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Titmarsh DM, Nurcombe V, Cheung C, Cool SM. Vascular Cells and Tissue Constructs Derived from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells for Toxicological Screening. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:1347-1364. [PMID: 31397206 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2018.0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of human stem cells to generate somatic cell lineages makes them ideal candidates for use in toxicological testing and eventually, preclinical drug development. Such resources would support an evolution away from human primary cells or research animal models, which suffer from variability and poor predictability, toward off-the-shelf assays of chemical toxicity and drug efficacy using human cells and tissues. To this end, we generated vascular cell populations (smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells) from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), arranged them into 3D co-cultures within supportive gel matrices, and directed their propensity for self-organization resembling microvasculature. The resulting vascular cell populations and co-cultured constructs were then arrayed in high throughput and used for screening a library of environmental and clinical chemical agents for immunological and toxicological responses. The screen effectively stratified the chemicals into various levels of toxicity, with both cell type-specific and co-culture-dependent responses observed. Thus, hPSC-derived vascular cells and constructs could be progressed further toward use in toxicant and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew M Titmarsh
- Institute of Medical Biology and Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Victor Nurcombe
- Institute of Medical Biology and Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University-Imperial College London, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christine Cheung
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University-Imperial College London, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Simon M Cool
- Institute of Medical Biology and Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Truskey GA, Fernandez CE. Tissue-engineered blood vessels as promising tools for testing drug toxicity. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2015; 11:1021-4. [PMID: 26028128 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.1047342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced vascular injury (DIVI) is a serious problem in preclinical studies of vasoactive molecules and for survivors of pediatric cancers. DIVI is often observed in rodents and some larger animals, primarily with drugs affecting vascular tone, but not in humans; however, DIVI observed in animal studies often precludes a drug candidate from continuing along the development pipeline. Thus, there is great interest by the pharmaceutical industry to identify quantifiable human biomarkers of DIVI. Small-scale endothelialized tissue-engineered blood vessels using human cells represent a promising approach to screen drug candidates and develop alternatives to cancer therapeutics in vitro. We identify several technical challenges that remain to be addressed, including high-throughput systems to screen large numbers of candidates, identification of suitable cell sources and establishing and maintaining a differentiated state of the vessel wall cells. Adequately addressing these challenges should yield novel platforms to screen drugs and develop new therapeutics to treat cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Truskey
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering , 136 Hudson Hall, CB 90281, Durham, NC 27708-0281 , USA +919 660 5147 ;
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Frazier KS, Engelhardt JA, Fant P, Guionaud S, Henry SP, Leach MW, Louden C, Scicchitano MS, Weaver JL, Zabka TS. Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee Points-to-consider Paper*. Toxicol Pathol 2015; 43:915-34. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623315570340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced vascular injury (DIVI) is a recurrent challenge in the development of novel pharmaceutical agents. Although DIVI in laboratory animal species has been well characterized for vasoactive small molecules, there is little available information regarding DIVI associated with biotherapeutics such as peptides/proteins or antibodies. Because of the uncertainty about whether DIVI in preclinical studies is predictive of effects in humans and the lack of robust biomarkers of DIVI, preclinical DIVI findings can cause considerable delays in or even halt development of promising new drugs. This review discusses standard terminology, characteristics, and mechanisms of DIVI associated with biotherapeutics. Guidance and points to consider for the toxicologist and pathologist facing preclinical cases of biotherapeutic-related DIVI are outlined, and examples of regulatory feedback for each of the mechanistic types of DIVI are included to provide insight into risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael W. Leach
- Pfizer—Drug Safety Research and Development, Andover, Massachusetts, USA
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Mikaelian I, Cameron M, Dalmas DA, Enerson BE, Gonzalez RJ, Guionaud S, Hoffmann PK, King NMP, Lawton MP, Scicchitano MS, Smith HW, Thomas RA, Weaver JL, Zabka TS. Nonclinical Safety Biomarkers of Drug-induced Vascular Injury. Toxicol Pathol 2014; 42:635-57. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623314525686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Better biomarkers are needed to identify, characterize, and/or monitor drug-induced vascular injury (DIVI) in nonclinical species and patients. The Predictive Safety Testing Consortium (PSTC), a precompetitive collaboration of pharmaceutical companies and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), formed the Vascular Injury Working Group (VIWG) to develop and qualify translatable biomarkers of DIVI. The VIWG focused its research on acute DIVI because early detection for clinical and nonclinical safety monitoring is desirable. The VIWG developed a strategy based on the premise that biomarkers of DIVI in rat would be translatable to humans due to the morphologic similarity of vascular injury between species regardless of mechanism. The histomorphologic lexicon for DIVI in rat defines degenerative and adaptive findings of the vascular endothelium and smooth muscles, and characterizes inflammatory components. We describe the mechanisms of these changes and their associations with candidate biomarkers for which advanced analytical method validation was completed. Further development is recommended for circulating microRNAs, endothelial microparticles, and imaging techniques. Recommendations for sample collection and processing, analytical methods, and confirmation of target localization using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization are described. The methods described are anticipated to aid in the identification and qualification of translational biomarkers for DIVI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Mikaelian
