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Wang Y, Liu K. Therapeutic potential of oleanolic acid in liver diseases. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:4537-4554. [PMID: 38294504 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-02959-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Liver-associated diseases affect millions of individuals worldwide. In developed countries, the incidence of viral hepatitis is reducing due to advancements in disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. However, with improvements in living standards, the prevalence of metabolic liver diseases, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and alcohol-related liver disease, is expected to increase; notably, this rise in the prevalence of metabolic liver disease can lead to the development of more severe liver diseases, including liver failure, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. The growing demand for natural alternative therapies for chronic diseases has highlighted the importance of studying the pharmacology of bioactive compounds in plants. One such compound is oleanolic acid (OA), a pentacyclic triterpenoid known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, antibacterial, antiviral, antihypertensive, anti-obesity, anticancer, anti-diabetic, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, and anti-neurodegenerative properties. Recent studies have demonstrated that OA treatment can reduce the risk of pathological liver damage, ultimately alleviating liver dysregulation and restoring overall liver function. This review aims to explore the latest research on the biological effects of OA and its derivatives. Notably, it explores the mechanisms of action of these compounds in both in vitro and in vivo research models and, ultimately, highlights OA as a promising candidate for alternative therapies in the treatment and management of chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery II, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery II, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
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Cao YX, Ji P, Wu FL, Dong JQ, Li CC, Ma T, Yang HC, Wei YM, Hua YL. Lonicerae Japonicae Caulis: a review of its research progress of active metabolites and pharmacological effects. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1277283. [PMID: 37954842 PMCID: PMC10635453 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1277283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Lonicerae Japonicae Caulis is the aboveground stem part of the Lonicera Japonica Thunb, which belongs to the medicine food homology species in China. It has the effects of clearing away heat, toxic material, dredging wind and unblocking collaterals. Modern research shows that it contains various active metabolites and a wide range of pharmacological effects, which is of great research and clinical application value. It mainly contains organic acids, volatile oils, flavonoids, triterpenes, triterpene saponins and other active metabolites. Its pharmacological effects mainly include anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antitumor, antioxidant, and repairing bone and soft tissue. Based on the literature reports in recent years, the active metabolites, pharmacological effects and mechanisms of Lonicerae Japonicae Caulis were sorted out and summarized. It lays a foundation for explaining the efficacy material basis and application value of Lonicerae Japonicae Caulis. It aims to provide a reference for the in-depth research, development and utilization of Lonicerae Japonicae Caulis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peng Ji
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yan-Ming Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Ding Y, Wang P, Li C, Zhang Y, Yang C, Zhou X, Wang X, Su Z, Ming W, Zeng L, Shi Y, Li CJ, Kang X. Sodium Butyrate Induces Mitophagy and Apoptosis of Bovine Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cells through the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13474. [PMID: 37686278 PMCID: PMC10487490 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium butyrate (NaB) is one of the short-chain fatty acids and is notably produced in large amounts from dietary fiber in the gut. Recent evidence suggests that NaB induces cell proliferation and apoptosis. Skeletal muscle is rich in plenty of mitochondrial. However, it is unclear how NaB acts on host muscle cells and whether it is involved in mitochondria-related functions in myocytes. The present study aimed to investigate the role of NaB treatment on the proliferation, apoptosis, and mitophagy of bovine skeletal muscle satellite cells (BSCs). The results showed that NaB inhibited proliferation, promoted apoptosis of BSCs, and promoted mitophagy in a time- and dose-dependent manner in BSCs. In addition, 1 mM NaB increased the mitochondrial ROS level, decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), increased the number of autophagic vesicles in mitochondria, and increased the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and ATP level. The effects of the mTOR pathway on BSCs were investigated. The results showed that 1 mM NaB inhibited the mRNA and protein expression of mTOR and genes AKT1, FOXO1, and EIF4EBP1 in the mTOR signaling pathway. In contrast, the addition of PP242, an inhibitor of the mTOR signaling pathway also inhibited mRNA and protein expression levels of mTOR, AKT1, FOXO1, and EIF4EBP1 and promoted mitophagy and apoptosis, which were consistent with the effect of NaB treatment. NaB might promote mitophagy and apoptosis in BSCs by inhibiting the mTOR signaling pathway. Our results would expand the knowledge of sodium butyrate on bovine skeletal muscle cell state and mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Ding
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (Y.D.); (P.W.); (C.Y.)
