1
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Fang Y, Zhang X, Yan D, Lin Z, Ma X, Lai J, Liu Y, Ke Y, Chen Z, Wang Z. Study on Dispersion, Adsorption, and Hydration Effects of Polycarboxylate Superplasticizers with Different Side Chain Structures in Reference Cement and Belite Cement. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4168. [PMID: 37297301 PMCID: PMC10254122 DOI: 10.3390/ma16114168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of Reference cement (RC) and Belite cement (LC) systems, different molecular structures of polycarboxylate ether (PCE) were prepared through the free radical polymerization reaction and designated as PC-1 and PC-2. The PCE was characterized and tested using a particle charge detector, gel permeation chromatography, a rotational rheometer, a total organic carbon analyzer, and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that compared to PC-2, PC-1 exhibited higher charge density and better molecular structure extension, with smaller side-chain molecular weight and molecular volume. PC-1 demonstrated enhanced adsorption capacity in cement, improved initial dispersibility of cement slurry, and a reduction in slurry yield stress of more than 27.8%. LC, with its higher C2S content and smaller specific surface area compared to RC, could decrease the formation of flocculated structures, resulting in a reduction in slurry yield stress of over 57.5% and displaying favorable fluidity in cement slurry. PC-1 had a greater retarding effect on the hydration induction period of cement compared to PC-2. RC, which had a higher C3S content, could adsorb more PCE, leading to a greater retarding effect on the hydration induction period compared to LC. LC and PC-2, on the other hand, exhibited inhibition during the hydration acceleration period. The addition of PCE with different structures did not significantly affect the morphology of hydration products in the later stage, which was consistent with the trend of KD variation. This indicates that the analysis of hydration kinetics can better reflect the final hydration morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhui Fang
- Polytechnic Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310015, China;
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
- KZJ New Materials Group Co., Ltd., Xiamen 361101, China; (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (X.M.); (Y.K.); (Z.C.); (Z.W.)
| | - Xiaofang Zhang
- KZJ New Materials Group Co., Ltd., Xiamen 361101, China; (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (X.M.); (Y.K.); (Z.C.); (Z.W.)
| | - Dongming Yan
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Zhijun Lin
- KZJ New Materials Group Co., Ltd., Xiamen 361101, China; (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (X.M.); (Y.K.); (Z.C.); (Z.W.)
| | - Xiuxing Ma
- KZJ New Materials Group Co., Ltd., Xiamen 361101, China; (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (X.M.); (Y.K.); (Z.C.); (Z.W.)
| | - Junying Lai
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310023, China;
| | - Yuliang Ke
- KZJ New Materials Group Co., Ltd., Xiamen 361101, China; (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (X.M.); (Y.K.); (Z.C.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zhanhua Chen
- KZJ New Materials Group Co., Ltd., Xiamen 361101, China; (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (X.M.); (Y.K.); (Z.C.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zhaopeng Wang
- KZJ New Materials Group Co., Ltd., Xiamen 361101, China; (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (X.M.); (Y.K.); (Z.C.); (Z.W.)
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2
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Zhang Q, Chen J, Zhu J, Yang Y, Zhou D, Wang T, Shu X, Qiao M. Advances in Organic Rheology-Modifiers (Chemical Admixtures) and Their Effects on the Rheological Properties of Cement-Based Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8730. [PMID: 36556536 PMCID: PMC9784188 DOI: 10.3390/ma15248730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Organic rheology modifiers, especially superplasticizers and viscosity-modifying admixtures (VMAs), have become key components for the workability optimization of modern concrete. The development of these admixtures is crucial to the further performance improvement of modern concrete under different casting and service conditions. Many of the former reviews have summarized research advances in respect of these admixtures from chemical and material perspectives, focusing on the effects of structure and the performance. In this paper, from a rheological perspective, an overview is provided of the microscale behavior of polycarboxylate (PCE) superplasticizers and VMAs (e.g., adsorption, conformation, and bridging) in terms of the evolution of the microstructure of the paste, the effect of chemical structure on the yield stress, the apparent viscosity and thixotropy of cement-based materials, and the structure design of these admixtures. Most importantly, in addition to a general discussion with assumptions (monolayer adsorption of a "flat" conformation, with each molecule on a single particle; statistical polymer composition), special conditions (e.g., preferential adsorption, depletion effects, hydration modification effects, and the polydispersity of the polymer composition) are discussed. Newly developed admixtures, realized through regulation of the microscale behavior, and by the modification of adsorption, topological structure, and molecular frame, are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials, Jiangsu Sobute New Materials Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211103, China
| | - Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials, Jiangsu Sobute New Materials Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211103, China
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Preparation and Measurement of Building Materials, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials, Jiangsu Sobute New Materials Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211103, China
| | - Dongliang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials, Jiangsu Sobute New Materials Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211103, China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials, Jiangsu Sobute New Materials Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211103, China
| | - Xin Shu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials, Jiangsu Sobute New Materials Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211103, China
| | - Min Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials, Jiangsu Sobute New Materials Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211103, China
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3
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Feng H, Feng Z, Mao Y, Deng Z, Zheng B. Study on the polymerization process and monomer reactivity of
