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Elsayed A, Al-Remawi M, Jaber N, Abu-Salah KM. Advances in buccal and oral delivery of insulin. Int J Pharm 2023; 633:122623. [PMID: 36681204 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic endocrine disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances in metabolic processes, such as those related to carbohydrates, fat, and protein. There are two main types of this disease: type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Insulin therapy is pivotal to the management of diabetes. Over the last two decades, many routes of administration, including nasal, pulmonary, rectal, transdermal, buccal, and ocular, have been investigated. Nevertheless, subcutaneous parenteral administration is still the most common route for insulin therapy. To overcome poor bioavailability and the barriers to oral insulin absorption, novel approaches in the field of oral drug delivery and administration have been brought about by the coalescence of different branches of nanoscience and nanotechnology, such as nanomedicine, nano-biochemistry, and nano-pharmacy. Novel drug delivery systems, including nanoparticles, nano-platforms, and nanocarriers, have been suggested. The objective of this review is to provide an update on the various promising approaches that have been explored and evaluated for the safe and efficient oral and buccal administration of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Elsayed
- College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mayyas Al-Remawi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 11196, Jordan
| | - Nisrein Jaber
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan
| | - Khalid M Abu-Salah
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences/ King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Department of Nanomedicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Altaani BM, Almaaytah AM, Dadou S, Alkhamis K, Daradka MH, Hananeh W. Oral Delivery of Teriparatide Using a Nanoemulsion System: Design, in Vitro and in Vivo Evaluation. Pharm Res 2020; 37:80. [PMID: 32253527 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02793-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Investigate the possibility of delivering teriparatide orally using nanoemulsion. METHOD Teriparatide was allowed to interact with chitosan in the presence of HPβCD.The formed polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) was characterized by DSC, FTIR, DLS and for entrapment efficiency. PEC was the incorporated in an oil phase consisting of Oleic Acid, Labrasol and Plurol Oleique to form a nanoemulsion. This preparation was characterized for refractive index, viscosity, pH, conductivity, particle size, and morphology.Bioavailability of the preparation was evaluated using rabbits against SC injection. The efficacy of the formula was tested using ovariectomized rats (an osteoporosis animal model) and mechanical and histological tests were conducted on their bones. The stability of the preparation was evaluated by storing samples at 4o C, 25o C and 40o C for three months. RESULTS PEC testing demonstrate a complex formation with particle size of 208 nm, zeta potential of +17 mV and entrapment efficiency of 49%. For the nanoemulsion, the results demonstrate the formation of a nano-sized dispersed system (108 nm) with a drug loading of 98% and a percent protection of 90% and 71% in SGF and SIF respectively. Bioavailability results showed a sustained release profile was achieved following the oral formulation administration. Efficacy studies showed improvement in the strength, thickness and connectivity of bones. Short-term stability study demostrated that the nanoemulsion is mostly stable at 4o C. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate the ability of delivering Teriparatide orally using oleic acid based dispersion in combination with chitosan PEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashar M Altaani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
| | - Ammar M Almaaytah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
- Currently Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Middle East University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Suha Dadou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Khouloud Alkhamis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mousa H Daradka
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Wael Hananeh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Elsayed AM, Khaled AH, Al Remawi MM, Qinna NA, Abu Farsakh H, Badwan AA. Low Molecular Weight Chitosan-Insulin Complexes Solubilized in a Mixture of Self-Assembled Labrosol and Plurol Oleaque and Their Glucose Reduction Activity in Rats. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16010032. [PMID: 29337857 PMCID: PMC5793080 DOI: 10.3390/md16010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral insulin delivery that better mimics physiological pathways is a necessity as it ensures patient comfort and compliance. A system which is based on a vehicle of nano order where positively charged chitosan interacts with negatively charged insulin and forms a polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) solubilizate, which is then solubilized into an oily phase of oleic acid, labrasol, and plurol oleaque-protects insulin against enzymatic gastrointestinal reduction. The use of an anionic fatty acid in the oily phase, such as oleic acid, is thought to allow an interaction with cationic chitosan, hence reducing particle size. Formulations were assessed based on their hypoglycaemic capacities in diabetic rats as compared to conventional subcutaneous dosage forms. 50 IU/kg oral insulin strength could only induce blood glucose reduction equivalent to that of 5 IU/kg (1 International unit = 0.0347 mg of human insulin). Parameters that influence the pharmacological availability were evaluated. A preliminary investigation of the mechanism of absorption suggests the involvement of the lymphatic route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani M Elsayed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 26571, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Aseel H Khaled
- The Jordanian Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Co., Naor 11710, Jordan.
| | - Mayyas M Al Remawi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 11196, Jordan.
| | - Nidal A Qinna
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 11196, Jordan.
| | | | - Adnan A Badwan
- The Jordanian Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Co., Naor 11710, Jordan.
