1
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Suberry A, Bodner E. Intergenerational Synchrony and Its Effect on Bonding and Group Closeness among Young and Older Adults. Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:607. [PMID: 39062430 PMCID: PMC11273925 DOI: 10.3390/bs14070607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
To examine the effect of synchronous dance movements on social bonding and perceived closeness between generations, 168 young (20-45 years) and older (65-90 years) participants were randomly assigned to six dyad conditions. These included dancing synchronously or asynchronously with an in-age-group or out-age-group unfamiliar partner for 11 min. The participants then completed social bonding and group closeness questionnaires. To assess variation across individuals' and dyads' measurements, a generalized estimating equation modeling analysis was conducted. In line with the hypotheses, synchronized dancing increased social bonding, and young adults showed an enhanced perception of closeness between generations. The hypothesis that synchronous dancing with out-age-group members would foster greater perceived closeness compared to in-age-group members was not confirmed. Surprisingly, the results indicated that asynchronous movements with the in-age-group led to a higher degree of closeness between generations than asynchronous movements with the out-age-group. Avenues for future studies on the mechanisms by which intergenerational dance fosters intergenerational bonding and closeness are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Suberry
- Department of Social & Health Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel;
| | - Ehud Bodner
- Department of Social & Health Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel;
- Music Department, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
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2
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Krishna A, Götz FJ. Motor coordination induces social identity-A novel paradigm for the investigation of the group performance-identity link. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38738819 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Joint action theorizing implies that any coordinated behaviour that induces co-representation with a partner should increase social identification, especially when the associated actions require a high degree of coordination and are experienced as being performed effectively. The current research provides a first test of this new theoretical prediction for complementary (rather than synchronous) joint actions. In each of two pre-registered experiments establishing a novel paradigm, participants performed a digital joystick task with a joint performance goal with three different partners. The task varied in coordination requirements across partners. In Experiment 1, results showed that when task segments were discrete between partners, they identified less as a group than when they had to coordinate their behaviour. Surprisingly, although constant coordination increased co-representation relative to intermittent coordination, it did not correspondingly increase social identification. However, performance correlated positively with identification; as performance was worse when participants had to coordinate, this may explain the results. Experiment 2 showed that performance is causally linked to identification when coordination is necessary. Taken together, our results suggest that experiencing effective coordination leads to greater social identification. In general, paradigms capable of examining the perceptual and motor aspects of collective behaviour may offer a new perspective on social identification in general and the performance-identification link in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Krishna
- Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Röntgenring 10, Würzburg, 97070, Germany
| | - Felix J Götz
- Institute of Psychology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, Regensburg, 93053, Germany
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3
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Wang D, Liu C, Chen W. The role of self-representation in emotional contagion. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 18:1361368. [PMID: 38784524 PMCID: PMC11111881 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1361368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Although prior research has implied that emotional contagion occurs automatically and unconsciously, convincing evidence suggests that it is significantly influenced by individuals' perceptions of their relationships with others or with collectives within specific social contexts. This implies a role for self-representation in the process. The present study aimed to offer a novel explanation of the interplay between social contexts and emotional contagion, focusing on the contextualized nature of self-representation and exploring the social factors that shape emotional contagion. It further posits a causal loop among social contexts, self-representation, and emotional contagion. Drawing from the lens of self-representation, this study concludes with a discussion on potential research directions in this field, commencing with an exploration of the antecedents and consequences of emotional contagion and self-representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Changhong Liu
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | - Wenfeng Chen
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
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4
