1
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Xing X, Rodeo SA. Emerging roles of non-coding RNAs in fibroblast to myofibroblast transition and fibrotic diseases. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1423045. [PMID: 39114349 PMCID: PMC11303237 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1423045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The transition of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts (FMT) represents a pivotal process in wound healing, tissue repair, and fibrotic diseases. This intricate transformation involves dynamic changes in cellular morphology, gene expression, and extracellular matrix remodeling. While extensively studied at the molecular level, recent research has illuminated the regulatory roles of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in orchestrating FMT. This review explores the emerging roles of ncRNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), in regulating this intricate process. NcRNAs interface with key signaling pathways, transcription factors, and epigenetic mechanisms to fine-tune gene expression during FMT. Their functions are critical in maintaining tissue homeostasis, and disruptions in these regulatory networks have been linked to pathological fibrosis across various tissues. Understanding the dynamic roles of ncRNAs in FMT bears therapeutic promise. Targeting specific ncRNAs holds potential to mitigate exaggerated myofibroblast activation and tissue fibrosis. However, challenges in delivery and specificity of ncRNA-based therapies remain. In summary, ncRNAs emerge as integral regulators in the symphony of FMT, orchestrating the balance between quiescent fibroblasts and activated myofibroblasts. As research advances, these ncRNAs appear to be prospects for innovative therapeutic strategies, offering hope in taming the complexities of fibrosis and restoring tissue equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewu Xing
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, United States
| | - Scott A. Rodeo
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, United States
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2
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Sopic M. Exploring pulmoprotection in COVID-19: Moving toward microRNA-based theranostics. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2024; 35:102152. [PMID: 38439914 PMCID: PMC10909770 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2024.102152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Miron Sopic
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Rue Thomas Edison, Strassen, Luxembourg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, Serbia
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3
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Toker Ç, Kuyucu Y, Şaker D, Kara S, Güzelel B, Mete UÖ. Investigation of miR-26b and miR-27b expressions and the effect of quercetin on fibrosis in experimental pulmonary fibrosis. J Mol Histol 2024; 55:25-35. [PMID: 37857923 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-023-10168-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study, investigation of the effects of Quercetin on Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis and fibrosis-associated molecules miR-26b and miR-27b was aimed. Control group was given 10% saline on the 0th day, and saline was administered for 21 days starting from the 8th day. Group 2 was given 50 mg/kg Quercetin for 21 days starting from the 8th day. Group 3 was given 10 mg/kg Bleomycin Sulfate on day 0, and sacrificed on the 22nd and 29th day. Group 4 was given 10 mg/kg Bleomycin Sulfate on the 0th day, and was given 50 mg/kg Quercetin for 14 days, and 21 days starting from day 8. Lung tissues were examined using light and electron microscopic, immunohistochemical and molecular biological methods. Injury groups revealed impaired alveolar structure, collagen accumulation and increased inflammatory cells in interalveolar septum. Fibrotic response was decreased and the alveolar structure was improved with Quercetin treatment. α-SMA expressions were higher in the injury groups, but lower in the treatment groups compared to the injury groups. E-cadherin expressions were decreased in the injury groups and showed stronger immunoreactivity in the treatment groups compared to the injury groups. miR-26b and miR-27b expressions were lower in the injury groups than the control groups, and higher in the treatment groups than the injury groups. Quercetin can be considered as a new treatment agent in the idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, since it increases the expression levels of miR-26b and miR-27b which decrease in fibrosis, and has therapeutic effects on the histopathological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çağrı Toker
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, 01330, Adana, Turkey
| | - Yurdun Kuyucu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, 01330, Adana, Turkey.
| | - Dilek Şaker
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, 01330, Adana, Turkey
| | - Samet Kara
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, 01330, Adana, Turkey
| | - Bilge Güzelel
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, 01330, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ufuk Özgü Mete
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, 01330, Adana, Turkey
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4
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Zhang X, Shao R. LncRNA SNHG8 upregulates MUC5B to induce idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis progression by targeting miR-4701-5p. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23233. [PMID: 38163156 PMCID: PMC10756985 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a critical role in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF); however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are unclear. Our study demonstrated that lncRNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 8 (SNHG8) was increased in bleomycin (BLM)-induced A549 cells. LncRNA SNHG8 overexpression further elevated fibrosis-related factors monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP1), CC motif chemokine ligand 18 (CCL18), and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), as well as increased collagen type I alpha-1 chain (COL1A1) and collagen type III alpha-1 chain (COL3A1). Meanwhile, lncRNA SNHG8 knockdown exhibited an opposite role in reducing BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis. With regard to the mechanism, SNHG8 was then revealed to act as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) for microRNA (miR)-4701-5p in regulating Mucin 5B (MUC5B) expression. Furthermore, the interactions between SNHG8 and miR-4701-5p, between miR-4701-5p and MUC5B, and between SNHG8 and MUC5B on the influence of fibrosis-related indicators were confirmed, respectively. In addition, SNHG8 overexpression enhanced the levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and phosphorylation Smad2/3 (p-Smad2/3), which was suppressed by SNHG8 knockdown in BLM-induced A549 cells. Moreover, miR-4701-5p inhibitor-induced elevation of TGF-β1 and p-Smad2/3 was significantly suppressed by SNHG8 knockdown. In conclusion, SNHG8 knockdown attenuated pulmonary fibrosis progression by regulating miR-4701-5p/MUC5B axis, which might be associated with the modulation of TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling. These findings reveal that lncRNA SNHG8 may become a potential target for the treatment of IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450014, China
| | - Runxia Shao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450014, China
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5
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Kircali MF, Turanli B. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Molecular Substrates Revealed by Competing Endogenous RNA Regulatory Networks. OMICS : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2023; 27:381-392. [PMID: 37540140 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2023.0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive fibrotic disease of the lung with poor prognosis. Fibrosis results from remodeling of the interstitial tissue. A wide range of gene expression changes are observed, but the role of micro RNAs (miRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNA) is still unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to establish an messenger RNA (mRNA)-miRNA-circRNA competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory network to uncover novel molecular signatures using systems biology tools. Six datasets were used to determine differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and miRNAs (DEmiRNA). Accordingly, protein-protein, mRNA-miRNA, and miRNA-circRNA interactions were constructed. Modules were determined and further analyzed in the Drug Gene Budger platform to identify potential therapeutic compounds. We uncovered common 724 DEGs and 278 DEmiRNAs. In the protein-protein interaction network, TMPRSS4, ESR2, TP73, CLEC4E, and TP63 were identified as hub protein coding genes. The mRNA-miRNA interaction network revealed two modules composed of ADRA1A, ADRA1B, hsa-miR-484 and CDH2, TMPRSS4, and hsa-miR-543. The DEmiRNAs in the modules further analyzed to propose potential circRNA regulators in the ceRNA network. These results help deepen the understanding of the mechanisms of IPF. In addition, the molecular leads reported herein might inform future innovations in diagnostics and therapeutics research and development for IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Fatih Kircali
- School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Beste Turanli
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye
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6
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Volpe MC, Ciucci G, Zandomenego G, Vuerich R, Ring NAR, Vodret S, Salton F, Marchesan P, Braga L, Marcuzzo T, Bussani R, Colliva A, Piazza S, Confalonieri M, Zacchigna S. Flt1 produced by lung endothelial cells impairs ATII cell transdifferentiation and repair in pulmonary fibrosis. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:437. [PMID: 37454154 PMCID: PMC10349845 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05962-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a devastating disease, in which fibrotic tissue progressively replaces lung alveolar structure, resulting in chronic respiratory failure. Alveolar type II cells act as epithelial stem cells, being able to transdifferentiate into alveolar type I cells, which mediate gas exchange, thus contributing to lung homeostasis and repair after damage. Impaired epithelial transdifferentiation is emerging as a major pathogenetic mechanism driving both onset and progression of fibrosis in the lung. Here, we show that lung endothelial cells secrete angiocrine factors that regulate alveolar cell differentiation. Specifically, we build on our previous data on the anti-fibrotic microRNA-200c and identify the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor receptor 1, also named Flt1, as its main functional target in endothelial cells. Endothelial-specific knockout of Flt1 reproduces the anti-fibrotic effect of microRNA-200c against pulmonary fibrosis and results in the secretion of a pool of soluble factors and matrix components able to promote epithelial transdifferentiation in a paracrine manner. Collectively, these data indicate the existence of a complex endothelial-epithelial paracrine crosstalk in vitro and in vivo and position lung endothelial cells as a relevant therapeutic target in the fight against pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Concetta Volpe
- Cardiovascular Biology Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giulio Ciucci
- Cardiovascular Biology Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Giulia Zandomenego
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Functional Cell Biology Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Roman Vuerich
- Cardiovascular Biology Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Nadja Anneliese Ruth Ring
- Cardiovascular Biology Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
- Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft Research Group Senescence and Healing of Wounds, Vienna, Austria
| | - Simone Vodret
- Cardiovascular Biology Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesco Salton
- Pulmonology Unit, University Hospital of Cattinara, Trieste, Italy
| | - Pietro Marchesan
- Cardiovascular Biology Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Luca Braga
- Functional Cell Biology Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Thomas Marcuzzo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Rossana Bussani
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Andrea Colliva
- Cardiovascular Biology Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Silvano Piazza
- Computational Biology Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Confalonieri
- Pulmonology Unit, University Hospital of Cattinara, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Serena Zacchigna
- Cardiovascular Biology Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy.