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (Y.D.); (P.W.); (C.Y.)
| | - Chenglong Li
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (Y.D.); (P.W.); (C.Y.)
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (Y.D.); (P.W.); (C.Y.)
| | - Chaoyun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (Y.D.); (P.W.); (C.Y.)
| | - Xiaonan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (Y.D.); (P.W.); (C.Y.)
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (Y.D.); (P.W.); (C.Y.)
| | - Zonghua Su
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (Y.D.); (P.W.); (C.Y.)
| | - Wenxuan Ming
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (Y.D.); (P.W.); (C.Y.)
| | - Ling Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (Y.D.); (P.W.); (C.Y.)
| | - Yuangang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (Y.D.); (P.W.); (C.Y.)
| | - Cong-Jun Li
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Xiaolong Kang
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (Y.D.); (P.W.); (C.Y.)
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Tan S, Liu Q, Yang J, Cai J, Yu M, Ji Y. Macranthoidin B (MB) Promotes Oxidative Stress-Induced Inhibiting of Hepa1-6 Cell Proliferation via Selenoprotein. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:368-376. [PMID: 35080709 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03120-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the role of selenoproteins in Macranthoidin B (MB) with regard to the inhibition of hepa1-6 cell proliferation. The CCK8 method was used to detect the inhibition rate in hepa1-6 cell of proliferation. The production of ROS, MDA, GSH levels, and GSH-Px and SOD activities was detected according to corresponding reagent kits. We determined the mRNA expressions of 25 selenoproteins in hepa1-6 cells via real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR); moreover, the heat map and principal component analysis were used for further bioinformatics analysis. The results revealed that with an increasing concentration of MB, the inhibitory effect on hepa1-6 cell proliferation intensified. Compared with the control group, the treatment group showed significantly increased ROS levels, elevated MDA contents, and decreased GSH level, GSH-Px activity, and SOD activity. Increasing MB concentration treatment induced remarkable degradation of Txnrd1, Txnrd2, Txnrd3, Gpx1, Gpx2, Gpx3, Gpx6, Dio1, Dio2, Selt, Selp, Selh, Selk, Selw, Seln, and Dio3. Principal component analysis revealed that Txnrd 3, Selk, Selo, Selw, Selt, Dio2, Txnrd1, Dio3, Gpx6, and Dio1 were highly correlated with MB. In conclusion, MB dose dependently inhibited hepa1-6 cell proliferation and induced oxidative stress. Based on bioinformatics analysis, with MB treatment, Txnrd 3, Selk, Selo, Selw, Selt, Dio2, Txnrd1, Dio3, Gpx6, and Dio1 exhibited critical role in the inhibition of hepa1-6 cells proliferation. The functions of these selenoproteins were associated with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siran Tan
- Engineering Research Center for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingzeng Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Yu
- Engineering Research Center for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yubin Ji
- Engineering Research Center for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, People's Republic of China.
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Yang YH, Dai SY, Deng FH, Peng LH, Li C, Pei YH. Recent advances in medicinal chemistry of oleanolic acid derivatives. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 203:113397. [PMID: 36029846 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Oleanolic acid (OA), a ubiquitous pentacyclic oleanane-type triterpene isolated from edible and medicinal plants, exhibits a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities and tremendous therapeutic potential. However, the undesirable pharmacokinetic properties limit its application and development. Numerous researches on structural modifications of OA have been carried out to overcome this limitation and improve its pharmacokinetic and therapeutic properties. This review aims to compile and summarize the recent progresses in the medicinal chemistry of OA derivatives, especially on structure-activity relationship in the last few years (2010-2021). It gives insights into the rational design of bioactive derivatives from OA scaffold as promising therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hui Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, PR China
| | - Si-Yang Dai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, PR China
| | - Fu-Hua Deng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, PR China
| | - Li-Huan Peng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, PR China
| | - Chang Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, PR China.
| | - Yue-Hu Pei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, PR China.