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McEllin L, Sebanz N. Synchrony Influences Estimates of Cooperation in a Public-Goods Game. Psychol Sci 2024; 35:202-212. [PMID: 38285534 DOI: 10.1177/09567976231223410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Benefiting from a cooperative interaction requires people to estimate how cooperatively other members of a group will act so that they can calibrate their own behavior accordingly. We investigated whether the synchrony of a group's actions influences observers' estimates of cooperation. Participants (recruited through Prolific) watched animations of actors deciding how much to donate in a public-goods game and using a mouse to drag donations to a public pot. Participants then estimated how much was in the pot in total (as an index of how cooperative they thought the group members were). Experiment 1 (N = 136 adults) manipulated the synchrony between players' decision-making time, and Experiment 2 (N = 136 adults) manipulated the synchrony between players' decision-implementing movements. For both experiments, estimates of how much was in the pot were higher for synchronous than asynchronous groups, demonstrating that the temporal dynamics of an interaction contain signals of a group's level of cooperativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke McEllin
- Department of Cognitive Science, Central European University
| | - Natalie Sebanz
- Department of Cognitive Science, Central European University
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5
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Fujiwara K, Nomura K, Eto M. Antiphase synchrony increases perceived entitativity and uniqueness: A joint hand-clapping task. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1069660. [PMID: 36993896 PMCID: PMC10040872 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1069660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In- and antiphase are the dominant patterns identified in the study of synchrony in relative phases. Many previous studies have focused on in-phase synchrony and compared it to asynchrony, but antiphase synchrony has yet not been the subject of much research attention. The limited findings on antiphase synchrony suggest that its role or nature is unclear or unstable in human interaction. To account for this factor, this study examined the possibility that antiphase synchrony simultaneously induced perceived entitativity and uniqueness. The results of an experiment employing a joint hand-clapping task supported this prediction. Further, the elevated feeling of uniqueness in those who experienced antiphase synchrony may have increased the self-other overlap for those who felt oneness with their partner, but it decreased overlap for those who did not. The theoretical implications for synchrony literature are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Fujiwara
- Department of Psychology, National Chung Cheng University, Minxiong, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Ken Fujiwara,
| | - Kunihiko Nomura
- Faculty of Information Technology and Social Sciences, Osaka University of Economics, Osaka, Japan
| | - Miki Eto
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Osaka University of Economics, Osaka, Japan
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6
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Musical engagement as a duet of tight synchrony and loose interpretability. Phys Life Rev 2023; 44:122-136. [PMID: 36638715 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2022.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Joint engagement in music often facilitates positive social interaction, effectively shifting participants' perspective from the individual to the collective. The result is tight coordination and uniformity between participants, but at the same time, also remarkable flexibility and creativity. How does music achieve such a fine balance between the strict alignment necessary for coordination, and the substantial latitude necessary for experimentation? To address this question, I propose to analyze joint music engagement within the tight-loose theoretical framework broadly used in the social sciences. Tight-loose theory was originally developed for distinguishing between two archetypical cultural tendencies. On the one hand, tightness, which denotes stringent adherence to social norms, and on the other hand, looseness, which refers to a more flexible and less restrictive attitude towards norms. I posit that the flexible form of collaboration characteristic of musical interaction is due to a coexistence of tightness and looseness within joint engagement in music. I argue that the tight aspects of music can be attributed to its rhythmic structure, which requires continuous and precise temporal alignment between participants. Indeed, when experienced on its own, outside of a musical context, interpersonal synchrony has been repeatedly shown to enhance diverse positive social capacities such as bonding, collaboration and affiliation between interacting individuals, but at the expense of increasing conformity, blind obedience and even hostility towards non-group members. These effects are consistent with synchrony driving a tight interaction, inducing a sense of common group membership (CGM), which can endow music with necessary rigor and order. In contrast, the loose side of music may pertain to the ambiguity in meaning and intention expressed by music, which leaves ample room for interpretation and improvisation. I thus propose that the combined tight-loose nature of music, can simultaneously enhance positive social behaviors and reduce negative ones, leading to a tolerant form of group membership (TGM).