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
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7
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Thorenoor N, Floros J. The Lung Alveolar Cell (LAC) miRNome and Gene Expression Profile of the SP-A-KO Mice After Infection With and Without Rescue With Human Surfactant Protein-A2 (1A0). Front Immunol 2022; 13:854434. [PMID: 35844510 PMCID: PMC9283764 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.854434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human surfactant protein (SP)-A1 and SP-A2 exhibit differential qualitative and quantitative effects on the alveolar macrophage (AM), including a differential impact on the AM miRNome. Moreover, SP-A rescue (treatment) of SP-A-knockout (KO) infected mice impoves survival. Here, we studied for the first time the role of exogenous SP-A protein treatment on the regulation of lung alveolar cell (LAC) miRNome, the miRNA-RNA targets, and gene expression of SP-A-KO infected mice of both sexes. Toward this, SP-A-KO mice of both sexes were infected with Klebsiella pneumoniae, and half of them were also treated with SP-A2 (1A0). After 6 h of infection/SP-A treatment, the expression levels and pathways of LAC miRNAs, genes, and target miRNA-mRNAs were studied in both groups. We found 1) significant differences in the LAC miRNome, genes, and miRNA-mRNA targets in terms of sex, infection, and infection plus SP-A2 (1A0) protein rescue; 2) an increase in the majority of miRNA-mRNA targets in both study groups in KO male vs. female mice and involvement of the miRNA-mRNA targets in pathways of inflammation, antiapoptosis, and cell cycle; 3) genes with significant changes to be involved in TP-53, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and cell cycle signaling nodes; 4) when significant changes in the expression of molecules from all analyses (miRNAs, miRNA-mRNA targets, and genes) were considered, two signaling pathways, the TNF and cell cycle, referred to as “integrated pathways” were shown to be significant; 5) the cell cycle pathway to be present in all comparisons made. Because SP-A could be used therapeutically in pulmonary diseases, it is important to understand the molecules and pathways involved in response to an SP-A acute treatment. The information obtained contributes to this end and may help to gain insight especially in the case of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithyananda Thorenoor
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Joanna Floros
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
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8
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Cadena-Suárez AR, Hernández-Hernández HA, Alvarado-Vásquez N, Rangel-Escareño C, Sommer B, Negrete-García MC. Role of MicroRNAs in Signaling Pathways Associated with the Pathogenesis of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Focus on Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126613. [PMID: 35743055 PMCID: PMC9224458 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and progressive disease with high mortality and unclear etiology. Previous evidence supports that the origin of this disease is associated with epigenetic alterations, age, and environmental factors. IPF initiates with chronic epithelial lung injuries, followed by basal membrane destruction, which promotes the activation of myofibroblasts and excessive synthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, as well as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Due to miRNAs’ role as regulators of apoptosis, proliferation, differentiation, and cell-cell interaction processes, some studies have involved miRNAs in the biogenesis and progression of IPF. In this context, the analysis and discussion of the probable association of miRNAs with the signaling pathways involved in the development of IPF would improve our knowledge of the associated molecular mechanisms, thereby facilitating its evaluation as a therapeutic target for this severe lung disease. In this work, the most recent publications evaluating the role of miRNAs as regulators or activators of signal pathways associated with the pathogenesis of IPF were analyzed. The search in Pubmed was made using the following terms: “miRNAs and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)”; “miRNAs and IPF and signaling pathways (SP)”; and “miRNAs and IPF and SP and IPF pathogenesis”. Additionally, we focus mainly on those works where the signaling pathways involved with EMT, fibroblast differentiation, and synthesis of ECM components were assessed. Finally, the importance and significance of miRNAs as potential therapeutic or diagnostic tools for the treatment of IPF are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ruth Cadena-Suárez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias (INER) “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Calz. Tlalpan 4502, Col. Sección XVI, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (A.R.C.-S.); (H.A.H.-H.)
| | - Hilda Arely Hernández-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias (INER) “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Calz. Tlalpan 4502, Col. Sección XVI, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (A.R.C.-S.); (H.A.H.-H.)
| | - Noé Alvarado-Vásquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias (INER) “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Calz. Tlalpan 4502, Col. Sección XVI, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Claudia Rangel-Escareño
- Departamento de Genomica Computacional, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Periférico Sur 4809, Col. Arenal Tepepan, Mexico City 14610, Mexico;
- Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Epigmenio González 500, San Pablo 76130, Mexico
| | - Bettina Sommer
- Departamento de Investigación en Hiperreactividad Bronquial, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias (INER) “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Calz. Tlalpan 4502, Col. Sección XVI, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - María Cristina Negrete-García
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias (INER) “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Calz. Tlalpan 4502, Col. Sección XVI, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (A.R.C.-S.); (H.A.H.-H.)
