Obesity, Inflammation, and Advanced Prostate Cancer

Association of Baseline Pre-Diagnosis and Post-Diagnosis Obesity and Weight Change with Cardiovascular Risk and Survival Among Nonmetastatic Prostate Cancer Survivors

INTRODUCTION

Obesity in prostate cancer survivors may increase mortality. Better characterization of this effect may allow better counseling on obesity as a targetable lifestyle factor to reduce mortality in prostate cancer survivors. The purpose of this study was to determine whether pre- and post-diagnostic obesity and weight change affect all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease specific mortality, and prostate cancer specific mortality in patients with nonmetastatic prostate cancer.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of 5,077 patients diagnosed with localized prostate cancer from 1997 to 2017 with median follow-up of 15.5 years. The Utah Population Database linked to the Utah Cancer Registry was used to identify patients at a variety of treatment centers.

RESULTS

Pre-diagnosis obesity was associated with a 62% increased risk of cardiovascular disease specific mortality and a 34% increased risk of all-cause mortality (HR 1.62, 95% CI 1.05-2.50; HR 1.34, 95% CI 1.07-1.67, respectively). Post-diagnosis obesity increased the risk of cardiovascular disease specific mortality (HR 1.83, 95% CI 1.31-2.56) and all-cause mortality (HR 1.37, 95% CI 1.16-1.64) relative to non-obese men. We found no association between pre-diagnostic obesity or post-diagnostic weight gain and prostate cancer specific mortality.

CONCLUSION

Our study strengthens the conclusion that pre-, post-diagnostic obesity and weight gain increase cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality but not prostate cancer specific mortality compared to healthy weight men. An increased emphasis on weight management may improve mortality for prostate cancer survivors who are obese.

Body composition and cancer survival: a narrative review

Interest in understanding the relationship between body composition and cancer survival has remained strong for decades, with a number of recent systematic reviews on the topic. However, the current state of evidence is based on heterogeneous exposure definitions based on anthropometry, yielding inconsistent findings with regard to this association. Recently the field has taken an exciting direction with the application of radiological assessments to measure specific aspects of body composition, yet reconciliation of findings from these modern assessment tools with those from the historic use of anthropometric data proves challenging. In this paper, I briefly review the biological basis for a link between body composition and cancer survival and summarize the epidemiological evidence with consideration to specific exposure measures. As enthusiasm is building around novel assessments, I conclude with a discussion of issues that researchers should be aware of when interpreting results from these new modalities.

Caprylic Acid (FFA C8:0) promotes the progression of prostate cancer by up-regulating G protein-coupled receptor 84/ Krüppel-like factor 7

BACKGROUND

In previous study, we found that the content of medium-chain fatty acid Caprylic Acid (FFA C8:0) may be an important risk factor of obesity induced prostate cancer (PCa). However, the relationship between FFA C8:0 and PCa has not been reported. In this study, we explored whether the FFA C8:0 can promotes the progression of PCa by up-regulating Krüppel-like factor 7 (KLF7).

METHODS

We collected tissues from PCa patients and Benign Prostate Hyperplasia (BPH), constructed a primary-tumor bearing mouse model with obesity through high-fat diet, and observed the tumor formation ability of PCa cells. In vitro, CCK8 assay, plate cloning, Transwell and scratch experiment were used to detect the changes in biological behavior of PCa cells stimulated by FFA C8:0.

RESULTS

First, we found that the expression level of KLF7 is higher in PCa tissues of patients, and the expression of KLF7 is positively correlated with tumour-promoting gene IL-6, while it is negative correlated with another tumour-suppressor gene p21. Then, this study found that PCa cells were more likely to form tumors in diet induced obese mice. Compared with the normal diet group (ND), the expression levels of KLF7 in tumor tissues in high-fat diet group (HFD) were higher. Futhermore, we verified that high concentrations of FFA C8:0 can promote the biological behavior of PCa cells by activating KLF7/IL-6/p21 signaling pathway, which is mediated by the GPR84.

CONCLUSIONS

Our research may provide a potential target for clinical prevention and treatment of PCa which induced by obesity.