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7
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Sawyer JE, Gampa A. Social Movements as Parsimonious Explanations for Implicit and Explicit Attitude Change. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2023; 27:28-51. [PMID: 35652682 DOI: 10.1177/10888683221095697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Recently, interest in aggregate and population-level implicit and explicit attitudes has opened inquiry into how attitudes relate to sociopolitical phenomenon. This creates an opportunity to examine social movements as dynamic forces with the potential to generate widespread, lasting attitude change. Although collective action remains underexplored as a means of reducing bias, we advance historical and theoretical justifications for doing so. We review recent studies of aggregate attitudes through the lens of social movement theory, proposing movements as a parsimonious explanation for observed patterns. We outline a model for conceptualizing causal pathways between social movements and implicit and explicit attitudes among participants, supporters, bystanders, and opponents. We identify six categories of mechanisms through which movements may transform attitudes: changing society; media representations; intergroup contact and affiliation; empathy, perspective-taking, and reduced intergroup anxiety; social recategorization; and social identification and self-efficacy processes. Generative questions, testable hypotheses, and promising methods for future work are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy E Sawyer
- Kingsborough Community College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, USA
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8
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Good A, Peets KF, Choma BL, Russo FA. Singing foreign songs promotes shared common humanity in elementary school children. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arla Good
- Department of Psychology Toronto Metropolitan University Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Kathleen F. Peets
- School of Early Childhood Studies Toronto Metropolitan University Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Becky L. Choma
- Department of Psychology Toronto Metropolitan University Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Frank A. Russo
- Department of Psychology Toronto Metropolitan University Toronto Ontario Canada
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9
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Abstract
The goal of this article is to discuss theoretical arguments concerning the idea that emotional mimicry is an intrinsic part of our social being and thus can be considered a social act. For this, we will first present the theoretical assumptions underlying the Emotional Mimicry as Social Regulator view. We then provide a brief overview of recent developments in emotional mimicry research and specifically discuss new developments regarding the role of emotional mimicry in actual interactions and relationships, and individual differences in emotional mimicry. We conclude with open questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Hess
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Agneta Fischer
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Hu Y, Cheng X, Pan Y, Hu Y. The intrapersonal and interpersonal consequences of interpersonal synchrony. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2022; 224:103513. [PMID: 35093851 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Interpersonal synchrony, the time-matching behaviors, is pervasive in human interactions. This resonation of movements or other forms was generally considered as one of critical survival skills for humans, as the important consequences of synchronizing with other persons in review of the empirical data in this article. These include positive affects towards and between interacting partners, but also include complex effects on the individual level. The intrapersonal effects of interpersonal synchrony are varied with positive or negative ones, including cognitive style, attitude bias, mood state, self-regulatory ability, and academic performance. At the interpersonal level, synchronized movement consistently affects the interaction with the partner and his/her affiliations, but they can be eliminated or magnified by several moderators, such as physiological arousal, shared intentionality, group bias, and musical rhythm. Finally, the research discussed the possible mechanisms underlying the effects of interpersonal synchrony in psychological and biological aspects.
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11
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Wan Y, Zhu L. Understanding the effects of rhythmic coordination on children's prosocial behaviours. INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/icd.2282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingjia Wan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Department of Psychology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Liqi Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Department of Psychology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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12
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Papatzikis E. An Infant's Question on COVID-19 and Music: Should I Attend My Online Classes? Front Psychol 2021; 12:771050. [PMID: 34744948 PMCID: PMC8569374 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.771050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few months, we all have faced a profound challenge to balance our lives amidst fighting the COVID-19 pandemic. The reactions to this coronavirus pandemic have no doubt affected all aspects of our everyday normalcy as they have called for an extended set of measures that have greatly impacted our social interactions and well-being. During this unprecedented global situation, the pandemic has also taken its toll on education, as schools, universities, and other educational institutions have suspended their programs or moved online to retain educational momentum. Among the programs that tried to adapt to this online model was the early years music education. This mini-review article aims to discuss the framework of online existence for the early years music programs amid the COVID-19 crisis, while considering their benefits and character under these extraordinary circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthymios Papatzikis
- Department of Early Childhood Education and Care, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
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13
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Meng X, Kato M, Itakura S. Development of synchrony‐dominant expectations in observers. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianwei Meng
- Graduate School of Human Sciences Osaka University Suita Japan
| | - Masaharu Kato
- Center for Baby Science Doshisha University Kyoto Japan
| | - Shoji Itakura
- Center for Baby Science Doshisha University Kyoto Japan
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14
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Cross L, Whiteman L, Ward S, Atherton G. Moving From Me to We: Interpersonal Coordination’s Effects on Self-Construal. OPEN PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/psych-2020-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
We all move in time together throughout our lives, and doing so has been shown to lead to more pro-social attitudes and behaviors towards co-actors. However, little research has investigated how coordinated movement affects how individuals feel about themselves. This mixed-methods study took self-generated qualitative responses of how participants construed their own identities after either coordinated movement or a carefully matched control task. Responses were analysed qualitatively using thematic analyses, and quantitatively using content analysis. Four themes were identified from thematic analysis, and inferential statistical testing showed significant differences in how participants construed their identities post coordination (cf. control). Participants in the coordinated condition generated a higher proportion of interdependent (social) rather than independent (personal) self-construals, driven by differences in broad social structures/constructs rather than close specific social relations. Furthermore, participants in the coordinated condition reported less mental state items, and more sexual/romantic items. These findings may explain how and why coordinated movement leads to prosociality amongst those who take part, by leading individuals to think of themselves and each other in group terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Cross