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
- Abbvie, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Raymond J. Gonzalez
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck and Co, Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Silvia Guionaud
- Shire, Hampshire International Business Park, Basingstoke, United Kingdom
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Bendjama K, Guionaud S, Aras G, Arber N, Badimon L, Bamberger U, Bratfalean D, Brott D, David M, Doessegger L, Firat H, Gallas JF, Gautier JC, Hoffmann P, Kraus S, Padro T, Saadoun D, Szczesny P, Thomann P, Vilahur G, Lawton M, Cacoub P. Translation Strategy for the Qualification of Drug-induced Vascular Injury Biomarkers. Toxicol Pathol 2014; 42:658-71. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623314527644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced vascular injury (DIVI) is a common preclinical toxicity usually characterized by hemorrhage, vascular endothelial and smooth muscle damage, and inflammation. DIVI findings can cause delays or termination of drug candidates due to low safety margins. The situation is complicated by the absence of sensitive, noninvasive biomarkers for monitoring vascular injury and the uncertain relevance to humans. The Safer And Faster Evidence-based Translation (SAFE-T) consortium is a public–private partnership funded within the European Commission’s Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) aiming to accelerate drug development by qualifying biomarkers for drug-induced organ injuries, including DIVI. The group is using patients with vascular diseases that have key histomorphologic features (endothelial damage, smooth muscle damage, and inflammation) in common with those observed in DIVI, and has selected candidate biomarkers associated with these features. Studied populations include healthy volunteers, patients with spontaneous vasculitides and other vascular disorders. Initial results from studies with healthy volunteers and patients with vasculitides show that a panel of biomarkers can successfully discriminate the population groups. The SAFE-T group plans to seek endorsement from health authorities (European Medicines Agency and Food and Drug Administration) to qualify the biomarkers for use in regulatory decision-making processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nadir Arber
- Integrated Cancer Prevention Center, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lina Badimon
- Cardiovascular Research Center, CSIC-ICCC, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Uwe Bamberger
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Nonclinical Drug Safety Biberach/Riss, Germany
| | | | - David Brott
- AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Translational Patient Safety and Enabling Sciences, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
| | - Maayan David
- Integrated Cancer Prevention Center, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | - Peter Hoffmann
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Preclinical safety, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sarah Kraus
- Integrated Cancer Prevention Center, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Teresa Padro
- Cardiovascular Research Center, CSIC-ICCC, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Saadoun
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, F-75013, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire I2B, UPMC Univ Paris 06, F-75005, Paris, France; INSERM UMR 7211, F-75005, Paris, France; INSERM, UMR_S 959, F-75013, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7211, F-75005, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Gemma Vilahur
- Cardiovascular Research Center, CSIC-ICCC, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Lawton
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Drug Safety Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Patrice Cacoub
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, F-75013, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire I2B, UPMC Univ Paris 06, F-75005, Paris, France; INSERM UMR 7211, F-75005, Paris, France; INSERM, UMR_S 959, F-75013, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7211, F-75005, Paris, France
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Jones HB, Björkman JA, Schofield J. Coronary and systemic arterial physiology and immunohistochemical markers related to early coronary arterial lesions in beagle dogs given the potassium channel opener, ZD6169, or the endothelin receptor antagonist, ZD1611. Toxicol Pathol 2012; 41:722-35. [PMID: 23125115 DOI: 10.1177/0192623312464123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated immunohistochemistry (von Willebrand Factor [vWF] or fibrinogen) and systemic and coronary arterial physiological parameters in beagle dogs to investigate early arterial lesions induced by the potassium channel opener, ZD6169, or the endothelin receptor antagonist, ZD1611. Dogs given an oral dose of ZD6169 (experiment 1) were terminated 1 day later and showed arterial and myocardial lesions. Minimal arterial lesions exhibited few condensed medial smooth muscle cells only, with others showing segmental medial necrosis occasionally with medial/adventitial acute inflammation. Intercellular immunostaining was seen in ostensibly normal tissue, where no pathology was present in conventionally stained sections. vWF and fibrinogen are valuable tools for detecting disruption of arterial integrity. In experiment 2, 2 dogs were given a single high dose of ZD6169 or ZD1611 and BP/HR monitored by conventional measures or telemetry. Substantially reduced systolic/diastolic BP and increased HR occurred within 10 min of ZD6169 infusion: ZD1611 caused minor BP decrease and HR increase. In experiment 3, both drugs given to anaesthetized dogs induced markedly exaggerated systolic phasic forward and reverse flow in left descending and right coronary arteries. Diastolic coronary artery flows were unaffected with ZD1611 and increased slightly with ZD6169. In both coronary arteries, the ZD1611-induced increase in flows paralleled decreased resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huw Bowen Jones
- Global Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom.
