrastructurally, irregular thickening of GBM was observed. Improvement was noticed with concomitant treatment of ccl4 with metformin. CONCLUSION Metformin administration can modulate histological and biochemical effects in the renal tissue induced by of ccl4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal T Abou-Elghait
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Sphinx university, Assiut, Egypt
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Rania M Al Adly
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Eman Radwan
- Department of Biochemistry, Sphinx University, Assiut, Egypt
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Fatma Y Meligy
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit University, Assiut, Egypt
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan
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Cui Q, Song X, Zhou L, Dong J, Wei Y, Liu Z, Wu X. Fabrication of resveratrol-loaded soy protein isolate-glycyrrhizin nanocomplex for improving bioavailability via pH-responsive hydrogel properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128950. [PMID: 38143068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrol (RES) is a functional polyphenol that suffers from low water solubility and poor bioavailability. A novel RES-loaded soy protein isolate-dipotassium glycyrrhizinate (SPI-DG) nanocomplex (RES@SPI-DG) was designed and evaluated in this study. RES@SPI-DG was prepared using a simple but novel self-assembly ultrasonic-assisted pH-driven method. The interactions between RES and SPI-DG were non-covalent bonds, including hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals interactions. RES@SPI-DG exhibited high encapsulation efficiency (97.60 ± 0.38 %) and loading capacity (8.74 ± 0.03 %) of RES with a uniform small size (68.39 ± 1.10 nm). RES in RES@SPI-DG was in an amorphous state and demonstrated a 24-h apparent solubility 482.53-fold higher than bare RES. RES@SPI-DG also showed strong in vitro antioxidant properties. The pH-responsive hydrogel character of SPI-DG makes it an effective intestine-targeted delivery system that could retard the release of RES in a simulated stomach and accelerate it in a simulated intestine. In animal experiments, the bioavailability of RES@SPI-DG was 5.17 times higher than that of bare RES, and the biodistribution was also significantly improved. RES@SPI-DG demonstrated a strong hepatoprotective effect against overdose acetaminophen-induced liver injury. The SPI-DG complex might be a promising nano-platform for enhancing the bioavailability and efficacy of hydrophobic polyphenols such as RES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchen Cui
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; Affiliated Qingdao Third People's Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Xiaoying Song
- Qingdao Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), Qingdao, China
| | - Liping Zhou
- Qingdao Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), Qingdao, China
| | - Junjie Dong
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanjun Wei
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; Viwit Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Zaozhuang, Shandong, China
| | - Zongtao Liu
- Affiliated Qingdao Third People's Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | - Xianggen Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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Elsafty M, Abdeen A, Aboubakr M. Allicin and Omega-3 fatty acids attenuates acetaminophen mediated renal toxicity and modulates oxidative stress, and cell apoptosis in rats. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:317-328. [PMID: 37436496 PMCID: PMC10771367 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02609-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP), a widely used medication known for its pain-relieving and fever-reducing effects, can cause kidney failure if taken in excess. To investigate the potential protective effects of allicin (ALC) and/or omega-3 fatty acids (O3FA) against acetaminophen-induced kidney damage, a study was conducted using 49 rats divided into seven groups. The control group was given saline, while the other groups received ALC, O3FA, APAP, ALC + APAP, O3FA + APAP, or ALC + O3FA + APAP. After administering APAP, the rats showed decreased levels of total protein and albumin in their blood, along with increased levels of creatinine and urea. The concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH), as well as the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), decreased, while the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the renal tissues increased. The activation of caspase-3 and HSP70 also suggested an impact on kidney histopathology. Overall, the study found that ALC and/or O3FA may have a protective impact against acetaminophen-induced kidney damage through their anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant defense systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moamen Elsafty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh, 13736, Qaliobiya, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdeen
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh, 13736, Qaliobiya, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Aboubakr
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh, 13736, Qaliobiya, Egypt.