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Liu Y, Wang Y, Yao D, Chen X, Zhang F, Feng Y, Li X. Diane-35 and Metformin Induce Autophagy and Apoptosis in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Women with Early-Stage Endometrial Carcinoma. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13010131. [PMID: 35052471 PMCID: PMC8775133 DOI: 10.3390/genes13010131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are at increased risk ofendometrial carcinoma (EC). Previous studies indicated that the combined therapy of Diane-35 and metformin significantly suppresses disease progression in PCOS patients with early EC; however, the mechanisms remain unclear. Methods: An established murine model of PCOS with early EC, clinical specimens, and human EC cells was used in this study. The levels of protein and mRNA were measured with Western blotting and RT-PCR, respectively. Cell proliferation was determined with MTT, colony formation, and flow cytometry. Proteins were analyzed with immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. Results: Diane-35 and metformin significantly inhibited proliferative activity and promoted apoptosis in EC cells. Additionally, cell autophagy was induced by the combined therapy. Quantitive PCR revealed that Diane-35 and metformin decreased androgen receptor (AR) expression but elevated GLUT4 expression. AR was found to repress GLUT4 expression by binding to the promoter of GLUT4. Moreover, the combined treatment mediated the onset of cellular autophagy by regulating the mTORC pathway via the suppression of IGF-1 and inhibited the development of EC by the activation of the PI3K/mTORC pathway. Conclusion: The results and previous clinical evidence support the use of Diane-35 and metformin combination therapy for patients with PCOS and early EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China;
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China; (Y.W.); (X.C.); (F.Z.)
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China; (Y.W.); (X.C.); (F.Z.)
| | - Dan Yao
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiangshan Hospital of TCM Medical and Health Group, Ningbo 315700, China;
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China; (Y.W.); (X.C.); (F.Z.)
| | - Feifei Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China; (Y.W.); (X.C.); (F.Z.)
| | - Yi Feng
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan Institutes of Integrative, Shanghai 200011, China
- Correspondence: (Y.F.); (X.L.)
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China;
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China; (Y.W.); (X.C.); (F.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Y.F.); (X.L.)
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WANG GY, ZHANG L, GENG YD, WANG B, FENG XJ, CHEN ZL, WEI W, JIANG L. β-Elemene induces apoptosis and autophagy in colorectal cancer cells through regulating the ROS/AMPK/mTOR pathway. Chin J Nat Med 2022; 20:9-21. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(21)60118-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Tang ZY, Li Y, Tang YT, Ma XD, Tang ZY. Anticancer activity of oleanolic acid and its derivatives: Recent advances in evidence, target profiling and mechanisms of action. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 145:112397. [PMID: 34798468 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oleanolic acid (OA, 3 β - hydroxyoleanolic acid-12-en-28-oic acid) is a pentacyclic triterpenoid present in many plants. As a new framework for development of semi synthetic triterpenoids, OA is of great significance in the discovery of anticancer drugs. Some of these derivatives, such as CDDO (2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1, 9 (11)-dien-28-oic acid) have been verified in clinical trials, while other derivatives studied previously, such as SZC014, SZC015 and SZC017 (OA derivatives respectively), are also candidate drugs for cancer treatment. This paper reviews the preclinical studies, literature evidence, target analysis and anticancer mechanism of OA and its derivatives. The mechanism of action of its derivatives mainly includes anti-cancer cell proliferation, inducing tumor cell apoptosis, inducing autophagy, regulating cell cycle regulatory proteins, inhibiting vascular endothelial growth, anti angiogenesis, inhibiting tumor cell migration and invasion. In recent years, the molecular mechanism of OA and its derivatives has been elucidated. These effects seem to be mediated by the alterations in a variety of signaling pathways induced by OA and its derivatives. In conclusion, OA and its derivatives are considered as important candidate drugs for the treatment of cancer, indicating that OA and its derivatives have the potential to be used as anticancer drugs in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Yuan Tang
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Jilin University, 1500 Qinghua Road, Changchun 130021, Jilin, PR China
| | - Yang Li
- Pharmacology Department, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, PR China
| | - Yu-Ting Tang
- Pharmacology Department, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, PR China
| | - Xiao-Dong Ma
- Pharmacology Department, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, PR China
| | - Ze-Yao Tang
- Pharmacology Department, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, PR China.
