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Lopes AL, Sarro KJ, Rodrigues IM, Leite RD, Massaroni C, Amorim PRDS, Cerveri P, Silvatti AP. Breathing Motion Pattern in Cyclists: Role of Inferior against Superior Thorax Compartment. Int J Sports Med 2024; 45:450-457. [PMID: 37967867 PMCID: PMC11208087 DOI: 10.1055/a-2211-9421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
The thoracoabdominal breathing motion pattern is being considered in sports training because of its contribution, along with other physiological adaptations, to overall performance. We examined whether and how experience with cycling training modifies the thoracoabdominal motion patterns. We utilized optoelectronic plethysmography to monitor ten trained male cyclists and compared them to ten physically active male participants performing breathing maneuvers. Cyclists then participated in a self-paced time trial to explore the similarity between that observed during resting breathing. From the 3D coordinates of 32 markers positioned on each participant's trunk, we calculated the percentage of contribution of the superior thorax, inferior thorax, and abdomen and the correlation coefficient among these compartments. During the rest maneuvers, the cyclists showed a thoracoabdominal motion pattern characterized by an increased role of the inferior thorax relative to the superior thorax (26.69±5.88%, 34.93±5.03%; p=0.002, respectively), in contrast to the control group (26.69±5.88%; 25.71±6.04%, p=0.4, respectively). In addition, the inferior thorax showed higher coordination in phase with the abdomen. Furthermore, the results of the time trial test underscored the same pattern found in cyclists breathing at rest, suggesting that the development of a permanent modification in respiratory mechanics may be associated with cycling practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luiza Lopes
- Faculdade de Educação Física, Universidade Estadual de Campinas,
Campinas, Brazil
| | - Karine Jacon Sarro
- Faculdade de Educação Física, Universidade Estadual de Campinas,
Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Richard Diego Leite
- Centro de Educação Física e Desportos , Universidade Federal do
Espirito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Carlo Massaroni
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Universita Campus
Bio-Medico di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Pietro Cerveri
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico
di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Center for Intelligent Technologies in Sleep Medicine, Istituto
Auxologico Italiano Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milano,
Italy
| | - Amanda P. Silvatti
- Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Viçosa,
Viçosa, Brazil
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Wichum F, Wiede C, Seidl K. Depth-Based Measurement of Respiratory Volumes: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9680. [PMID: 36560048 PMCID: PMC9785978 DOI: 10.3390/s22249680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Depth-based plethysmography (DPG) for the measurement of respiratory parameters is a mobile and cost-effective alternative to spirometry and body plethysmography. In addition, natural breathing can be measured without a mouthpiece, and breathing mechanics can be visualized. This paper aims at showing further improvements for DPG by analyzing recent developments regarding the individual components of a DPG measurement. Starting from the advantages and application scenarios, measurement scenarios and recording devices, selection algorithms and location of a region of interest (ROI) on the upper body, signal processing steps, models for error minimization with a reference measurement device, and final evaluation procedures are presented and discussed. It is shown that ROI selection has an impact on signal quality. Adaptive methods and dynamic referencing of body points to select the ROI can allow more accurate placement and thus lead to better signal quality. Multiple different ROIs can be used to assess breathing mechanics and distinguish patient groups. Signal acquisition can be performed quickly using arithmetic calculations and is not inferior to complex 3D reconstruction algorithms. It is shown that linear models provide a good approximation of the signal. However, further dependencies, such as personal characteristics, may lead to non-linear models in the future. Finally, it is pointed out to focus developments with respect to single-camera systems and to focus on independence from an individual calibration in the evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karsten Seidl
- Fraunhofer IMS, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
- Department of Electronic Components and Circuits, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47047 Duisburg, Germany
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Martins Rodrigues I, Torres Pereira E, de Castro Lopes AL, Massaroni C, Baroni G, Cerveri P, Silvestri S, Dickinson J, Jacon Sarro K, Piaia Silvatti A. Is age rating enough to investigate changes in breathing motion pattern associated with aging of physically active women? J Biomech 2021; 125:110582. [PMID: 34225198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The most common way to analyze the effect of aging on breathing is to divide subjects into age groups. However, in addition to the fact that there is no consensus in the literature regarding age group division, such design critically influences the interpretation of the effects attributed to aging. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the feasibility to distinguish different age groups from the 3D kinematic variables of breathing motion (i.e., markers' coordinate as a function of time allowing the calculation of compartmental volume variations) and to analyze whether the aging could influence these variables. Seventy-three physically active women aged 19-80 years performed quiet breathing and vital capacity maneuvers. To record the thoracoabdominal breathing motion, the 3D coordinates of 32 retroreflective markers positioned on the trunk were used to estimate the volume variation of the superior thorax, inferior thorax, and abdomen. The percentage of contribution and the correlation coefficient were calculated to analyze the breathing motion pattern from the estimated volumes. The k-means cluster analysis was performed to analyze the age group classification. Linear regression was performed to investigate whether age can predict changes in the breathing motion pattern. The results showed that physically active women could not be classified into age groups from breathing motion. Despite significant p values of the linear regression, the high variability of the data suggested that age itself is not enough to predict the changes in breathing motion pattern when non-sedentary women are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carlo Massaroni
