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Choice EE, Tufano JJ, Jagger KL, Cochrane-Snyman KC. Match-Play External Load and Internal Load in NCAA Division II Women's Soccer. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:633-639. [PMID: 37844187 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Choice, EE, Tufano, JJ, Jagger, KL, and Cochrane-Snyman, KC. Match-play external load and internal load in NCAA Division II women's soccer. J Strength Cond Res 37(12): e633-e639, 2023-The purpose of this study was to describe average match-play demands for NCAA DII women's soccer, including positional and time-specific differences, and relationships between variables. External load was assessed using total distance, relative distance, sprint distance, number of power plays, peak speed, and Player Load. Internal load was assessed using session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE). Mixed factor analysis of variance was used to assess time by position (midfielder, forward, or defender) for dependent measures. Correlations were assessed between separate pair groups. Average match-play demands included 9,463 ± 2,591 m total distance, 172 ± 48 m·min -1 relative distance, 531 ± 301 m sprint distance, peak speeds of 26 ± 1.6 kph, 46.71 ± 21.75 power plays, and 457.84 ± 121.78 AU Player Load. Significant ( p < 0.05) positional differences were found for total distance, Player Load, match load, and peak speed. Significant, moderate correlations were found between relative distance and match load, and sRPE and total distance, Player Load, and power plays (all p < 0.001). Results indicate there are positional differences within a women's DII soccer team, with midfielders accumulating the longest distances (10,509 ± 2,913 m) and greatest Player Load (527.79 ± 130.5 AU) and match load (576 ± 343 AU), forwards running the fastest peak speeds (26.8 ± 1.5 kph), and defenders maintaining most consistent performance. Match-play external and internal load data should be monitored by player position and half for DII women's soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Choice
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, School of Physical Therapy, Regis University, Denver, Colorado
| | - James J Tufano
- Charles University in the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Prague, Czech Republic; and
- Concordia University of Chicago, River Forest, Illinois
| | - Kristen L Jagger
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, School of Physical Therapy, Regis University, Denver, Colorado
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Beato M, Datson N, Anderson L, Brownlee T, Coates A, Hulton A. Rationale and Practical Recommendations for Testing Protocols in Female Soccer: A Narrative Review. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1912-1922. [PMID: 37184978 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Beato, M, Datson, N, Anderson, L, Brownlee, T, Coates, A, and Hulton, A. Rationale and practical recommendations for testing protocols in female soccer: A narrative review. J Strength Cond Res 37(9): 1912-1922, 2023-The aim of this narrative review is to evaluate the presented literature on tests (aerobic, speed, changes of direction [COD], strength, power, jump, and anthropometry) of the varied components of female soccer and to draw attention to the most suitable protocols to allow practitioners to accurately track players' fitness status. The 2 most common field tests used to assess aerobic fitness are the Yo-Yo intermittent test (level 1 and level 2) and the 30-15 intermittent fitness test because of an ability to measure multiple players at once with a soccer-specific intermittent profile. The sprinting performance can be assessed on distances of <30 m; however, longer distances (e.g., 40 m) allow for achieving peak speed (flying sprint test), which can be assessed using global navigation satellite system. Changes-of-direction capacity has been found to be an important component of players testing and training programs, although there is no "gold standard" to assess COD or repeated sprint ability performance in female players. Lower-limb power can be assessed using jump tests that can use force platforms, jump mats, and optoelectronic devices, while maintaining a good reliability. Several in-direct tests are currently available for assessing anthropometry parameters, such as skinfold thickness, hydrodensitometry, and ultrasound. However, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry is the most valid and reliable method for assessing body composition in team sport athletes, with the addition of bone health that is a key measure in female athletes. In conclusion, the evidence reported in this review will be able to aid practitioners, coaches, and researchers to decide which tests meet the requirements of their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Suffolk, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi Datson
- Institute of Sport, Nursing and Allied Health, University of Chichester, Chichester, United Kingdom
| | - Liam Anderson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Thomas Brownlee
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Alex Coates
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Suffolk, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Hulton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Vagle M, Dalen-Lorentsen T, Moksnes H, Harøy J, Bjørneboe J, Andersen TE. Physical Performance Profiles in Norwegian Premier League Female Football: A Descriptive Study. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023:1-9. [PMID: 37201905 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To map anthropometric and physical performance profiles in Norwegian premier league female football players. METHODS During preseason, the physical qualities of 107 players were tested on Keiser leg press, countermovement jump, 40-meter sprint, and agility. Descriptive statistics were presented as mean (SD) and median [interquartile range]. Pearson correlations analyses were made for all performance tests, and results presented as R value with 95% CIs. RESULTS The female players were 22 (4) years of age, stature 169.0 (6.2) cm, body weight 65.3 (6.7) kg; force 2122 (312) N, power 1090 (140) W, sprint 40 m 5.75 (0.21) seconds, agility dominant 10.18 (0.32) seconds, nondominant 10.27 (0.31) seconds, and countermovement jump 32.6 (4.1) cm. Outfield players were faster and more agile than goalkeepers, a difference of 40 m, agility of dominant, and nondominant leg, respectively: 0.20 [0.09-0.32], 0.37 [0.21-0.54], and 0.28 [0.12-45]; P < .001. Goalkeepers and central defenders were taller and heavier compared with fullbacks, central midfielders, and wide midfielders (P ranging from <.02). A difference was found between dominant and nondominant legs for the agility test, showing that players are faster when changing direction with the dominant leg. CONCLUSIONS Our study presents anthropometric and physical performance profiles of Norwegian premier league female football players. We found no difference for the physical qualities strength, power, sprint, agility, and countermovement jump between any outfield playing positions in female premier league players. There was a difference between outfield players and goalkeepers for sprint and agility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Vagle
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo,Norway
- Department of Sports, Physical Education and Outdoor Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Horten,Norway
| | - Torstein Dalen-Lorentsen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo,Norway
| | | | - Joar Harøy
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo,Norway
- Norwegian FA Sports Medicine Clinic, Oslo,Norway
| | - John Bjørneboe
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo,Norway
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Thor Einar Andersen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo,Norway
- Norwegian FA Sports Medicine Clinic, Oslo,Norway
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Ishida A, Draper G, White JB, Travis SK. Does Prematch Neuromuscular Performance Affect Running Performance in Collegiate Elite Female Soccer? J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:854-858. [PMID: 36731019 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ishida, A, Draper, G, White, JB, and Travis, SK. Does prematch neuromuscular performance affect running performance in collegiate elite female soccer? J Strength Cond Res 37(4): 854-858, 2023-The purpose of this study was to investigate whether prematch neuromuscular performance affected match physical performance by player position in Division I collegiate female soccer. Fourteen players participated (20.7 ± 1.3 years; 165.1 ± 6.0 cm; 63.3 ± 7.0 kg) in this study. Players were selected based on being free from injuries, playing for a duration of ≥72 minutes, and match intervals were ≥2 days. Data included 73 observations ( n = 5 defenders, n = 7 midfielders, and n = 2 forward) from 14 official matches. Prematch neuromuscular performance was assessed using countermovement jump (CMJ) with polyvinyl chloride pipe on dual force plates. Countermovement jump variables included jump height (JH) and relative peak power (RPP). Match physical performance included average speed, high-speed running (HSR), and number of high accelerations and decelerations. Linear mixed model was compiled with fixed effects of loaded with fixed effect of JH, RPP, and position and random effects per individual player. In CMJ and player position model, RPP was a significant predictor for average HSR ( p = 0.003) while fixed effects of JH and position were not significant ( p = 0.15-0.86). The fixed and random effects explained 34.8 and 42.1% of variances in average HSR. In CMJ-only model, RPP significantly predicted the variances in average HSR ( p = 0.001). The fixed effects and random effects of the model explained 22.7 and 51.8% of the variance in average HSR. However, position-only was not a significant predictor for average HSR in the position-only model ( p = 0.26 and 0.33). Prematch CMJ RPP may be the greatest predictor of average HSR in collegiate female soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Garrison Draper