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Tokgun O, Tokgun PE, Turel S, Inal B, Inci K, Tan S, Can Alvur O. Bryonia multiflora Extract Induces Autophagy via Regulating Long Non-coding RNAs in Breast Cancer Cells. Nutr Cancer 2021; 73:1792-1803. [PMID: 34024207 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2021.1922717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Bryonia multiflora, one of the species of Bryonia L. (Cucurbitaceae) genus, is a perennial, dioecious, herbaceous plant with rhizome-shaped roots. Bryonia species have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antioxidant, etc., activities and their components consume antitumoral effects. Purpose of the study to investigate the effect of Bryonia Multiflora extract (BMST) on breast cancer cells. Our results revealed that MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells underwent significant morphological changes leading to cell rounding. No significant changes were observed in the cell viability by MTT. Acridine orange staining of our cells gave rise to think that BMST might lead our cells to autophagy. Therefore, possible molecular mechanisms underlying morphological changes such as autophagy (LC-3B, Beclin, AMBRA1) and apoptosis (Bcl-2) were evaluated on mRNA and protein levels. BMST treated MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells had increased levels of autophagy markers whereas decreased levels of Bcl-2. p21 levels were also found to be increased in both cells. Analysis of lncRNA expressions has shown that BMST treatment led to changes in the expression levels of several lncRNAs playing roles in autophagy. The current study has shown that BMST induces autophagy in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells via regulating the lncRNAs revealing that BMST could be a promising therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Tokgun
- Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey.,Department of Cancer Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Pervin Elvan Tokgun
- Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Samet Turel
- Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Behcet Inal
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey
| | - Kubilay Inci
- Department of Cancer Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Secil Tan
- Department of Cancer Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Ozge Can Alvur
- Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, Turkey
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Zhao H, Zhang X, Wang M, Lin Y, Zhou S. Stigmasterol Simultaneously Induces Apoptosis and Protective Autophagy by Inhibiting Akt/mTOR Pathway in Gastric Cancer Cells. Front Oncol 2021; 11:629008. [PMID: 33708631 PMCID: PMC7940753 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.629008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Stigmasterol (SS) has been proven to possess potential anticancer activities in several cancer cell lines, but its molecular mechanism is still unknown. Thus, we investigated whether SS has the capabilities of inducing autophagy and its molecular mechanisms in gastric cancer cells. Methods We used CCK8 assay, clone formation assay, and EdU proliferation assay to assess the effects of SS on cell proliferation in SGC-7901 and MGC-803 cells in vitro, and its inhibition on the tumor growth of gastric cancer was observed in vivo. Apoptosis induced by SS was demonstrated using Hoechst and TUNEL staining, annexin V-FITC/PI assay. Immunofluorescence staining is used to detect the formation of autophagosomes triggered by SS. Apoptosis and autophagy related proteins were analyzed by western blot. Results The results indicated that SS treatment inhibited cell proliferation in SGC-7901 and MGC-803 cells. Furthermore, SS treatment induced apoptosis and autophagy by blocking Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. The pretreatment with the Akt inhibitor MK-2206 could promote apoptosis and autophagy induced by SS, predicting that Akt/mTOR pathway is involved in SS-induced apoptosis and autophagy. In addition, blockade of autophagy with 3-MA (an inhibitor of autophagy) enhanced SS-induced apoptosis in SGC-7901 and MGC-803 cells, implying that autophagy mediated by SS plays a cytoprotective role against apoptosis. Finally, an in vivo study demonstrated that tumor growth of gastric cancer was suppressed by SS in a xenograft model. Conclusion Our findings illustrate for the first time that SS simultaneously induces apoptosis and protective autophagy by inhibiting Akt/mTOR pathway in gastric cancer cells, and SS may become a potential anticancer drug in treating gastric cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huange Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of the Ministry of Education & Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Schools of Basic Medicine and Life Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of the Ministry of Education & Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yingying Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of the Ministry of Education & Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Songlin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of the Ministry of Education & Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