EPEG
‐type polycarboxylate superplasticizer. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Feng
- Research & Development Center for Sports Materials East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Zhongjun Feng
- Shanghai Sunrise Polymer Material Co., Ltd. China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Construction Admixture Shanghai China
| | - Yucheng Mao
- Shanghai Sunrise Polymer Material Co., Ltd. China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Construction Admixture Shanghai China
| | - Zuiliang Deng
- Shanghai Sunrise Polymer Material Co., Ltd. China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Construction Admixture Shanghai China
| | - Baicun Zheng
- Research & Development Center for Sports Materials East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
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4
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Orekhov DV, Kazantsev OA, Orekhov SV, Sivokhin AP, Kamorin DM, Simagin AS, Savinova MV, Bolshakova EA, Korotaev MS. Synthesis of amphiphilic (meth)acrylates with oligo(ethylene glycol) and (or) oligo(propylene glycol) blocks by the esterification of (meth)acrylic acid. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V. Orekhov
- Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University n.a. R.E. Alekseev Nizhny Novgorod Russian Federation
| | - Oleg A. Kazantsev
- Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University n.a. R.E. Alekseev Nizhny Novgorod Russian Federation
| | - Sergey V. Orekhov
- Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University n.a. R.E. Alekseev Nizhny Novgorod Russian Federation
| | - Alexey P. Sivokhin
- Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University n.a. R.E. Alekseev Nizhny Novgorod Russian Federation
| | - Denis M. Kamorin
- Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University n.a. R.E. Alekseev Nizhny Novgorod Russian Federation
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod Nizhny Novgorod Russian Federation
| | - Alexander S. Simagin
- Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University n.a. R.E. Alekseev Nizhny Novgorod Russian Federation
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod Nizhny Novgorod Russian Federation
| | - Maria V. Savinova
- Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University n.a. R.E. Alekseev Nizhny Novgorod Russian Federation
| | - Evgeniya A. Bolshakova
- Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University n.a. R.E. Alekseev Nizhny Novgorod Russian Federation
| | - Michail S. Korotaev
- Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University n.a. R.E. Alekseev Nizhny Novgorod Russian Federation
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5
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Mi X, Zhang X, Ding M, Zhang M, Pei M. Structure and properties of polycarboxylic acid dispersants synthesized by
RAFT
method. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyun Mi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering University of Jinan Jinan China
| | - Xiuzhi Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering University of Jinan Jinan China
| | - Mei Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering University of Jinan Jinan China
| | - Ming Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering University of Jinan Jinan China
| | - Meishan Pei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering University of Jinan Jinan China
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6
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Gholinezhad F, Moghbeli MR, Aghaei A, Allahverdi A. Effect of organoclay reinforced acrylate latex particles on the cement paste performance. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2019.1699425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Gholinezhad
- School of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Moghbeli
- School of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Aghaei
- School of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Allahverdi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran, Iran
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7
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Li S, Liu J, Yang Y, Qi S, Ran Q, Liu J. Synthesis, performance and working mechanism of a novel polyaryl ether superplasticizer for cement-based materials. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2018.1461638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shentong Li
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials, Jiangsu Sobute New Materials Co. Ltd, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinzhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials, Jiangsu Sobute New Materials Co. Ltd, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials, Jiangsu Sobute New Materials Co. Ltd, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuai Qi
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials, Jiangsu Sobute New Materials Co. Ltd, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qianping Ran
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials, Jiangsu Sobute New Materials Co. Ltd, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaping Liu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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8
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Wang X, Yang Y, Shu X, Wang Y, Ran Q, Liu J. Tailoring polycarboxylate architecture to improve the rheological properties of cement paste. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2018.1485578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials, Jiangsu Sobute New Materials Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials, Jiangsu Sobute New Materials Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Shu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials, Jiangsu Sobute New Materials Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Yanwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials, Jiangsu Sobute New Materials Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Qianping Ran
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials, Jiangsu Sobute New Materials Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials, Jiangsu Sobute New Materials Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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9