- Department of Psychology , Edge Hill University , Ormskirk, UK, L39 4QP
| | - Liam Whiteman
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Technology , Lancaster University , Lancaster , LA1 4YF, UK
| | - Sarah Ward
- Department of Sociology , School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield , Huddersfield , HD1 3DH
| | - Gray Atherton
- Department of Psychology , Edge Hill University , Ormskirk , UK, L39 4QP
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15
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Crossey BP, Atherton G, Cross L. Lost in the crowd: Imagining walking in synchrony with a crowd increases affiliation and deindividuation. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254017. [PMID: 34297728 PMCID: PMC8301649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Moving in time with others-interpersonal coordination-increases affiliation, helping behaviours and gives rise to a host of other prosocial outcomes. Recent research suggests that merely imagining coordination may lead to similar social effects. In the present study, participants were asked to imagine walking with a crowd in a coordinated (versus uncoordinated) way to explore the effects of imagined coordination on individuals' perceptions of themselves and the crowd. Imagined coordination led to greater levels of deindividuation and affiliation. That is, participants were less likely to report seeing themselves as unique individuals, instead viewing themselves as a part of a group (deindividuation) and more likely to report a sense of emotional closeness (affiliation) with the imagined group. Deindividuation partially mediated the effect of imagined coordination on affiliation. This work establishes that imagined synchrony can be employed online to foster prosocial attitudes towards groups of people, and that a process of deindividuation might mediate this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gray Atherton
- Department of Psychology, Edge Hill University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Liam Cross
- Department of Psychology, Edge Hill University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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16
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Good A, Sims L, Clarke K, Russo FA. Indigenous youth reconnect with cultural identity: The evaluation of a community- and school-based traditional music program. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 49:588-604. [PMID: 33314203 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Reconnecting Indigenous youth with their cultural traditions has been identified as an essential part of healing the intergenerational effects of forced assimilation policies. Past work suggests that learning the music of one's culture can foster cultural identity and community bonding, which may serve as protective factors for well-being. An 8-week traditional song and dance program was implemented in a school setting for Indigenous youth. An evaluation was conducted using a mixed-method design to determine the impact of the program on 35 youth in the community. A triangulation of qualitative and quantitative data revealed several important themes, including personal development, cultural development, social development, student engagement in school-based programming, and perpetuating cultural knowledge. The program provided students with an opportunity to connect with their cultural traditions through activities that encouraged self and cultural expression. Community responses suggested that this type of programming is highly valued among Indigenous communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arla Good
- Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lori Sims
- Selkirk First Nation, Pelly Crossing, Yukon Territory, Canada
| | - Keith Clarke
- Yukon Department of Education, Government of Yukon, Whitehorse, Yukon Territory, Canada
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17
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Sheppard LD, Cuttler C, Shin E, McLaughlin RJ. Differences in cortisol following cooperative and competitive work-related tasks with same-sex versus opposite-sex partners. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 124:105063. [PMID: 33249332 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.105063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous research indicates that circulating concentrations of cortisol increase during interactions with opposite-sex others in the presence of mating cues. However, it remains unknown whether this phenomenon extends to work-related tasks in which explicit mating cues are absent. In a series of two studies, we assessed women's and men's salivary cortisol concentrations before and after completing a cooperative brainstorming (Study 1) and competitive negotiation (Study 2) task wherein they worked with same- or opposite-sex partners. Both studies revealed significant participant sex by partner sex interactions. Specifically, male participants demonstrated significantly larger increases in salivary cortisol concentrations when working alongside opposite-sex as opposed to same-sex partners on a cooperative task. In contrast, female participants demonstrated significantly larger increases in salivary cortisol concentrations when working with opposite-sex as opposed to same-sex partners on a competitive task. Opposite-sex teams also produced fewer novel ideas relative to same-sex teams on the cooperative brainstorming task; however, differences in cortisol did not account for this effect. Our research extends previous research demonstrating elevated cortisol during opposite-sex interactions in the presence of explicit mating cues to a work-related context that is divorced from mating cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah D Sheppard
- Department of Management, Information Systems, and Entrepreneurship, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
| | - Carrie Cuttler
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Eunjeong Shin
- Department of Management, Information Systems, and Entrepreneurship, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Ryan J McLaughlin
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
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18
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Walking in My Shoes: Imagined Synchrony Improves Attitudes Towards Out-groups. PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDIES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12646-020-00568-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractPeople are prone to dividing others into the categories of ‘us’ and ‘them’. This can be particularly detrimental to minorities who may experience social exclusion, prejudice, and reduced access to equal opportunities. One method of improving intergroup relations is to create opportunities for contact. Common contact interventions have members of different groups meet and engage in conversation. There are also non-verbal embodied intergroup activities that produce the same effects. Previous work has shown that the pro-social effects of coordination may be linked to whether co-actors are classed as in or out-group members. The current study explored whether imagining walking in synchrony with in- or out-group members changed majority members’ attitudes towards those individuals. Imagining walking in synchrony fostered greater increases in empathy and decreases in negative attitudes only towards minority group members following imagined coordination (not in-groups). Implications and future directions are discussed.