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5
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Rashid H, Jali A, Akhter MS, Abdi SAH. Molecular Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress in Acute Kidney Injury: Targeting the Loci by Resveratrol. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:3. [PMID: 38203174 PMCID: PMC10779152 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species are a group of cellular molecules that stand as double-edged swords, their good and bad being discriminated by a precise balance. Several metabolic reactions in the biological system generate these molecules that interact with cellular atoms to regulate functions ranging from cell homeostasis to cell death. A prooxidative state of the cell concomitant with decreased clearance of such molecules leads to oxidative stress, which contributes as a prime pathophysiological mechanism in various diseases including renal disorders, such as acute kidney injury. However, targeting the generation of oxidative stress in renal disorders by an antioxidant, resveratrol, is gaining considerable therapeutic importance and is known to improve the condition in preclinical studies. This review aims to discuss molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress in acute kidney injury and its amelioration by resveratrol. The major sources of data were PubMed and Google Scholar, with studies from the last five years primarily included, with significant earlier data also considered. Mitochondrial dysfunction, various enzymatic reactions, and protein misfolding are the major sources of reactive oxygen species in acute kidney injury, and interrupting these loci of generation or intersection with other cellular components by resveratrol can mitigate the severity of the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jizan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmajeed Jali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jizan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Suhail Akhter
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jizan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sayed Aliul Hasan Abdi
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Clinical Pharmacy, Al Baha University, Al Baha 65711, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Metformin Suppresses Thioacetamide-Induced Chronic Kidney Disease in Association with the Upregulation of AMPK and Downregulation of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation as Well as Dyslipidemia and Hypertension. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062756. [PMID: 36985728 PMCID: PMC10056045 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxic chemicals such as carbon tetrachloride and thioacetamide (TAA) are reported to induce hepato-nephrotoxicity. The potential protective outcome of the antidiabetic and pleiotropic drug metformin against TAA-induced chronic kidney disease in association with the modulation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), oxidative stress, inflammation, dyslipidemia, and systemic hypertension has not been investigated before. Therefore, 200 mg/kg TAA was injected (via the intraperitoneal route) in a model group of rats twice a week starting at week 3 for 8 weeks. The control rats were injected with the vehicle for the same period. The metformin-treated group received 200 mg/kg metformin daily for 10 weeks, beginning week 1, and received TAA injections with dosage and timing similar to those of the model group. All rats were culled at week 10. It was observed that TAA induced substantial renal injury, as demonstrated by significant kidney tissue damage and fibrosis, as well as augmented blood and kidney tissue levels of urea, creatinine, inflammation, oxidative stress, dyslipidemia, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1), and hypertension. TAA nephrotoxicity substantially inhibited the renal expression of phosphorylated AMPK. All these markers were significantly protected by metformin administration. In addition, a link between kidney fibrosis and these parameters was observed. Thus, metformin provides profound protection against TAA-induced kidney damage and fibrosis associated with the augmentation of the tissue protective enzyme AMPK and inhibition of oxidative stress, inflammation, the profibrogenic gene TIMP-1, dyslipidemia, and hypertension for a period of 10 weeks in rats.
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Alim Al-Bari MA, Menon MB, Eid N. Editorial: Emerging mechanistic insights of selective and Nonselective Autophagy in liver and gut diseases and their treatment strategies in the era of COVID-19. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1206291. [PMID: 37180700 PMCID: PMC10174447 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1206291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Abdul Alim Al-Bari
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Manoj B. Menon
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Nabil Eid
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Human Biology, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Nabil Eid,
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8