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
- Philadelphia Union, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jason B White
- School of Applied Health Science and Wellness, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio; and
| | - S Kyle Travis
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, College of Public Health & Health Professions, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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Baptista I, Winther AK, Johansen D, Randers MB, Pedersen S, Pettersen SA. The variability of physical match demands in elite women's football. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2022; 6:559-565. [PMID: 35060844 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2022.2027999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Peak locomotor demands are considered as key metrics for conditioning drills prescription and training monitoring. However, research in female football has focused on absolute values when reporting match demands, leading to sparse information being provided regarding the degrees of variability of such metrics. Thus, the aims of this study were to investigate the sources of variability of match physical performance parameters in female football players and to provide a framework for the interpretation of meaningful changes between matches.54 female players from four top-level clubs were monitored during one season. GPS APEX (STATSports, Northern Ireland), with a sampling frequency of 10 Hz, were used in 60 official matches (n = 393) to determine the full-match and 1-min peak locomotor demands of total distance (TD), high-speed running distance (HSRD), sprint distance (SpD), accelerations and decelerations (Acc/Dec) and peak speed (Pspeed). For each variable, the between-team, between-match, between-position, between-player, and within-player variability was estimated using linear mixed-effect modelling.With exception to SpD (29.4 vs. 31.9%), all other metrics presented a higher observed match-to-match variability in the 1-min peaks than in the full-match (6.5 vs. 4.6%; 18.7% vs. 15.9%; 12.9 vs. 11.7%; for TD, HSRD and Acc/Dec, respectively). With the exception of SpD, higher changes in 1-min peaks than in full-match values are required to identify meaningful changes in each variable.Different sources of variability seem to impact differently the match physical performance of female football players. Furthermore, to identify meaningful changes, higher changes in 1-min peaks than in full-match values are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Baptista
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreas K Winther
- School of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Dag Johansen
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Morten B Randers
- School of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Sdu Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (Shsc), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Sigurd Pedersen
- School of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Svein Arne Pettersen
- School of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Choice E, Tufano J, Jagger K, Hooker K, Cochrane-Snyman KC. Differences across Playing Levels for Match-Play Physical Demands in Women’s Professional and Collegiate Soccer: A Narrative Review. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10100141. [PMID: 36287754 PMCID: PMC9609138 DOI: 10.3390/sports10100141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Advancements in sport technology have made quantifying match-play external load (e.g., total distance, sprint distance, number of sprints) a popular option for athletics personnel. These variables of volume and intensity are useful for both objectively monitoring training in field-based sports and for designing training programs. As physical abilities differ across playing levels, match-play demands likely also differ. This narrative review compiles and compares the match-play external load data for women’s soccer at the professional and collegiate levels. Databases were searched through July 2022, yielding 13 primary articles that assessed the match-play demands of women’s soccer (3 professional, 8 Division I, 1 Division II, and 1 Division III). The results indicate that the average total distance covered were similar between the professional, Division I and Division III levels, but the variability was greater among Division III compared to professional and Division I players. Data for Division II are scarce, but the total distance covered appears to be less than for professional, Division I and Division III. There was also large variability for sprint distance and number of sprints across data at all playing levels. Considering the lack of studies of Division II and Division III players, more research is necessary to determine how playing level may affect external load profiles, as isolated studies likely only reflect data from isolated teams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Choice
- School of Physical Therapy, Regis University, Denver, CO 80221, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - James Tufano
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University Prague, 16252 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Concordia University of Chicago, River Forest, IL 60305, USA
| | - Kristen Jagger
- School of Physical Therapy, Regis University, Denver, CO 80221, USA
| | - Kayla Hooker
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Kristen C. Cochrane-Snyman
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Concordia University of Chicago, River Forest, IL 60305, USA
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A Data Analytics Approach to Assess the Functional and Physical Performance of Female Soccer Players: A Cohort Design. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19158941. [PMID: 35897308 PMCID: PMC9330724 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19158941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was twofold: (i) to observe the individual results of fitness status [countermovement jump (CMJ)], hop test, linear sprinting time, stride frequency, stride distance, force–power–velocity, peak power maximal and maximal speed, and repeated sprint ability (RSA) and functional performance (overhead squat, single-leg squat test, dumbbell hip-hinge, Thomas test, hip extension, and internal and external hip rotators) and (ii) to analyze the relationship between anthropometrical measures and values of fitness status with % of difference in the Thomas test, hip extension, and internal and external hip rotators. Materials and Methods: The study followed a cohort design. Sixteen female soccer players competing in the second division of the Spanish league were monitored during the first days of the pre-season. These players were evaluated three times during the preseason of the cohort period. The dataset showed a negative moderate correlation between time and percentage of difference in hip angle and another positive moderate correlation between maximal sprint and percentage of difference in hip angle (r = −0.54, p = 0.02 and r = 0.53, p = 0.04), respectively. The correlations of stride time and distance with hip extension are interesting, as professional soccer players should have higher levels of hip flexor flexibility during the stride phase, recoil of the instep kick action.
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A systematic review of match-play characteristics in women's soccer. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268334. [PMID: 35771861 PMCID: PMC9246157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aimed to (1) systematically review the scientific literature evaluating the match-play characteristics of women's soccer, (2) determine the methods adopted to quantify match-play characteristics of women's soccer, and (3) present the physical, technical and tactical characteristics of women's soccer match-play across age-groups, playing standards and playing positions. A systematic search of electronic databases was conducted in May 2021; keywords relating to the population, soccer and match-play characteristics were used. Studies which quantified physical, technical or tactical performance of women's soccer players during match-play were included. Excluded studies included adapted match-play formats and training studies. Sixty-nine studies met the eligibility criteria. Studies predominantly quantified match-play characteristics of senior international (n = 27) and domestic (n = 30) women's soccer match-play, with only seven studies reporting youth match-play characteristics. Physical (n = 47), technical (n = 26) and tactical characteristics (n = 2) were reported as whole-match (n = 65), half-match (n = 21), segmental (n = 17) or peak (n = 8) characteristics. Beyond age-groups, playing standard, and playing position, fourteen studies quantified the impact of contextual factors, such as environment or match outcome, on match-play characteristics. Distance was the most commonly reported variable (n = 43), as outfield women's soccer players covered a total distance of 5480-11160 m during match-play. This systematic review highlights that physical match-performance increases between age-groups and playing standards, and differs between playing positions. However, further research is warranted to understand potential differences in technical and tactical match-performance. Coaches and practitioners can use the evidence presented within this review to inform population-specific practices, however, they should be mindful of important methodological limitations within the literature (e.g. inconsistent velocity and acceleration/deceleration thresholds). Future research should attempt to integrate physical, technical and tactical characteristics as opposed to quantifying characteristics in isolation, to gain a deeper and more holistic insight into match-performance.