- Correspondence:
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9
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Thakur D, Taliaferro O, Atkinson M, Stoffel R, Guleria RS, Gupta S. Inhibition of nuclear factor κB in the lungs protect bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in mice. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:3481-3490. [PMID: 35083615 PMCID: PMC9174314 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07185-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary fibrosis is a debilitating condition with limited therapeutic avenues. The pathogenicity of pulmonary fibrosis constitutes involvement of cellular proliferation, activation, and transformational changes of fibroblast to myofibroblasts. It is a progressive lung disease and is primarily characterized by aberrant accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins in the lungs with poor prognosis. The inflammatory response in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis is suggested because of release of several cytokines; however, the underlying mechanism remains undefined. A genetic model is the appropriate way to delineate the underlying mechanism of pulmonary fibrosis. METHODS AND RESULTS In this report, we have used cc-10 promoter based IκBα mutant mice (IKBM, an inhibitor of NF-κB) which were challenged with bleomycin (BLM). Compared to wild-type (WT) mice, the IKBM mice showed significant reduction in several fibrotic, vascular, and inflammatory genes. Moreover, we have identified a new set of dysregulated microRNAs (miRNAs) by miRNA array analysis in BLM-induced WT mice. Among these miRNAs, let-7a-5p and miR-503-5p were further analyzed. Our data showed that these two miRNAs were upregulated in WT-BLM and were reduced in IKBM-BLM mice. Bioinformatic analyses showed that let-7a-5p and miR-503-5p target for endothelin1 and bone morphogenic receptor 1A (BMPR1A), respectively, and were downregulated in WT-BLM mice indicating a link in pulmonary fibrosis. CONCLUSION We concluded that inhibition of NF-κB and modulation of let-7a-5p and miR-503-5p contribute a pivotal role in pulmonary fibrosis and may be considered as possible therapeutic target for the clinical management of lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devaang Thakur
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, 101 Bagby Avenue, Waco, TX, 76706, US
| | - Olivia Taliaferro
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, 101 Bagby Avenue, Waco, TX, 76706, US
| | - Madeleine Atkinson
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, 101 Bagby Avenue, Waco, TX, 76706, US
| | - Ryan Stoffel
- Animal Facility, Baylor University, Baylor University, 101 Bagby Avenue, Waco, TX, 76706, US
| | - Rakeshwar S Guleria
- Biomarkers and Genetics Core, VISN 17 Center of Excellence On Returning War Veterans, 4800 Memorial Drive, Waco, TX, 76711, US.,Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, US
| | - Sudhiranjan Gupta
- Biomarkers and Genetics Core, VISN 17 Center of Excellence On Returning War Veterans, 4800 Memorial Drive, Waco, TX, 76711, US. .,Department of Biology, Baylor University, 101 Bagby Avenue, Waco, TX, 76706, US. .,Animal Facility, Baylor University, Baylor University, 101 Bagby Avenue, Waco, TX, 76706, US.
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10
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Avci E, Sarvari P, Savai R, Seeger W, Pullamsetti SS. Epigenetic Mechanisms in Parenchymal Lung Diseases: Bystanders or Therapeutic Targets? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23010546. [PMID: 35008971 PMCID: PMC8745712 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic responses due to environmental changes alter chromatin structure, which in turn modifies the phenotype, gene expression profile, and activity of each cell type that has a role in the pathophysiology of a disease. Pulmonary diseases are one of the major causes of death in the world, including lung cancer, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary hypertension (PH), lung tuberculosis, pulmonary embolism, and asthma. Several lines of evidence indicate that epigenetic modifications may be one of the main factors to explain the increasing incidence and prevalence of lung diseases including IPF and COPD. Interestingly, isolated fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells from patients with pulmonary diseases such as IPF and PH that were cultured ex vivo maintained the disease phenotype. The cells often show a hyper-proliferative, apoptosis-resistant phenotype with increased expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) and activated focal adhesions suggesting the presence of an epigenetically imprinted phenotype. Moreover, many abnormalities observed in molecular processes in IPF patients are shown to be epigenetically regulated, such as innate immunity, cellular senescence, and apoptotic cell death. DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNA regulation constitute the most common epigenetic modification mechanisms.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers
- Combined Modality Therapy
- DNA Methylation
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Disease Management
- Disease Susceptibility
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Histones/metabolism
- Humans
- Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/diagnosis
- Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/etiology
- Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/metabolism
- Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/therapy
- Lung Diseases, Interstitial/diagnosis
- Lung Diseases, Interstitial/etiology
- Lung Diseases, Interstitial/metabolism
- Lung Diseases, Interstitial/therapy
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/diagnosis
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/etiology
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/metabolism
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/therapy
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Edibe Avci
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Parkstrasse 1, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany; (E.A.); (P.S.); (R.S.); (W.S.)
| | - Pouya Sarvari
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Parkstrasse 1, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany; (E.A.); (P.S.); (R.S.); (W.S.)
| | - Rajkumar Savai
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Parkstrasse 1, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany; (E.A.); (P.S.); (R.S.); (W.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Parkstrasse 1, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany; (E.A.); (P.S.); (R.S.); (W.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Soni S. Pullamsetti
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Parkstrasse 1, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany; (E.A.); (P.S.); (R.S.); (W.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-603-270-5380; Fax: +49-603-270-5385
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11
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Biomacromolecule-mediated pulmonary delivery of siRNA and anti-sense oligos: challenges and possible solutions. Expert Rev Mol Med 2021; 23:e22. [PMID: 34906269 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2021.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Biomacromolecules have gained much attention as biomedicine carriers in recent years due to their remarkable biophysical and biochemical properties including sustainability, non-toxicity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, long systemic circulation time and ability to target. Recent developments in a variety of biological functions of biomacromolecules and progress in the study of biological drug carriers suggest that these carriers may have advantages over carriers of synthetic materials in terms of half-life, durability, protection and manufacturing facility. Despite the full pledge advancements in the applications of biomacromolecules, its clinical use is hindered by certain factors that allow the pre-mature release of loaded cargos before reaching the target site. The delivery therapeutics are degraded by systemic nucleases, cleared by reticulo-endothelial system, cleared by pulmonary mucus cilia or engulfed by lysosome during cellular uptake that has led to the failure of clinical therapy. It clearly indicates that there is a wide range of gaps in the results of experimental work and clinical applications of biomacromolecules. This review focuses mainly on the barriers (intracellular/extracellular) and hurdles to the delivery of biomacromolecules with special emphasis on siRNA as well as the delivery of antisense oligos in multiple pulmonary diseases, particularly focusing on lung cancer. Also, the challenges posed to such delivery and possible solutions have been highlighted.
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12
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Evaluation of microRNA expression in a sheep model for lung fibrosis. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:827. [PMID: 34789159 PMCID: PMC8596952 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08073-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive fibroproliferative disorder that has one of the poorest prognoses amongst interstitial lung diseases. Recently, the finding of aberrant expression levels of miRNAs in IPF patients has drawn significant attention to the involvement of these molecules in the pathogenesis of this disease. Clarification of the differential expression of miRNAs in health and disease may identify novel therapeutic strategies that can be employed in the future to combat IPF. This study evaluates the miRNA expression profiles in a sheep model for lung fibrosis and compares them to the miRNA profiles of both IPF patients and the mouse bleomycin model for pulmonary fibrosis. Pathway enrichment analyses were performed on differentially expressed miRNAs to illustrate which biological mechanisms were associated with lung fibrosis. RESULTS We discovered 49 differentially expressed miRNAs in the sheep fibrosis model, in which 32 miRNAs were significantly down regulated, while 17 miRNAs were significantly upregulated due to bleomycin-induced lung injury. Moreover, the miRNA families miR-29, miR-26, miR-30, let-7, miR-21, miR-19, miR-17 and miR-199 were aberrantly expressed in both sheep and mouse models, with similar differential miRNAs expression observed in IPF cases. Importantly, 18 miRNAs were aberrantly expressed in both the sheep model and IPF patients, but not in mice. CONCLUSION Together with pathway enrichment analyses, these results show that the sheep model can potentially be used to characterize previously unrecognized biological pathways associated with lung fibrosis.