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Osman W, Mostafa-He G, Osman A, Rashed L, Labib D. Effect of Arabic Gum (Acacia senegal) on Paracetamol-Induced Chronic Nephrotoxicity in Albino Rats. INT J PHARMACOL 2022. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2022.1593.1604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Chen YQ, Chen HY, Tang QQ, Li YF, Liu XS, Lu FH, Gu YY. Protective effect of quercetin on kidney diseases: From chemistry to herbal medicines. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:968226. [PMID: 36120321 PMCID: PMC9478191 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.968226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney injuries may trigger renal fibrosis and lead to chronic kidney disease (CKD), but effective therapeutic strategies are still limited. Quercetin is a natural flavonoid widely distributed in herbal medicines. A large number of studies have demonstrated that quercetin may protect kidneys by alleviating renal toxicity, apoptosis, fibrosis and inflammation in a variety of kidney diseases. Therefore, quercetin could be one of the promising drugs in the treatment of renal disorders. In the present study, we review the latest progress and highlight the beneficial role of quercetin in kidney diseases and its underlying mechanisms. The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of quercetin and its proportion in herbal medicine will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qin Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao-Yin Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qin-Qi Tang
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu-Sheng Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fu-Hua Lu
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Fu-Hua Lu, ; Yue-Yu Gu,
| | - Yue-Yu Gu
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Fu-Hua Lu, ; Yue-Yu Gu,
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Metformin Protects against Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: An Association between Desmin-Sarcomere Injury and the iNOS/mTOR/TIMP-1 Fibrosis Axis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10050984. [PMID: 35625721 PMCID: PMC9139128 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10050984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The intermediate filament protein desmin is essential for maintaining the structural integrity of sarcomeres, the fundamental unit of cardiac muscle. Diabetes mellitus (DM) can cause desmin to become dysregulated, following episodes of nitrosative stress, through the activation of the iNOS/mTOR/TIMP-1 pathway, thereby stimulating collagen deposition in the myocardium. In this study, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was induced in rats. One group of animals was pre-treated with metformin (200 mg/kg) prior to diabetes induction and subsequently kept on metformin until sacrifice at week 12. Cardiac injuries developed in the diabetic rats as demonstrated by a significant (p < 0.0001) inhibition of desmin immunostaining, profound sarcomere ultrastructural alterations, substantial damage to the left ventricular tissue, collagen deposition, and abnormal ECG recordings. DM also significantly induced the cardiac expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and the profibrogenic biomarker tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1). The expression of all these markers was significantly inhibited by metformin. In addition, a significant (p < 0.0001) correlation between desmin tissue levels/sarcomere damage and glycated hemoglobin, heart rate, iNOS, mTOR, and fibrosis was observed. These findings demonstrate an association between damage of the cardiac contractile unit—desmin and sarcomere—and the iNOS/mTOR/TIMP-1/collagen axis of fibrosis in T2DM-induced cardiomyopathy, with metformin exhibiting beneficial cardiovascular pleiotropic effects.
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Guerreiro Í, Ferreira-Pêgo C, Carregosa D, Santos CN, Menezes R, Fernandes AS, Costa JG. Polyphenols and Their Metabolites in Renal Diseases: An Overview. Foods 2022; 11:foods11071060. [PMID: 35407148 PMCID: PMC8997953 DOI: 10.3390/foods11071060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney diseases constitute a worldwide public health problem, contributing to morbidity and mortality. The present study aimed to provide an overview of the published data regarding the potential beneficial effects of polyphenols on major kidney diseases, namely acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy, renal cancer, and drug-induced nephrotoxicity. This study consists of a bibliographical review including in vitro and in vivo studies dealing with the effects of individual compounds. An analysis of the polyphenol metabolome in human urine was also conducted to estimate those compounds that are most likely to be responsible for the kidney protective effects of polyphenols. The biological effects of polyphenols can be highly attributed to the modulation of specific signaling cascades including those involved in oxidative stress responses, anti-inflammation processes, and apoptosis. There is increasing evidence that polyphenols afford great potential in renal disease protection. However, this evidence (especially when in vitro studies are involved) should be considered with caution before its clinical translation, particularly due to the unfavorable pharmacokinetics and extensive metabolization that polyphenols undergo in the human body. Future research should consider polyphenols and their metabolites that indeed reach kidney tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Íris Guerreiro
- CBIOS—Universidade Lusófona’s Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; (Í.G.); (C.F.-P.); (R.M.); (A.S.F.)
| | - Cíntia Ferreira-Pêgo
- CBIOS—Universidade Lusófona’s Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; (Í.G.); (C.F.-P.); (R.M.); (A.S.F.)
| | - Diogo Carregosa
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (D.C.); (C.N.S.)
| | - Cláudia N. Santos
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (D.C.); (C.N.S.)
| | - Regina Menezes
- CBIOS—Universidade Lusófona’s Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; (Í.G.); (C.F.-P.); (R.M.); (A.S.F.)
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (D.C.); (C.N.S.)
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana S. Fernandes
- CBIOS—Universidade Lusófona’s Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; (Í.G.); (C.F.-P.); (R.M.); (A.S.F.)
| | - João G. Costa
- CBIOS—Universidade Lusófona’s Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; (Í.G.); (C.F.-P.); (R.M.); (A.S.F.)