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Connors P, Earls D, Browne D, Fitzpatrick P, Rankin P. The positional and temporal running demands of elite inter-county camogie match play across 5-min intervals. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2022; 18:1331-1337. [PMID: 35194463 PMCID: PMC8831097 DOI: 10.1007/s11332-022-00904-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Camogie is a native Irish female field sport game. This investigation aimed to establish elite camogie players’ positional and temporal running demands across 5-min intervals during competitive match play. Methods Thirty-one (n = 31) inter-county camogie players (age: 24 ± 4 years; height: 167.2 ± 6.3 cm; body mass: 67.0 ± 7.5 kg) from two squads wore commercially available 10-Hz Playertek GPS units (Playertek by Catapult, Australia) during Senior All-Ireland Championship games (n = 8). Players were categorised according to match positions (defenders, mid-fielders, forwards). Games were split into quarters, and subsequently into 5-min intervals for analysis (5-min intervals are more closely associated with small-sided games and training than half-by-half comparisons). Results Analysis revealed significant positional and temporal differences to exist (p < 0.05). Mid-fielders covered greater total (r = 0.16–0.19) and relative distance (r = 0.15–0.17), with forwards covering greater high-speed distances (r = 0.09–0.19). Mid-fielders had greater temporal performance decrements for sprint distance between all first quarter intervals and 55–60 interval (Kendall’s W (W = 0.86–1.00), as well as the 0–5 and all final quarter intervals for total distance (W = 0.86–1.00). Defenders had significant performance decreases during the 25–30 (W = 0.29–0.60) and 40–45 interval (W = 0.14–0.57) for both total and relative distance. Forwards exhibited the lowest performance decrement, with no significant differences for peak speed, high-speed running, or sprint distance (W = 0.00–0.53). Conclusion Positional and temporal differences are evident in elite camogie match play. Mid-fielders have the greatest total and sprint distance decrements, with defenders also exhibiting total and relative distance decreases. Coaches should focus on temporal differences with respect to position, to minimise performance decrements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Connors
- HealthCORE, Department of Science and Health, Institute of Technology Carlow, Carlow, R93 V960 Ireland
| | - Des Earls
- HealthCORE, Department of Science and Health, Institute of Technology Carlow, Carlow, R93 V960 Ireland
| | - Declan Browne
- HealthCORE, Department of Science and Health, Institute of Technology Carlow, Carlow, R93 V960 Ireland
| | - Paula Fitzpatrick
- HealthCORE, Department of Science and Health, Institute of Technology Carlow, Carlow, R93 V960 Ireland
| | - Paula Rankin
- HealthCORE, Department of Science and Health, Institute of Technology Carlow, Carlow, R93 V960 Ireland
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O’Grady M, Young D, Collins K, Keane J, Malone S, Coratella G. An investigation of the sprint performance of senior elite camogie players during competitive play. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00874-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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González-García J, Giráldez-Costas V, Ramirez-Campillo R, Drust B, Romero-Moraleda B. Assessment of Peak Physical Demands in Elite Women Soccer Players: Can Contextual Variables Play a Role? RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2022:1-9. [PMID: 35025719 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2021.2004297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aim: To describe and compare the peak physical demands through the worst-case scenario method (WCS), according to different rolling average (RA) time epochs (i.e. 1 min, 3 min, and 5 min) and contextual variables in women soccer players. Methods: Using an observational-comparative study design, an elite women soccer team from the Spanish 1st league division was monitored during 27 matches. Nine WCS-dependent variables were assessed, including total distance (TD), high-speed running distance (HSR), sprint distance (SP), acceleration, and deceleration distance at different intensities by players position (i.e., central defenders [CD], wide defenders [WD], central midfielders [CM], wide midfielders [WM], forwards [F]), match half, location, and match outcome. Results: The 1-min RA showed the lowest variability (CV = 9.8-65.8%) for all nine dependent variables. The WD presented the highest TD (168 ± 15.71 m/min). Differences between positions were observed for: CM<F (-10.19 m/min), CM<WM (-11.20 m/min), and CM<WD (-12.70 m/min). For SP: CM<F (-10.03 m/min), CM<WM (-11.91 m/min), CM<WD (-10.03 m/min), and CM<CD (-5.31 m/min). The WCS-dependent variables were also affected by match half and match outcome. Conclusions: 1-min RA time epochs allow greater accuracy and reliability to identify nine key WCS outcomes in elite women soccer players. Different contextual variables, particularly player's position, influenced the peak periods.
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Rentz LE, Hornsby WG, Gawel WJ, Rawls BG, Ramadan J, Galster SM. Contextual Variation in External and Internal Workloads across the Competitive Season of a Collegiate Women's Soccer Team. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9120165. [PMID: 34941803 PMCID: PMC8708705 DOI: 10.3390/sports9120165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As sports technology has continued to develop, monitoring athlete workloads, performance, and recovery has demonstrated boundless benefits for athlete and team success. Specifically, technologies such as global positioning systems (GPS) and heart rate (HR) monitors have granted the opportunity to delve deeper into performance contributors, and how variations may exist based upon context. A team of NCAA Division I women’s soccer athletes were monitored during games throughout one competitive season. Individual athlete, positional groups, and team external and internal workloads were explored for differences based upon game location, opponent ranking, game result, and the final score differential. Game location and opponent ranking were found to have no effect on team-wide absolute or relative external workloads, whereas game result and score differential did. Internal workloads across the team tended to only vary by game half, independent of game context; however, the HR of defenders was determined to be higher during losses as compared to wins (p = 0.0256). Notably, the games that resulted in losses also represented the games with the fewest number of substitutions. These findings suggest high value in monitoring performance and workloads that are characteristic of varying, often multifaceted, contexts. It is hoped that this information can lead to more informed approaches to vital game-time and coaching decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Rentz
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (B.G.R.); (J.R.); (S.M.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - William Guy Hornsby
- College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (W.G.H.); (W.J.G.)
| | - Wesley J. Gawel
- College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (W.G.H.); (W.J.G.)
| | - Bobby G. Rawls
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (B.G.R.); (J.R.); (S.M.G.)
| | - Jad Ramadan
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (B.G.R.); (J.R.); (S.M.G.)
| | - Scott M. Galster
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (B.G.R.); (J.R.); (S.M.G.)
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Winther AK, Baptista I, Pedersen S, Randers MB, Johansen D, Krustrup P, Pettersen SA. Position specific physical performance and running intensity fluctuations in elite women's football. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 32 Suppl 1:105-114. [PMID: 34825736 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the physical performance of elite female football players during match play along with transient alterations in running performance following 1- and 5-min univariate peak periods. 54 elite female players from four top-level Norwegian teams were monitored for one season (n = 393 match observations), and physical performance data collected using STATSport GPS APEX. Results revealed significant differences in physical performance between the positions during full match play, particularly between wide and central players. Both full backs (FBs) and wide midfielders (WMs) covered more total distance (TD), high-speed running distance (HSRD), and sprint distance (SpD) than center backs (CBs) (p < 0.05-0.001), while WMs also covered more HSRD than both central midfielders (CMs) (p < 0.01) and forwards (FWs) (p < 0.05), and more acceleration -and deceleration distance (Accdist and Decdist ) than both CBs and CMs (p < 0.01-0.001). A similar pattern was observed for the peak period analysis, with FBs and WMs covering more SpD in peak 1 min than CBs and CM (p < 0.001) and more SpD in peak 5-min than CBs, CMs, and FWs (p < 0.001). Irrespective of the variable analyzed, greater distances were covered during the peak 5-min period than in the next-5 and mean 5-min periods (p < 0.001). Significant (p < 0.001), but small to trivial (Cohen's Dz : 0.07-0.20), decreases in distance covered were also observed for each variable following each univariate peak 5-min period. In conclusion, practitioners should account for differences in physical performance when developing training programs for female football players and be aware of transient reductions in physical performance following univariate peak 1- and 5-min periods. Specifically, the very high intensity in 1-min peak periods adds support to the principal of executing speed endurance activities during training to mirror and be prepared for the physical demands of match play.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Winther
- School of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - I Baptista
- Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - S Pedersen
- School of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - M B Randers
- School of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - D Johansen
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - P Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Shangai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.,Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.,Danish Institute for Advanced Study (DIAS), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - S A Pettersen
- School of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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14
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Sánchez-Murillo P, Antúnez A, Rojas-Valverde D, Ibáñez SJ. On-Match Impact and Outcomes of Scoring First in Professional European Female Football. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182212009. [PMID: 34831765 PMCID: PMC8619132 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182212009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scoring first seems to be a determinant in professional football playing; several factors could influence the development of the match and the outcome. This study aimed to identify which factors could influence scoring first and impact match outcomes in professional European female football. METHODS There were 504 official matches held on 74 match days during the 2018-2019 professional female European football seasons (Primera Iberdrola, D1 Féminine, and Frauen-Bundesliga), analysed using a notational and inferential assessment. RESULTS There was a direct positive relationship (p < 0.05) between scoring first and winning the match; 75.9% of the winning teams scored first. Moreover, those teams that usually scored first had a better final league classification (p < 0.05). These relationships were not influenced by home or away conditions. CONCLUSIONS Scoring first is a determinant in the outcomes of professional European female football matches. Physical and tactical training and programming should focus on those variables, leading female teams to score first.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Sánchez-Murillo
- Research Group in Optimization of Training and Performance Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10005 Cáceres, Spain; (P.S.-M.); (A.A.)
| | - Antonio Antúnez
- Research Group in Optimization of Training and Performance Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10005 Cáceres, Spain; (P.S.-M.); (A.A.)
| | - Daniel Rojas-Valverde
- Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico en Salud y Deporte (CIDISAD), Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida (CIEMHCAVI), Universidad Nacional, 86-3000 Heredia, Costa Rica
- Clínica de Lesiones Deportivas (Rehab&Readapt), Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida (CIEMHCAVI), Universidad Nacional, 86-3000 Heredia, Costa Rica
- Correspondence: (D.R.-V.); (S.J.I.)
| | - Sergio J. Ibáñez
- Research Group in Optimization of Training and Performance Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10005 Cáceres, Spain; (P.S.-M.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: (D.R.-V.); (S.J.I.)