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13
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Giacomelli C, Piccarducci R, Marchetti L, Romei C, Martini C. Pulmonary fibrosis from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic interventions: lessons from post-COVID-19 patients. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 193:114812. [PMID: 34687672 PMCID: PMC8546906 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is characterised by several grades of chronic inflammation and collagen deposition in the interalveolar space and is a hallmark of interstitial lung diseases (ILDs). Recently, infectious agents have emerged as driving causes for PF development; however, the role of viral/bacterial infections in the initiation and propagation of PF is still debated. In this context, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, has been associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and PF development. Although the infection by SARS-CoV-2 can be eradicated in most cases, the development of fibrotic lesions cannot be precluded; furthermore, whether these lesions are stable or progressive fibrotic events is still unknown. Herein, an overview of the main molecular mechanisms driving the fibrotic process together with the currently approved and newly proposed therapeutic solutions was given. Then, the most recent data that emerged from post-COVID-19 patients was discussed, in order to compare PF and COVID-19-dependent PF, highlighting shared and specific mechanisms. A better understanding of PF aetiology is certainly needed, also to develop effective therapeutic strategies and COVID-19 pathology is offering one more chance to do it. Overall, the work reported here could help to define new approaches for therapeutic intervention in the diversity of the ILD spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Giacomelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Rebecca Piccarducci
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Laura Marchetti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Chiara Romei
- Multidisciplinary Team of Interstitial Lung Disease, Radiology Department, Pisa University Hospital, Via Paradisa 2, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Claudia Martini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, Pisa 56126, Italy,Corresponding author
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Gao L, Li P, Tian H, Wu M, Yang J, Xu X. Screening of Biomarkers Involved in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Regulation of Upstream miRNAs. Am J Med Sci 2021; 363:55-63. [PMID: 34666057 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2021.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most common type of fatal interstitial lung disease and IPF patients usually have a poor prognosis. Biomarkers that can predict the occurrence, process and prognosis of IPF will be useful for its diagnosis and treatment. This study aimed to identify the potential biomarkers of IPF and analyze the regulation of upstream miRNAs. METHODS The miRNA and gene expression profiles were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and miRNAs (DEMs) between IPF and normal groups were identified. After co-expression gene pair analysis, functional enrichment analysis was performed. Then, the potential biomarkers of IPF were screened and validated. Finally, the upstream regulatory miRNA of biomarkers was predicted. RESULTS A total of 343 DEGs and 21 DEMs were identified between IPF and normal samples. CLDN18, COL6A3, MYRF, PRSS8, RRAS, and SBNO1 were identified as potential IPF biomarkers. In addition, 17 miRNA-target relationship pairs were obtained. The up-regulation of hsa-miR-657, hsa-miR-671-5p, hsa-miR-198, and hsa-miR-940 could regulate the down-regulation of MYRF and the up-regulation of hsa-miR-198 and hsa-miR-373-3p could regulate the down-regulation of RRAS and CLDN18, respectively. Our data indicated that PRSS8, hsa-miR-614, and hsa-miR-503-5p might be involved in the migration and invasion of IPF related cells. CONCLUSIONS CLDN18, COL6A3, MYRF, PRSS8, RRAS, and SBNO1 might be potential IPF biomarkers. However, the specific role of these genes and miRNA in IPF needs further experimental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gao
- Department of Geriatric Medical Center, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010021, China
| | - Peiying Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, 014010, China
| | - Hongjun Tian
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, 014010, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, 014010, China
| | - Jingping Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, 014010, China
| | - Xiyuan Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, 014010, China.
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15
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Qian Q, Ma Q, Wang B, Qian Q, Zhao C, Feng F, Dong X. MicroRNA-205-5p targets E2F1 to promote autophagy and inhibit pulmonary fibrosis in silicosis through impairing SKP2-mediated Beclin1 ubiquitination. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:9214-9227. [PMID: 34428336 PMCID: PMC8500965 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Silicosis is an occupational disease characterized by extensive pulmonary fibrosis, and the underlying pathological process remains uncertain. Herein, we explored the molecular mechanism by which microRNA‐205‐5p (miR‐205‐5p) affects the autophagy of alveolar macrophages (AMs) and pulmonary fibrosis in mice with silicosis through the E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1)/S‐phase kinase‐associated protein 2 (SKP2)/Beclin1 axis. Alveolar macrophages (MH‐S cells) were exposed to crystalline silica (CS) to develop an in vitro model, and mice were treated with CS to establish an in vivo model. Decreased Beclin1 and increased SKP2 and E2F1 were identified in mice with silicosis. We silenced or overexpressed miR‐205‐5p, E2F1, SKP2 and Beclin1 to investigate their potential roles in pulmonary fibrosis in vivo and autophagy in vitro. Recombinant adenovirus mRFP‐GFP‐LC3 was transduced into the MH‐S cells to assay autophagic flow. Knocking down Beclin1 promoted pulmonary fibrosis and suppressed the autophagy. Co‐immunoprecipitation and ubiquitination assays suggested that SKP2 induced K48‐linked ubiquitination of Beclin1. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation‐PCR revealed the site where E2F1 bound to the SKP2 promoter between 1638 bp and 1645 bp. As shown by dual‐luciferase reporter gene assay, the transfection with miR‐205‐5p mimic inhibited the luciferase activity of the wild‐type E2F1 3′untranslated region, suggesting that miR‐205‐5p targeted E2F1. Additionally, miR‐205‐5p overexpression increased autophagy and reduced the pulmonary fibrosis, while overexpression of E2F1 or SKP2 or inhibition of Beclin1 could annul this effect. The current study elucidated that miR‐205‐5p targeted E2F1, thereby inhibiting SKP2‐mediated Beclin1 ubiquitination to promote macrophage autophagy and inhibit pulmonary fibrosis in mice with silicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzeng Qian
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Qinghua Ma
- Department of Preventive Health, The Third People's Hospital of Xiangcheng District in Suzhou, Suzhou, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Qingqiang Qian
- Department of Neurology, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Changsong Zhao
- Department of Emergency, Tangshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tangshan, China
| | - Fumin Feng
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Xiaona Dong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tangshan People's Hospital, Tangshan, China
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Huang G, Zhang J, Qing G, Liu D, Wang X, Chen Y, Wu Y, Li Y, Guo S. Downregulation of miR‑483‑5p inhibits TGF‑β1‑induced EMT by targeting RhoGDI1 in pulmonary fibrosis. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:538. [PMID: 34080651 PMCID: PMC8170182 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) serves a significant role in pulmonary fibrosis (PF). Increasing evidence indicates that microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) contribute to PF pathogenesis via EMT regulation. However, the role of miR-483-5p in PF remains unclear. Therefore, the present study investigated the potential effect of miR-483-5p on TGF-β1-induced EMT in PF. It was found that the expression of miR-483-5p was upregulated in both PF tissue and A549 cells treated with TGF-β1, whereas expression of Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor 1 (RhoGDI1) was downregulated. miR-483-5p mimic transfection promoted TGF-β1-induced EMT; by contrast, miR-483-5p inhibitor inhibited TGF-β1-induced EMT. Also, miR-483-5p mimic decreased RhoGDI1 expression, whereas miR-483-5p inhibitor increased RhoGDI1 expression. Furthermore, dual-luciferase reporter gene assay indicated that miR-483-5p directly regulated RhoGDI1. Moreover, RhoGDI1 knockdown eliminated the inhibitory effect of the miR-483-5p inhibitor on TGF-β1-induced EMT via the Rac family small GTPase (Rac)1/PI3K/AKT pathway. In conclusion, these data indicated that miR-483-5p inhibition ameliorated TGF-β1-induced EMT by targeting RhoGDI1 via the Rac1/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in PF, suggesting a potential role of miR-483-5p in the prevention and treatment of PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guichuan Huang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Gang Qing
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Daishun Liu
- Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yongchang Wu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yishi Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Shuliang Guo