- Correspondence:
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12
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Yan M, Jin S, Liu Y, Wang L, Wang Z, Xia T, Chang Q. Cajaninstilbene Acid Ameliorates Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury Through Enhancing Sestrin2/AMPK-Mediated Mitochondrial Quality Control. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:824138. [PMID: 35350766 PMCID: PMC8957965 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.824138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury (AILI) is the main cause of acute liver failure in the developed countries. The present study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of cajaninstilbene acid (CSA), a major stilbene compound derived from the leaves of pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.], against AILI. CSA (50, 75 mg/kg, p. o.) was administered to male C57BL/6 N mice 0.5 h after a toxic dose of APAP (300 mg/kg, i. p.). The direct effect of CSA on hepatocytes was tested on primary mouse hepatocytes. Serum transaminases, hematoxylin and eosin staining, TUNEL and propidium iodide staining were used to assess hepatic damage and cell death. The results demonstrated that APAP-induced liver injury was ameliorated by CSA, as evidenced by decreased alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels in the serum, and fewer necrotic and apoptotic hepatocytes in vitro and in vivo. Consequently, the inflammation in response to APAP overdose was inhibited by CSA. Without affecting APAP metabolic activation, CSA interrupted the sustained JNK-Sab-ROS activation loop and alleviated oxidative stress. Additionally, CSA promoted mitochondrial quality control, including mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy, as revealed by increased PGC-1α, TFAM, LC3-Ⅱ, PINK1 and mitochondrial Parkin expression and decreased p62 expression. Further mechanistic investigations showed that independent of CAMKK2, LKB1-mediated AMPK activation, which was promoted by Sestrin2, might be responsible for the protective effect of CSA. Our study demonstrates that CSA alleviates APAP-induced oxidative stress and enhanced mitochondrial quality control through Sestrin2/AMPK activation, thereby protecting against AILI,.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Yan
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Suwei Jin
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yongguang Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lisha Wang
- Department of Neuroscience Care and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhi Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tianji Xia
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Chang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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13
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Does Oxidative Stress Management Help Alleviation of COVID-19 Symptoms in Patients Experiencing Diabetes? Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14020321. [PMID: 35057501 PMCID: PMC8780958 DOI: 10.3390/nu14020321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2 virus causes novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with other comorbidities such as diabetes. Diabetes is the most common cause of diabetic nephropathy, which is attributed to hyperglycemia. COVID-19 produces severe complications in people with diabetes mellitus. This article explains how SARS-CoV-2 causes more significant kidney damage in diabetic patients. Importantly, COVID-19 and diabetes share inflammatory pathways of disease progression. SARS-CoV-2 binding with ACE-2 causes depletion of ACE-2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) from blood vessels, and subsequently, angiotensin-II interacts with angiotensin receptor-1 from vascular membranes that produce NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogen phosphate) oxidase, oxidative stress, and constriction of blood vessels. Since diabetes and COVID-19 can create oxidative stress, we hypothesize that COVID-19 with comorbidities such as diabetes can synergistically increase oxidative stress leading to end-stage renal failure and death. Antioxidants may therefore prevent renal damage-induced death by inhibiting oxidative damage and thus can help protect people from COVID-19 related comorbidities. A few clinical trials indicated how effective the antioxidant therapy is against improving COVID-19 symptoms, based on a limited number of patients who experienced COVID-19. In this review, we tried to understand how effective antioxidants (such as vitamin D and flavonoids) can act as food supplements or therapeutics against COVID-19 with diabetes as comorbidity based on recently available clinical, preclinical, or in silico studies.
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Natural products: potential treatments for cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:1951-1969. [PMID: 33750909 PMCID: PMC8633358 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00620-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is a clinically advanced and highly effective anticancer drug used in the treatment of a wide variety of malignancies, such as head and neck, lung, testis, ovary, breast cancer, etc. However, it has only a limited use in clinical practice due to its severe adverse effects, particularly nephrotoxicity; 20%–35% of patients develop acute kidney injury (AKI) after cisplatin administration. The nephrotoxic effect of cisplatin is cumulative and dose dependent and often necessitates dose reduction or withdrawal. Recurrent episodes of AKI result in impaired renal tubular function and acute renal failure, chronic kidney disease, uremia, and hypertensive nephropathy. The pathophysiology of cisplatin-induced AKI involves proximal tubular injury, apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and vascular injury in the kidneys. At present, there are no effective drugs or methods for cisplatin-induced kidney injury. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies show that numerous natural products (flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, polysaccharide, phenylpropanoids, etc.) have specific antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties that regulate the pathways associated with cisplatin-induced kidney damage. In this review we describe the molecular mechanisms of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and summarize recent findings in the field of natural products that undermine these mechanisms to protect against cisplatin-induced kidney damage and provide potential strategies for AKI treatment.