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Sheth CM, Enerson BE, Peters D, Lawton MP, Weaver JL. Effects of Modulating In Vivo Nitric Oxide Production on the Incidence and Severity of PDE4 Inhibitor–Induced Vascular Injury in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Toxicol Sci 2011; 122:7-15. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Hanton G, Sobry C, Daguès N, Provost JP, Le Net JL, Comby P, Chevalier S. Characterisation of the vascular and inflammatory lesions induced by the PDE4 inhibitor CI-1044 in the dog. Toxicol Lett 2008; 179:15-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2007] [Revised: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Tesfamariam B, DeFelice AF. Endothelial injury in the initiation and progression of vascular disorders. Vascul Pharmacol 2006; 46:229-37. [PMID: 17218160 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2006.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2006] [Accepted: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cell dysfunction is considered to be an early event which subsequently leads to vascular wall disorders. Ultrastructural studies indicate that the endothelial cell changes involve membrane damage, increased permeability, swelling and necrosis. The endothelial cell loss of function could be as a result of changes in hemodynamic forces (shear and/or hoop stress), direct drug-induced cytotoxicity, mechanical device implant-induced injury and/or immune-mediated mechanisms. Drugs may perturb endothelial cell integrity by directly triggering inflammatory signaling cascades, enhancing expression of cellular adhesion molecules, activation of cytotoxic T cells and/or autoantibodies directed against endothelial cell membranes. Local release of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines activate endothelial cells to upregulate soluble adhesion molecules, activate neutrophils and generate reactive oxygen species which serve to amplify the initial inflammation leading to dysregulated apoptosis, secondary necrosis and overt vascular injury lesions. Considering the role of the endothelium in the initiation and propagation of vascular wall injury, there is a need for the discovery of validated biomarkers to serve as a predictor of activation of inflammatory cascades in the development of vascular injury. This article reviews some aspects of the multifaceted mechanisms that lead to the initial endothelial cell disruption and subsequent vascular wall injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belay Tesfamariam
- Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, Bldg 22, Rm 4176, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002, USA.
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11
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Louden C, Brott D, Katein A, Kelly T, Gould S, Jones H, Betton G, Valetin JP, Richardson RJ. Biomarkers and mechanisms of drug-induced vascular injury in non-rodents. Toxicol Pathol 2006; 34:19-26. [PMID: 16507540 DOI: 10.1080/01926230500512076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In preclinical safety studies, drug-induced vascular injury can negatively impact candidate-drug selection because there are no obvious diagnostic markers for monitoring this pathology preclinically or clinically. Furthermore, our current understanding of the pathogenesis of this lesion is limited. While vasodilatation and increased shear stress appear to play a role, the exact mechanism(s) of injury to the primary target cells, smooth muscle (SMC) and endothelial cell (EC), are unknown. Evaluation of potential novel markers for clinical monitoring with a mechanistic underpinning would add value in risk assessment and risk management. This mini review focuses on the efforts and progress to identify diagnostic markers as well as understanding the mechanism of action in nonrodent drug-induced vascular injury.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers/analysis
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Dogs
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Drugs, Investigational/adverse effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Nitric Oxide/analysis
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Vascular Diseases/chemically induced
- Vascular Diseases/metabolism
- Vascular Diseases/pathology
- von Willebrand Factor/analysis
- von Willebrand Factor/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvert Louden
- Department of Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Cheshire, UK.
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Dame MK, Yu X, Garrido R, Bobrowski W, McDuffie JE, Murphy HS, Albassam M, Varani J. A stepwise method for the isolation of endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells from individual canine coronary arteries. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2005; 39:402-6. [PMID: 14690451 DOI: 10.1290/1543-706x(2003)039<0402:asmfti>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Methods for the stepwise isolation of endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells from individual canine coronary arteries are described. Both cell types can be isolated in pure culture with high yields. Dogs are a common species used in the study of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. Capacity to isolate endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells from individual canine coronary arteries should prove useful in the study of coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Dame
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 4224 Medical Science I Building, 1301 Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0602, USA.