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15
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Gonçalves L, Clemente FM, Barrera JI, Sarmento H, González-Fernández FT, Palucci Vieira LH, Figueiredo AJ, Clark CCT, Carral JMC. Relationships between Fitness Status and Match Running Performance in Adult Women Soccer Players: A Cohort Study. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 57:617. [PMID: 34199252 PMCID: PMC8231904 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57060617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was twofold: (i) to analyze the relationships between fitness status (repeated-sprint ability (RSA), aerobic performance, vertical height jump, and hip adductor and abductor strength) and match running performance in adult women soccer players and (ii) to explain variations in standardized total distance, HSR, and sprinting distances based on players' fitness status. Materials and Methods: The study followed a cohort design. Twenty-two Portuguese women soccer players competing at the first-league level were monitored for 22 weeks. These players were tested three times during the cohort period. The measured parameters included isometric strength (hip adductor and abductor), vertical jump (squat and countermovement jump), linear sprint (10 and 30 m), change-of-direction (COD), repeated sprints (6 × 35 m), and intermittent endurance (Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1). Data were also collected for several match running performance indicators (total distance covered and distance at different speed zones, accelerations/decelerations, maximum sprinting speed, and number of sprints) in 10 matches during the cohort. Results: Maximal linear sprint bouts presented large to very large correlations with explosive match-play actions (accelerations, decelerations, and sprint occurrences; r = -0.80 to -0.61). In addition, jump modalities and COD ability significantly predicted, respectively, in-game high-intensity accelerations (r = 0.69 to 0.75; R2 = 25%) and decelerations (r = -0.78 to -0.50; R2 = 23-24%). Furthermore, COD had significant explanatory power related to match running performance variance regardless of whether the testing and match performance outcomes were computed a few or several days apart. Conclusion: The present investigation can help conditioning professionals working with senior women soccer players to prescribe effective fitness tests to improve their forecasts of locomotor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian Gonçalves
- Faculty of Educational Sciences and Sports Sciences, University of Vigo, 36005 Pontevedra, Spain;
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal;
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joel Ignacio Barrera
- Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.I.B.); (H.S.); (A.J.F.)
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.I.B.); (H.S.); (A.J.F.)
| | - Francisco Tomás González-Fernández
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Pontifical University of Comillas (Centro de Estudios Superiores Alberta Giménez), 07013 Palma, Spain;
| | - Luiz H. Palucci Vieira
- MOVI-LAB Human Movement Research Laboratory, School of Sciences, Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Physical Education Department, UNESP São Paulo State University, Bauru 01140-070, Brazil;
| | - António José Figueiredo
- Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.I.B.); (H.S.); (A.J.F.)
| | - Cain C. T. Clark
- Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Priory St, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK;
| | - J. M. Cancela Carral
- Faculty of Educational Sciences and Sports Sciences, University of Vigo, 36005 Pontevedra, Spain;
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16
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Vescovi JD, Fernandes E, Klas A. Physical Demands of Women's Soccer Matches: A Perspective Across the Developmental Spectrum. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:634696. [PMID: 33937752 PMCID: PMC8085412 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.634696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Female soccer players are exposed to specific physical demands during matches, which vary according to the standard of play. Existing studies have largely focused on quantifying the distances covered for professional and international level players. This approach is limited in scope regarding the broader aspects around physical demands and is detached from development pathway models. An understanding of the demands across all standards will provide valuable insights about appropriate player development and help ensure physical readiness for the demands of the sport. The aim of this perspective paper is to describe the physical demands experienced during women's soccer matches across the developmental spectrum. A combination of evidence from the literature and data from the author's research (JDV) is presented. Specifically highlighted are the trends for locomotor distances, acceleration and deceleration frequency, and metabolic power metrics for youth (≤U17), college (NCAA/U20), professional (domestic) and international standards of women's soccer. In addition, the changes in match demands between levels of play are used to help illustrate gaps that must be overcome in order to successfully achieve physical readiness to compete at higher levels. The evidence demonstrates the importance of training appropriate attributes to prepare female soccer players who are striving to play at progressively higher standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D. Vescovi
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Graduate School of Exercise Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elton Fernandes
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Graduate School of Exercise Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alexander Klas
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Graduate School of Exercise Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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17
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Kobal R, Freitas TT, Fílter A, Requena B, Barroso R, Rossetti M, Jorge RM, Carvalho L, Pereira LA, Loturco I. Curve Sprint in Elite Female Soccer Players: Relationship with Linear Sprint and Jump Performance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18052306. [PMID: 33652735 PMCID: PMC7956260 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the associations between linear sprint, curve sprint (CS), change of direction (COD) speed, and jump performance in a sample of 17 professional female soccer players. All athletes performed squat and countermovement jumps, single leg horizontal triple jumps, 17 m linear sprints, CS tests, and a 17 m Zigzag COD test. A Pearson product–moment test was performed to determine the relationships among the assessed variables. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. Nearly perfect associations (r > 0.9) were found between linear and CS velocities. Players faster in linear sprints and CS exhibited greater COD deficits. No significant associations were found between COD deficit and either body mass or sprint momentum. Jumping ability was significantly correlated with linear sprint and CS performance, but not to COD performance. These findings may be used by coaches and practitioners to guide testing and training prescriptions in this population. The associations observed here suggest that training methods designed to improve linear sprint and CS velocities may benefit from the implementation of vertically and horizontally oriented plyometric exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronaldo Kobal
- Sport Club Corinthians Paulista, São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil; (R.K.); (M.R.); (R.M.J.)
- School of Physical Education—University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-851, Brazil; (R.B.); (L.C.)
| | - Tomás T. Freitas
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo 04753-060, Brazil; (T.T.F.); (L.A.P.)
- Department of Human Movement Sciences—Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 11015-020, Brazil
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport—Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Fílter
- Football Science Institute (FSI), 18016 Granada, Spain; (A.F.); (B.R.)
- Faculty of Sport-University of Pablo de Olavide (UPO), 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Bernardo Requena
- Football Science Institute (FSI), 18016 Granada, Spain; (A.F.); (B.R.)
| | - Renato Barroso
- School of Physical Education—University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-851, Brazil; (R.B.); (L.C.)
| | - Marcelo Rossetti
- Sport Club Corinthians Paulista, São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil; (R.K.); (M.R.); (R.M.J.)
| | - Renato M. Jorge
- Sport Club Corinthians Paulista, São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil; (R.K.); (M.R.); (R.M.J.)
| | - Leonardo Carvalho
- School of Physical Education—University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-851, Brazil; (R.B.); (L.C.)
| | - Lucas A. Pereira
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo 04753-060, Brazil; (T.T.F.); (L.A.P.)
- Department of Human Movement Sciences—Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 11015-020, Brazil
| | - Irineu Loturco
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo 04753-060, Brazil; (T.T.F.); (L.A.P.)
- Department of Human Movement Sciences—Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 11015-020, Brazil
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Pontypridd CF037 1DL, Wales, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-3702-5284
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18
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Sánchez-Sáez JA, Sánchez-Sánchez J, Martínez-Rodríguez A, Felipe JL, García-Unanue J, Lara-Cobos D. Global Positioning System Analysis of Physical Demands in Elite Women's Beach Handball Players in an Official Spanish Championship. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21030850. [PMID: 33513973 PMCID: PMC7866123 DOI: 10.3390/s21030850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study aims to analyze the physical demands of elite beach handball players during an official competition. Nine elite female (mean age: 24.6 ± 4.0 years; body weight: 62.4 ± 4.6 kg; body height: 1.68 ± 0.059 m; training experience: 5 years; training: 6 h/week) beach handball players of the Spanish National Team were recruited for this study. A Global Positioning System was incorporated on each player’s back to analyze their movement patterns. Speed and distance were recorded at a sampling frequency of 15 Hz, whereas acceleration was recorded at 100 Hz by means of a built-in triaxial accelerometer. The main finding of the study is that 53% of the distance travelled is done at speeds between 1.5 and 5 km/h and 30% of the distance is between 9 and 13 km/h (83% of the total distance covered), which shows the intermittent efforts that beach handball involves at high intensity, as reflected in the analysis of the internal load with 62.82 ± 14.73% of the game time above 80% of the maximum heart rate. These data help to orientate training objectives to the physical demands required by the competition in order to optimize the players’ performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javier Sánchez-Sánchez
- School of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain;
| | - José Luis Felipe
- School of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Jorge García-Unanue
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain;
| | - Daniel Lara-Cobos
- Italian Handball Federation, Stadio Olimpico (Curva Nord), 00135 Roma, Italy;
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19
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The match-play running performance of elite Camogie players across halves of play. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-020-00672-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Malone S, Earls M, Shovlin A, Eddy A, Winkelman N. Match-Play Running Performance and Exercise Intensity in Elite International Women's Rugby Sevens. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:1741-1749. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Griffin J, Larsen B, Horan S, Keogh J, Dodd K, Andreatta M, Minahan C. Women's Football: An Examination of Factors That Influence Movement Patterns. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:2384-2393. [PMID: 32412968 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Griffin, J, Larsen, B, Horan, S, Keogh, J, Dodd, K, Andretta, M, and Minahan, C. Title: Women's football: An examination of factors that influence movement patterns. J Strength Cond Res 34(8): 2384-2393, 2020-The popularity and professionalism of women's football has increased in conjunction with participation rates over the last 10 years, with projected female participation rates to double worldwide by 2026. Scientific interest has also increased, in part due to Fédération Internationale de Football Association now allowing global positioning system (GPS) units to be worn during all competitive matches, resulting in investigations into the match demands of women's football. Therefore, the purpose of the present review is to provide a summary of the literature specific to the movement patterns of women's football matches. Contemporary scientific investigation using GPS match data has led to a greater understanding of the movement patterns of football. Greater emphasis has been placed on high-speed running and sprinting during matches because of the strong link to scoring opportunities and being a distinguishing factor between international and national along with elite and subelite competition levels. Further research, however, is warranted in regard to accelerations and decelerations, given the high metabolic and mechanical loads and contribution to high-speed running and sprinting. With an influx of research into the movement patterns of match-play, investigators have begun to examine factors affecting match performance such as positional demands, age, level of competition, opponent, scoreline, and phase of the game. An understanding of the factors that influence match demands is vital to ultimately be able to understand the effects on performance and how manipulating these factors may improve football performance and reduce the risk of injury.