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11
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Chen Y, Luo X, Zou Z, Liang Y. The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Tumor Treatment and its Impact on Bone Marrow Hematopoiesis. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 21:477-498. [PMID: 31736443 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666191021110208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), an important molecule inducing oxidative stress in organisms, play a key role in tumorigenesis, tumor progression and recurrence. Recent findings on ROS have shown that ROS can be used to treat cancer as they accelerate the death of tumor cells. At present, pro-oxidant drugs that are intended to increase ROS levels of the tumor cells have been widely used in the clinic. However, ROS are a double-edged sword in the treatment of tumors. High levels of ROS induce not only the death of tumor cells but also oxidative damage to normal cells, especially bone marrow hemopoietic cells, which leads to bone marrow suppression and (or) other side effects, weak efficacy of tumor treatment and even threatening patients' life. How to enhance the killing effect of ROS on tumor cells while avoiding oxidative damage to the normal cells has become an urgent issue. This study is a review of the latest progress in the role of ROS-mediated programmed death in tumor treatment and prevention and treatment of oxidative damage in bone marrow induced by ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Chen
- Taizhou University Hosipital, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College of Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xingjing Luo
- Taizhou University Hosipital, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College of Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenyou Zou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, Guangxi, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Taizhou University Hosipital, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College of Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, China
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12
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Han B, He C. Targeting autophagy using saponins as a therapeutic and preventive strategy against human diseases. Pharmacol Res 2021; 166:105428. [PMID: 33540047 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a ubiquitous mechanism for maintaining cellular homeostasis through the degradation of long-lived proteins, insoluble protein aggregates, and superfluous or damaged organelles. Dysfunctional autophagy is observed in a variety of human diseases. With advanced research into the role that autophagy plays in physiological and pathological conditions, targeting autophagy is becoming a novel tactic for disease management. Saponins are naturally occurring glycosides containing triterpenoids or steroidal sapogenins as aglycones, and some saponins are reported to modulate autophagy. Research suggests that saponins may have therapeutic and preventive efficacy against many autophagy-related diseases. Therefore, this review comprehensively summarizes and discusses the reported saponins that exhibit autophagy regulating activities. In addition, the relevant signaling pathways that the mechanisms involved in regulating autophagy and the targeted diseases were also discussed. By regulating autophagy and related pathways, saponins exhibit bioactivities against cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, atherosclerosis and other cardiac diseases, kidney diseases, liver diseases, acute pancreatitis, and osteoporosis. This review provides an overview of the autophagy-regulating activity of saponins, the underlying mechanisms and potential applications for managing various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, 999078, China
| | - Chengwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, 999078, China.