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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Zhu Y, Yang M, Li XH, Xu WJ, Gao W, Chen YH, Li JD, Li Q. Nogo-B promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition in lung fibrosis via PERK branch of the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:563. [PMID: 33987261 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-6143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal chronic pulmonary fibrosis disease and pathological mechanisms of fibrogenesis in IPF are still to be elucidated. Here, we investigated the potential role of Nogo-B in pulmonary fibrogenesis. Methods A mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis was established by intratracheal injection of bleomycin (BLM). Lung epithelial cells MLE-12 and TC-1 JHU-1 were cultured for TGF-β treatment. The extent of lung fibrosis was evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and Masson staining in model mice and Nogo-B knockout mice. The protein levels of Nogo-B, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) sensors including PERK, IRE1α, ATF6 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers including E-cadherin and N-cadherin, vimentin were assayed by Western blotting respectively after Nogo-B knockdown or overexpression with lentivirus. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to evaluate cytokine levels of TGF-β, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Results Nogo-B expression was up-regulated in lung tissues of fibrosis model mice and alveolar epithelial cells. Nogo-B knockdown significantly attenuated lung fibrogenesis, downregulated the levels of inflammatory cytokines, inhibited EMT as well as decreased the level of phosphor-PERK/PERK but not the levels of phosphor-IRE1α/IRE1α and c-ATF6. Additionally, a potential efficacy of PERK blockade was demonstrated in improving the extent of lung fibrosis in model mice. Conclusions This study discovered that involvement of Nogo-B in pulmonary fibrogenesis was associated with the PERK branch of ERS pathway and EMT. Nogo-B could be considered as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, Changhai Hospital, Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-Hui Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wu-Jian Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medical, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medical, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Han Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Birth Defects Prevention and Control of Key Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Organ Failure, Affiliated Bayi Children's Hospital, Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Dong Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medical, Shanghai, China
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18
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Pardo A, Selman M. The Interplay of the Genetic Architecture, Aging, and Environmental Factors in the Pathogenesis of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 64:163-172. [PMID: 32946290 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0373ps] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic fibrosing lung disease of indeterminate etiology and limited therapeutic options. The initiation, development, and progression of IPF are influenced by genetic predisposition, aging, and host and environmental factors, but the magnitude of the contribution of each of them and the sequence of the pathogenic events are uncertain. Current evidence indicates that accumulated environmental exposures in a genetically predisposed individual, usually over 60 years of age, leads to phenotypic and functional alterations of the lung epithelium. Aberrant activation of epithelial cells results, through a complex release of numerous mediators, in the local expansion of peculiar subsets of aggressive fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, which are crucial effector cells of fibrotic remodeling and loss of the normal lung architecture and function. Progressive increase of the mechanical stiffness activates cell-autonomous and matrix-dependent processes contributing to the perpetuation of the fibrotic response. This Perspective provides an integral overview of the major risk factors underpinning the pathogenesis of IPF, including gene variants, aging alterations, environmental factors, host risk factors, and epigenetic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Pardo
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico; and
| | - Moisés Selman
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas," México City, Mexico
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19
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Casanova NG, Zhou T, Gonzalez-Garay ML, Lussier YA, Sweiss N, Ma SF, Noth I, Knox KS, Garcia JGN. MicroRNA and protein-coding gene expression analysis in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis yields novel biomarker signatures associated to survival. Transl Res 2021; 228:1-12. [PMID: 32711186 PMCID: PMC7779721 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology that poses significant challenges in early diagnosis and prediction of progression. Analyses of microRNA and gene expression in IPF have yielded potentially predictive information. However, the relationship between microRNA/gene expression and quantitative phenotypic value in IPF remains controversial, as is the added value of this approach to current molecular signatures in IPF. To identify biomarkers predictive of survival in IPF via a microRNA-driven strategy. We profiled microRNA and protein-coding gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 70 IPF subjects in a discovery cohort. We linked the microRNA/gene expression level with the quantitative phenotypic variation in IPF, including diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide and the forced vital capacity percent predicted. In silico analyses of expression profiles and quantitative phenotypic data allowed the generation of 2 sets of IPF molecular signatures (unique for microRNAs and protein-coding genes) that predict IPF survival. Each signature performed well in a validation cohort comprised of IPF patients aggregated from distinct patient populations recruited from different sites. Resampling test suggests that the protein-coding gene based signature is comparable and potentially superior to published IPF prognostic gene signatures. In conclusion, these results highlight the utility of microRNA-driven peripheral blood molecular signatures as valuable and novel biomarkers associated to individuals at high survival risk and for potentially facilitating individualized therapies in this enigmatic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy G Casanova
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Tong Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | | | - Yves A Lussier
- Center for Biomedical Informatics and Biostatistics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Nadera Sweiss
- Section of Rheumatology Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shwu-Fan Ma
- Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Imre Noth
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Kenneth S Knox
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Joe G N Garcia
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona.
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20
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Yu X, Li L, Zheng L, Li W. [Differential mRNA expression in C57BL/6 mice with bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis and its association with LncRNA co-expression network]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2021; 41:39-46. [PMID: 33509751 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2021.01.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the changes in mRNA and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) expression profiles in a mouse model of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis and identify lung fibrosis-related mRNA for coding-noncoding coexpression (CNC) bioinformatics analysis of the differential lncRNAs. METHODS Lung fibrosis was induced by intratracheal injection of bleomycin in 10 C57BL/6 mice and another 10 mice with intratracheal injection of saline served as the control group. Lung tissues were harvested from the mice at 14 days after the injections and lung fibrosis was assessed using Masson and HE staining. LncRNA chip technology was used to screen the differentially expressed mRNAs and lncRNAs in mice with lung fibrosis, and GO and KEGG pathway analyses of the differential mRNAs were performed using NCBI database and UCSC database to identify possible fibrosis-related mRNAs, which were validated by qRT-PCR to construct a coding and non-coding co- expression network with the differential lncRNAs. RESULTS Compared with the control mice, the mice with intratracheal injection of bleomycin showed obvious lung fibrosis. The results of gene chip analysis showed that 127 mRNAs were upregulated and 184 mRNAs were down-regulated in the model group as compared with the control group. GO and pathway analysis suggested that the differentially expressed genes participated mainly in immune response, cell differentiation, and cytoskeletons; the involved signal pathways were associated mainly with cytokine and cytokine receptor interaction and chemokine signal transduction. Bioinformatics analysis identified a significant coexpression network between the fibrosisrelated mRNA and the differentially expressed lncRNA. CONCLUSIONS In mice with lung fibrosis, the differential expressions of fibrosis-related mRNAs in the lung tissues are closely correlated with the co- expressions of a large number of differential lncRNAs, which points to a new direction for investigation of the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Yu
- Graduate School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China.,General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou 510010, China
| | - Li Li
- General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou 510010, China
| | - Linxin Zheng
- General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou 510010, China
| | - Weifeng Li
- General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou 510010, China
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21
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Thorenoor N, Phelps DS, Floros J. Differential Sex-Dependent Regulation of the Alveolar Macrophage miRNome of SP-A2 and co-ex (SP-A1/SP-A2) and Sex Differences Attenuation after 18 h of Ozone Exposure. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9121190. [PMID: 33260937 PMCID: PMC7768498 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Human SP-A1 and SP-A2, encoded by SFTPA1 and SFTPA2, and their genetic variants differentially impact alveolar macrophage (AM) functions and regulation, including the miRNome. We investigated whether miRNome differences previously observed between AM from SP-A2 and SP-A1/SP-A2 mice are due to continued qualitative differences or a delayed response of mice carrying a single gene. Methods: Human transgenic (hTG) mice, carrying SP-A2 or both SP-A genes, and SP-A-KO mice were exposed to filtered air (FA) or ozone (O3). AM miRNA levels, target gene expression, and pathways determined 18 h after O3 exposure. RESULTS: We found (a) differences in miRNome due to sex, SP-A genotype, and exposure; (b) miRNome of both sexes was largely downregulated by O3, and co-ex had fewer changed (≥2-fold) miRNAs than either group; (c) the number and direction of the expression of genes with significant changes in males and females in co-ex are almost the opposite of those in SP-A2; (d) the same pathways were found in the studied groups; and (e) O3 exposure attenuated sex differences with a higher number of genotype-dependent and genotype-independent miRNAs common in both sexes after O3 exposure. Conclusion: Qualitative differences between SP-A2 and co-ex persist 18 h post-O3, and O3 attenuates sex differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithyananda Thorenoor
- Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (N.T.); (D.S.P.)