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22
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Haugen TA, Breitschädel F, Seiler S. Sprint mechanical properties in soccer players according to playing standard, position, age and sex. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:1070-1076. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1741955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Haugen
- School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Felix Breitschädel
- Norwegian Olympic Federation, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Stephen Seiler
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
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23
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The Physical Demands of NCAA Division I Women's College Soccer. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2019; 4:jfmk4040073. [PMID: 33467387 PMCID: PMC7739409 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk4040073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive research into women's collegiate soccer is scarce, leaving gaps in the literature with little information available detailing the physical demands at different standards of play. Our purpose was to elucidate the physical demands of the Division I collegiate level and identify differences between playing positions. Twenty-three field players were observed during four competitive seasons using 10-Hz GPS units (Catapult Sports, Melbourne, Australia). Descriptive statistics and 95% confidence intervals were used to determine group and position-specific physical demands. Linear mixed modelling (LMM) was used to compare attacker, midfielder, and defender position groups. Total distance, high-speed distance, and sprint distance were 9486 ± 300 m, 1014 ± 118 m, and 428 ± 70 m, respectively. Furthermore, attackers were observed to cover the greatest distance at all speeds compared to midfielders and defenders. Our findings suggest that the physical demands of Division I women's soccer differ by position and appear lower compared to higher standards of play. Therefore, coaches and sports scientists responsible for the physical training of Division I collegiate players should consider the specific physical demands of the collegiate level and playing position when prescribing training, as well as in the development of their annual training programs.
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24
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Rago V, Brito J, Figueiredo P, Costa J, Barreira D, Krustrup P, Rebelo A. Methods to collect and interpret external training load using microtechnology incorporating GPS in professional football: a systematic review. Res Sports Med 2019; 28:437-458. [PMID: 31755307 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2019.1686703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this article was to systematically review the methods adopted to collect and interpret external training load (ETL) using microtechnology incorporating global positioning system (GPS). The main deficiencies identified concerned the non-collection of match ETL, and the non-consideration of potential confounders (e.g. playing position, fitness level, starting status or session content). Also, complementary training (individual/reconditioning) and pre-match warm-up were rarely quantified. To provide a full picture of the training demands, ETL was commonly complemented by internal training load monitoring with the rating of perceived exertion predominantly adopted instead of heart rate recordings. Continuous data collection and interpretation of ETL data in professional football vary widely between observational studies, possibly reflecting the actual procedures adopted in practical settings. Evidence about continuous ETL monitoring in female players, and female as well as male goalkeepers is lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Rago
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto , Porto, Portugal.,Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation , Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation , Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation , Lisbon, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, University Institute of Maia , Maia, Portugal
| | - Júlio Costa
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto , Porto, Portugal.,Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation , Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Daniel Barreira
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto , Porto, Portugal
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster, University of Southern Denmark , Odense, Denmark.,Shangai University of Sport , Shangai, China
| | - António Rebelo
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto , Porto, Portugal
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25
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Leyhr D, Raabe J, Schultz F, Kelava A, Höner O. The adolescent motor performance development of elite female soccer players: A study of prognostic relevance for future success in adulthood using multilevel modelling. J Sports Sci 2019; 38:1342-1351. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1686940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Leyhr
- Institute of Sports Science, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
- Methods Center, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Raabe
- Institute of Sports Science, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
- College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Florian Schultz
- Institute of Sports Science, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Augustin Kelava
- Methods Center, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Höner
- Institute of Sports Science, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
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26
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López-Fernández J, Gallardo L, Fernández-Luna Á, Villacañas V, García-Unanue J, Sánchez-Sánchez J. Pitch Size and Game Surface in Different Small-Sided Games. Global Indicators, Activity Profile, and Acceleration of Female Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:831-838. [PMID: 28658077 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
López-Fernández, J, Gallardo, L, Fernández-Luna, Á, Villacañas, V, García-Unanue, J, and Sánchez-Sánchez, J. Pitch size and game surface in different small-sided games. Global indicators, activity profile, and acceleration of female soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 33(3): 831-838, 2019-The aim of this research was to evaluate the influence of game surface and pitch size on the movement profile in female soccer players during small-sided games (SSGs) of 4 v 4. Sixteen women played 3 different 4-a-side (400, 600, and 800 m) on 3 surfaces (ground [GR], artificial turf [AT], and natural grass [NG]). Time-motion variables were assessed through GPS devices (Spi Pro X, GPSports, Australia). Ground had the worst outputs on most variables. NG achieved higher results than AT in terms of total distance (SSG 400 [+37.000 m; p = 0.006]; SSG 600 [+59.989 m; p < 0.001]; and SSG 800 [+42.284 m; p = 0.001]). However, the smaller SSG (400) had the lowest values on most variables. However, although the middle SSG (600) presented higher output than the bigger one (800) for body load (NG [+7.745 a.u.; p < 0.001]; AT [+8.207 a.u.; p < 0.001]; and GR [+5.879 a.u.; p < 0.001]), it had lower results for high-intensity distance (NG [-13.15 m; p = 0.025] and AT [-13.59 m; p = 0.026]). Despite women's performance being higher on AT than GR, the NG surface still showed the highest outcomes in the most intense SSG. Moreover, although the performance increases in bigger pitches, if the size is too large the outputs could be reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge López-Fernández
- IGOID Research Group (Research in Management of Organizations and Facilities Sports), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Leonor Gallardo
- IGOID Research Group (Research in Management of Organizations and Facilities Sports), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | | | - Victor Villacañas
- IGOID Research Group (Research in Management of Organizations and Facilities Sports), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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Booysen MJ, Gradidge PJL, Constantinou D. Anthropometric and Motor Characteristics of South African National Level Female Soccer Players. J Hum Kinet 2019; 66:121-129. [PMID: 30988846 PMCID: PMC6458582 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Data regarding anthropometric and motor characteristics of elite national level female soccer players are scarce. Determining these characteristics may likely assist in evaluating the specificity of current training programmes, identify players who might lack specific qualities deemed critical for the successful execution of their tactical roles, and benchmark norms for developing future playing talent. Therefore, the aims of this study were to describe anthropometric and motor characteristics of South African national level female soccer players (n = 37) and determine possible differences with regard to their playing position. The following measurements and tests were performed: anthropometry (body mass index and sum-of-skinfolds), the countermovement jump, sprints (10 m, 20 m and 40 m), upper body muscle endurance (push-ups) and the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test - level 1. One-way analysis of variance revealed few differences in the main outcome variables. Fischer Least Significant Difference (LSD) showed that strikers had a greater body mass index than midfielders and defenders (both p = 0.04) and goalkeepers were heavier than defenders (p = 0.02). Goalkeepers were slower than strikers and defenders over 10 m (p = 0.01; p = 0.03) and 20 m (p = 0.001; p = 0.01). Midfielders were slower than strikers over 20 m (p = 0.02), and with strikers and defenders over 40 m (both p = 0.04). Defenders performed better than goalkeepers in the upper body muscle endurance test (p = 0.02). In conclusion, both strikers and defenders require speed to win ball possession, which may explain their fast sprint times. However, the similarity of certain motor characteristics across playing positions may suggest that conditioning coaches train players similarly, irrespective of their tactical position. The authors suggest that South African fitness professionals, particularly at a club level, develop physical conditioning programs specific to each field position. Furthermore, fitness assessments should occur on a continuous basis and comparisons should be made with existing normative data in order to guide the development of players over the course of their careers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Jon Booysen
- Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine (CESSM), School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Philippe Jean-Luc Gradidge
- Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine (CESSM), School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Demitri Constantinou
- Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine (CESSM), School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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28
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Vescovi JD. Women’s soccer velocity thresholds: statistical techniques or physiological metrics – context is critical. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2018.1562278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason D. Vescovi
