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Mandolesi L, Passarello N, Lucidi F. Differences in motor imagery abilities in active and sedentary individuals: new insights from backward-walking imagination. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2024; 88:499-508. [PMID: 37773349 PMCID: PMC10858124 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-023-01876-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Evidence has shown that imagining a complex action, like backward-walking, helps improve the execution of the gesture. Despite this, studies in sport psychology have provided heterogeneous results on the use of motor imagery (MI) to improve performance. We aimed to fill this gap by analyzing how sport experience influences backward-walking MI processes in a sample of young women (n = 41, mean age = 21 ± 2.2) divided into Active and Sedentary. All participants were allocated to two randomized mental chronometric tasks, in which they had first to imagine and then execute forward-walking (FW) and backward-walking (BW). The Isochrony Efficiency measured the difference between imagination and execution times in both conditions (FW and BW). Moreover, we analyzed the ability to vividly imagine FW and BW within various perspectives in both groups through the Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire (VMIQ-2). Findings showed that active individuals performed better in the BW imagery task when compared to sedentary ones (F1,39 = 4.98; p = 0.03*), while there were no differences between groups in the FW imagery task (F1,39 = .10; p = 0.75). Further, VMIQ-2 had evidenced that the ability to imagine backward is influenced by perspective used. Specifically, the use of internal visual imagery (IVI) led to worse Isochrony Efficiency (t32,25 = 2.16; p = 0.04*), while the use of kinesthetic imagery (KIN) led to better Isochrony Efficiency (t32,25 = - 2.34; p = 0.03*). These results suggest a close relation between motor experience and complex motor imagery processes and open new insights for studying these mental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mandolesi
- Department of Humanities, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Porta Di Massa, 1, 80133, Naples, Italy.
| | - Noemi Passarello
- Department of Humanities, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Porta Di Massa, 1, 80133, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Lucidi
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Via dei Marsi, 78, 00185, Rome, Italy
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2
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Kraeutner SN, Karlinsky A, Besler Z, Welsh TN, Hodges NJ. What we imagine learning from watching others: how motor imagery modulates competency perceptions resulting from the repeated observation of a juggling action. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2023; 87:2583-2593. [PMID: 37266707 PMCID: PMC10236399 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-023-01838-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Although motor learning can occur from observing others perform a motor skill (action observation; AO), observers' confidence in their own ability to perform the skill can be falsely increased compared to their actual ability. This illusion of motor competence (i.e., 'over-confidence') may arise because the learner does not gain access to sensory feedback about their own performance-a source of information that can help individuals understand their veridical motor capabilities. Unlike AO, motor imagery (MI; the mental rehearsal of a motor skill) is thought to be linked to an understanding of movement consequences and kinaesthetic information. MI may thus provide the learner with movement-related diagnostic information, leading to greater accuracy in assessing ability. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of MI when paired with AO in assessments of one's own motor capabilities in an online observation task. Two groups rated their confidence in performing a juggling task following repeated observations of the action without MI (OBS group; n = 45) or with MI following observation (OBS+MI; n = 39). As predicted, confidence increased with repeated observation for both groups, yet increased to a greater extent in the OBS relative to the OBS+MI group. The addition of MI appeared to reduce confidence that resulted from repeated AO alone. Data support the hypothesis that AO and MI are separable and that MI allows better access to sensory information than AO. However, further research is required to assess changes in confidence that result from MI alone and motor execution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Kraeutner
- Neuroplasticity, Imagery, and Motor Behaviour Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Rm 204 -Arts and Sciences Centre (ASC), University of British Columbia, 3187 University Way, Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, V1V1V7, Canada.
| | - April Karlinsky
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, San Bernardino, CA, 92407, USA
| | - Zachary Besler
- Motor Skills Lab, School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T1Z3, Canada
| | - Timothy N Welsh
- Centre for Motor Control Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 2C9, Canada
| | - Nicola J Hodges
- Motor Skills Lab, School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T1Z3, Canada
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3
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Bek J, Humphries S, Poliakoff E, Brady N. Mental rotation of hands and objects in ageing and Parkinson's disease: differentiating motor imagery and visuospatial ability. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:1991-2004. [PMID: 35680657 PMCID: PMC9288383 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06389-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Motor imagery supports motor learning and performance and has the potential to be a useful strategy for neurorehabilitation. However, motor imagery ability may be impacted by ageing and neurodegeneration, which could limit its therapeutic effectiveness. Motor imagery can be assessed implicitly using a hand laterality task (HLT), whereby laterality judgements are slower for stimuli corresponding to physically more difficult postures, as indicated by a “biomechanical constraint” effect. Performance is also found to differ between back and palm views of the hand, which may differentially recruit visual and sensorimotor processes. Older adults and individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD) have shown altered performance on the HLT; however, the effects of both ageing and PD on laterality judgements for the different hand views (back and palm) have not been directly examined. The present study compared healthy younger, healthy older, and PD groups on the HLT, an object-based mental rotation task, and an explicit motor imagery measure. The older and PD groups were slower than the younger group on the HLT, particularly when judging laterality from the back view, and exhibited increased biomechanical constraint effects for the palm. While response times were generally similar between older and PD groups, the PD group showed reduced accuracy for the back view. Letter rotation was slower and less accurate only in the PD group, while explicit motor imagery ratings did not differ significantly between groups. These results suggest that motor imagery may be slowed but relatively preserved in both typical ageing and neurodegeneration, while a PD-specific impairment in visuospatial processing may influence task performance. The findings have implications for the use of motor imagery in rehabilitation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Bek
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland. .,Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Stacey Humphries
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ellen Poliakoff
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Nuala Brady
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Kaur J, Ghosh S, Singh P, Dwivedi AK, Sahani AK, Sinha JK. Cervical Spinal Lesion, Completeness of Injury, Stress, and Depression Reduce the Efficiency of Mental Imagery in People With Spinal Cord Injury. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2022; 101:513-519. [PMID: 35034059 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000001955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to assess the relationships of (1) clinical variables (age, level of injury, time since injury [TSI], and completeness of injury) and (2) psychological variables (stress and depression) with mental imagery ability in individuals with spinal cord injury. STUDY DESIGN This was a cross-sectional study. Participants with spinal cord injury (N = 130) were requested to fill the Kinesthetic and Visual Imagery Questionnaire and Vividness of Motor Imagery Questionnaire. They also completed the Perceived Stress Scale and Patient Health Questionnaire 9 for the assessment of stress and depression, respectively. RESULTS Mental imagery scores were found to be significantly low in cervical injuries (P < 0.001) as compared with thoracic injuries (P < 0.001). Furthermore, higher levels of spinal injuries resulted in lower mental imagery scores. Completeness of injury (according to Asia Impairment Scale) also had a significant relationship (P < 0.001) with the mental imagery ability among spinal cord injury participants. Presence of stress (P < 0.001) and depression (P < 0.001) also associated with reduced efficiency of mental imagery in these individuals. CONCLUSIONS Injury type and psychological factors were associated with mental imagery in SCI patients. Imagery-based interventions should be designed after consideration of identified factors yielding effect on their outcomes. TO CLAIM CME CREDITS Complete the self-assessment activity and evaluation online at http://www.physiatry.org/JournalCME. CME OBJECTIVES Upon completion of this article, the reader should be able to: (1) Determine the impact of clinical variables such as level of injury, completeness and chronicity of injury on mental imagery ability in spinal cord injury; (2) Discuss the role of stress and depression on mental imagery ability in spinal cord injury; and (3) Describe the various dimensions of mental imagery ability and its variability among individuals who have spinal cord injury. LEVEL Advanced. ACCREDITATION The Association of Academic Physiatrists is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians.The Association of Academic Physiatrists designates this Journal-based CME activity for a maximum of 1.0 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s)™. Physicians should only claim credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaskirat Kaur
- From the Amity Institute of Neuropsychology & Neurosciences (AINN), Amity University UP, Noida, India (JK, JKS); Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Nutrition, Tarnaka, India (SG); All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (PS); Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas (AKD); and Indian Spinal Injuries Centre (ISIC), Sector C, New Delhi, India (AKS)
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Lindsay R, Kittel A, Spittle M. Motor Imagery and Action Observation: A Case for the Integration of 360°VR. Front Psychol 2022; 13:880185. [PMID: 35558705 PMCID: PMC9087714 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.880185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Riki Lindsay
- College of Sport and Exercise Science, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Aden Kittel
- College of Sport and Exercise Science, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Spittle