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - David S. Phelps
- Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (N.T.); (D.S.P.)
| | - Joanna Floros
- Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (N.T.); (D.S.P.)
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Correspondence:
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22
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Wang X, Gu G, Zhu H, Lu S, Abuduwaili K, Liu C. LncRNA SNHG20 promoted proliferation, invasion and inhibited cell apoptosis of lung adenocarcinoma via sponging miR-342 and upregulating DDX49. Thorac Cancer 2020; 11:3510-3520. [PMID: 33089952 PMCID: PMC7705913 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.13693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is increasing evidence that long non‐coding RNA (lncRNA) small nucleolar RNA host gene 20 (SNHG20) plays an important role in cancer. However, the function of SNHG20 in lung adenocarcinoma is unclear. The aim of our study was to investigate the roles of SNHG20 in lung adenocarcinoma. Methods Real‐time quantitative polymerasechain reaction (RT‐qPCR) was used to calculate the expression of SNHG20, miR‐342 and DEAD‐box helicase 49 (DDX49). Dual luciferase reporter gene assay was applied to verify whether miR‐342 binding to SNHG20 and DDX49. The expression correlation between miR‐342 and SNHG20 or DDX49 was assessed using Pearson's correlation analysis. Results SNHG20 and DDX49 were overexpressed, while miR‐342 was lowly expressed in lung adenocarcinoma tissues and cell lines. Knockdown of SNHG20 suppressed cell proliferation, invasion and enhanced cell apoptosis. SNHG20 was found to directly bind to miR‐342 and regulate the expression of miR‐342. MiR‐342 directly targeted DDX49 and the expression of miR‐342 had negative connection with DDX49 in lung adenocarcinoma tissues. Knockdown of DDX49 inhibited the progression of lung adenocarcinoma. DDX49 partially restored the functions of SNHG20 in A549 cells. Conclusions SNHG20 regulated lung adenocarcinoma cell proliferation, invasion and promoted cell apoptosis via miR‐342/DDX49 axis. Our findings demonstrate that SNHG20/miR‐342/DDX49 axis plays an important role in lung adenocarcinoma, providing a novel insight into the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Wang
- Pulmonary Medicine Department, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Guomin Gu
- Pulmonary Medicine Department, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hongge Zhu
- Pulmonary Medicine Department, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Suqiong Lu
- Pulmonary Medicine Department, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Kahaerjiang Abuduwaili
- Pulmonary Medicine Department, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Chunling Liu
- Pulmonary Medicine Department, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
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Zuo J, Yuan Y, Zhao M, Wang J, Chen Y, Zhu Q, Bai L. An efficient electrochemical assay for miR-3675-3p in human serum based on the nanohybrid of functionalized fullerene and metal-organic framework. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1140:78-88. [PMID: 33218492 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an interstitial lung disease with unclear pathogenesis, for which diagnosis has been a great challenge. Recent researches have revealed that miR-3675-3p is a promising biomarker for IPF diagnosis. Herein, the present work describes a novel electrochemical microRNA biosensor for rapid and sensitive detection of miR-3675-3p based on multiple signal amplification strategies. First of all, fullerene (C60) is doped with poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM)-functionalized metal-organic framework (MOF) to form a new nanohybrid of C60@PAMAM-MOF, which exhibits more remarkable redox activity compared with the other two synthesized C60-based nanohybrids when triggered by tetraoctylammonium bromide (TOAB). C60@PAMAM-MOF also possesses a large specific surface area and abundant amino groups to anchor Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) for the immobilization of signal probe (SP) to form tracer label and enhance the electrochemical response signal. In addition, core@shell Au-Pt nanoparticles (Au@PtNPs) are absorbed on chitosan-acetylene black (CS-AB) to act as sensing platform, which can promote electron transfer and increase the loading of capture probe (CP). Under optimum conditions, the proposed biosensor displays a wide linear range for miR-3675-3p from 10 fM to 10 nM, with a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 2.99 fM. More significantly, this biosensor shows a lower LOD and wider linear range than that of qRT-PCR, and its trial application in human serum shows favorable results, which exhibits a promising prospect for IPF diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Zuo
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Yonghua Yuan
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Min Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Jie Wang
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Yuhan Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Qiqi Zhu
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Lijuan Bai
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China.
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Effect of Total Flavonoids of Oxytropis falcata Bunge on the Expression of p-JAK1-and p-STAT1-Related Proteins in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:2407239. [PMID: 32908556 PMCID: PMC7474768 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2407239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective The study aimed to explore the effect of total flavonoids of Oxytropis falcata Bunge (FOFB) on the expression of p-JAK1/p-STAT1 and SOCS3 proteins in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Methods Rats model with IPF was established by one-off intratracheal injection of bleomycin (BLM, 5 mg/kg). After 14 days, the same volume of low dose (100 mg/kg), medium dose (200 mg/kg), and high dose (400 mg/kg) of FOFB and prednisolone acetate (20 mg/kg) as positive control drugs, as well as normal saline, were orally administered to rats once a day for 28 consecutive days. Subsequently, the degree of fibrosis and alveolitis in rat lung tissue was observed, respectively, by HE and Masson staining. Further more, observing the ultrastructure of lung tissue by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the detection of JAK/STAT pathway related indicators including p-JAK1, p-STAT1, and SOCS3 with immunohistochemistry and SOCS3 with real-time PCR (RT-PCR) was performed. Results Compared with the BLM group, the degree of alveolitis and fibrosis improved significantly, and the expression of p-JAK1 and p-STAT1 decreased; conversely, the expression of SOCS3 increased in the treatment group. Conclusion IPF causes high expression of p-JAK1 and p-STAT1 and low expression of SOCS3. FOFB can play a role in the treatment of IPF via upregulating SOCS3 and downregulating p-JAK1 and p-STAT1.