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, Graduate School of Exercise Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Physical profiling in lacrosse: a brief review. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-018-0499-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Taylor JB, Wright AA, Dischiavi SL, Townsend MA, Marmon AR. Activity Demands During Multi-Directional Team Sports: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2018; 47:2533-2551. [PMID: 28801751 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0772-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Late-stage rehabilitation programs often incorporate 'sport-specific' demands, but may not optimally simulate the in-game volume or intensity of such activities as sprinting, cutting, jumping, and lateral movement. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review was to characterize, quantify, and compare straight-line running and multi-directional demands during sport competition. DATA SOURCES A systematic review of PubMed, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases was conducted. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Studies that reported time-motion analysis data on straight-line running, accelerations/decelerations, activity changes, jumping, cutting, or lateral movement over the course of an entire competition in a multi-directional sport (soccer, basketball, lacrosse, handball, field hockey, futsal, volleyball) were included. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS Data was organized based on sport, age level, and sex and descriptive statistics of the frequency, intensity, time, and volume of the characteristics of running and multi-directional demands were extracted from each study. RESULTS Eighty-one studies were included in the review (n = 47 soccer, n = 11 basketball, n = 9 handball, n = 7 field hockey, n = 3 futsal, n = 4 volleyball). Variability of sport demand data was found across sports, sexes, and age levels. Specifically, soccer and field hockey demanded the most volume of running, while basketball required the highest ratio of high-intensity running to sprinting. Athletes change activity between 500 and 3000 times over the course of a competition, or once every 2-4 s. Studies of soccer reported the most frequent cutting (up to 800 per game), while studies of basketball reported the highest frequency of lateral movement (up to 450 per game). Basketball (42-56 per game), handball (up to 90 per game), and volleyball (up to 35 per game) were found to require the most jumping. LIMITATIONS These data may provide an incomplete view of an athlete's straight-line running load, considering that only competition and not practice data was provided. CONCLUSIONS Considerable variability exists in the demands of straight-line running and multi-directional demands across sports, competition levels, and sexes, indicating the need for sports medicine clinicians to design future rehabilitation programs with improved specificity (including the type of activity and dosage) to these demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B Taylor
- Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, NC, 27268, USA.
| | - Alexis A Wright
- Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, NC, 27268, USA
| | - Steven L Dischiavi
- Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, NC, 27268, USA
| | - M Allison Townsend
- Department of Exercise Science, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, NC, 27268, USA
| | - Adam R Marmon
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, 540 South College Avenue, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
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Paulsen KM, Butts CL, McDermott BP. Observation of Women Soccer Players' Physiology During a Single Season. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:1702-1707. [PMID: 29786626 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Paulsen, KM, Butts, CL, and McDermott, BP. Observation of women soccer players' physiology during a single season. J Strength Cond Res 32(6): 1702-1707, 2018-The purpose of this study was to observe heart rate (HR) responses in match settings over the course of a conference season in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I women's soccer. Twenty-one female collegiate soccer players were provided a HR monitor and instructed to wear it for the duration of match play. Player positions included 6 defenders (DEF), 6 midfielders (MID), and 9 forwards (FWD). Defenders were further identified as either center defenders (CD) or outside defenders (OD). A 1-way analysis of variance was used to determine if mean HR varied between FWD, MID, and DEF. An independent t-test was used to determine if there was a difference between CD and OD HRs. The FWD, MID, and DEF did have significantly different mean HR (p ≤ 0.05), but post-hoc analysis revealed no significant differences (p ≥ 0.05). However, CD demonstrated significantly lower HRs than OD (p = 0.009). Player position, specifically in the CD and OD role, impact the intensity of exercise in match settings and may be used to specify training and conditioning sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Paulsen
- Exercise Science Research Center, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
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Datson N, Drust B, Weston M, Gregson W. Repeated high-speed running in elite female soccer players during international competition. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2018.1508880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Datson
- Institute of Sport, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
| | - Barry Drust
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthew Weston
- Department of Psychology, Sport and Exercise, School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Law, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Warren Gregson
- Football Exchange, Research Institute of Sport Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Vescovi JD, Falenchuk O. Contextual factors on physical demands in professional women's soccer: Female Athletes in Motion study. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 19:141-146. [PMID: 29961405 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1491628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the impact of contextual factors on relative locomotor and metabolic power distances during professional female soccer matches. Twenty-eight players (forwards, n = 4; midfielders, n = 12; defenders, n = 12) that competed in a 90-min home and away match (regular season only). The generalised estimating equations (GEE) was used to evaluate relative locomotor and metabolic power distances for three contextual factors: location (home vs. away), type of turf (natural vs. artificial), and match outcome (win, loss and draw). No differences were observed for home vs. away matches. Moderate-intensity running (20.0 ± 1.0 m min-1 and 16.4 ± 0.9 m min-1), high-intensity running (8.6 ± 0.4 m min-1 and 7.3 ± 0.4 m min-1) and high-metabolic power (16.3 ± 0.5 m min-1 and 14.4 ± 0.5 m min-1) distances were elevated on artificial turf compared to natural grass, respectively. Relative sprint distance was greater during losses compared with draws (4.3 ± 0.4 m min-1 and 3.4 ± 0.3 m min-1). Overall physical demands of professional women's soccer were not impacted by match location. However, the elevation of moderate and high-intensity demands while playing on artificial turf may have implications on match preparations as well as recovery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Vescovi
- a Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, Graduate School of Exercise Science , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Olesya Falenchuk
- b Ontario Institute of Secondary Education, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
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Datson N, Drust B, Weston M, Jarman IH, Lisboa PJ, Gregson W. Match Physical Performance of Elite Female Soccer Players During International Competition. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 31:2379-2387. [PMID: 27467514 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Datson, N, Drust, B, Weston, M, Jarman, IH, Lisboa, P, and Gregson, W. Match physical performance of elite female soccer players during international competition. J Strength Cond Res 31(9): 2379-2387, 2017-The purpose of this study was to provide a detailed analysis of the physical demands of competitive international female soccer match play. A total of 148 individual match observations were undertaken on 107 outfield players competing in competitive international matches during the 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 seasons, using a computerized tracking system (Prozone Sports Ltd., Leeds, England). Total distance and total high-speed running distances were influenced by playing position, with central midfielders completing the highest (10,985 ± 706 m and 2,882 ± 500 m) and central defenders the lowest (9,489 ± 562 m and 1,901 ± 268 m) distances, respectively. Greater total very high-speed running distances were completed when a team was without (399 ± 143 m) compared to with (313 ± 210 m) possession of the ball. Most sprints were over short distances with 76% and 95% being less than 5 and 10 m, respectively. Between half reductions in physical performance were present for all variables, independent of playing position. This study provides novel findings regarding the physical demands of different playing positions in competitive international female match play and provides important insights for physical coaches preparing elite female players for competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Datson
- 1Performance Services, The Football Association, Burton Upon Trent, United Kingdom; 2Football Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; 3School of Social Sciences, Business and Law, Teesside University, Teesside, United Kingdom; and 4School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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35
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DeWitt JK, Gonzales M, Laughlin MS, Amonette WE. External loading is dependent upon game state and varies by position in professional women’s soccer. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2018.1447142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John K DeWitt
- Department of Clinical, Health, and Applied Sciences, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Meghan Gonzales
- Department of Clinical, Health, and Applied Sciences, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mitzi S Laughlin
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - William E Amonette
- Department of Clinical, Health, and Applied Sciences, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX, USA
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The Demands of a Women's College Soccer Season. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6010016. [PMID: 29910320 PMCID: PMC5969200 DOI: 10.3390/sports6010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to use GPS, accelerometers, and session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) to examine the demands of a Division II women’s soccer team. Data was collected on 25 collegiate Division II women’s soccer players over an entire regular season (17 matches and 24 practices). ZephyrTM BioHarnesses (BHs) were used to collect tri-axial acceleration information and GPS derived variables for all matches and practices. Acceleration data was used to calculate Impulse Load, a measure of mechanical load that includes only locomotor related accelerations. GPS was used to quantify total distance and distance in six speed zones. Internal Training Loads were assessed via sRPE. Mean Impulse Load, total distance, and sRPE during match play was 20,120 ± 8609 N·s, 5.48 ± 2.35 km, and 892.50 ± 358.50, respectively. Mean Impulse Load, total distance, and sRPE during practice was 12,410 ± 4067 N·s, 2.95 ± 0.95 km, and 143.30 ± 123.50, respectively. Several very large to nearly perfect correlations were found between Impulse Load and total distance (r = 0.95; p < 0.001), Impulse Load and sRPE (r = 0.84; p < 0.001), and total distance and sRPE (r = 0.82; p < 0.001). This study details the mechanical demands of Division II women’s soccer match play. This study also demonstrates that Impulse Load is a good indicator of total distance.