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Departmental Faculty of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Baroni
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Cerveri
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Silvestri
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Departmental Faculty of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - John Dickinson
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Karine Jacon Sarro
- Faculdade de Educação Física, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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Seasonal Changes in Breathing Pattern, Trunk Stabilization, and Muscular Power in Paralympic Swimmers. Adapt Phys Activ Q 2021; 38:215-231. [PMID: 33596539 DOI: 10.1123/apaq.2020-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to monitor the changes in breathing pattern, trunk muscle stabilization, and upper-body muscular power in Paralympic swimmers throughout a competitive season over three time points: October (T1), March (T2), and August (T3). Six top-level Paralympic swimmers voluntarily participated in this study. The Friedman test, the Bonferroni-Dunn multiple comparison post hoc analysis, and Kendall's W concordance coefficient for the measure of effect were used. A significant difference was found in the breathing pattern, trunk stability, and upper-body power variables from the T1 to T3 season (p < .05). However, no significant changes were found in the T2 season. A long-term assessment of these fitness parameters may be of practical importance for better tailoring the training programs of top-level Paralympic swimmers.
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Okrzymowska P, Kurzaj M, Seidel W, Rożek-Piechura K. Eight Weeks of Inspiratory Muscle Training Improves Pulmonary Function in Disabled Swimmers-A Randomized Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E1747. [PMID: 31108842 PMCID: PMC6571650 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16101747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the literature, inspiratory muscle fatigue may increase after swimming training (ST). This study aimed to examine the efficacy of 8-week inspiratory muscular training (IMT) in disabled swimmers, combined with standard sports training, on selected parameters of lung ventilation and the function of respiratory muscles. METHODS A total of 16 disabled swimming division athletes from Wroclaw's 'Start' Regional Sports Association qualified for the study. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups (ST and IMT). Both groups participated in swimming training for 8 weeks (8 times a week). The IMT group additionally participated in inspiratory muscle training (8 weeks). In all respondents, a functional lung test and the respiratory muscle strength was measured. RESULTS After 8 weeks of training, a significant increase in ventilation parameters and respiratory muscle strength was observed only in the IMT group. In ST group 1, a 20% improvement in the strength of inspiratory muscles was achieved. CONCLUSIONS The inclusion of IMT is an important element that complements swimming training, allowing for greater increases in lung ventilation parameters and the strength of respiratory muscles in disabled swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Okrzymowska
- Department for Rehabilitation in Internal Medicine, University School of Physical Education, Al. I.J. Paderewskiego 35, Building P4, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Monika Kurzaj
- Department for Rehabilitation in Internal Medicine, University School of Physical Education, Al. I.J. Paderewskiego 35, Building P4, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Seidel
- Department of Paralympic Sports, University School of Physical Education, Al. I.J. Paderewskiego 35, Building P4, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Krystyna Rożek-Piechura
- Department for Rehabilitation in Internal Medicine, University School of Physical Education, Al. I.J. Paderewskiego 35, Building P4, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland.
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Are Action Sport Cameras Accurate Enough for 3D Motion Analysis? A Comparison With a Commercial Motion Capture System. J Appl Biomech 2018; 35:80–86. [PMID: 29989508 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2017-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the precision and accuracy of an Action Sport Camera (ASC) system (4 GoPro Hero3+ Black) by comparison with a commercial motion capture (MOCAP) system (4 ViconMX40). Both systems were calibrated using the MOCAP protocol and the 3D markers coordinates of a T-shaped tool were reconstructed, concurrently. The 3D precision was evaluated by the differences in the reconstructed position using a Bland-Altman test, while accuracy was assessed by a rigid bar test (Wilcoxon rank sum). To examine the accuracy of the ASC in respect to the knee flexion angles, a jump and gait task were also examined using one subject (Wilcoxon rank sum). The ASC system provided a maximum error of 2.47 mm, about 10 times higher than the MOCAP (0.21 mm). The reconstructed knee flexion angles were highly correlated (r2>0.99) and showed no significant differences between systems (<2.5°; p>0.05). As expected, the MOCAP obtained better 3D precision and accuracy. However, we show such differences have little practical effect on reconstructed 3D kinematics.