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25
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The mechanism of lncRNA H19 in fibrosis and its potential as novel therapeutic target. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 188:111243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Parimon T, Yao C, Stripp BR, Noble PW, Chen P. Alveolar Epithelial Type II Cells as Drivers of Lung Fibrosis in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2269. [PMID: 32218238 PMCID: PMC7177323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
: Alveolar epithelial type II cells (AT2) are a heterogeneous population that have critical secretory and regenerative roles in the alveolus to maintain lung homeostasis. However, impairment to their normal functional capacity and development of a pro-fibrotic phenotype has been demonstrated to contribute to the development of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). A number of factors contribute to AT2 death and dysfunction. As a mucosal surface, AT2 cells are exposed to environmental stresses that can have lasting effects that contribute to fibrogenesis. Genetical risks have also been identified that can cause AT2 impairment and the development of lung fibrosis. Furthermore, aging is a final factor that adds to the pathogenic changes in AT2 cells. Here, we will discuss the homeostatic role of AT2 cells and the studies that have recently defined the heterogeneity of this population of cells. Furthermore, we will review the mechanisms of AT2 death and dysfunction in the context of lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanyalak Parimon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Changfu Yao
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Barry R Stripp
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Paul W Noble
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Peter Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Qian W, Cai X, Qian Q, Zhang W, Tian L. Metastasis-associated protein 1 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis by up-regulating Snail expression. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:5998-6007. [PMID: 32187849 PMCID: PMC7294111 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and usually fatal lung disease that lacking effective interventions. It is well known that aberrant activation of transforming growth factor‐beta1 (TGF‐β1) frequently promotes epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) in IPF. Metastasis‐associated gene 1 (MTA1) has identified as an oncogene in several human tumours, and aberrant MTA1 expression has been related to the EMT regulation. However, its expression and function in IPF remain largely unexplored. Using a combination of in vitro and in vivo studies, we found that MTA1 was significantly up‐regulated in bleomycin‐induced fibrosis rats and TGF‐β1‐treated alveolar type Ⅱ epithelial (RLE‐6TN) cells. Overexpression of MTA1 induced EMT of RLE‐6TN cells, as well as facilitates cell proliferation and migration. In contrast, knockdown of MTA1 reversed TGF‐β1‐induced EMT of RLE‐6TN cells. The pro‐fibrotic action of MTA1 was mediated by increasing Snail expression through up‐regulating Snail promoter activity. Moreover, inhibition of MTA1 effectively attenuated bleomycin‐induced fibrosis in rats. Additionally, we preliminarily found astragaloside IV (ASV), which was previously validated having inhibitory effects on TGF‐β1‐induced EMT, could inhibit MTA1 expression in TGF‐β1‐treated RLE‐6TN cells. These findings highlight the role of MTA1 in TGF‐β1‐mediated EMT that offer novel strategies for the prevention and treatment of IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibin Qian
- Department of Lung Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xinrui Cai
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qiuhai Qian
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Lung Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Li Tian
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Wang Y, Xiao H, Zhao F, Li H, Gao R, Yan B, Ren J, Yang J. Decrypting the crosstalk of noncoding RNAs in the progression of IPF. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:3169-3179. [PMID: 32180083 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05368-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an agnogenic, rare, and lethal disease, with high mortality and poor prognosis and a median survival time as short as 3 to 5 years after diagnosis. No effective therapeutic drugs are still not available not only in clinical practice, but also in preclinical phases. To better and deeper understand pulmonary fibrosis will provide more effective strategies for therapy. Mounting evidence suggests that noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) and their interactions may contribute to lung fibrosis; however, the mechanisms underlying their roles are largely unknown. In this review, we systematically summarized the recent advances regarding the crucial roles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) and crosstalk among them in the development of IPF. The perspective for related genes was well highlighted. In summary, ncRNA and their interactions play a key regulatory part in the progression of IPF and are bound to provide us with new diagnostic and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Han Xiao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fenglian Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Han Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Rong Gao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bingdi Yan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jin Ren
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junling Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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29
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LeBleu VS, Neilson EG. Origin and functional heterogeneity of fibroblasts. FASEB J 2020; 34:3519-3536. [PMID: 32037627 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201903188r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The inherent plasticity and resiliency of fibroblasts make this cell type a conventional tool for basic research. But where do they come from, are all fibroblasts the same, and how do they function in disease? The first fibroblast lineages in mammalian development emerge from the ooze of primary mesenchyme during gastrulation. They are cells that efficiently create and negotiate the extracellular matrix of the mesoderm in order to migrate and meet their developmental fate. Mature fibroblasts in epithelial tissues live in the interstitial spaces between basement membranes that spatially delimit complex organ structures. While the function of resident fibroblasts in healthy tissues is largely conjecture, the accumulation of fibroblasts in pathologic lesions offers insight into biologic mechanisms that control their function; fibroblasts are poised to coordinate fibrogenesis in tissue injury, neoplasia, and aging. Here, we examine the developmental origin and plasticity of fibroblasts, their molecular and functional definitions, the epigenetic control underlying their identity and activation, and the evolution of their immune regulatory functions. These topics are reviewed through the lens of fate mapping using genetically engineered mouse models and from the perspective of single-cell RNA sequencing. Recent observations suggest dynamic and heterogeneous functions for fibroblasts that underscore their complex molecular signatures and utility in injured tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie S LeBleu
- Departments of Medicine and Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Eric G Neilson
- Departments of Medicine and Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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30
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Zhang P, Liu J, Zong R. Triptolide protects against TGF-β1-induced pulmonary fibrosis by regulating FAK/calpain signaling. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:4781-4789. [PMID: 31777561 PMCID: PMC6862707 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the mechanism of anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects of triptolide (TPL) on activated lung fibroblasts by regulating the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and calpain signaling pathways. The HFL-1 human foetal lung fibroblast cell line was cultured in vitro and treated with 50 ng/ml transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 for 48 h to establish the model of pulmonary fibrosis. Subsequently, the cells were divided into five groups, including a control, model, TPL, FAK inhibitor and calpeptin group. Subsequently, the proliferation of lung fibroblasts was detected using the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. The concentration of interleukin (IL)-6 in the cell culture supernatant was examined by ELISA and the mRNA expression levels of collagen type I (ColI)α and ColIII in lung fibroblasts were quantified by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. The protein levels of FAK, phosphorylated (p)-FAK, calpain 1 and calpain 2 were detected by western blot analysis. TGF-β1 induced the proliferation of lung fibroblasts, whereas TPL inhibited this proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. TPL also decreased the TGF-β1-induced production of IL-6 and reduced the upregulation of ColIα, ColIII, FAK, p-FAK, and inhibited the decrease of calpain 1 and calpain 2 induced by TGF-β1. In addition, the FAK inhibitor acted synergistically with TPL to decrease TGF-β1-induced production of IL-6 and attenuate TGF-β1-induced synthesis of ColIα and ColIII, while calpeptin had an antagonistic effect on the function of TPL. Furthermore, treatment with the FAK inhibitor and TPL markedly decreased the protein levels of FAK and p-FAK, and increased the protein expression of calpain 1 and calpain 2 in lung fibroblasts stimulated by TGF-β1 to a greater extent than TPL alone, while calpeptin had an antagonistic effect on the action of TPL. In conclusion, the present study indicated that TPL protected against TGF-β1-induced proliferation, inflammation and fibrosis by regulating the FAK and calpain signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingheng Zhang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
| | - Jian Liu
- Rheumatism Department, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P.R. China
| | - Ruikai Zong
- Rheumatism Department, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P.R. China