Has the Landscape of Immunotherapy for Prostate Cancer Changed? A Systematic Review and Post Hoc Analysis

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer-causing death in the United States. As the most common malignancy in men, it is pertinent to explore whether novel immunotherapies may improve the quality of life and overall survival (OS) of patient populations. This systematic review and post hoc analysis curates a patient-by-patient pool of evidence adhering to PRISMA Statement 2020 guidelines. In total, 24 patients were analyzed for treatment history and associated variables including prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels at diagnosis and post-treatment, Gleason score, secondary tumor locations, success/failure of therapy, and post-immunotherapy outcomes including OS. In total, 10 types of immunotherapies were identified with Pembrolizumab (among 8 patients) followed by IMM-101 (among 6 patients) being the most commonly administered. The mean OS for all patients was 27.8 months (24 patients) with the relatively highest mean OS reported with IMM-101 (56 months) followed by tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (30 months). This research article provides critical insights into the evolving landscape of immunotherapies being tested for PCa and addresses gaps in oncological research to advance the understanding of PCa.

Childhood Obesity: A Potential Key Factor in the Development of Glioblastoma Multiforme

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a malignant primary tumor type of the central nervous system (CNS). This type of brain tumor is rare and is responsible for 12-15% of all brain tumors. The typical survival rate of GBM is only 12 to 14 months. GBM has a poor and unsatisfactory prognosis despite advances in research and therapeutic interventions via neurosurgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. The molecular heterogeneity, aggressive nature, and occurrence of drug-resistant cancer stem cells in GB restricts the therapeutic efficacy. Interestingly, the CNS tumors in children are the second most usual and persistent type of solid tumor. Since numerous research studies has shown the association between obesity and cancer, childhood obesity is one of the potential reasons behind the development of CNS tumors, including GBM. Obesity in children has almost reached epidemic rates in both developed and developing countries, harming children's physical and mental health. Obese children are more likely to face obesity as adults and develop non-communicable diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease as compared to adults with normal weight. However, the actual origin and cause of obesity are difficult to be pointed out, as it is assumed to be a disorder with numerous causes such as environmental factors, lifestyle, and cultural background. In this narrative review article, we discuss the various molecular and genetic drivers of obesity that can be targeted as potential contributing factors to fight the development of GBM in children.

Health Burdens and SES in Alabama: Using Geographic Information System to Examine Prostate Cancer Health Disparity

Simple Summary

The focus of the research was to examine the relationship between Socioeconomic status and prostate cancer in Alabama’s Black Belt region. The cancer rate in Alabama is high, and the state has one of the highest rates of prostate cancer in the USA. The research aims to identify probable reasons, raise awareness, and propose cancer prevention policies. The Geographic Information System, a robust technology, has been adopted to understand Alabama’s county-level prostate cancer incidence and mortality and its association with socioeconomic and health disparities. The analysis indicated an apparent socioeconomic disparity between the Black Belt and Non-Black Belt counties of Alabama. The poverty rate is higher in Black Belt counties. The data revealed that the preexisting condition of diabetes and obesity is closely associated with prostate cancer. Also, incidence and mortality disparities strongly relate to socioeconomic status, and the preexisting condition of obesity and diabetes adds to prostate cancer incidences. Poverty is the root course of inequalities in education, income, and healthcare facilities, particularly among African Americans, contributing to Alabama’s health burden of prostate cancer. The study proposes effective health policy intervention to prevent and reduce prostate cases and mortality among underserved communities in Alabama.