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Ezzat M, Xu X, El Cheikh K, Lesage K, Hoogenboom R, De Schutter G. Structure-property relationships for polycarboxylate ether superplasticizers by means of RAFT polymerization. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 553:788-797. [PMID: 31255940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.06.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Polycarboxylate ether (PCE) comb-copolymers are widely used as water reducing agents in the concrete industry while maintaining a high fluidity via the polymer adsorption to the cement particles. PCE copolymers with a broad range of structures are well established by Free radical polymerization, however, understanding the structure-property relationship is still complex due to the high polydispersity of PCE copolymers prepared by conventional polymerization. The influence of different structural parameters using well-defined polymeric structures is yet to be explored. EXPERIMENTS In this study, two different types of comb-like random copolymers, namely polycarboxylate ether (PCE; poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate/methacrylic acid)) and polysulfonate ether (PSE; poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate/sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)), were synthesized by RAFT polymerization to enable the synthesis of polymers with controlled features. The effect of charge types and side chain lengths on the adsorption, rheology, and dispersing ability of cement pastes have been studied. FINDINGS RAFT polymerization could be used to prepare PCE random copolymers with good control over the polymer molecular weight and narrow polydispersity (Đ < 1.3). Results revealed that the ζ-potential values depend on both the charge type and side chain lengths. Copolymers containing SO3- exhibited higher absolute negative ζ-potential values than COO- while PCE copolymers with shorter side chains developed higher absolute negative ζ-potential values. On the other hand, the adsorption study demonstrated that decreasing the side chain lengths lead to higher adsorption of PCE copolymers while Copolymers with COO- groups were found to be adsorbed more than SO3- counterparts. These results are further confirmed with the rheological studies and it is found that the shorter the side chain, the lower the yield stress and the higher the dispersion of cement pastes but to a limited effect. Additionally, the charge types have a major influence on the performance of superplasticizers. This study could make further progress in establishing superplasticizers with controlled architectures for better performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metwally Ezzat
- Ghent University, Department of Structural Engineering, Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 60, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xiaowen Xu
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Khadija El Cheikh
- Ghent University, Department of Structural Engineering, Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 60, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karel Lesage
- Ghent University, Department of Structural Engineering, Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 60, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Geert De Schutter
- Ghent University, Department of Structural Engineering, Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 60, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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10
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Wang K, Pang H, Huang H, Song L, Huang J, Zhao Y. Study on the dispersion, adsorption and early hydration behavior of cement pastes containing multi-armed polycarboxylate superplasticizers. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2019.1571925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Pang
- Key Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linxia Song
- Key Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianheng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Zhang Q, Ran Q, Zhao H, Shu X, Yang Y. Effect of counterions on comb-like polycarboxylate conformation in aqueous solutions. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2016.1192043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials, Jiangsu Research Institute of Building Science, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Sobute New Materials Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qianping Ran
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials, Jiangsu Research Institute of Building Science, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Sobute New Materials Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials, Jiangsu Research Institute of Building Science, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Sobute New Materials Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Shu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials, Jiangsu Research Institute of Building Science, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Sobute New Materials Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials, Jiangsu Research Institute of Building Science, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Sobute New Materials Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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12
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Shu X, Zhao H, Wang X, Zhang Q, Yang Y, Ran Q, Liu J. Effect of hydrophobic units of polycarboxylate superplasticizer on the flow behavior of cement paste. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2016.1160831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Shu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials (HPCEM), Jiangsu Research Institute of Building Science, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- R&D Department, Jiangsu Sobute New Materials Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials (HPCEM), Jiangsu Research Institute of Building Science, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- R&D Department, Jiangsu Sobute New Materials Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiumei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials (HPCEM), Jiangsu Research Institute of Building Science, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- R&D Department, Jiangsu Sobute New Materials Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials (HPCEM), Jiangsu Research Institute of Building Science, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- R&D Department, Jiangsu Sobute New Materials Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials (HPCEM), Jiangsu Research Institute of Building Science, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- R&D Department, Jiangsu Sobute New Materials Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qianping Ran
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials (HPCEM), Jiangsu Research Institute of Building Science, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- R&D Department, Jiangsu Sobute New Materials Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaping Liu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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