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Nakamura FY, Pereira LA, Loturco I, Rosseti M, Moura FA, Bradley PS. Repeated-Sprint Sequences During Female Soccer Matches Using Fixed and Individual Speed Thresholds. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:1802-1810. [PMID: 27662490 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nakamura, FY, Pereira, LA, Loturco, I, Rosseti, M, Moura, FA, and Bradley, PS. Repeated-sprint sequences during female soccer matches using fixed and individual speed thresholds. J Strength Cond Res 31(7): 1802-1810, 2017-The main objective of this study was to characterize the occurrence of single sprint and repeated-sprint sequences (RSS) during elite female soccer matches, using fixed (20 km·h) and individually based speed thresholds (>90% of the mean speed from a 20-m sprint test). Eleven elite female soccer players from the same team participated in the study. All players performed a 20-m linear sprint test, and were assessed in up to 10 official matches using Global Positioning System technology. Magnitude-based inferences were used to test for meaningful differences. Results revealed that irrespective of adopting fixed or individual speed thresholds, female players produced only a few RSS during matches (2.3 ± 2.4 sequences using the fixed threshold and 3.3 ± 3.0 sequences using the individually based threshold), with most sequences composing of just 2 sprints. Additionally, central defenders performed fewer sprints (10.2 ± 4.1) than other positions (fullbacks: 28.1 ± 5.5; midfielders: 21.9 ± 10.5; forwards: 31.9 ± 11.1; with the differences being likely to almost certainly associated with effect sizes ranging from 1.65 to 2.72), and sprinting ability declined in the second half. The data do not support the notion that RSS occurs frequently during soccer matches in female players, irrespective of using fixed or individual speed thresholds to define sprint occurrence. However, repeated-sprint ability development cannot be ruled out from soccer training programs because of its association with match-related performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Y Nakamura
- 1Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil; 2Department of Physical Education, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil; 3Audax São Paulo, Osasco, Brazil; 4Laboratory of Applied Biomechanics, Department of Sport, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil; and 5Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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38
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Mara JK, Thompson KG, Pumpa KL, Morgan S. Quantifying the High-Speed Running and Sprinting Profiles of Elite Female Soccer Players During Competitive Matches Using an Optical Player Tracking System. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:1500-1508. [PMID: 28538298 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the high-speed running and sprinting profiles of elite female soccer players during competitive matches using a new Optical Player Tracking system. Eight stationary video cameras were positioned at vantage points surrounding the soccer field so that when each camera view was combined, the entire field could be viewed simultaneously. After each match, an optical player tracking system detected the coordinates (x, y) of each player for every video frame. Algorithms applied to the x and y coordinates were used to determine activity variables for 12 elite female players across 7 competitive matches. Players covered 9,220-10,581 m of total distance, 1,772-2,917 m of high-speed running (3.4-5.3 m·s) distance, and 417-850 m of sprinting (>5.4 m·s) distance, with variations between positional groups (p < 0.001; partial η = 0.444-0.488). Similarly, the number of high-speed runs differed between positional groups (p = 0.002; partial η = 0.342), and a large proportion of high-speed runs (81-84%) and sprints (71-78%) were performed over distances less than 10 m. Mean time between high-speed runs (13.9 ± 4.4 seconds) and sprints (86.5 ± 38.0 seconds) varied according to playing position (p < 0.001; partial η = 0.409) and time of the match (p < 0.001; partial η = 0.113-0.310). The results of this study can be used to design match-specific conditioning drills and shows that coaches should take an individualized approach to training load monitoring according to position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn K Mara
- 1Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra (UCRISE), Canberra, Australia; 2Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia; and 3Australian Institute of Sport (AIS), Canberra, Australia
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Sweeting AJ, Cormack SJ, Morgan S, Aughey RJ. When Is a Sprint a Sprint? A Review of the Analysis of Team-Sport Athlete Activity Profile. Front Physiol 2017; 8:432. [PMID: 28676767 PMCID: PMC5476778 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The external load of a team-sport athlete can be measured by tracking technologies, including global positioning systems (GPS), local positioning systems (LPS), and vision-based systems. These technologies allow for the calculation of displacement, velocity and acceleration during a match or training session. The accurate quantification of these variables is critical so that meaningful changes in team-sport athlete external load can be detected. High-velocity running, including sprinting, may be important for specific team-sport match activities, including evading an opponent or creating a shot on goal. Maximal accelerations are energetically demanding and frequently occur from a low velocity during team-sport matches. Despite extensive research, conjecture exists regarding the thresholds by which to classify the high velocity and acceleration activity of a team-sport athlete. There is currently no consensus on the definition of a sprint or acceleration effort, even within a single sport. The aim of this narrative review was to examine the varying velocity and acceleration thresholds reported in athlete activity profiling. The purposes of this review were therefore to (1) identify the various thresholds used to classify high-velocity or -intensity running plus accelerations; (2) examine the impact of individualized thresholds on reported team-sport activity profile; (3) evaluate the use of thresholds for court-based team-sports and; (4) discuss potential areas for future research. The presentation of velocity thresholds as a single value, with equivocal qualitative descriptors, is confusing when data lies between two thresholds. In Australian football, sprint efforts have been defined as activity >4.00 or >4.17 m·s−1. Acceleration thresholds differ across the literature, with >1.11, 2.78, 3.00, and 4.00 m·s−2 utilized across a number of sports. It is difficult to compare literature on field-based sports due to inconsistencies in velocity and acceleration thresholds, even within a single sport. Velocity and acceleration thresholds have been determined from physical capacity tests. Limited research exists on the classification of velocity and acceleration data by female team-sport athletes. Alternatively, data mining techniques may be used to report team-sport athlete external load, without the requirement of arbitrary or physiologically defined thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice J Sweeting
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria UniversityFootscray, VIC, Australia.,Netball AustraliaFitzroy, VIC, Australia.,Performance Research, Australian Institute of SportBruce, ACT, Australia
| | - Stuart J Cormack
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic UniversityFitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart Morgan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, School of Allied Health, La Trobe UniversityBundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert J Aughey
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria UniversityFootscray, VIC, Australia
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López-Fernández J, Sánchez-Sánchez J, Gallardo L, García-Unanue J. Metabolic Power of Female Footballers in Various Small-Sided Games with Different Pitch Surfaces and Sizes. Sports (Basel) 2017; 5:sports5020024. [PMID: 29910384 PMCID: PMC5968997 DOI: 10.3390/sports5020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-sided-games (SSGs) seem to be a useful tool for replicating most types of scenarios found in sport competitions, but it is not that clear in female soccer. Game surface and pitch size seem to affect the intensity of SSGs, but no one has yet analysed the influence of these two variables together. The objective of this research was to analyse the metabolic power demands of various SSGs on possession play without goal-keepers, played on three different surfaces. Sixteen sub-elite female players performed three different four-a-side games (400 m2, 600 m2, and 800 m2) on three different surfaces (ground [GR]; natural grass [NG]; and artificial turf [AT]), recording a total of 96 events. Metabolic variables were recorded through a global positioning system (GPS). The GR condition obtained the lowest outputs for all variables in all of the SSGs. Furthermore, NG resulted in higher outcomes than AT for Average Metabolic Power (SSG 400 [+0.65; p = 0.019]; SSG 600 [+0.70; p = 0.04]); and equivalent distance (SSG 400 [+33.0; p = 0.02]; SSG 600 [+36.53; p = 0.04]). Moreover, SSG 400 obtained lower results than SSG 600 and SSG 800 for both AT and NG. In conclusion, playing on GR reduces the metabolic power of SSGs, While NG seems to be the most suitable surface for attaining highest metabolic responses for sub-elite female players. On the other hand, too big a pitch size may not increase the metabolic demands of the game.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leonor Gallardo
- IGOID Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain.
| | - Jorge García-Unanue
- School of Sport Science, European University, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain.