- College of Sport and Exercise Science, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Seebacher B, Helmlinger B, Pinter D, Ehling R, Hegen H, Ropele S, Reishofer G, Enzinger C, Brenneis C, Deisenhammer F. Effects of actual and imagined music-cued gait training on motor functioning and brain activity in people with multiple sclerosis: protocol of a randomised parallel multicentre trial. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e056666. [PMID: 35131834 PMCID: PMC8823210 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Motor imagery (MI) refers to the mental rehearsal of a physical action without muscular activity. Our previous studies showed that MI combined with rhythmic-auditory cues improved walking, fatigue and quality of life (QoL) in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). Largest improvements were seen after music and verbally cued MI. It is unclear whether actual cued gait training achieves similar effects on walking as cued MI in pwMS. Furthermore, in pwMS it is unknown whether any of these interventions leads to changes in brain activation. The purpose of this study is therefore to compare the effects of imagined and actual cued gait training and a combination thereof on walking, brain activation patterns, fatigue, cognitive and emotional functioning in pwMS. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A prospective double-blind randomised parallel multicentre trial will be conducted in 132 pwMS with mild to moderate disability. Randomised into three groups, participants will receive music, metronome and verbal cueing, plus MI of walking (1), MI combined with actual gait training (2) or actual gait training (3) for 30 min, 4× per week for 4 weeks. Supported by weekly phone calls, participants will practise at home, guided by recorded instructions. Primary endpoints will be walking speed (Timed 25-Foot Walk) and distance (2 min Walk Test). Secondary endpoints will be brain activation patterns, fatigue, QoL, MI ability, anxiety, depression, cognitive functioning, music-induced motivation-to-move, pleasure, arousal and self-efficacy. Data will be collected at baseline, postintervention and 3-month follow-up. MRI reference values will be generated using 15 matched healthy controls. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study follows the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials-PRO Extension. Ethical approval was received from the Ethics Committees of the Medical Universities of Innsbruck (1347/2020) and Graz (33-056 ex 20/21), Austria. Results will be disseminated via national and international conferences and published in peer-reviewed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER DRKS00023978.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Seebacher
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner Institute for Interdisciplinary Rehabilitation Research, Münster, Austria
| | - Birgit Helmlinger
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Neurology, Research Unit for Neuronal Plasticity and Repair, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Daniela Pinter
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Neurology, Research Unit for Neuronal Plasticity and Repair, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rainer Ehling
- Karl Landsteiner Institute for Interdisciplinary Rehabilitation Research, Münster, Austria
- Department of Neurology, Clinic for Rehabilitation Münster, Münster, Austria
| | - Harald Hegen
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan Ropele
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gernot Reishofer
- Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Enzinger
- Department of Neurology; Division of Neuroradiology; Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Brenneis
- Karl Landsteiner Institute for Interdisciplinary Rehabilitation Research, Münster, Austria
- Department of Neurology, Clinic for Rehabilitation Münster, Münster, Austria
| | - Florian Deisenhammer
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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7
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Zhou Z, Gong A, Qian Q, Su L, Zhao L, Fu Y. A novel strategy for driving car brain-computer interfaces: Discrimination of EEG-based visual-motor imagery. Transl Neurosci 2021; 12:482-493. [PMID: 34900346 PMCID: PMC8633586 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2020-0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A brain-computer interface (BCI) based on kinesthetic motor imagery has a potential of becoming a groundbreaking technology in a clinical setting. However, few studies focus on a visual-motor imagery (VMI) paradigm driving BCI. The VMI-BCI feature extraction methods are yet to be explored in depth. In this study, a novel VMI-BCI paradigm is proposed to execute four VMI tasks: imagining a car moving forward, reversing, turning left, and turning right. These mental strategies can naturally control a car or robot to move forward, backward, left, and right. Electroencephalogram (EEG) data from 25 subjects were collected. After the raw EEG signal baseline was corrected, the alpha band was extracted using bandpass filtering. The artifacts were removed by independent component analysis. Then, the EEG average instantaneous energy induced by VMI (VMI-EEG) was calculated using the Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT). The autoregressive model was extracted to construct a 12-dimensional feature vector to a support vector machine suitable for small sample classification. This was classified into two-class tasks: visual imagination of driving the car forward versus reversing, driving forward versus turning left, driving forward versus turning right, reversing versus turning left, reversing versus turning right, and turning left versus turning right. The results showed that the average classification accuracy of these two-class tasks was 62.68 ± 5.08%, and the highest classification accuracy was 73.66 ± 6.80%. The study showed that EEG features of O1 and O2 electrodes in the occipital region extracted by HHT were separable for these VMI tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouzhou Zhou
- Department of Automation, Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
- Brain Cognition and Brain-computer Intelligence Integration Group, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Anmin Gong
- Department of Communication Engineering, School of Information Engineering, Chinese People’s Armed Police Force Engineering University, Xi’an, 710000, China
| | - Qian Qian
- Department of Automation, Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
- Brain Cognition and Brain-computer Intelligence Integration Group, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Lei Su
- Department of Automation, Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
- Brain Cognition and Brain-computer Intelligence Integration Group, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Brain Cognition and Brain-computer Intelligence Integration Group, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
- Department of Electronic Science and Applied Physics, Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yunfa Fu
- Department of Automation, Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
- Brain Cognition and Brain-computer Intelligence Integration Group, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
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8
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Canepa P, Sbragi A, Saino F, Biggio M, Bove M, Bisio A. Thinking Before Doing: A Pilot Study on the Application of Motor Imagery as a Learning Method During Physical Education Lesson in High School. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:550744. [PMID: 33345114 PMCID: PMC7739805 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.550744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor imagery (MI), i. e., the mental simulation of an action without its actual execution, is a promising technique to boost motor learning via physical practice in rehabilitation, sport, and educational fields. The purpose of the present pilot study was to test the feasibility and the effectiveness of the application of MI as learning methodology place alongside conventional teaching technique as employed for physical education lessons. Thirty-three high school students from two classes were enrolled for instruction in the underhand serve in volleyball. One group, the motor imagery group (MIG) carried out the physical exercise along with the kinesthetic MI of the action, while the other group (the control group) was limited to the merely physical exercise. The training period lasted 8 weeks. MI duration and the duration of real movement (ME), the isochrony index (differences between real and imagined movements duration), and the number of balls which passed over the net (NBN) were evaluated before and after training. Results showed a significant improvement in the isochrony index for the MIG group exclusively; namely, MI duration became more similar to ME duration. Moreover, in MIG a significantly negative relationship appeared between the percentage change in the isochrony index and the difference between NBN before and after training. These findings suggest improvement in sensorimotor representation of the action, which lies at the basis of enhanced motor performance. The present study constitutes initial proof of concept on the application of MI as learning technique applicable to physical education lesson at high school.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizio Canepa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonella Sbragi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Filippo Saino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Monica Biggio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Bove
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Genova, Italy
| | - Ambra Bisio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Cuenca-Martínez F, Suso-Martí L, León-Hernández JV, La Touche R. Effects of movement representation techniques on motor learning of thumb-opposition tasks. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12267. [PMID: 32704155 PMCID: PMC7378061 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67905-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work is the first study that assess long run change after motor learning. The study’s main objective was to evaluate the short to medium-term impact of motor imagery (MI) and action observation (AO) on motor learning of a sequence of thumb-opposition tasks of increasing complexity. We randomly assigned 45 participants to an AO, MI, or placebo observation (PO) group. A sequence of 12 thumb-opposition tasks was taught for 3 consecutive days (4 per day). The primary outcome was accuracy. The secondary outcomes were required time and perfect positioning. The outcomes were assessed immediately after the intervention and at 1 week, 1 month and 4 months postintervention. Regarding the primary outcome, AO group had significantly higher accuracy than the MI or PO group until at least 4 months (p < 0.01, d > 0.80). However, in the bimanual positions, AO was not superior to MI at 1 week postintervention. Regarding secondary outcomes, AO group required less time than the MI group to remember and perform the left-hand and both-hand gestures, with a large effect size (p < 0.01, d > 0.80). In terms of percentage of perfect positions, AO group achieved significantly better results than the MI group until at least 4 months after the intervention in the unimanual gestures (p < 0.01, d > 0.80) and up to 1 month postintervention in the bimanual gestures (p = 0.012, d = 1.29). AO training resulted in greater and longer term motor learning than MI and placebo intervention. If the goal is to learn some motor skills for whatever reason (e.g., following surgery or immobilization.), AO training should be considered clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Cuenca-Martínez
- Departmento de Fisioterapia, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios CSEU La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Motion in Brains Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience and Sciences of the Movement (INCIMOV), Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios CSEU La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Suso-Martí
- Motion in Brains Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience and Sciences of the Movement (INCIMOV), Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios CSEU La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Physiotherapy, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose Vicente León-Hernández
- Departmento de Fisioterapia, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios CSEU La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Motion in Brains Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience and Sciences of the Movement (INCIMOV), Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios CSEU La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roy La Touche
- Departmento de Fisioterapia, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios CSEU La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. .,Motion in Brains Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience and Sciences of the Movement (INCIMOV), Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios CSEU La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. .,Instituto de Neurociencia y Dolor Craniofacial (INDCRAN), Madrid, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain.