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Al-Kurdi ZI, Chowdhry BZ, Leharne SA, Al Omari MMH, Badwan AA. Low molecular weight chitosan-insulin polyelectrolyte complex: characterization and stability studies. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:1765-84. [PMID: 25830681 PMCID: PMC4413186 DOI: 10.3390/md13041765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the work reported herein was to investigate the effect of various low molecular weight chitosans (LMWCs) on the stability of insulin using USP HPLC methods. Insulin was found to be stable in a polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) consisting of insulin and LMWC in the presence of a Tris-buffer at pH 6.5. In the presence of LMWC, the stability of insulin increased with decreasing molecular weight of LMWC; 13 kDa LMWC was the most efficient molecular weight for enhancing the physical and chemical stability of insulin. Solubilization of insulin-LMWC polyelectrolyte complex (I-LMWC PEC) in a reverse micelle (RM) system, administered to diabetic rats, results in an oral delivery system for insulin with acceptable bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakieh I Al-Kurdi
- The Jordanian Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Company (PLC), Suwagh Subsidiary for Drug Delivery Systems, P.O. Box 94, Naor 11710, Jordan.
- Faculty of Engineering & Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME44TB, UK.
| | - Babur Z Chowdhry
- Faculty of Engineering & Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME44TB, UK.
| | - Stephen A Leharne
- Faculty of Engineering & Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME44TB, UK.
| | - Mahmoud M H Al Omari
- The Jordanian Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Company (PLC), Suwagh Subsidiary for Drug Delivery Systems, P.O. Box 94, Naor 11710, Jordan.
| | - Adnan A Badwan
- The Jordanian Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Company (PLC), Suwagh Subsidiary for Drug Delivery Systems, P.O. Box 94, Naor 11710, Jordan.
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Influence of molecular weight and degree of deacetylation of low molecular weight chitosan on the bioactivity of oral insulin preparations. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:1710-25. [PMID: 25826718 PMCID: PMC4413183 DOI: 10.3390/md13041710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to prepare and characterize low molecular weight chitosan (LMWC) with different molecular weight and degrees of deacetylation (DDA) and to optimize their use in oral insulin nano delivery systems. Water in oil nanosized systems containing LMWC-insulin polyelectrolyte complexes were constructed and their ability to reduce blood glucose was assessed in vivo on diabetic rats. Upon acid depolymerization and testing by viscosity method, three molecular weights of LMWC namely, 1.3, 13 and 18 kDa were obtained. As for the DDA, three LMWCs of 55%, 80% and 100% DDA were prepared and characterized by spectroscopic methods for each molecular weight. The obtained LMWCs showed different morphological and in silico patterns. Following complexation of LMWCs with insulin, different aggregation sizes were obtained. Moreover, the in vivo tested formulations showed different activities of blood glucose reduction. The highest glucose reduction was achieved with 1.3 kDa LMWC of 55% DDA. The current study emphasizes the importance of optimizing the molecular weight along with the DDA of the incorporated LMWC in oral insulin delivery preparations in order to ensure the highest performance of such delivery systems.
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Badwan AA, Rashid I, Omari MMHA, Darras FH. Chitin and chitosan as direct compression excipients in pharmaceutical applications. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:1519-47. [PMID: 25810109 PMCID: PMC4377997 DOI: 10.3390/md13031519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the numerous uses of chitin and chitosan as new functional materials of high potential in various fields, they are still behind several directly compressible excipients already dominating pharmaceutical applications. There are, however, new attempts to exploit chitin and chitosan in co-processing techniques that provide a product with potential to act as a direct compression (DC) excipient. This review outlines the compression properties of chitin and chitosan in the context of DC pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan A Badwan
- Research and Innovation Center (RIC), The Jordanian Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Co., P.O. Box 94, Naor 11710, Jordan.
| | - Iyad Rashid
- Research and Innovation Center (RIC), The Jordanian Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Co., P.O. Box 94, Naor 11710, Jordan.
| | - Mahmoud M H Al Omari
- Research and Innovation Center (RIC), The Jordanian Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Co., P.O. Box 94, Naor 11710, Jordan.
| | - Fouad H Darras
- Research and Innovation Center (RIC), The Jordanian Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Co., P.O. Box 94, Naor 11710, Jordan.
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Al-Remawi M, Hamam F, Hamaidi M. Quality by design approach to prepare oleoyl alginate derivative and its use in transdermal delivery. Pharm Dev Technol 2013; 20:227-36. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2013.860548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Qinna NA, Akayleh FT, Al Remawi MM, Kamona BS, Taha H, Badwan AA. Evaluation of a functional food preparation based on chitosan as a meal replacement diet. J Funct Foods 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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