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Effect of Quercetin on Injury to Indomethacin-Treated Human Embryonic Kidney 293 Cells. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11111134. [PMID: 34833010 PMCID: PMC8623736 DOI: 10.3390/life11111134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used to treat inflammation and pain and even to prevent the progression of cardiovascular disease. They have become widely used because of their effectiveness, especially among athletes performing high-intensity training. Indomethacin is used for pain management in sports medicine and is highly effective and versatile. However, several clinical studies have reported that indomethacin induces acute renal damage. In the present study, we determined that indomethacin reduced human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner by triggering apoptosis. In addition, we demonstrated the effect of quercetin on indomethacin-treated HEK293 cells by inactivating the caspase-3 and caspase-9 signals. Furthermore, quercetin reduced ROS production and increased mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) in indomethacin-treated HEK293 cells. Our results indicate that quercetin can interrupt the activated caspase and mitochondrial pathway induced by indomethacin in HEK293 cells and affect apoptotic mRNA expression. Quercetin can protect against indomethacin-induced HEK293 cell apoptosis by regulating abnormal ΔΨm and apoptotic mRNA expression.
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Elsawy H, Alzahrani AM, Alfwuaires M, Abdel-Moneim AM, Khalil M. Nephroprotective effect of naringin in methotrexate induced renal toxicity in male rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112180. [PMID: 34536756 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The current work aims to study the nephroprotective potential of naringin (NG), a flavanone derived from citrus fruits, in methotrexate (MTX)-induced renal toxicity. Thirty male rats were divided into five groups; control group (IP saline), MTX group (IP single dose, 20 mg/kg), and three groups co-treated with MTX and naringin (IP daily dose; 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg, respectively). Kidney tissues were used to investigate renal function, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and caspase-3 activity. Biochemical cytokine analysis was performed in addition to ultrastructural examinations of kidney tissue. When compared to the MTX-treated rats, MTX+NG significantly reduced the levels of urea, creatinine, MDA, NO, TNFα, IL-6, and caspase-3 activity. A significant increase in the levels of the antioxidant enzymes and GSH were also noted. Additionally, naringin ameliorated the apparent ultrastructural changes observed in the glomeruli and renal tubules of MTX-intoxicated rats. Noticeable structural improvements of glomerular lesions, proximal, and distal convoluted tubular epithelium were observed in MTX+NG treated animals, including podocytes with regular foot processes, perfectly organized filtration barrier, no signs of GBM thickening, organized brush border, and normal architecture of microvilli. Naringin (80 mg/kg) had the maximum amelioration effect. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the ultrastructural manifestations of naringin and/or MTX on the kidney of rats. Taken all, naringin has a potent therapeutic effect and can be used in adjuvant therapy to prevent MTX-induced nephrotoxicity. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism underlying the nephroprotective capacity of naringin needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany Elsawy
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
| | - Abdullah M Alzahrani
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, 31982 Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Manal Alfwuaires
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, 31982 Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ashraf M Abdel-Moneim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, 31982 Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud Khalil
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Lebanon.
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ShamsEldeen AM, Al-Ani B, Ebrahim HA, Rashed L, Badr AM, Attia A, Farag AM, Kamar SS, Haidara MA, Al Humayed S, Ali Eshra M. Resveratrol suppresses cholestasis-induced liver injury and fibrosis in rats associated with the inhibition of TGFβ1-Smad3-miR21 axis and profibrogenic and hepatic injury biomarkers. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 48:1402-1411. [PMID: 34157155 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cholestasis caused by slowing or blockage of bile flow is a serious liver disease that can lead to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. The link between transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1), Smad family member 3 (Smad3), and microRNA 21 (miR21) in bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced liver fibrosis in the presence and absence of the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compound, resveratrol (RSV), has not been previously studied. Therefore, we tested whether RSV can protect against BDL-induced liver fibrosis associated with the inhibition of the TGFβ1-Smad3-miR21 axis and profibrogenic and hepatic injury biomarkers. The model group of rats had their bile duct ligated (BDL) for 3 weeks before being killed, whereas, the BDL-treated rats were separated into three groups that received 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg RSV daily until the end of the experiment. Using light microscopy and ultrasound examinations, we documented in the BDL group, the development of hepatic injury and fibrosis as demonstrated by hepatocytes necrosis, bile duct hyperplasia, collagen deposition, enlarged liver with increased echogenicity, irregular nodular border and dilated common bile duct, which were more effectively inhibited by the highest used RSV dosage. In addition, RSV significantly (p ≤ 0.0027) inhibited BDL-induced hepatic TGFβ1, Smad3, miR21, the profibrogenic biomarker tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1), malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin-17a (IL-17a), and blood levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and bilirubin. These findings show that RSV at 30 mg/kg substantially protects against BDL-induced liver injuries, which is associated with the inhibition of TGFβ1-Smad3-miR21 axis, and biomarkers of profibrogenesis, oxidative stress, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa M ShamsEldeen