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10
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Abraham A, Franklin E, Stecco C, Schleip R. Integrating mental imagery and fascial tissue: A conceptualization for research into movement and cognition. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2020; 40:101193. [PMID: 32891273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mental imagery (MI) research has mainly focused to date on mechanisms of effect and performance gains associated with muscle and neural tissues. MI's potential to affect fascia has rarely been considered. This paper conceptualizes ways in which MI might mutually interact with fascial tissue to support performance and cognitive functions. Such ways acknowledge, among others, MI's positive effect on proprioception, body schema, and pain. Drawing on cellular, physiological, and functional similarities and associations between muscle and fascial tissues, we propose that MI has the potential to affect and be affected by fascial tissue. We suggest that fascia-targeted MI (fascial mental imagery; FMI) can therefore be a useful approach for scientific as well as clinical purposes. We use the example of fascial dynamic neuro-cognitive imagery (FDNI) as a codified FMI method available for scientific and therapeutic explorations into rehabilitation and prevention of fascia-related disabling conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Abraham
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Education, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA. 330 River Road, Athens, 30602, GA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of General Medicine and Geriatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Eric Franklin
- The International Institute for Franklin Method, Hitnauerstrasse 40 CH-8623 Wetzikon, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Carla Stecco
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 5 - 35128, Padova, Italy.
| | - Robert Schleip
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Germany. Georg-Brauchle-Ring 60/62, 80802, Muenchen, Germany; Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; Fascia Research Group, Ulm University, Experimental Anesthesiology, Ulm, Germany.
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11
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Beaudoin M, Barra J, Dupraz L, Mollier-Sabet P, Guerraz M. The impact of embodying an "elderly" body avatar on motor imagery. Exp Brain Res 2020; 238:1467-1478. [PMID: 32417944 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05828-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
When an individual embodies an avatar, the latter's characteristics or stereotype can change the individual's behavior and attitudes; this is known as the Proteus effect. Here, we looked at whether the embodiment of an avatar resembling an elderly adult (seen from a first-person perspective and facing a virtual mirror) changed mentally represented physical activity in a motor imagery task performed by young adult participants (N = 52). To ensure that the impact of embodiment of an elderly avatar on the motor imagery task was not influenced by a potentially confounded stereotype assimilation effect (due to the mere presence of an avatar), a "young" avatar and an "elderly" avatar were always present together in the virtual environment-even though only one (the self-avatar) was embodied at a given time. We found that it took longer for the participants to perform the motor imagery task with the elderly self-avatar than with the young self-avatar. The more negative the participant's beliefs about motor activity in the elderly, the greater the observed effect of the avatar on motor imagery performance. We conclude that knowledge about the characteristics of an embodied avatar can modify the subject's level of mentally represented physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Beaudoin
- University of Savoie Mont Blanc, Chambéry, France
- University of Grenoble Alpes, University of Savoie Mont Blanc, LIP\PC2S, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Julien Barra
- University of Savoie Mont Blanc, Chambéry, France
- University of Grenoble Alpes, University of Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LPNC, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | | | | | - Michel Guerraz
- University of Savoie Mont Blanc, Chambéry, France.
- University of Grenoble Alpes, University of Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LPNC, 38000, Grenoble, France.