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Mara JK, Thompson KG, Pumpa KL, Morgan S. The acceleration and deceleration profiles of elite female soccer players during competitive matches. J Sci Med Sport 2017; 20:867-872. [PMID: 28173971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2016.12.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the acceleration (≥2ms-2) and deceleration (≤-2ms-2) profiles of elite female soccer players during competitive matches. DESIGN Single cohort, observational study. METHODS An Optical Player Tracking system was used to determine acceleration (≥2ms-2) and deceleration (≤-2ms-2) variables for twelve elite female players across seven competitive matches. RESULTS In total, players performed 423 (±126) accelerations and 430 (±125) decelerations per match. It was shown that the number of accelerations (p=0.003-0.034, partial η2=0.229-321) and decelerations (p=0.012-0.031, partial η2=0.233-275) at different intensities (based on the start and final velocity) varied according to player position. Mean and maximum distance per effort was 1-4m and 2-8m, respectively, and differed between each intensity category (p<0.001, partial η2=0.753-0.908). The mean time between efforts was 14s for both accelerations (±5s) and decelerations (±4s) and fluctuated between 15min time periods (p<0.001, partial η2=0.148-0.206). CONCLUSIONS The acceleration and deceleration profiles varied according to player position and time period of the match. The results of this study can be used to design match-specific acceleration and deceleration drills to enhance change of speed ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn K Mara
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra (UCRISE), Australia; Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Australia.
| | - Kevin G Thompson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra (UCRISE), Australia
| | - Kate L Pumpa
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra (UCRISE), Australia; Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Australia
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Hodun M, Clarke R, De Ste Croix MB, Hughes JD. Global Positioning System Analysis of Running Performance in Female Field Sports. Strength Cond J 2016. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Mara JK, Thompson KG, Pumpa KL. Assessing the Energy Expenditure of Elite Female Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29:2780-6. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Boullosa DA, Abreu L. Dr. Boullosa's forgotten pieces don't fit the puzzle: a response to Dr. Buchheit and Dr. Laursen. Sports Med 2015; 44:1625-8. [PMID: 25288508 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0271-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Boullosa
- Post-Graduate Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, QS 07, LT1 S/N-Sala 111-Bloco G, 71966-700, Águas Claras, DF, Brazil,
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Velocity thresholds for women's soccer matches: sex specificity dictates high-speed running and sprinting thresholds - Female Athletes in Motion (FAiM). Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2014; 10:112-6. [PMID: 25203354 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2014-0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
There is no methodological standardization of velocity thresholds for the quantification of distances covered in various locomotor activities for women's soccer matches, especially for high-speed running and sprinting. Applying velocity thresholds used for motion analysis of men's soccer has likely created skewed observations about high-intensity movement demands for the women's game because these thresholds do not accurately reflect the capabilities of elite female players. Subsequently, a cohesive view of the locomotor characteristics of women's soccer does not yet exist. The aim of this commentary is to provide suggestions for standardizing high-speed running and sprint velocity thresholds specific to women's soccer. The authors also comment on using generic vs individualized thresholds, as well as age-related considerations, to establish velocity thresholds.
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Motion characteristics of women's college soccer matches: Female Athletes in Motion (FAiM) study. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2014; 9:405-14. [PMID: 24755966 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2013-0526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To quantify the locomotor demands of college female soccer matches and compare the relative proportion of distances in specified velocity bands between players completing an entire half with substitutes. METHODS College female soccer players (n = 113) were assessed during a regular-season match using global positioning system technology. An ANCOVA was used to compare the locomotor characteristics for positions and substitutes, adjusting for duration played. Paired t tests compared the proportion of distances for players substituted out and back into the second half. RESULTS Defenders covered less total absolute distance than midfielders (first half) and midfielders and forwards (second half) with concomitantly lower work rates. Moderate- and high-intensity running were similar between positions within each half. Midfielders substituted into the match had a lower proportion of moderate-intensity running than those substituted out (15% ± 1.8% vs 19% ± 0.9%), and defenders completing an entire first half had a lower proportion of high-intensity running than defenders substituted in or out (6% ± 1.0% vs 11% ± 1.0% and 16% ± 2.8%). There were no differences in the proportion of distances covered within each velocity band for any position in the second half or for the players substituted out and then back in during the second half. CONCLUSIONS The current findings provide novel insight linking the developmental progression between youth and high-level matches for overall demands and work rates. Moderate- and high-intensity distances cumulatively range from 2100 to 2600 m (26-28% total distance) in female college matches. The high amount of consistency observed for the proportions of distance covered suggest that substitution patterns have little impact on locomotor distribution.
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Lara B, Gonzalez-Millán C, Salinero JJ, Abian-Vicen J, Areces F, Barbero-Alvarez JC, Muñoz V, Portillo LJ, Gonzalez-Rave JM, Del Coso J. Caffeine-containing energy drink improves physical performance in female soccer players. Amino Acids 2014; 46:1385-92. [PMID: 24615239 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1709-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
There is little information about the effects of caffeine intake on female team-sport performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a caffeine-containing energy drink to improve physical performance in female soccer players during a simulated game. A double-blind, placebo controlled and randomized experimental design was used in this investigation. In two different sessions, 18 women soccer players ingested 3 mg of caffeine/kg in the form of an energy drink or an identical drink with no caffeine content (placebo). After 60 min, they performed a countermovement jump (CMJ) and a 7 × 30 m sprint test followed by a simulated soccer match (2 × 40 min). Individual running distance and speed were measured using GPS devices. In comparison to the placebo drink, the ingestion of the caffeinated energy drink increased the CMJ height (26.6 ± 4.0 vs 27.4 ± 3.8 cm; P < 0.05) and the average peak running speed during the sprint test (24.2 ± 1.6 vs 24.5 ± 1.7 km/h; P < 0.05). During the simulated match, the energy drink increased the total running distance (6,631 ± 1,618 vs 7,087 ± 1,501 m; P < 0.05), the number of sprints bouts (16 ± 9 vs 21 ± 13; P < 0.05) and the running distance covered at >18 km/h (161 ± 99 vs 216 ± 103 m; P < 0.05). The ingestion of the energy drink did not affect the prevalence of negative side effects after the game. An energy drink with a dose equivalent to 3 mg of caffeine/kg might be an effective ergogenic aid to improve physical performance in female soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Lara
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, C/Castillo de Alarcon, 49. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692, Madrid, Spain
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Hanley B. Senior men’s pacing profiles at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships. J Sports Sci 2014; 32:1060-5. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2013.878807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Impact of maximum speed on sprint performance during high-level youth female field hockey matches: female athletes in motion (FAiM) study. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2013; 9:621-6. [PMID: 24152425 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2013-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the impact of maximum sprint speed on peak and mean sprint speed during youth female field hockey matches. Two high-level female field hockey teams (U-17, n = 24, and U-21, n = 20) were monitored during a 4-game international test series using global position system technology and tested for maximum sprint speed. Dependent variables were compared using a 3-factor ANOVA (age group, position, and speed classification); effect sizes (Cohen d) and confidence limits were also calculated. Maximum sprint speed was similar between age groups and positions, with faster players having greater speed than slower players (29.3 ± 0.4 vs 27.2 ± 1.1 km/h). Overall, peak match speed in youth female field hockey players reaches approximately 90% of maximum sprint speed. Absolute peak match speed and mean sprint speed during matches were similar among the age groups (except match 1) and positions (except match 2); however, peak match speed was greater for faster players in matches 3 and 4. No differences were observed in the relative proportion for mean sprint speeds for age groups or positions, but slower players consistently displayed similar relative mean sprint speeds by using a greater proportion of their maximum sprint speed.
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