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Kerns W, Schwartz L, Blanchard K, Burchiel S, Essayan D, Fung E, Johnson R, Lawton M, Louden C, MacGregor J, Miller F, Nagarkatti P, Robertson D, Snyder P, Thomas H, Wagner B, Ward A, Zhang J. Drug-induced vascular injury—a quest for biomarkers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2005; 203:62-87. [PMID: 15694465 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2004.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2004] [Accepted: 08/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Aliyev A, Seyidova D, Rzayev N, Obrenovich ME, Lamb BT, Chen SG, Smith MA, Perry G, de la Torre JC, Aliev G. Is nitric oxide a key target in the pathogenesis of brain lesions during the development of Alzheimer's disease? Neurol Res 2004; 26:547-53. [PMID: 15265272 DOI: 10.1179/01610425017613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a short-life key bioregulatory active molecule in the cardiovascular, immune and nervous systems. NO is synthesized by converting L-arginine to L-citrulline by enzymes called NO synthase (NOS). The growing body of evidence strongly supports the theory that this molecule appears to be one of the key targets for the disruption of normal brain homeostasis, which causes the development of brain lesions and pathology such as in Alzheimer's disease (AD) or other related dementia. The vascular content of NO activity appears especially to be a main contributor to this pathology before the over-expression of other NOS isoforms activity in a different brain cellular compartment. We speculate that pharmacological intervention using NO donors and/or NO suppressors will be able to delay or minimize the development of brain pathology and further progression of mental retardation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Aliyev
- Microscopy Research Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Jones HB, Macpherson A, Betton GR, Davis AS, Siddall R, Greaves P. Endothelin antagonist-induced coronary and systemic arteritis in the beagle dog. Toxicol Pathol 2003; 31:263-72. [PMID: 12746113 DOI: 10.1080/01926230390204298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Two endothelin antagonists, ZD1611 (3-[4-[3-(3-methoxy-5-methylpyrazin-2-ylsulfamoyl)-2-pyridyl]phenyl]-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid) and ZD2574 (2-(4-isobutylphenyl)-N-(3-methoxy-5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)pyridine-3-sulfonamide), selective for the ET(A) receptor and intended for use in pulmonary hypertension, were tested in Beagle dogs at various doses for periods of up to 4 weeks. These studies included in vivo telemetric hemodynamic assessment, full histopathological and ultrastructural pathological evaluation of coronary arteries. Both drugs produced arteritis in small- and medium-sized coronary arteries after single or multiple doses, some of which were at or below the ED50. The distribution of lesions was predominantly in extramural arteries over the atria and atrioventricular groove of the right side of the heart and consisted of epicardial hemorrhage and arteritis. Systemic arteritis was also present at a lower incidence than the coronary arteritis, was located at different sites and appeared inconsistently. Ultrastructural changes in coronary arteries suggested that damage was the result of mechanical factors. Although these patterns of vascular injury possessed features in common with those induced in dogs by high doses of vasodilating antihypertensive drugs and inotropic agents, they were atypical, as there was no left ventricular myocardial necrosis, papillary muscle damage, or subendocardial hemorrhage suggestive of ischaemia or excessive inotropism. Moreover, physiological monitoring showed no evidence of exaggerated systemic hypotension or reflex tachycardia at doses associated with vascular damage. Consequently, the changes might be the result of a localized pharmacological process such as intense, prolonged vasodilatation in unsupported arteries that are well endowed with endothelin receptors and particularly sensitive to endothelin antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huw B Jones
- Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca UK Ltd, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, Cheshire, United Kingdom.
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Clemo FAS, Evering WE, Snyder PW, Albassam MA. Differentiating spontaneous from drug-induced vascular injury in the dog. Toxicol Pathol 2003; 31 Suppl:25-31. [PMID: 12597428 DOI: 10.1080/01926230390174904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
When vascular injury is observed in dogs used in preclinical toxicology studies, careful evaluation of the lesions is warranted, especially when differentiating drug-induced vascular changes from spontaneous findings, such as idiopathic canine polyarteritis. The clinical signs as well as the nature and distribution of lesions can often be distinguishing, as is the case with vasoactive drugs, including vasodilators and/or positive inotropes (hydralazine, minoxidil, endothelin receptor antagonists, and phosphodiesterase III inhibitors). For most types of vasodilator-induced vascular injury, the lesion is often restricted to coronary arteries, whereas in idiopathic canine polyarteritis, arterial lesions not only involve coronary arteries, but also medium to small arteries of other organs. In addition, the nature of the changes in vessels yields important clues. Medial and adventitial hemorrhage is generally associated with vasodilator-induced arterial lesion, whereas hemorrhage is generally absent in idiopathic polyarteritis. Although idiopathic canine polyarteritis can generally be differentiated from vasoactive-induced vascular injury in dogs, there are increasing incidences of this type of polyarteritis in dogs receiving any 1 of a number of unrelated classes of compounds, suggestive of an exacerbation of the spontaneous disease. Therefore, in order to differentiate drug-induced injury from idiopathic canine polyarteritis, it is critical that examination of the vascular pathology be conducted with good understanding of clinical, pharmacological, and mechanistic data associated with the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances A S Clemo
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, United Kingdom.
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