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12
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Robin N, Toussaint L, Charles-Charlery C, Coudevylle GR. Free throw performance in non-expert basketball players: The effect of dynamic motor imagery combined with action observation. LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lmot.2019.101595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Christakou A, Vasileiadis G, Kapreli E. Motor imagery as a method of maintaining performance in pianists during forced non-practice: a single case study. Physiother Theory Pract 2019; 37:540-548. [PMID: 31267825 DOI: 10.1080/09593985.2019.1636917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Background: Musicians suffer from upper limb playing-related musculoskeletal disorders that often oblige them to periodic inactivity. Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of motor imagery as a means of practice when the physical piano practice is restricted. Methods: A 17-year-old healthy pianist participated in a single subject case study with a multiple baseline design (ABC design). Performance ability was assessed during a period of the no practice, then a period of performing motor imagery and again during a period of another no practice. Assessments were performed subjectively by a professional piano teacher and objectively by the Synthesia software. Three visual analog scales were used to record stress, fatigue, and general psychological state. The participant's motor imagery ability was recorded by the use of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire. Results: There was a statistically significant reduction in performance after no practice. There was no change in performance during motor imagery intervention. The pianist's scores moderately correlated with the general psychological state. The Synthesia scoring presented high correlations with professional piano teacher scoring. Conclusions: Motor imagery seemed to have a positive effect in maintaining the musician's performance level. Synthesia shows promise as an outcome measure for assessing music performance, although further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Christakou
- Physiotherapy Department, University of Western Attica, Athens, Greece, General Hospital of Athens "Euagelismos", Greece
| | | | - Eleni Kapreli
- Physiotherapy Department, TEI of Sterea Ellada, Lamia, Greece
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Callow N, Edwards MG, Jones AL, Hardy L, Connell S. Action dual tasks reveal differential effects of visual imagery perspectives on motor performance. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2018; 72:1401-1411. [PMID: 30352540 DOI: 10.1177/1747021818811464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Imagery research has identified two main visual perspectives, external visual imagery (EVI, third person) and internal visual imagery (IVI, first person). Based upon findings from brain imaging literature showing that different neural substrates are recruited for IVI and EVI perspectives, and that IVI activates motor system brain areas, we hypothesised that a concurrent action dual task would cause greater interference in performance for IVI than EVI. In a first experiment, participants were allocated to either an IVI or an EVI group, and were tasked with moving an onscreen marker towards a target in three blocked conditions: imagery, imagery with a concurrent motor dual-task of sequencing, and a math control. An interaction between imagery group and condition was driven by greater root mean square error for participants in the dual-task condition in the IVI group compared with the EVI group. We replicated the experiment with an eye-tracking objective measure of IVI; the results again showed that participants in the IVI group made more errors in motor movements, and an interference effect in eye movements, during the dual-task sequencing condition compared with the EVI group. The results of the two experiments reveal that a secondary motor task does interfere with IVI, providing behavioural evidence that IVI appears to rely on motor system processes more than EVI. These results have important implications for the use of visual imagery perspectives across a number of domains, with this paper being an essential reference for those conducting visual imagery perspectives research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichola Callow
- 1 Institute for the Psychology of Elite Performance, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Martin Gareth Edwards
- 2 Institut de Recherches en Sciences Psychologiques, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Alex Lee Jones
- 3 Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Lew Hardy
- 1 Institute for the Psychology of Elite Performance, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Stephanie Connell
- 1 Institute for the Psychology of Elite Performance, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
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15
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Lin YT. Visual Perspectives in Episodic Memory and the Sense of Self. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2196. [PMID: 30483199 PMCID: PMC6243069 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The connection between memory and self-consciousness has been a central topic in philosophy of memory. When remembering an event we experienced in the past, not only do we experience being the subject of the conscious episode, but we also experience being the protagonist in the memory scene. This is the “phenomenal presence of self.” To explore this special sense of self in memory, this paper focuses on the issue of how one identifies oneself in episodic simulation at the retrieval of memory and draws attention to the field and observer perspectives in episodic memory. Metzinger (2013a,b, 2017) recently introduced the concept of the phenomenal unit of identification (UI) to characterize the phenomenal property that gives rise to the conscious experience of “I am this.” This paper shows how observer-perspective remembering provides an interesting opportunity for studying the sense of self. It is argued that observer-perspective remembering is a stable state of consciousness that is distinct from autoscopic phenomena with respect to the dimensions of minimal phenomenal self (MPS). Together, the notion of UI and the particular style of remembering offer a way of understanding the phenomenal presence of self, and three possible ways in which phenomenal properties constitute UI in memory are raised. The study of perspectives in episodic simulation may prompt new empirical and conceptual issues concerning both the sense of identity and the relationship between MPS and extended self.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Tung Lin
- Institute of Philosophy of Mind and Cognition, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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16
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Rulleau T, Robin N, Abou-Dest A, Chesnet D, Toussaint L. Does the Improvement of Position Sense Following Motor Imagery Practice Vary as a Function of Age and Time of Day? Exp Aging Res 2018; 44:443-454. [PMID: 30300100 DOI: 10.1080/0361073x.2018.1521496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of motor imagery practice is known to depend on age and on the ability to form motor images. In the same individual, motor imagery quality changes during the day, being better late in the morning for older adults and in the afternoon for younger adults. Does this mean that motor imagery practice should be done at specific time of the day depending on the age of participants to maximize motor learning? To examine whether the effect of motor imagery practice varies as a function of time of day and age, the authors used an arm configuration reproduction task and measured position sense accuracy before and after 135 kinesthetic motor imagery trials. Younger and older participants were randomly assigned to either a morning or an afternoon session. Data showed that the accuracy for reproducing arm configurations improved following imagery practice regardless of time of day for both younger and older adults. Moreover, the authors observed that the position sense was less accurate in the afternoon than in the morning in older participants (before and after motor imagery practice), while performance did not change during the day in younger participants. These results may have practical implications in motor learning and functional rehabilitation programs. They highlight the effectiveness of motor imagery practice for movement accuracy in both younger and older adults regardless of time of day. By contrast, they reveal that the assessment of position sense requires that the time of day be taken into account when practitioners want to report on the older patients' progress without making any mistakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rulleau
- a Université de Poitiers, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage (CeRCA, UMR 7295) , Poitiers , France.,b Unité de Recherche Clinique , Centre Hospitalier Départemental de La Roche sur Yon , La Roche sur Yon , France
| | - Nicolas Robin
- c Faculté des Sciences du Sport de Pointe-à-Pitre , Université des Antilles; Laboratoire "Adaptation au Climat Tropical, Exercice & Santé" (EA 3596) , Point-à-Pitre , France
| | - Amira Abou-Dest
- a Université de Poitiers, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage (CeRCA, UMR 7295) , Poitiers , France
| | - David Chesnet
- d Maison des Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société (MSHS, USR 3565) , Poitiers , France
| | - Lucette Toussaint
- a Université de Poitiers, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage (CeRCA, UMR 7295) , Poitiers , France
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17
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Hanson M, Concialdi M. Motor imagery in multiple sclerosis: exploring applications in therapeutic treatment. J Neurophysiol 2018; 121:347-349. [PMID: 30207860 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00291.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor imagery (MI) is a promising rehabilitation technique that has received significant interest for use in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). Through alterations in neural networks, MI has the potential to improve measures of walking speed, walking distance, and fatigue in people with MS. Further research is required to assess the validity of MI in conjunction with other therapeutic MS treatments and provide objective outcome measures of motor improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moriah Hanson
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Maura Concialdi
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado
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18