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19
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Weller L, Pfister R, Kunde W. Anticipation in sociomotor actions: Similar effects for in- and outgroup interactions. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2020; 207:103087. [PMID: 32422418 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2020.103087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In social interactions, own actions often trigger a particular response from another person. The sociomotor framework proposes that this consistent behavior of others can become incorporated into own action control. In line with this idea, recent studies have shown that own motor actions are facilitated if they are predictably being imitated rather than counterimitated by a social interaction partner. In the present study, we investigated whether this finding is influenced by the relationship between the interacting persons. To that end, we manipulated whether a participant was being imitated and counterimitated by an ingroup or by an outgroup member. In two experiments, we found a beneficial influence of being imitated irrespective of group membership. The results suggest that, while people incorporated their partner's behavior into own action control, this was not further qualified by group membership as a higher-order social variable. This finding points to a universal account of action control for actions with social action effects and actions with inanimate action effects alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Weller
- Department of Psychology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Roland Pfister
- Department of Psychology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wilfried Kunde
- Department of Psychology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
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20
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Cross L, Michael J, Wilsdon L, Henson A, Atherton G. Still want to help? Interpersonal coordination's effects on helping behaviour after a 24 hour delay. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2020; 206:103062. [PMID: 32442775 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2020.103062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A fast-growing literature is establishing how moving in time together has pro-social consequences, though no work to date has explored the persistence of these effects over time. Across two studies, people who had previously performed coordinated movements were over three times more likely to give their time to help their co-actor when asked 24 hours later than those who had performed a similar but uncoordinated task. Findings showed that group-level categorisation, but not social affiliation, partially mediated helping behaviour. This provides preliminary evidence that the pro-social effects of coordination are sustainable over a longer period than previously reported, and that the effects of coordination upon pro-social motivation may be more related to changes in group level categorisations than increased social affiliations.
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21
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Cross L, Wilson AD, Golonka S. I'll just watch: Do the pro-social effects of coordination really generalize to non-actors? The Journal of Social Psychology 2019; 160:248-262. [PMID: 31213154 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2019.1623161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Moving in time together has been shown to cultivate pro-social effects in co-actors, such as cooperation and helping. But less is known about who these effects apply to - whether they are restricted only to co-actors, or whether they generalize to those not involved in the coordination. One difference between past work finding generalized vs. restricted effects is whether these "outsiders" were present for the coordination or not. The present study explores whether the pro-social effects of coordination are seen towards observers as well as co-actors, and whether the absence or presence of observers during the coordination is a determining factor. Results show that greater cooperation following coordination is only seen amongst co- actors, regardless of whether the observers were present during the task or not. Findings are discussed in the context of the literature and alternative explanations for research showing generalized effects are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Cross
- Department of Psychology, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University
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Individual differences in musical training and executive functions: A latent variable approach. Mem Cognit 2019; 46:1076-1092. [PMID: 29752659 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-018-0822-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Learning and performing music draw on a host of cognitive abilities, and previous research has postulated that musicians might have advantages in related cognitive processes. One such aspect of cognition that may be related to musical training is executive functions (EFs), a set of top-down processes that regulate behavior and cognition according to task demands. Previous studies investigating the link between musical training and EFs have yielded mixed results and are difficult to compare. In part, this is because most studies have looked at only one specific cognitive process, and even studies looking at the same process have used different experimental tasks. Furthermore, most correlational studies have used different "musician" and "non-musician" categorizations for their comparisons, so generalizing the findings is difficult. The present study provides a more comprehensive assessment of how individual differences in musical training relate to latent measures of three separable aspects of EFs. We administered a well-validated EF battery containing multiple tasks tapping the EF components of inhibition, shifting, and working memory updating (Friedman et al. in Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 137, 201-225, 2008), as well as a comprehensive, continuous measure of musical training and sophistication (Müllensiefen et al., in PLoS ONE, 9, e89642, 2014). Musical training correlated with some individual EF tasks involving inhibition and working memory updating, but not with individual tasks involving shifting. However, musical training only predicted the latent variable of working memory updating, but not the latent variables of inhibition or shifting after controlling for IQ, socioeconomic status, and handedness. Although these data are correlational, they nonetheless suggest that musical experience places particularly strong demands specifically on working memory updating processes.