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Jones DL, Haak AJ, Caporarello N, Choi KM, Ye Z, Yan H, Varelas X, Ordog T, Ligresti G, Tschumperlin DJ. TGFβ-induced fibroblast activation requires persistent and targeted HDAC-mediated gene repression. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.233486. [PMID: 31527052 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.233486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue fibrosis is a chronic disease driven by persistent fibroblast activation that has recently been linked to epigenetic modifications. Here, we screened a small library of epigenetic small-molecule modulators to identify compounds capable of inhibiting or reversing TGFβ-mediated fibroblast activation. We identified pracinostat, an HDAC inhibitor, as a potent attenuator of lung fibroblast activation and confirmed its efficacy in patient-derived fibroblasts isolated from fibrotic lung tissue. Mechanistically, we found that HDAC-dependent transcriptional repression was an early and essential event in TGFβ-mediated fibroblast activation. Treatment of lung fibroblasts with pracinostat broadly attenuated TGFβ-mediated epigenetic repression and promoted fibroblast quiescence. We confirmed a specific role for HDAC-dependent histone deacetylation in the promoter region of the anti-fibrotic gene PPARGC1A (PGC1α) in response to TGFβ stimulation. Finally, we identified HDAC7 as a key factor whose siRNA-mediated knockdown attenuates fibroblast activation without altering global histone acetylation. Together, these results provide novel mechanistic insight into the essential role HDACs play in TGFβ-mediated fibroblast activation via targeted gene repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakota L Jones
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Andrew J Haak
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Nunzia Caporarello
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kyoung M Choi
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Zhenqing Ye
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Huihuang Yan
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xaralabos Varelas
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Tamas Ordog
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Giovanni Ligresti
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Daniel J Tschumperlin
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Wei P, Xie Y, Abel PW, Huang Y, Ma Q, Li L, Hao J, Wolff DW, Wei T, Tu Y. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-induced miR-133a inhibits myofibroblast differentiation and pulmonary fibrosis. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:670. [PMID: 31511493 PMCID: PMC6739313 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1873-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, a main profibrogenic cytokine in the progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), induces differentiation of pulmonary fibroblasts to myofibroblasts that produce high levels of collagen, leading to concomitantly loss of lung elasticity and function. Recent studies implicate the importance of microRNAs (miRNAs) in IPF but their regulation and individual pathological roles remain largely unknown. We used both RNA sequencing and quantitative RT-PCR strategies to systematically study TGF-β1-induced alternations of miRNAs in human lung fibroblasts (HFL). Our data show that miR-133a was significantly upregulated by TGF-β1 in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Surprisingly, miR-133a inhibits TGF-β1-induced myofibroblast differentiation whereas miR-133a inhibitor enhances TGF-β1-induced myofibroblast differentiation. Interestingly, quantitative proteomics analysis indicates that miR-133a attenuates myofibroblast differentiation via targeting multiple components of TGF-β1 profibrogenic pathways. Western blot analysis confirmed that miR-133a down-regulates TGF-β1-induced expression of classic myofibroblast differentiation markers such as ɑ-smooth muscle actin (ɑ-SMA), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and collagens. miRNA Target Searcher analysis and luciferase reporter assays indicate that TGF-β receptor 1, CTGF and collagen type 1-alpha1 (Col1a1) are direct targets of miR-133a. More importantly, miR-133a gene transferred into lung tissues ameliorated bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Together, our study identified TGF-β1-induced miR-133a as an anti-fibrotic factor. It functions as a feed-back negative regulator of TGF-β1 profibrogenic pathways. Thus, manipulations of miR-133a expression may provide a new therapeutic strategy to halt and perhaps even partially reverse the progression of IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wei
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yan Xie
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA
| | - Peter W Abel
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA
| | - Yapei Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA
| | - Qin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Linghai Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Junfeng Hao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Dennis W Wolff
- Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences-Joplin, Joplin, MO, 64804, USA
| | - Taotao Wei
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Yaping Tu
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA.
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Zhang Y, Guo J, Li Y, Jiao K, Zhang Y. let-7a suppresses liver fibrosis via TGFβ/SMAD signaling transduction pathway. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:3935-3942. [PMID: 31007736 PMCID: PMC6468397 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is the most common pathological outcome and the most severe complication of chronic liver diseases. Accumulating evidence suggests that miRNAs are involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, as well as the occurrence and development of various diseases. In this study, we found that the expression of let-7a was markedly decreased in the liver tissue samples and blood samples from patients with liver fibrosis compared with healthy volunteers. Furthermore, let-7a was downregulated in the liver tissues and blood samples in mouse models of liver fibrosis. Further analysis indicated that let-7a suppresses the activation level of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). In addition, overexpression of let-7a reduced cell viability and promoted apoptosis of HSCs. Western blot analysis showed that let-7a might inhibit HSCs through TGFβ/SMAD signaling pathway. The present study provides a potential accurate target and vital evidence to better understand the underlying pathogenesis for early diagnosis and treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161000, P.R. China
| | - Jia Guo
- Laboratory Center, Medical Technology College of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161000, P.R. China
| | - Yongchao Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Kai Jiao
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161000, P.R. China
| | - Yingbo Zhang
- Institute of Pathology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161000, P.R. China
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Liu Z, Liang X, Li X, Liu X, Zhu M, Gu Y, Zhou P. MiRNA-21 functions in ionizing radiation-induced epithelium-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by downregulating PTEN. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2019; 8:328-340. [PMID: 31160967 DOI: 10.1039/c9tx00019d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis (RIPF) results from thoracic radiotherapy and severely limits the use of radiotherapy. Recent studies suggest that epithelium-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) contributes to pulmonary fibrosis. Although miRNA dysregulation participates in a variety of pathophysiologic processes, their roles in fibrotic lung diseases and EMT are unclear. In this study, we aimed to identify key miRNAs involved in this process using a mouse model of RIPF previously established by irradiation with a single dose (20 Gy) of 60Co γ-rays. At 2-weeks post-irradiation, a set of significantly upregulated miRNAs was identified in lung tissue by miRNA array analysis. This included miR-21, which has been reported to contribute to the pulmonary fibrotic response induced by stereotactic body radiotherapy. Here, we showed that miR-21 expression increased in parallel with EMT progression in the lungs of irradiated mice. Ectopic miR-21 expression promoted EMT progression in lung epithelial cells. Furthermore, downregulation of miR-21 expression by transfection of its inhibitor inhibited ionizing radiation (IR)-induced EMT. Knockdown of PTEN, which is the functional target of miR-21, reversed the attenuation of IR-induced EMT mediated by miR-21 downregulation. Radiation treatment decreased PTEN expression and increased Akt phosphorylation; these effects were abolished by the miR-21 inhibitor. MiR-21 overexpression in lung epithelial cell also downregulated PTEN expression and upregulated Akt phosphorylation. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that miR-21 functions as a key regulator of IR-induced EMT in lung epithelial cells via the PTEN/Akt pathway. Targeting miR-21 is implicated as a novel therapeutic strategy for the prevention of RIPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Liu
- School of Public Health , University of South China , Hengyang , Hunan Province 421001 , P. R. China . ; .,Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing 100850 , P. R. China
| | - Xin Liang
- Graduate School , Anhui Medical University , Hefei , Anhui province 230032 , P. R. China
| | - Xueping Li
- School of Life Science , Shihezi University , Shihezi , Xinjiang Province 832003 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaodan Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing 100850 , P. R. China
| | - Maoxiang Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing 100850 , P. R. China
| | - Yongqing Gu
- School of Public Health , University of South China , Hengyang , Hunan Province 421001 , P. R. China . ; .,Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing 100850 , P. R. China
| | - Pingkun Zhou
- School of Public Health , University of South China , Hengyang , Hunan Province 421001 , P. R. China . ; .,Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing 100850 , P. R. China
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López-Ramírez C, Suarez Valdivia L, Rodríguez Portal JA. Causes of Pulmonary Fibrosis in the Elderly. Med Sci (Basel) 2018; 6:medsci6030058. [PMID: 30042329 PMCID: PMC6164854 DOI: 10.3390/medsci6030058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most common and most lethal type of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. It is a chronic, aging-associated lung disease characterized by fibrotic foci and inflammatory infiltrates, with no cure and very limited therapeutic options. Although its etiology is unknown, several pathogenic pathways have been described that could explain this process, involving aging, environmental factors, genomic instability, loss of proteostasis, telomere attrition, epigenetic changes, mitochondrial dysfunction, cell senescence, and altered intercellular communication. One of the main prognostic factors for the development of IPF in broad epidemiological studies is age. The incidence increases with age, making this a disease that predominantly affects the elderly population, being exceptional under 45 years of age. However, the degree to which each of these mechanisms is involved in the etiology of the uncontrolled fibrogenesis that defines IPF is still unknown. Clarifying these questions is crucial to the development of points of intervention in the pathogenesis of the disease. This review briefly summarizes what is known about each possible etiological factor, and the questions that most urgently need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia López-Ramírez
- Unidad Médico-Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Lionel Suarez Valdivia
- Unidad Médico-Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Jose Antonio Rodríguez Portal
- Unidad Médico-Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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