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Triterpenoid Saponin AG8 from Ardisia gigantifolia stapf. Induces Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells Apoptosis through Oxidative Stress Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:7963212. [PMID: 33123316 PMCID: PMC7584968 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7963212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are associated with poor patient survival because of the absence of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expressions. Our previous studies have shown that the triterpenoid saponin AG8 from Ardisia gigantifolia stapf. inhibits the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells. In this study, the effects of AG8 were further analyzed in different TNBC cell types: MDA-MB-231, BT-549, and MDA-MB-157 cells. AG8 inhibited the viability of MDA-MB-231, BT-549, and MDA-MB-157 cells in a dose-dependent manner and showed stronger cytotoxicity to African American (AA) and mesenchymal (M) subtypes than Caucasian (CA) and mesenchymal stem-like (MSL) subtypes, respectively. AG8 impaired the uptake of MitoTracker Red CMXRos by the mitochondria of TNBC cells in a dose-dependent manner, and this was recovered by N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC). AG8 affected GSH, SOD, and MDA levels of TNBC cells, but different TNBC subtypes had different sensitivities to AG8 and NAC. In addition, we found that AG8 increased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and the levels of cytoplasmic cytochrome c and significantly decreased phosphorylation of ERK and AKT in BT549 and MDA-MB-157 cells. AG8 elicited its anticancer effects through ROS generation, ERK and AKT activation, and by triggering mitochondrial apoptotic pathways in TNBC cells. AG8 had selective cytotoxic effects against the AA and M TNBC subtypes and markedly induced MDA-MB-157 (AA subtype) cell apoptosis through pathways that were not associated with ROS, which was different from the other two subtypes. The underlying mechanisms should be further investigated.
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Zhang J, Li X, Huang L. Anticancer activities of phytoconstituents and their liposomal targeting strategies against tumor cells and the microenvironment. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 154-155:245-273. [PMID: 32473991 PMCID: PMC7704676 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Various bioactive ingredients have been extracted from Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) that affect tumor progression and metastasis. To further understand the mechanisms of CHMs in cancer therapy, this article summarizes the effects of five categories of CHMs and their active ingredients on tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment. Despite their treatment potential, the undesirable physicochemical properties (poor permeability, instability, high hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity, toxicity) and unwanted pharmacokinetic profiles (short half-life in blood and low bioavailability) restrict clinical studies of CHMs. Therefore, development of liposomes through relevant surface modifying techniques to achieve targeted CHM delivery for cancer cells, i.e., extracellular and intracellular targets and targets in tumor microenvironment or vasculature, have been reviewed. Current challenges of liposomal targeting of these phytoconstituents and future perspective of CHM applications are discussed to provide an informative reference for interested readers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi, China
| | - Leaf Huang
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
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15
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Li Y, Li W, Fu C, Song Y, Fu Q. Lonicerae japonicae flos and Lonicerae flos: a systematic review of ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2020; 19:1-61. [PMID: 32206048 PMCID: PMC7088551 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-019-09655-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Lonicerae japonicae flos (called Jinyinhua, JYH in Chinese), flowers or flower buds of Lonicera japonica Thunberg, is an extremely used traditional edible-medicinal herb. Pharmacological studies have already proved JYH ideal clinical therapeutic effects on inflammation and infectious diseases and prominent effects on multiple targets in vitro and in vivo, such as pro-inflammatory protein inducible nitric oxide synthase, toll-like receptor 4, interleukin-1 receptor. JYH and Lonicerae flos [called Shanyinhua, SYH in Chinese, flowers or flower buds of Lonicera hypoglauca Miquel, Lonicera confusa De Candolle or Lonicera macrantha (D.Don) Spreng] which belongs to the same family of JYH were once recorded as same herb in multiple versions of Chinese Pharmacopoeia (ChP). However, they were listed as two different herbs in 2005 Edition ChP, leading to endless controversy since they have close proximity on plant species, appearances and functions, together with traditional applications. In the past decades, there has no literature regarding to systematical comparison on the similarity concerning research achievements of the two herbs. This review comprehensively presents similarities and differences between JYH and SYH retrospectively, particularly proposing them the marked differences in botanies, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities which can be used as evidence of separate list of JYH and SYH. Furthermore, deficiencies on present studies have also been discussed so as to further research could use for reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuke Li
- Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen Li
- Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chaomei Fu
- Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Song
- Teaching Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Fu
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106 People’s Republic of China
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16
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Mu LH, Yan H, Wang YN, Yu TF, Liu P. Triterpenoid Saponins from Ardisia gigantifolia and Mechanism on Inhibiting Proliferation of MDA-MB-231 Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 42:194-200. [PMID: 30464092 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Seventeen 13,28-epoxy triterpenoid saponins obtained from Ardisia gigantifolia STAPF. were evaluated their anti-proliferative activities on MCF-7 cells. The structure-activity relationship analysis indicated that CH3 group at C-30, four saccharide units with L-rhamnose at R6 in the sugar units are crucial for the cytotoxic activity on MCF-7. Compounds 1, 2, 6, 7, 12, and 14 were selected to identify the anti-proliferative activity on the other three breast cancer cell lines (T47D, MDA-MB-231 and SK-BR-3). Compounds 2, 6, and 7 with good activity on MCF-7 also showed activity on T47D, MDA-MB-231, and SK-BR-3. Compounds 12 and 14 without cytotoxic activity on MCF-7 almost showed no activities on the other three cell lines. For the triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231, Saponins 7 and 14 showed selective cytotoxic activity, 7 showed much more activity than 14, suggesting the six saccharide units in sugar units and CH3 on C-30 were the key moieties for the anti-proliferative activities. Further molecular mechanism of saponin 7 was studied on inhibiting cell proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells. Saponin 7 could enhance apoptosis, arrest cell cycles, decrease mitochondrial membrane potentials (MMPs), and considered the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may explain this conundrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hua Mu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Chinese PLA General Hospital
| | - Hong Yan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chinese PLA General Hospital
| | - Yu-Ning Wang
- Clinical Surgery Division, Chinese PLA General Hospital
| | - Teng-Fei Yu
- Department of Ultrasound, Chinese PLA General Hospital
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Chinese PLA General Hospital
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17
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Mei YD, Zhang N, Zhang WY, Tang JS, Zhou H, Yu Y, Yao XS. Two new ursane-type nortriterpenes from Lonicera macranthoides and their iNOS-inhibitory activities. Chin J Nat Med 2019; 17:27-32. [PMID: 30704620 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(19)30006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The flower buds of Lonicera macranthoides (Shan Yin-Hua), represent an important traditional Chinese medicine and food ingredient. A phytochemical investigation of the 70% EtOH extract of the flower buds of L. macranthoides resulted in the isolation of 12 triterpenoids (1-12), including two new ursane-type nortriterpenes, 2α, 24-dihydroxy-23-nor-ursolic acid (1) and 2α, 4α-dihydroxy-23-nor-ursolic acid (2). Their structures were established by multiple spectroscopic methods and comparison with literature data. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited inhibitory effects on iNOS at the concentration of 30 μmol·L-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Dan Mei
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; XiangXue Academician workstation, Xiangxue Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Wei-Yang Zhang
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (Macau University of Science and Technology), Macau 999078, China
| | - Jin-Shan Tang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (Macau University of Science and Technology), Macau 999078, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Xin-Sheng Yao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; College of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Differential expression of peroxiredoxin 3 in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 8:3471-3480. [PMID: 27966448 PMCID: PMC5356896 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin (PRDX) proteins are involved in carcinogenesis. PRDX3, which is predominantly localized in mitochondria and up-regulated in several human cancers, seems to confer increased treatment resistance and aggressive phenotypes. This study examined the expression profile of PRDX3 and its possible clinical value in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). The expression of PRDX3 in LSCC samples was confirmed by Western blotting and further analyzed by immunohistochemistry in LSCC samples of different clinical pathological stages. The results showed that up-regulated expression of PRDX3 was observed in LSCC and associated with poor differentiation (P < 0.01), primary tumor location, N category and tumor stage (P < 0.05). Knockdown of PRDX3 in the Hep-2 laryngeal carcinoma epithelial cell line significantly enhanced Hep-2 cells’ apoptosis and inhibited their proliferation and migration. Taken together, our results suggest that PRDX3 has substantial clinical impact on the progression of LSCC and shed new light on the role of PRDX3 in treatment resistance and aggressive phenotypes in LSCC.