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Moving with the in-crowd: Cooperation and interpersonal entrainment in in- vs. out- groups. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00283-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Interpersonal synchrony increases social cohesion, reduces work-related stress and prevents sickdays: a longitudinal field experiment. GIO-GRUPPE-INTERAKTION-ORGANISATION-ZEITSCHRIFT FUER ANGEWANDTE ORGANISATIONSPSYCHOLOGIE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11612-019-00450-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Cross L, Turgeon M, Atherton G. How Moving Together Binds Us Together: The Social Consequences of Interpersonal Entrainment and Group Processes. OPEN PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/psych-2018-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractInterpersonal entrainment has been shown to have a wide variety of social consequences which span far beyond those that could be considered purely pro-social. This work reviews all of the social effects of entrainment and the various explanations for them. The group formation framework emerges as a parsimonious account claiming that as we entrain our sense of self is temporarily diluted as an interdependent identity becomes more salient, thus leading to a range of social and psychological consequences which are pro-group. The sense of belonging arising from moving together is conducive towards pro-social behaviours; yet, it also makes the individual more susceptible to adopting the ideology of the group without critical thinking. We argue that the wide landscape of interpersonal entrainment’s effects reflects its primary effect, de-individuation, and the formation of a common group identity amongst co-actors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Cross
- Department of Psychology, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Martine Turgeon
- Département de psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal (Québec), H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Gray Atherton
- Department of Psychology, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia
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Cornejo C, Hurtado E, Cuadros Z, Torres-Araneda A, Paredes J, Olivares H, Carré D, Robledo JP. Dynamics of Simultaneous and Imitative Bodily Coordination in Trust and Distrust. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1546. [PMID: 30210391 PMCID: PMC6121516 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Body synchronization between interacting people involves coordinative movements in time, space and form. The introduction of newer technologies for automated video analysis and motion tracking has considerably improved the accurate measurement of coordination, particularly in temporal and spatial terms. However, the form of interpersonal coordination has been less explored. In the present study we address this gap by exploring the effect of trust on temporal and morphological patterns of interpersonal coordination. We adapted an optical motion-capture system to record spontaneous body movements in pairs of individuals engaged in natural conversations. We conducted two experiments in which we manipulated trust through a breach of expectancy (Study 1: 10 trustful and 10 distrustful participants) and friendship (Study 2: 20 dyads of friends and 20 dyads of strangers). In Study 1, results show the participants' strong, early mirror-like coordination in response to the confederates' breach of trust. In Study 2, imitative coordination tended to be more pronounced in pairs of friends than in pairs of non-friends. Overall, our results show not only that listeners move in reaction to speakers, but also that speakers react to listeners with a chain of dynamic coordination patterns affected by the immediate disposition of, and long-term relationship with, their interlocutors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cornejo
- Laboratorio de Lenguaje Interacción y Fenomenología, Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Esteban Hurtado
- Laboratorio de Lenguaje Interacción y Fenomenología, Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Zamara Cuadros
- Laboratorio de Lenguaje Interacción y Fenomenología, Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Torres-Araneda
- Laboratorio de Lenguaje Interacción y Fenomenología, Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javiera Paredes
- Laboratorio de Lenguaje Interacción y Fenomenología, Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Himmbler Olivares
- Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - David Carré
- Carrera de Psicología, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile
| | - Juan P Robledo
- Centre for Music and Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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