- Departments of Physiology, Kasr Al-Aini Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Bahjat Al-Ani
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hasnaa A Ebrahim
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laila Rashed
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kasr Al-Aini Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amul M Badr
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kasr Al-Aini Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abeer Attia
- Public Health, Kasr Al-Aini Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ayman M Farag
- Radiology Department, Military Medical Academy, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samaa S Kamar
- Histology and Cell Biology, Kasr Al-Aini Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Haidara
- Departments of Physiology, Kasr Al-Aini Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Suliman Al Humayed
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Ali Eshra
- Departments of Physiology, Kasr Al-Aini Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Akgun E, Boyacioglu M, Kum S. The potential protective role of folic acid against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in rats. Exp Anim 2021; 70:54-62. [PMID: 32963203 PMCID: PMC7887621 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.20-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Folic acid (FA), is a group B vitamin, has high reactive oxygen radicals quenching ability, resulting in protection against oxidative damage in aerobic cell. Acetaminophen (N-acetyl-p-aminophenol, APAP) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, and can promote oxidative damage in liver and kidney tissues. The aim of this study was to investigate whether folic acid has protective effects on oxidative liver and kidney injury caused by experimental APAP toxication. Forty female Sprague dawley rats were divided into 5 groups; control, APAP, FA, APAP+FA, and APAP+N-acetylcysteine (NAC) groups. APAP toxication was induced by oral gavage (3 g/kg bodyweight). FA (20 mg/kg bodyweight) and NAC (150 mg/kg bodyweight) were given by oral gavage to the specified groups. Oxidant and antioxidant parameter were determined in liver and kidney tissues. In addition, the liver and kidney tissues were histological evaluated. When compared with APAP group, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities and glutathione levels were statistically higher, malondialdehyde (MDA) level and myeloperoxidase activity (except liver tissue) were statistically lower in both APAP+FA and APAP+NAC. Liver and kidney MDA level and kidney SOD activity were significantly lower in APAP+NAC group compared with APAP+FA group. Co-administration of NAC with APAP was found to provide protection, but hepatic cords were defective in some places and some glomerular tubules also had dilatation. Necrotic areas was reduced in the liver and the glomerular structure was in good condition in the APAP+FA group. As a result, FA might have a protective effect against APAP-induced hepato-nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress in rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emrah Akgun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Isikli, 09016, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Murat Boyacioglu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Isikli, 09016, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Sadiye Kum
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Isikli, 09016, Aydin, Turkey
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Al-Ani B, Alzamil NM, Hewett PW, Al-Hashem F, Bin-Jaliah I, Shatoor AS, Kamar SS, Latif NSA, Haidara MA, Dawood AF. Metformin ameliorates ROS-p53-collagen axis of fibrosis and dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus-induced left ventricular injury. Arch Physiol Biochem 2021; 129:734-740. [PMID: 33439743 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1869265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The link between oxidative stress (ROS), apoptosis (p53) and fibrosis (collagen) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)-induced cardiac injury in the presence and absence of the antidiabetic drug, metformin has not been investigated before. MATERIAL AND METHODS T2DM was induced in rats by a combination of high carbohydrate and fat diets (HCFD) and streptozotocin (50 mg/kg) injection. The protection group started metformin (200 mg/kg) treatment 14 days prior to the induction of diabetes and continued on metformin and HCFD until being sacrificed at week 12. RESULTS Diabetes significantly induced blood levels of ROS and left ventricular p53 and collagen expression that was inhibited by metformin. Metformin also significantly reduced glycated haemoglobin and dyslipidemia induced by diabetes. In addition, a significant correlation between ROS-p53-collagen axis and glycaemia and hyperlipidaemia was observed. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that metformin provides substantial protection against diabetic cardiomyopathy-induced ROS-p53 mediated fibrosis and dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahjat Al-Ani
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Norah M Alzamil
- Department of Clinical Science, Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Peter W Hewett
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medicine and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Fahaid Al-Hashem
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ismaeel Bin-Jaliah
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S Shatoor
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samaa S Kamar
- Departments of Medical Histology, Kasr al-Aini Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Noha S Abdel Latif
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Kasr al-Aini Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Haidara
- Department of Physiology, Kasr al-Aini Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amal F Dawood
- Department of Physiology, Kasr al-Aini Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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