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Subirats L, Allali G, Briansoulet M, Salle J, Perrochon A. Age and gender differences in motor imagery. J Neurol Sci 2018; 391:114-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Seebacher B, Kuisma R, Glynn A, Berger T. Exploring cued and non-cued motor imagery interventions in people with multiple sclerosis: a randomised feasibility trial and reliability study. Arch Physiother 2018; 8:6. [PMID: 29507773 PMCID: PMC5833073 DOI: 10.1186/s40945-018-0045-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Motor imagery (MI) is increasingly used in neurorehabilitation to facilitate motor performance. Our previous study results demonstrated significantly improved walking after rhythmic-cued MI in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). The present feasibility study was aimed to obtain preliminary information of changes in walking, fatigue, quality of life (QoL) and MI ability following cued and non-cued MI in pwMS. The study further investigated the feasibility of a larger study and examined the reliability of a two-dimensional gait analysis system. Methods At the MS-Clinic, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria, 15 adult pwMS (1.5–4.5 on the Expanded Disability Status Scale, 13 females) were randomised to one of three groups: 24 sessions of 17 min of MI with music and verbal cueing (MVMI), with music alone (MMI), or non-cued (MI). Descriptive statistics were reported for all outcomes. Primary outcomes were walking speed (Timed 25-Foot Walk) and walking distance (6-Minute Walk Test). Secondary outcomes were recruitment rate, retention, adherence, acceptability, adverse events, MI ability (Kinaesthetic and Visual Imagery Questionnaire, Time-Dependent MI test), fatigue (Modified Fatigue Impact Scale) and QoL (Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale-29). The reliability of a gait analysis system used to assess gait synchronisation with music beat was tested. Results Participants showed adequate MI abilities. Post-intervention, improvements in walking speed, walking distance, fatigue, QoL and MI ability were observed in all groups. Success of the feasibility criteria was demonstrated by recruitment and retention rates of 8.6% (95% confidence interval, CI 5.2, 13.8%) and 100% (95% CI 76.4, 100%), which exceeded the target rates of 5.7% and 80%. Additionally, the 83% (95% CI 0.42, 0.99) adherence rate surpassed the 67% target rate. Intra-rater reliability analysis of the gait measurement instruments demonstrated excellent Intra-Class Correlation coefficients for step length of 0.978 (95% CI 0.973, 0.982) and step time of 0.880 (95% CI 0.855, 0.902). Conclusion Results from our study suggest that cued and non-cued MI are valuable interventions in pwMS who were able to imagine movements. A larger study appears feasible, however, substantial improvements to the methods are required such as stratified randomisation using a computer-generated sequence and blinding of the assessors. Trial registration ISRCTN ISRCTN92351899. Registered 10 December 2015. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40945-018-0045-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Seebacher
- 1School of Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Robert Dodd Building, 49 Darley Road, Eastbourne, BN20 7UR UK
| | - Raija Kuisma
- 1School of Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Robert Dodd Building, 49 Darley Road, Eastbourne, BN20 7UR UK
| | - Angela Glynn
- 1School of Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Robert Dodd Building, 49 Darley Road, Eastbourne, BN20 7UR UK
| | - Thomas Berger
- 2Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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20
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Hasegawa T, Miyata H, Nishi K, Sagari A, Moriuchi T, Matsuo T, Tabira T, Higashi T. Somatosensory cortex excitability changes due to differences in instruction conditions of motor imagery. Somatosens Mot Res 2017; 34:151-157. [DOI: 10.1080/08990220.2017.1368476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hasegawa
- Medical Corporation, Wajinkai Wajinkai Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
- Unit of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hironori Miyata
- Rehabilitation Sciences, Kyushu Nutrition Welfare University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Keita Nishi
- Medical Corporation, Wajinkai Wajinkai Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
- Macroscopic Anatomy, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Akira Sagari
- Health Sciences, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Takefumi Moriuchi
- Unit of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsuo
- Unit of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishikyushu University, Saga, Japan
| | - Takayuki Tabira
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Toshio Higashi
- Unit of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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21
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Dana A, Gozalzadeh E. Internal and External Imagery Effects on Tennis Skills Among Novices. Percept Mot Skills 2017; 124:1022-1043. [DOI: 10.1177/0031512517719611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of internal and external visual imagery perspectives on performance accuracy of open and closed tennis skills (i.e., serve, forehand, and backhand) among novices. Thirty-six young male novices, aged 15–18 years, from a summer tennis program participated. Following initial skill acquisition (12 sessions), baseline assessments of imagery ability and imagery perspective preference were used to assign participants to one of three groups: internal imagery ( n = 12), external imagery ( n = 12), or a no-imagery (mental math exercise) control group ( n = 12). The experimental interventions of 15 minutes of mental imagery (internal or external) or mental math exercises followed by 15 minutes of physical practice were held three times a week for six weeks. The performance accuracy of the groups on the serve, forehand, and backhand strokes was measured at pre- and post-test using videotaping. Results showed significant increases in the performance accuracy of all three tennis strokes in all three groups, but serve accuracy in the internal imagery group and forehand accuracy in the external imagery group showed greater improvements, while backhand accuracy was similarly improved in all three groups. These findings highlight differential efficacy of internal and external visual imagery for performance improvement on complex sport skills in early stage motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Dana
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elmira Gozalzadeh
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aliabad Katoul Branch, Islamic Azad University, Aliabad Katoul, Iran
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher R. Madan
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Anthony Singhal
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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23
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Kraeutner SN, Gaughan TC, Eppler SN, Boe SG. Motor imagery-based implicit sequence learning depends on the formation of stimulus-response associations. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2017; 178:48-55. [PMID: 28577488 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Implicit sequence learning (ISL) occurs without conscious awareness and is critical for skill acquisition. The extent to which ISL occurs is a function of exposure (i.e., total training time and/or sequence to noise ratio) to a repeated sequence, and thus the cognitive mechanism underlying ISL is the formation of stimulus-response associations. As the majority of ISL studies employ paradigms whereby individuals unknowingly physically practice a repeated sequence, the cognitive mechanism underlying ISL through motor imagery (MI), the mental rehearsal of movement, remains unknown. This study examined the cognitive mechanisms of MI-based ISL by probing the link between exposure and the resultant ISL. Seventy-two participants underwent MI-based practice of an ISL task following randomization to one of four conditions: 4 training blocks with a high (4-High) or low (4-Low) sequence to noise ratio, or 2 training blocks with a high (2-High) or low (2-Low) sequence to noise ratio. Reaction time differences (dRT) and effect sizes between repeated and random sequences assessed the extent of learning. All groups showed a degree of ISL, yet effect sizes indicated a greater degree of learning in groups with higher exposure (4-Low and 4-High). Findings indicate that the extent to which ISL occurs through MI is impacted by manipulations to total training time and the sequence to noise ratio. Overall, we show that the extent of ISL occurring through MI is a function of exposure, indicating that like physical practice, the cognitive mechanisms of MI-based ISL rely on the formation of stimulus response associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Kraeutner
- Laboratory for Brain Recovery and Function, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H4R1, Canada; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H4R2, Canada
| | - Theresa C Gaughan
- Laboratory for Brain Recovery and Function, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H4R1, Canada; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H4R2, Canada
| | - Sarah N Eppler
- Laboratory for Brain Recovery and Function, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H4R1, Canada; School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H4R2, Canada
| | - Shaun G Boe
- Laboratory for Brain Recovery and Function, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H4R1, Canada; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H4R2, Canada; School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H4R2, Canada; School of Physiotherapy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H4R2, Canada.
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24
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Macrae CN, Mitchell JP, Golubickis M, Ho NSP, Sherlock R, Parlongo R, Simpson OCM, Christian BM. Saving for your future self: The role of imaginary experiences. SELF AND IDENTITY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2016.1264465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Neil Macrae
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | | | - Nerissa S. P. Ho
- Division of Social Sciences, Community College of City University, Hong Kong
| | - Rain Sherlock
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Raffaella Parlongo
- School of Cognitive Science and Psychology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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25
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Eaves DL, Riach M, Holmes PS, Wright DJ. Motor Imagery during Action Observation: A Brief Review of Evidence, Theory and Future Research Opportunities. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:514. [PMID: 27917103 PMCID: PMC5116576 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor imagery (MI) and action observation (AO) have traditionally been viewed as two separate techniques, which can both be used alongside physical practice to enhance motor learning and rehabilitation. Their independent use has largely been shown to be effective, and there is clear evidence that the two processes can elicit similar activity in the motor system. Building on these well-established findings, research has now turned to investigate the effects of their combined use. In this article, we first review the available neurophysiological and behavioral evidence for the effects of combined action observation and motor imagery (AO+MI) on motor processes. We next describe a conceptual framework for their combined use, and then discuss several areas for future research into AO+MI processes. In this review, we advocate a more integrated approach to AO+MI techniques than has previously been adopted by movement scientists and practitioners alike. We hope that this early review of an emergent body of research, along with a related set of research questions, can inspire new work in this area. We are optimistic that future research will further confirm if, how, and when this combined approach to AO+MI can be more effective in motor learning and rehabilitation settings, relative to the more traditional application of MI or AO independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Eaves
- Sport and Exercise Science Section, Teesside UniversityMiddlesbrough, UK
| | - Martin Riach
- Research Centre for Health, Exercise and Active Living, Manchester Metropolitan UniversityCrewe, UK
