Nitrosamines Extraction from Frankfurter Sausages by using Superheated Water

Analysis and health risk assessment of nitrosamines in meat products collected from markets, Iran: with the approach of chemometric

The aim of study was evaluate of the concentration and health risk of nitrosamines in 150 meat products samples by using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS), with the chemometric approach. Among the identified nitrosamines, the levels of N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR), N-nitrosopiperidine (NPIP), and total nitrosamines in meat sausages samples were significantly higher than chicken sausages (p < 0.05). Principal component analysis and heat map visualization confirmed meat percentage and sausages type (meat or chicken) which had significant effects on nitrosamines content. The NPIP and NPYR intake was 1.17E-07 and 2.12E-07 mg/kg bw/day, respectively. The Monte Carlo simulation results indicated that the 95th percentile from NPIP and NPYR based on ILCR index were 9.07E-07 and 4.72E-07, respectively. In conclusion, the carcinogenic risk of nitrosamines was considerably lower than the safe risk limit (CR > 1E-4) recommended by United States Environmental Protection Agency for Iranian population.

Progress in the pretreatment and analysis of N-nitrosamines: an update since 2010

As highly toxic substances, N-nitrosamines (NAs) have been proved to cause carcinogenesis and mutagenesis in humans. Therefore, to carefully monitor safety and preserve human health, the development of rapid, accurate, and high-sensitivity determination methods of NAs is of substantial importance. This review provides a current-status comprehensive summary of the pretreatment and determination methods of NAs in various samples since 2010. Common pretreatment methods that have been used to extract and purify targets include solid-phase extraction, liquid-liquid extraction and various microextraction methods, such as solid-phase microextraction and liquid-phase microextraction, among others. Determination methods include liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography and electrochemical methods, among others. In addition, we discuss and compare the advantages and disadvantages of various pretreatment and analytical methods and examine the prospects in this area.

Application of chromatographic techniques in the analysis of total nitrosamines in water

The use of ozone, chloramine and chlorine dioxide for water treatment results in the formation N-nitrosamines in the treated water. These groups of chemicals and other nitrogen-containing compounds have been described as disinfection by-products (DBPs) which are known for their toxicity. Nitrosamines are a potential source of nitric oxide (NO) which can bind with metals present in the sample matrix leading to formation of metal - nitrosyl complexes and dissolved metals have the potential to increase the total nitrosamines in water. This phenomenon has not received the desired attention and determination of metal-nitrosyl complexes lack standard analytical technique. Chromatography linked to various detectors is the commonest of the techniques for nitrosamine analysis but it is beset with reduced sensitivity as a result of inappropriate choice of the column. Incidentally, chromatographic techniques have not been really adapted for the analysis of metal-nitrosyl complexes. Therefore, there is need for the survey of existing techniques vis-à-vis metal-nitrosamine analysis and to suggest possible areas for method optimization.

Effect of catechin liposomes on the nitrosamines and quality of traditional Chinese bacon

Liposomes are capable of increasing the nitrosamine inhibition of catechins in traditional Chinese bacon after long-term storage.

Optimizing Mass Spectrometry Analyses: A Tailored Review on the Utility of Design of Experiments

Mass spectrometry (MS) has emerged as a tool that can analyze nearly all classes of molecules, with its scope rapidly expanding in the areas of post-translational modifications, MS instrumentation, and many others. Yet integration of novel analyte preparatory and purification methods with existing or novel mass spectrometers can introduce new challenges for MS sensitivity. The mechanisms that govern detection by MS are particularly complex and interdependent, including ionization efficiency, ion suppression, and transmission. Performance of both off-line and MS methods can be optimized separately or, when appropriate, simultaneously through statistical designs, broadly referred to as "design of experiments" (DOE). The following review provides a tutorial-like guide into the selection of DOE for MS experiments, the practices for modeling and optimization of response variables, and the available software tools that support DOE implementation in any laboratory. This review comes 3 years after the latest DOE review (Hibbert DB, 2012), which provided a comprehensive overview on the types of designs available and their statistical construction. Since that time, new classes of DOE, such as the definitive screening design, have emerged and new calls have been made for mass spectrometrists to adopt the practice. Rather than exhaustively cover all possible designs, we have highlighted the three most practical DOE classes available to mass spectrometrists. This review further differentiates itself by providing expert recommendations for experimental setup and defining DOE entirely in the context of three case-studies that highlight the utility of different designs to achieve different goals. A step-by-step tutorial is also provided.

Effective and reusable monolith capillary trap of nitrosamine extraction by superheated water from frankfurter sausage

A novel, simple, rapid, and inexpensive method of extraction and cleanup of nitrosamines from frankfurter sausage was achieved with a capillary filled with monolith of either polystyrene-co-divinylbenzene (PS-DVB), Polydivinylbenzene (P-DVB), or silica that had been fabricated. The study of capability in trapping nonpolar matrix and monolith capillaries with varied lengths revealed that a silica monolith gave the best result for nitrosamine determination. With an online coupling between superheated water extraction (SWE) and silica monolith capillary connected to a 5% phenyl-methylpolysiloxane column, factors affecting the extraction and determination, namely, sensitivity with and without the monolith, reusability, injection-injection repeatability, capillary-capillary precision, and chromatographic separation, were investigated. This confirmed the feasibility of the method. The optimal length of silica monolith capillary was 30 mm, offering reuse more than 20 times. Separation and quantification of selected volatile nitrosamines were carried out using gas chromatography (GC) coupled with either a flame ionization detector (FID) or mass spectrometer (MS). The overall extraction and determination method determined by GC-MS allowed for a recovery of 75-88% with a <5% relative standard deviation (RSD) and detection limit of 2-5 ng of injected nitrosamine.