Abstract

Socioeconomic disparities influence the risk of many diseases, including cancer. The cancer rate in Alabama is high, and the state has one of the highest rates of prostate cancer in the USA. Alabama’s counties are embedded with socioeconomic disparities, politics, race, ethnicity, and oppression, among which social equity and socioeconomic status (SES) been closely associated with prostate cancer. The Geographic Information System (GIS) has become a valuable technology in understanding public health in many applications, including cancer. This study integrates Alabama’s county-level prostate cancer incidence and mortality and its association with socioeconomic and health disparities. We conducted robust data mining from several data sources such as the Alabama State Cancer Profile data, Alabama Department of Health, American Cancer Society, Center for Disease Control, and National Cancer Institute. The research method is the Geographic Information System (GIS), and we employed prostate cancer data within GIS to understand Alabama’s prostate cancer prevalence regarding SES. The GIS analysis indicated an apparent socioeconomic disparity between the Black Belt and Non-Black Belt counties of Alabama. The Black Belt counties’ poverty rate is also remarkably higher than non-Black Belt counties. In addition, we analyzed the median household income by race. Our analysis demonstrates that the Asian background population in the state earned the highest median income compared to non-Hispanic whites and the African American population. Furthermore, the data revealed that the preexisting condition of diabetes and obesity is closely associated with prostate cancer. The GIS analysis suggests that prostate cancer incidence and mortality disparities are strongly related to SES. In addition, the preexisting condition of obesity and diabetes adds to prostate cancer incidences. Poverty also reflects inequalities in education, income, and healthcare facilities, particularly among African Americans, contributing to Alabama’s health burden of prostate cancer.

Prognostic significance of lncRNA AP004608.1 in prostate cancer

This study aimed to screen and determine the value of AP004608.1 expression as a biomarker for Prostate cancer (PCa) survival. We investigated the expression and prognosis of AP004608.1 through bioinformatics analysis. Low AP004608.1 expression predicted favorable Overall survival (OS) and Progression-free survival (PFS) in PCa patients, according to the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Cox regression demonstrated that low AP004608.1 expression were in-dependent biomarkers for OS. Moreover, Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database was utilized to verify the prognostic role of AP004608.1 in PCa, and the similar results were reached. A meta-analysis revealed that low AP004608.1 expression was closely relevant to better OS. AP004608.1 could constitute a promising prognostic biomarker, and probably plays an important role in PCa.

Current progress of nanomedicine for prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common new cancer case and the second most fatal malignancy in men. Surgery, endocrine therapy, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are the main clinical treatment options for PCa. However, most prostate cancers can develop into castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), and due to the invasiveness of prostate cancer cells, they become resistant to different treatments and activate tumor-promoting signaling pathways, thereby inducing chemoresistance, radioresistance, ADT resistance, and immune resistance. Nanotechnology, which can combine treatment with diagnostic imaging tools, is emerging as a promising treatment modality in prostate cancer therapy. Nanoparticles can not only promote their accumulation at the pathological site through passive targeting techniques for enhanced permeability and retention (EPR), but also provide additional advantages for active targeting using different ligands. This property results in a reduced drug dose to achieve the desired effect, a longer duration of action within the tumor and fewer side effects on healthy tissues. In addition, nanotechnology can create good synergy with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, thermotherapy, photodynamic therapy and gene therapy to enhance their therapeutic effects with greater scope, and reduce the resistance of prostate cancer. In this article, we intend to review and discuss the latest technologies regarding the use of nanomaterials as therapeutic and diagnostic tools for prostate cancer.

Liquid Biopsy in Prostate Cancer Management—Current Challenges and Future Perspectives

Simple Summary

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a widespread malignancy, representing the second leading cause of cancer-related death in men. In the last years, liquid biopsy has emerged as an attractive and promising strategy complementary to invasive tissue biopsy to guide PCa diagnosis, follow-up and treatment response. Liquid biopsy is employed to assess several body fluids biomarkers, including circulating tumor cells (CTCs), extracellular vesicles (EVs), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) and RNA (ctRNA). This review dissects recent advancements and future perspectives of liquid biopsy, highlighting its strength and weaknesses in PCa management.

Abstract

Although appreciable attempts in screening and diagnostic approaches have been achieved, prostate cancer (PCa) remains a widespread malignancy, representing the second leading cause of cancer-related death in men. Drugs currently used in PCa therapy initially show a potent anti-tumor effect, but frequently induce resistance and PCa progresses toward metastatic castration-resistant forms (mCRPC), virtually incurable. Liquid biopsy has emerged as an attractive and promising strategy complementary to invasive tissue biopsy to guide PCa diagnosis and treatment. Liquid biopsy shows the ability to represent the tumor microenvironment, allow comprehensive information and follow-up the progression of the tumor, enabling the development of different treatment strategies as well as permitting the monitoring of therapy response. Liquid biopsy, indeed, is endowed with a significant potential to modify PCa management. Several blood biomarkers could be analyzed for diagnostic, prognostic and predictive purposes, including circulating tumor cells (CTCs), extracellular vesicles (EVs), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) and RNA (ctRNA). In addition, several other body fluids may be adopted (i.e., urine, sperm, etc.) beyond blood. This review dissects recent advancements and future perspectives of liquid biopsies, highlighting their strength and weaknesses in PCa management.