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Ren J, Liu Y, Li L, Zhao Y, Li Z, Wu C, Chen L, Hu K. OAMDP, a novel podophyllotoxin derivative, induces apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and autophagy in hepatoma HepG2 cells. Cell Biol Int 2017; 42:194-204. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ren
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Life Science; Changzhou University; Changzhou Jiangsu 213164 P. R. China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Life Science; Changzhou University; Changzhou Jiangsu 213164 P. R. China
| | - Lixia Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Life Science; Changzhou University; Changzhou Jiangsu 213164 P. R. China
| | - Yuexin Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Life Science; Changzhou University; Changzhou Jiangsu 213164 P. R. China
| | - Zhongyu Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Life Science; Changzhou University; Changzhou Jiangsu 213164 P. R. China
| | - Chao Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Life Science; Changzhou University; Changzhou Jiangsu 213164 P. R. China
| | - Lin Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Life Science; Changzhou University; Changzhou Jiangsu 213164 P. R. China
| | - Kun Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Life Science; Changzhou University; Changzhou Jiangsu 213164 P. R. China
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Understanding the Effectiveness of Natural Compound Mixtures in Cancer through Their Molecular Mode of Action. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030656. [PMID: 28304343 PMCID: PMC5372668 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many approaches to cancer management are often ineffective due to adverse reactions, drug resistance, or inadequate target specificity of single anti-cancer agents. In contrast, a combinatorial approach with the application of two or more anti-cancer agents at their respective effective dosages can achieve a synergistic effect that boosts cytotoxicity to cancer cells. In cancer, aberrant apoptotic pathways allow cells that should be killed to survive with genetic abnormalities, leading to cancer progression. Mutations in apoptotic mechanism arising during the treatment of cancer through cancer progression can consequently lead to chemoresistance. Natural compound mixtures that are believed to have multiple specific targets with minimal acceptable side-effects are now of interest to many researchers due to their cytotoxic and chemosensitizing activities. Synergistic interactions within a drug mixture enhance the search for potential molecular targets in cancer cells. Nonetheless, biased/flawed scientific evidence from natural products can suggest false positive therapeutic benefits during drug screening. In this review, we have taken these factors into consideration when discussing the evidence for these compounds and their synergistic therapeutic benefits in cancer. While there is limited evidence for clinical efficacy for these mixtures, in vitro data suggest that these preparations merit further investigation, both in vitro and in vivo.
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Epigenetic silencing of miR-19a-3p by cold atmospheric plasma contributes to proliferation inhibition of the MCF-7 breast cancer cell. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30005. [PMID: 27445062 PMCID: PMC4956745 DOI: 10.1038/srep30005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) has been proposed as a useful cancer treatment option after showing higher induction of cell death in cancer cells than in normal cells. Although a few studies have contributed to elucidating the molecular mechanism by which CAP differentially inhibits cancer cell proliferation, no results are yet to be reported related to microRNA (miR). In this study, miR-19a-3p (miR-19a) was identified as a mediator of the cell proliferation-inhibitory effect of CAP in the MCF-7 breast cancer cell. CAP treatment of MCF-7 induced hypermethylation at the promoter CpG sites and downregulation of miR-19a, which was known as an oncomiR. The overexpression of miR-19a in MCF-7 increased cell proliferation, and CAP deteriorated the effect. The target genes of miR-19a, such as ABCA1 and PTEN, that had been suppressed by miR recovered their expression through CAP treatment. In addition, an inhibitor of reactive oxygen species that is produced by CAP suppressed the effect of CAP on cell proliferation. Taken together, the present study, to the best of authors’ knowledge, is the first to identify the involvement of a miR, which is dysregulated by the CAP and results in the anti-proliferation effect of CAP on cancer cells.
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