| | - Paul S. Holmes
- Research Centre for Health, Exercise and Active Living, Manchester Metropolitan UniversityCrewe, UK
| | - David J. Wright
- Research Centre for Health, Exercise and Active Living, Manchester Metropolitan UniversityCrewe, UK
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26
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Kilintari M, Narayana S, Babajani-Feremi A, Rezaie R, Papanicolaou AC. Brain activation profiles during kinesthetic and visual imagery: An fMRI study. Brain Res 2016; 1646:249-261. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Fargier P, Collet C, Moran A, Massarelli R. Inter-disciplinarity in sport sciences: The neuroscience example. Eur J Sport Sci 2016; 17:42-50. [PMID: 27485177 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2016.1207710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Sport science is a relatively recent domain of research born from the interactions of different disciplines related to sport. According to the European College of sport science ( http://sport-science.org ): "scientific excellence in sport science is based on disciplinary competence embedded in the understanding that its essence lies in its multi- and interdisciplinary character". In this respect, the scientific domain of neuroscience has been developed within such a framework. Influenced by the apparent homogeneity of this scientific domain, the present paper reviews three important research topics in sport from a neuroscientific perspective. These topics concern the relationship between mind and motor action, the effects of cognition on motor performance, and the study of certain mental states (such as the "flow" effect, see below) and motor control issues to understand, for example, the neural substrates of the vertical squat jump. Based on the few extensive examples shown in this review, we argue that by adopting an interdisciplinary paradigm, sport science can emulate neuroscience in becoming a mono-discipline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Fargier
- a University of Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inter-University Laboratory on Human Movement Biology, Federative Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Sport , Villeurbanne , France
| | - Christian Collet
- a University of Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inter-University Laboratory on Human Movement Biology, Federative Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Sport , Villeurbanne , France
| | - Aidan Moran
- b School of Psychology , University College Dublin , Dublin 4 , Ireland
| | - Raphaël Massarelli
- a University of Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inter-University Laboratory on Human Movement Biology, Federative Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Sport , Villeurbanne , France
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28
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Yu QH, Fu AS, Kho A, Li J, Sun XH, Chan CC. Imagery perspective among young athletes: Differentiation between external and internal visual imagery. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2016; 5:211-218. [PMID: 30356512 PMCID: PMC6188598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the construct of external visual imagery (EVI) vs. internal visual imagery (IVI) by comparing the athletes' imagery ability with their levels of skill and types of sports. METHODS Seventy-two young athletes in open (n = 45) or closed (n = 27) sports and with different skill levels completed 2 custom-designed tasks. The EVI task involved the subject generating and visualizing the rotated images of different body parts, whereas the IVI task involved the subject visualizing himself or herself performing specific movements. RESULTS The significant Skill-Level × Sport Type interactions for the EVI task revealed that participants who specialized in open sports and had higher skill-levels had a higher accuracy rate as compared to the other subgroups. For the IVI task, the differences between the groups were less clear: those with higher skill-levels or open sports had a higher accuracy rate than those with lower skill-levels or closed sports. CONCLUSION EVI involves the visualization of others and the environment, and would be relevant to higher skill-level athletes who engage in open sports. IVI, in contrast, tends to be more self-oriented and would be relevant for utilization by higher skill-level athletes regardless of sport type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Hua Yu
- Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Amy S.N. Fu
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Adeline Kho
- Metacognition Developmental Centre, 589472, Singapore
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Science and Education, Guangdong Provincial Bureau of Sports, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Sun
- Guangdong Institute of Sport, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Chetwyn C.H. Chan
- Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
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Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Mentale Vorstellungen werden im Sport vornehmlich in Form von Vorstellungen einer Bewegung eingesetzt. Der Gebrauch von Bewegungsvorstellungen hat sich inzwischen in einer Vielzahl von Sportarten etabliert und der Nutzen systematischer Bewegungsvorstellungen wurde mehrfach belegt. Durch Bewegungsvorstellung soll das Erlernen und Stabilisieren von Bewegungen gefördert und in der Rehabilitation die Rückgewinnung bereits erlernter Fähigkeiten erleichtert werden. Die Qualität der Bewegungsvorstellung hat darauf einen weitreichenden Einfluss. Daher geht diese Übersicht umfassend auf die Quantifizierung der Vorstellungsqualität ein. Möglichkeiten zur Erfassung der Bewegungsvorstellung werden vorgestellt. Bei der Messung anhand von Fragebögen welche die Leichtigkeit (z. B. Movement Imagery Questionnaire), Lebhaftigkeit (z. B. Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire) und den Gebrauch von Bewegungsvorstellungen im Sport (z. B. Sport Imagery Questionnaire) abbilden, spielen verschiedene Sinnesmodalitäten wie visuelle und kinästhetische Repräsentationen aber auch die Perspektive der Vorstellung eine zentrale Rolle. Als Alternative gelten quantitative Messungen der Vorstellungszeit. Sowohl Einsatzmöglichkeiten als auch Grenzen der Messmethoden werden aufgezeigt.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephan Frederic Dahm
- UMIT – Private Universität für Gesundheitswissenschaften, Medizinische Informatik und Technik, Hall in Tirol, Österreich
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Action observation and motor imagery in performance of complex movements: Evidence from EEG and kinematics analysis. Behav Brain Res 2015; 281:290-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Louridas M, Bonrath EM, Sinclair DA, Dedy NJ, Grantcharov TP. Randomized clinical trial to evaluate mental practice in enhancing advanced laparoscopic surgical performance. Br J Surg 2014; 102:37-44. [PMID: 25332065 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.9657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental practice, the cognitive rehearsal of a task without physical movement, is known to enhance performance in sports and music. Investigation of this technique in surgery has been limited to basic operations. The purpose of this study was to develop mental practice scripts, and to assess their effect on advanced laparoscopic skills and surgeon stress levels in a crisis scenario. METHODS Twenty senior surgical trainees were randomized to either conventional training or mental practice groups, the latter being trained by an expert performance psychologist. Participants' skills were assessed while performing a porcine laparoscopic jejunojejunostomy as part of a crisis scenario in a simulated operating room, using the Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skill (OSATS) and bariatric OSATS (BOSATS) instruments. Objective and subjective stress parameters were measured, as well as non-technical skills using the Non-Technical Skills for Surgeons rating tool. RESULTS An improvement in OSATS (P = 0.003) and BOSATS (P = 0.003) scores was seen in the mental practice group compared with the conventional training group. Seven of ten trainees improved their technical performance during the crisis scenario, whereas four of the ten conventionally trained participants deteriorated. Mental imagery ability improved significantly following mental practice training (P = 0.011), but not in the conventional group (P = 0.083). No differences in objective or subjective stress levels or non-technical skills were evident. CONCLUSION Mental practice improves technical performance for advanced laparoscopic tasks in the simulated operating room, and allows trainees to maintain or improve their performance despite added stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Louridas
- Division of General Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
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Liu H, Song L, Zhang T. Changes in brain activation in stroke patients after mental practice and physical exercise: a functional MRI study. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:1474-84. [PMID: 25317160 PMCID: PMC4192950 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.139465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mental practice is a new rehabilitation method that refers to the mental rehearsal of motor imagery content with the goal of improving motor performance. However, the relationship between activated regions and motor recovery after mental practice training is not well understood. In this study, 15 patients who suffered a first-ever subcortical stroke with neurological deficits affecting the right hand, but no significant cognitive impairment were recruited. 10 patients underwent mental practice combined with physical practice training, and 5 patients only underwent physical practice training. We observed brain activation regions after 4 weeks of training, and explored the correlation of activation changes with functional recovery of the affected hands. The results showed that, after 4 weeks of mental practice combined with physical training, the Fugl-Meyer assessment score for the affected right hand was significantly increased than that after 4 weeks of practice training alone. Functional MRI showed enhanced activation in the left primary somatosensory cortex, attenuated activation intensity in the right primary motor cortex, and enhanced right cerebellar activation observed during the motor imagery task using the affected right hand after mental practice training. The changes in brain cortical activity were related to functional recovery of the hand. Experimental findings indicate that cortical and cerebellar functional reorganization following mental practice contributed to the improvement of hand function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Liu
- Capital Medical University School of Rehabilitation Medicine, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Luping Song
- Capital Medical University School of Rehabilitation Medicine, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Capital Medical University School of Rehabilitation Medicine, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing 100068, China