Inflammatory repercussions in female steroid responsive glands after perinatal exposure to bisphenol A and 17-β estradiol

The mammary gland (MG) and female prostate are plastic reproductive organs which are highly responsive to hormones. Thus, endocrine disruptors, such as bisphenol A (BPA) and exogenous estrogens, negatively affect glandular homeostasis. In addition to previously described alterations, changes in inflammatory markers expression also trigger the development of a microenvironment that contributes to tumor progression. The current work aimed to evaluate the inflammatory responses of the MG and prostate gland to BPA (50 µg/kg) and 17-β estradiol (35 µg/kg) exposure during the perinatal window of susceptibility. The results showed that at 6 months of age there was an increase in the number of phospho-STAT3 (P-STAT3) positive cells in the female prostate from animals perinatally exposed to 50 µg/kg BPA daily. In addition, the number of macrophages increased in these animals in comparison with nonexposed animals, as shown by the F4/80 marker. Despite an increase in the incidence of lobuloalveolar and intraductal hyperplasia, the MG did not show any difference in the expression of the four inflammatory markers evaluated: tumor necrosis factor-α, COX-2, P-STAT3, and F4/80. Analysis of both glands from the same animal led to the conclusion that exposure to endocrine disruptors during the perinatal window of susceptibility leads to different inflammatory responses in different reproductive organs. As the prostate is more susceptible to these inflammatory mechanisms, it is reasonable to affirm that possible neoplastic alterations in this organ are related to changes in the inflammatory pattern of the stroma, a characteristic that is not evident in the MG.

Prostatic Inflammation in Prostate Cancer: Protective Effect or Risk Factor?

The relationship between prostatic chronic inflammation (PCI) and prostate cancer (PCa) is unclear and controversial. Some authors reported that a history of chronic prostatitis may be correlated with PCa induction, while others associate chronic inflammation with less aggressive disease or consider inflammation as a possible protective factor against PCa. Four different types of prostatitis are known: bacterial acute prostatic inflammation, bacterial chronic prostatic inflammation, abacterial prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome, and asymptomatic prostatic chronic inflammation. Prostatic inflammation is underestimated during daily clinical practice, and its presence and degree often go unmentioned in the pathology report of prostate biopsies. The goal of this report is to further our understanding of how PCI influences the biology of PCa. We investigated the main pathogenetic mechanisms responsible for prostatic inflammation, including the cellular response and inflammatory mediators to describe how inflammation modifies the prostatic environment and can lead to benign or malignant prostatic diseases. We found that prostatic inflammation might have a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of prostatic diseases. Details about PCI in all prostate biopsy reports should be mandatory. This will help us better understand the prostatic microenvironment pathways involved in PCa biology, and it will allow the development of specific risk stratification and a patient-tailored therapeutic approach to prostatic diseases.

Pharmacological Effects and Potential Clinical Usefulness of Polyphenols in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is arguably the most common benign disease among men. This disease is often associated with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men and significantly decreases the quality of life. Polyphenol consumption reportedly plays an important role in the prevention of many diseases, including BPH. In recent years, in addition to disease prevention, many studies have reported the efficacy and safety of polyphenol treatment against various pathological conditions in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, numerous studies have also revealed the molecular mechanisms of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of polyphenols. We believe that an improved understanding of the detailed pharmacological roles of polyphenol-induced activities at a molecular level is important for the prevention and treatment of BPH. Polyphenols are composed of many members, and their biological roles differ. In this review, we first provide information regarding the pathological roles of oxidative stress and inflammation in BPH. Next, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of polyphenols, including those of flavonoids and non-flavonoids, are discussed. Finally, we talk about the results and limitations of previous clinical trials that have used polyphenols in BPH, with particular focus on their molecular mechanisms of action.