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Massaroni C, Piaia Silvatti A, Levai IK, Dickinson J, Winter S, Schena E, Silvestri S. Comparison of marker models for the analysis of the volume variation and thoracoabdominal motion pattern in untrained and trained participants. J Biomech 2018; 76:247-252. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Massaroni C, Venanzi C, Silvatti AP, Lo Presti D, Saccomandi P, Formica D, Giurazza F, Caponero MA, Schena E. Smart textile for respiratory monitoring and thoraco-abdominal motion pattern evaluation. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201700263. [PMID: 29297202 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The use of wearable systems for monitoring vital parameters has gained wide popularity in several medical fields. The focus of the present study is the experimental assessment of a smart textile based on 12 fiber Bragg grating sensors for breathing monitoring and thoraco-abdominal motion pattern analysis. The feasibility of the smart textile for monitoring several temporal respiratory parameters (ie, breath-by-breath respiratory period, breathing frequency, duration of inspiratory and expiratory phases), volume variations of the whole chest wall and of its compartments is performed on 8 healthy male volunteers. Values gathered by the textile are compared to the data obtained by a motion analysis system, used as the reference instrument. Good agreement between the 2 systems on both respiratory period (bias of 0.01 seconds), breathing frequency (bias of -0.02 breaths/min) and tidal volume (bias of 0.09 L) values is demonstrated. Smart textile shows good performance in the monitoring of thoraco-abdominal pattern and its variation, as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Massaroni
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Cecilia Venanzi
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Amanda P Silvatti
- Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal de Viçosa Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniela Lo Presti
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Domenico Formica
- Unit of Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Giurazza
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele A Caponero
- Photonics Micro- and Nanostructures Laboratory, Research Centre of Frascati, Rome, Italy
| | - Emiliano Schena
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
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Rodrigues IM, Bernardina GRD, Sarro KJ, Baroni G, Cerveri P, Silvatti AP. Thoracoabdominal breathing motion pattern and coordination of professional ballet dancers. Sports Biomech 2017; 18:51-62. [DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2017.1380223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karine Jacon Sarro
- Faculty of Physical Education, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Guido Baroni
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Cerveri
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
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10
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Campos JL, Vancini RL, Rodrigues Zanoni G, Barbosa de Lira CA, Santos Andrade M, Jacon Sarro K. Effects of mat Pilates training and habitual physical activity on thoracoabdominal expansion during quiet and vital capacity breathing in healthy women. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2017; 59:57-64. [PMID: 29083130 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.17.07908-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pilates is a body/mind method that requires different types of exercise (balance, endurance, strength, and flexibility) and attention to muscle control, posture, and breathing. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of 12 weeks of mat Pilates training and habitual physical activity on thoracoabdominal motion of healthy and physically active women. METHODS Thirty-five women without experience in Pilates exercise, aged between 18 and 35 years, participated in the study (habitual physical activity group: N.=14; and mat Pilates group: N.=21). Three-dimensional kinematic analysis was used to evaluate total and separate thoracoabdominal compartments' expansion (superior and inferior thorax and abdomen), contribution of each compartment to total thoracoabdominal expansion, and coordination between thoracoabdominal compartments. RESULTS After 12 weeks of mat Pilates training, thoracoabdominal expansion during quiet breathing was improved by increasing the expansion of abdomen by about 33% (P=0.01). Moreover, expansion of superior (P=0.04) and inferior thorax (P=0.02) and abdomen (P=0.01) was also improved in Pilates (35%, 33%, and 37%, respectively) compared to the habitual physical activity group, after the experimental protocol. Finally, the habitual physical activity group presented a decrease of 13% in the expansion of abdomen (P=0.002). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest the capability of Mat Pilates in improving the action of respiratory and abdominal muscles during breathing and, thus, its benefits to breathing mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeniffer L Campos
- Center of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo L Vancini
- Center of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Karine Jacon Sarro
- Faculty of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil -
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Bastir M, García-Martínez D, Torres-Tamayo N, Sanchis-Gimeno JA, O'Higgins P, Utrilla C, Torres Sánchez I, García Río F. In Vivo 3D Analysis of Thoracic Kinematics: Changes in Size and Shape During Breathing and Their Implications for Respiratory Function in Recent Humans and Fossil Hominins. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2016; 300:255-264. [PMID: 27762077 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The human ribcage expands and contracts during respiration as a result of the interaction between the morphology of the ribs, the costo-vertebral articulations and respiratory muscles. Variations in these factors are said to produce differences in the kinematics of the upper thorax and the lower thorax, but the extent and nature of any such differences and their functional implications have not yet been quantified. Applying geometric morphometrics we measured 402 three-dimensional (3D) landmarks and semilandmarks of 3D models built from computed tomographic scans of thoraces of 20 healthy adult subjects in maximal forced inspiration (FI) and expiration (FE). We addressed the hypothesis that upper and lower parts of the ribcage differ in kinematics and compared different models of functional compartmentalization. During inspiration the thorax superior to the level of the sixth ribs undergoes antero-posterior expansion that differs significantly from the medio-lateral expansion characteristic of the thorax below this level. This supports previous suggestions for dividing the thorax into a pulmonary and diaphragmatic part. While both compartments differed significantly in mean size and shape during FE and FI the size changes in the lower compartment were significantly larger. Additionally, for the same degree of kinematic shape change, the pulmonary thorax changes less in size than the diaphragmatic thorax. Therefore, variations in the form and function of the diaphragmatic thorax will have a strong impact on respiratory function. This has important implications for interpreting differences in thorax shape in terms of respiratory functional differences within and among recent humans and fossil hominins. Anat Rec, 300:255-264, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Bastir
- Department of Paleobiology, Paleoanthropology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel García-Martínez
- Department of Paleobiology, Paleoanthropology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Autónoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicole Torres-Tamayo
- Department of Paleobiology, Paleoanthropology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Paul O'Higgins
- Department of Archaeology and Hull York Medical School, The University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Utrilla
- Hospital Universitario La Paz Biomedical Research Institute (Idipaz), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Francisco García Río
- Hospital Universitario La Paz Biomedical Research Institute (Idipaz), Madrid, Spain
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12
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Thoracoabdominal mobility is improved in subjects with tetraplegia after one year of wheelchair rugby training. Sci Sports 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Bernardina GRD, Cerveri P, Barros RML, Marins JCB, Silvatti AP. Action Sport Cameras as an Instrument to Perform a 3D Underwater Motion Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160490. [PMID: 27513846 PMCID: PMC4981397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Action sport cameras (ASC) are currently adopted mainly for entertainment purposes but their uninterrupted technical improvements, in correspondence of cost decreases, are going to disclose them for three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis in sport gesture study and athletic performance evaluation quantitatively. Extending this technology to sport analysis however still requires a methodologic step-forward to making ASC a metric system, encompassing ad-hoc camera setup, image processing, feature tracking, calibration and 3D reconstruction. Despite traditional laboratory analysis, such requirements become an issue when coping with both indoor and outdoor motion acquisitions of athletes. In swimming analysis for example, the camera setup and the calibration protocol are particularly demanding since land and underwater cameras are mandatory. In particular, the underwater camera calibration can be an issue affecting the reconstruction accuracy. In this paper, the aim is to evaluate the feasibility of ASC for 3D underwater analysis by focusing on camera setup and data acquisition protocols. Two GoPro Hero3+ Black (frequency: 60Hz; image resolutions: 1280×720/1920×1080 pixels) were located underwater into a swimming pool, surveying a working volume of about 6m3. A two-step custom calibration procedure, consisting in the acquisition of one static triad and one moving wand, carrying nine and one spherical passive markers, respectively, was implemented. After assessing camera parameters, a rigid bar, carrying two markers at known distance, was acquired in several positions within the working volume. The average error upon the reconstructed inter-marker distances was less than 2.5mm (1280×720) and 1.5mm (1920×1080). The results of this study demonstrate that the calibration of underwater ASC is feasible enabling quantitative kinematic measurements with accuracy comparable to traditional motion capture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pietro Cerveri
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Itália
| | - Ricardo M L Barros
- Faculty of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - João C B Marins
- Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Amanda P Silvatti
- Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil
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