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Fu Y, Xu B, Li Y, Wang Y, Yu Z, Li H. Single-trial decoding of imagined grip force parameters involving the right or left hand based on movement-related cortical potentials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-014-0234-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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de Vries S, Tepper M, Feenstra W, Oosterveld H, Boonstra AM, Otten B. Motor imagery ability in stroke patients: the relationship between implicit and explicit motor imagery measures. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:790. [PMID: 24312044 PMCID: PMC3832786 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is little consensus on how motor imagery ability should be measured in stroke patients. In particular it is unclear how two methods tapping different aspects of the motor imagery process relate to each other. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between implicit and explicit motor imagery ability by comparing performance of stroke patients and controls on a motor imagery questionnaire and a hand laterality judgment task (HLJT). Sixteen ischemic stroke patients (36 ± 13 weeks post-stroke) and 16 controls, matched by age (51 ± 10 years), gender (7 females) and handedness (3 left-handed), performed a HLJT and completed a motor imagery questionnaire. Our study shows that neither in the healthy controls nor in patients, a correlation is found between the HLJT and the motor imagery questionnaire. Although the patient group scored significantly lower than the control group on the visual motor imagery component (U = 60; p = 0.010) and the kinesthetic motor imagery component (U = 63.5; p = 0.015) of the questionnaire, there were no significant differences between patients and controls on accuracy scores of the HLJT. Analyses of the reaction time profiles of patients and controls showed that patient were still able to use an implicit motor imagery strategy in the HLJT task. Our results show that after stroke performance on tests that measure two different aspects of motor imagery ability, e.g., implicit and explicit motor imagery, can be differently affected. These results articulate the complex relation phenomenological experience and the different components of motor imagery have and caution the use of one tool as an instrument for use in screening, selecting and monitoring stroke patients in rehabilitation settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd de Vries
- Centre for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands ; Research Centre for Health, Social Work & Technology, School of Applied Psychology, Saxion University of Applied Sciences Deventer, Netherlands
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Callow N, Roberts R, Hardy L, Jiang D, Edwards MG. Performance improvements from imagery: evidence that internal visual imagery is superior to external visual imagery for slalom performance. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:697. [PMID: 24155710 PMCID: PMC3803114 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We report three experiments investigating the hypothesis that use of internal visual imagery (IVI) would be superior to external visual imagery (EVI) for the performance of different slalom-based motor tasks. In Experiment 1, three groups of participants (IVI, EVI, and a control group) performed a driving-simulation slalom task. The IVI group achieved significantly quicker lap times than EVI and the control group. In Experiment 2, participants performed a downhill running slalom task under both IVI and EVI conditions. Performance was again quickest in the IVI compared to EVI condition, with no differences in accuracy. Experiment 3 used the same group design as Experiment 1, but with participants performing a downhill ski-slalom task. Results revealed the IVI group to be significantly more accurate than the control group, with no significant differences in time taken to complete the task. These results support the beneficial effects of IVI for slalom-based tasks, and significantly advances our knowledge related to the differential effects of visual imagery perspectives on motor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichola Callow
- School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Institute for the Psychology of Elite Performance, Bangor University Bangor, UK
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36
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Toussaint L, Blandin Y. Behavioral evidence for motor imagery ability on position sense improvement following motor imagery practice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1051/sm/2013093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Kanthack TFD, Bigliassi M, Altimari LR. Equal prefrontal cortex activation between males and females in a motor tasks and different visual imagery perspectives: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) study. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-65742013000300014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the prefrontal cortex (PFC) blood flow variation and time on in males and females while performing a motor task and imagery perspectives. Eighteen right handed subjects (11 males and 7 females) were volunteers to this study. All subjects went through three randomly conditions, a motor task condition (MT) in which they had to do a simple finger tap. The other conditions included practicing imagery in first and third views. During all the conditions, the fNIRS device was attached to the subject forehead to obtain the blood flow; the total time in each task which was measured with a chronometer. No difference had been found in any condition for both sexes in the PFC and time, nor for all subjects integrated in the PFC. Therefore, we conclu-de that both imageries can be used to mentally train a motor task, and probably both sexes can be benefited.
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Bernardi NF, De Buglio M, Trimarchi PD, Chielli A, Bricolo E. Mental practice promotes motor anticipation: evidence from skilled music performance. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:451. [PMID: 23970859 PMCID: PMC3747442 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental practice (MP) has been shown to improve movement accuracy and velocity, but it is not known whether MP can also optimize movement timing. We addressed this question by studying two groups of expert pianists who performed challenging music sequences after either MP or physical practice (PP). Performance and motion-capture data were collected along with responses to imagery questionnaires. The results showed that MP produced performance improvements, although to a lower degree than PP did. MP and PP induced changes in both movement velocity and movement timing, promoting the emergence of movement anticipatory patterns. Furthermore, motor imagery was associated with greater changes in movement velocity, while auditory imagery was associated with greater movement anticipation. Data from a control group that was not allowed to practice confirmed that the changes in accuracy and kinematics were not due to mere repetition of the sequence during testing. This study provides the first evidence of an anticipatory control following MP and extends the present knowledge on the effectiveness of MP to a task of unparalleled motor complexity. The practical implications of MP in the motor domain are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò F Bernardi
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca Milano, Italy
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Moran A, Guillot A, Macintyre T, Collet C. Re-imagining motor imagery: building bridges between cognitive neuroscience and sport psychology. Br J Psychol 2011; 103:224-47. [PMID: 22506748 DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-8295.2011.02068.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
One of the most remarkable capacities of the mind is its ability to simulate sensations, actions, and other types of experience. A mental simulation process that has attracted recent attention from cognitive neuroscientists and sport psychologists is motor imagery or the mental rehearsal of actions without engaging in the actual physical movements involved. Research on motor imagery is important in psychology because it provides an empirical window on consciousness and movement planning, rectifies a relative neglect of non-visual types of mental imagery, and has practical implications for skill learning and skilled performance in special populations (e.g., athletes, surgeons). Unfortunately, contemporary research on motor imagery is hampered by a variety of semantic, conceptual, and methodological issues that prevent cross-fertilization of ideas between cognitive neuroscience and sport psychology. In this paper, we review these issues, suggest how they can be resolved, and sketch some potentially fruitful new directions for inter-disciplinary research in motor imagery.
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Tunney NM, Arnold CE, Gimbel LM. Mental Practice to Facilitate Learning When Physical Practice is Unsafe: A Pilot Study. PHYSICAL & OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY IN GERIATRICS 2011. [DOI: 10.3109/02703181.2011.599481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Schuster C, Hilfiker R, Amft O, Scheidhauer A, Andrews B, Butler J, Kischka U, Ettlin T. Best practice for motor imagery: a systematic literature review on motor imagery training elements in five different disciplines. BMC Med 2011; 9:75. [PMID: 21682867 PMCID: PMC3141540 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-9-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The literature suggests a beneficial effect of motor imagery (MI) if combined with physical practice, but detailed descriptions of MI training session (MITS) elements and temporal parameters are lacking. The aim of this review was to identify the characteristics of a successful MITS and compare these for different disciplines, MI session types, task focus, age, gender and MI modification during intervention. METHODS An extended systematic literature search using 24 databases was performed for five disciplines: Education, Medicine, Music, Psychology and Sports. References that described an MI intervention that focused on motor skills, performance or strength improvement were included. Information describing 17 MITS elements was extracted based on the PETTLEP (physical, environment, timing, task, learning, emotion, perspective) approach. Seven elements describing the MITS temporal parameters were calculated: study duration, intervention duration, MITS duration, total MITS count, MITS per week, MI trials per MITS and total MI training time. RESULTS Both independent reviewers found 96% congruity, which was tested on a random sample of 20% of all references. After selection, 133 studies reporting 141 MI interventions were included. The locations of the MITS and position of the participants during MI were task-specific. Participants received acoustic detailed MI instructions, which were mostly standardised and live. During MI practice, participants kept their eyes closed. MI training was performed from an internal perspective with a kinaesthetic mode. Changes in MI content, duration and dosage were reported in 31 MI interventions. Familiarisation sessions before the start of the MI intervention were mentioned in 17 reports. MI interventions focused with decreasing relevance on motor-, cognitive- and strength-focused tasks. Average study intervention lasted 34 days, with participants practicing MI on average three times per week for 17 minutes, with 34 MI trials. Average total MI time was 178 minutes including 13 MITS. Reporting rate varied between 25.5% and 95.5%. CONCLUSIONS MITS elements of successful interventions were individual, supervised and non-directed sessions, added after physical practice. Successful design characteristics were dominant in the Psychology literature, in interventions focusing on motor and strength-related tasks, in interventions with participants aged 20 to 29 years old, and in MI interventions including participants of both genders. Systematic searching of the MI literature was constrained by the lack of a defined MeSH term.
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Nilsen DM, Gillen G, Gordon AM. Use of mental practice to improve upper-limb recovery after stroke: a systematic review. Am J Occup Ther 2010; 64:695-708. [PMID: 21073100 DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2010.09034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether mental practice is an effective intervention to improve upper-limb recovery after stroke. METHOD We conducted a systematic review of the literature, searching electronic databases for the years 1985 to February 2009. We selected studies according to specified criteria, rated each study for level of evidence, and summarized study elements. RESULTS Studies differed with respect to design, patient characteristics, intervention protocols, and outcome measures. All studies used imagery of tasks involving movement of the impaired limb. The length of the interventions and number of practice hours varied. Results suggest that mental practice combined with physical practice improves upper-limb recovery. CONCLUSION When added to physical practice, mental practice is an effective intervention. However, generalizations are difficult to make. Further research is warranted to determine who will benefit from training, the dosing needed, the most effective protocols, whether improvements are retained, and whether mental practice affects perceived occupational performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn M Nilsen
- Teachers College, Columbia University, Box 199, 525 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027-6696, USA.
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44
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Ewan LM, Kinmond K, Holmes PS. An observation-based intervention for stroke rehabilitation: experiences of eight individuals affected by stroke. Disabil Rehabil 2010; 32:2097-106. [PMID: 20455707 DOI: 10.3109/09638288.2010.481345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore eight individuals' experiences and responses to taking part in a personalised observation-based intervention for stroke rehabilitation. METHODS Eight participants who had experienced a cerebrovascular accident were recruited to a 16-week observation-based intervention. Participants were interviewed face-to-face to explore their responses to, and experiences of, taking part in the intervention. A list of topics, derived from the intervention process and earlier studies provided a provisional structure for the interview. All interviews were transcribed, coded and analysed using inductive content analysis to explore the impact of the observational intervention for these participants. RESULTS Three main themes emerged: physical function, behaviour change and DVD content. Lower order themes were also identified. These included: interaction with the physiotherapist; ability to complete tasks; and increased motivation to (re)engage in activities of everyday living. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that a programme of action observation, linked to individualised and meaningful motor behaviours can provide a valid intervention for individuals affected by stroke by serving as a motivating agent to (re)engage in activities which they had believed they could not perform following their stroke. There was also evidence for positive affect on psychological wellbeing and motor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M Ewan
- Section of Psychological Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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46
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Pelgrims B, Andres M, Olivier E. Double dissociation between motor and visual imagery in the posterior parietal cortex. Cereb Cortex 2009; 19:2298-307. [PMID: 19168666 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhn248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Because motor imagery (MI) and visual imagery (VI) are influenced differently by factors such as biomechanical constraints or stimulus size, it is conceivable that they rely on separate processes, possibly involving distinct cortical networks, a view corroborated by neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies. In the posterior parietal cortex, it has been suggested that the superior parietal lobule (SPL) underlies VI, whereas MI relies on the supramarginalis gyrus (SMG). However, because several brain imaging studies have also shown an overlap of activations in SPL and SMG during VI or MI, the question arises as to which extent these 2 subregions really contribute to distinct imagery processes. To address this issue, we used repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to induce virtual lesions of either SMG or SPL in subjects performing a MI (hand drawing rotation) or a VI (letter rotation) task. Whatever hemisphere was stimulated, SMG lesions selectively altered MI, whereas SPL lesions only affected VI, demonstrating a double dissociation between MI and VI. Because these deficits were not influenced by the angular distance of the stimuli, we suggest that SMG and SPL are involved in the reenactment of the motor and visual representations, respectively, and not in mental rotation processes per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pelgrims
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Brussels, Belgium
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Dunsky A, Dickstein R, Marcovitz E, Levy S, Deutsch J. Home-Based Motor Imagery Training for Gait Rehabilitation of People With Chronic Poststroke Hemiparesis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2008; 89:1580-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2007.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Revised: 12/11/2007] [Accepted: 12/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Stecklow MV, Infantosi AFC, Cagy M. Alterações na banda alfa do eletrencefalograma durante imagética motora visual e cinestésica. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2007; 65:1084-8. [DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x2007000600034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2007] [Accepted: 08/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Foi investigada a contribuição em potência na vizinhança do pico da banda alfa (BPA) do EEG durante imagética motora (IM). Sinais EEG (derivações occipitais e parietais) foram adquiridos em sujeitos destros (18-40 anos), durante repouso (ESP) e IM nas modalidades cinestésica (IMC) e visual (IMV), sendo 15 atletas de voleibol e 15 não-atletas. O Revised Movement Imagery Questionnaire não indicou diferenças entre grupos ou modalidades de IM; todavia os atletas imaginaram-se melhor que os não-atletas. Para ambos os grupos, a potência em BPA resultou menor em IM do que em ESP, sendo mais reduzida em IMC. Ativação cortical similar ocorreu em ambos os hemisférios de não-atletas e mais pronunciada no hemisfério esquerdo de atletas, principalmente durante IMC. Tais resultados sugerem que IM reduz a atividade de alfa de acordo com o conhecimento real da tarefa e a modalidade de IM.
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Coello Y, Delevoye-Turrell Y. Embodiment, spatial categorisation and action. Conscious Cogn 2007; 16:667-83. [PMID: 17728152 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2007.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Revised: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 07/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Despite the subjective experience of a continuous and coherent external world, we will argue that the perception and categorisation of visual space is constrained by the spatial resolution of the sensory systems but also and above all, by the pre-reflective representations of the body in action. Recent empirical data in cognitive neurosciences will be presented that suggest that multidimensional categorisation of perceptual space depends on body representations at both an experiential and a functional level. Results will also be resumed that show that representations of the body in action are pre-reflective in nature as only some aspects of the pre-reflective states can be consciously experienced. Finally, a neuro-cognitive model based on the integration of afferent and efferent information will be described, which suggests that action simulation and associated predicted sensory consequences may represent the underlying principle that enables pre-reflective representations of the body for space categorisation and selection for action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Coello
- Laboratory URECA (EA 1059), University Charles de Gaulle-Lille3, BP 60149, F.59653 Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex, France.
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Abstract
Motor imagery is the mental representation of movement without any body movement. Abundant evidence on the positive effects of motor imagery practice on motor performance and learning in athletes, people who are healthy, and people with neurological conditions (eg, stroke, spinal cord injury, Parkinson disease) has been published. The purpose of this update is to synthesize the relevant literature about motor imagery in order to facilitate its integration into physical therapist practice. This update also will discuss visual and kinesthetic motor imagery, factors that modify motor imagery practice, the design of motor imagery protocols, and potential applications of motor imagery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Dickstein
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel 31905, Haifa, Israel.
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