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Lo Presti D, Di Tocco J, Cimini S, Cinti S, Massaroni C, D’Amato R, Caponero MA, De Gara L, Schena E. Plant Growth Monitoring: Design, Fabrication, and Feasibility Assessment of Wearable Sensors Based on Fiber Bragg Gratings. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 23:361. [PMID: 36616959 PMCID: PMC9824679 DOI: 10.3390/s23010361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change and exponential population growth pose a challenge to agricultural outputs. In this scenario, novel techniques have been proposed to improve plant growth and increase crop yields. Wearable sensors are emerging as promising tools for the non-invasive monitoring of plant physiological and microclimate parameters. Features of plant wearables, such as easy anchorage to different organs, compliance with natural surfaces, high flexibility, and biocompatibility, allow for the detection of growth without impacting the plant functions. This work proposed two wearable sensors based on fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) within silicone matrices. The use of FBGs is motivated by their high sensitivity, multiplexing capacities, and chemical inertia. Firstly, we focused on the design and the fabrication of two plant wearables with different matrix shapes tailored to specific plant organs (i.e., tobacco stem and melon fruit). Then, we described the sensors' metrological properties to investigate the sensitivity to strain and the influence of environmental factors, such as temperature and humidity, on the sensors' performance. Finally, we performed experimental tests to preliminary assess the capability of the proposed sensors to monitor dimensional changes of plants in both laboratory and open field settings. The promising results will foster key actions to improve the use of this innovative technology in smart agriculture applications for increasing crop products quality, agricultural efficiency, and profits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Lo Presti
- Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Joshua Di Tocco
- Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Cimini
- Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Cinti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Massaroni
- Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Rosaria D’Amato
- Fusion and Technologies for Nuclear Safety and Security Department, FSN-TECFIS-MNF, ENEA Research Center of Frascati, 00044 Rome, Italy
| | - Michele A. Caponero
- Fusion and Technologies for Nuclear Safety and Security Department, FSN-TECFIS-MNF, ENEA Research Center of Frascati, 00044 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura De Gara
- Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Emiliano Schena
- Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy
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Lo Presti D, Carnevale A, D’Abbraccio J, Massari L, Massaroni C, Sabbadini R, Zaltieri M, Di Tocco J, Bravi M, Miccinilli S, Sterzi S, Longo UG, Denaro V, Caponero MA, Formica D, Oddo CM, Schena E. A Multi-Parametric Wearable System to Monitor Neck Movements and Respiratory Frequency of Computer Workers. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:E536. [PMID: 31963696 PMCID: PMC7014540 DOI: 10.3390/s20020536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal disorders are the most common form of occupational ill-health. Neck pain is one of the most prevalent musculoskeletal disorders experienced by computer workers. Wrong postural habits and non-compliance of the workstation to ergonomics guidelines are the leading causes of neck pain. These factors may also alter respiratory functions. Health and safety interventions can reduce neck pain and, more generally, the symptoms of musculoskeletal disorders and reduce the consequent economic burden. In this work, a multi-parametric wearable system based on two fiber Bragg grating sensors is proposed for monitoring neck movements and breathing activity of computer workers. The sensing elements were positioned on the neck, in the frontal and sagittal planes, to monitor: (i) flexion-extension and axial rotation repetitions, and (ii) respiratory frequency. In this pilot study, five volunteers were enrolled and performed five repetitions of both flexion-extension and axial rotation, and ten breaths of both quite breathing and tachypnea. Results showed the good performances of the proposed system in monitoring the aforementioned parameters when compared to optical reference systems. The wearable system is able to well-match the trend in time of the neck movements (both flexion-extension and axial rotation) and to estimate mean and breath-by-breath respiratory frequency values with percentage errors ≤6.09% and ≤1.90%, during quiet breathing and tachypnea, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Lo Presti
- Unit of Measurement and Biomedical Instrumentation, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 00128 Rome, Italy; (D.L.P.); (A.C.); (C.M.); (R.S.); (M.Z.); (J.D.T.)
| | - Arianna Carnevale
- Unit of Measurement and Biomedical Instrumentation, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 00128 Rome, Italy; (D.L.P.); (A.C.); (C.M.); (R.S.); (M.Z.); (J.D.T.)
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 00128 Rome, Italy; (U.G.L.); (V.D.); (C.M.O.)
| | - Jessica D’Abbraccio
- Neuro-Robotic Touch Laboratory, BioRobotics Institute, Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies, 56025 Pisa, Italy; (J.D.); (L.M.)
| | - Luca Massari
- Neuro-Robotic Touch Laboratory, BioRobotics Institute, Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies, 56025 Pisa, Italy; (J.D.); (L.M.)
| | - Carlo Massaroni
- Unit of Measurement and Biomedical Instrumentation, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 00128 Rome, Italy; (D.L.P.); (A.C.); (C.M.); (R.S.); (M.Z.); (J.D.T.)
| | - Riccardo Sabbadini
- Unit of Measurement and Biomedical Instrumentation, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 00128 Rome, Italy; (D.L.P.); (A.C.); (C.M.); (R.S.); (M.Z.); (J.D.T.)
| | - Martina Zaltieri
- Unit of Measurement and Biomedical Instrumentation, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 00128 Rome, Italy; (D.L.P.); (A.C.); (C.M.); (R.S.); (M.Z.); (J.D.T.)
| | - Joshua Di Tocco
- Unit of Measurement and Biomedical Instrumentation, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 00128 Rome, Italy; (D.L.P.); (A.C.); (C.M.); (R.S.); (M.Z.); (J.D.T.)
| | - Marco Bravi
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (S.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Sandra Miccinilli
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (S.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Silvia Sterzi
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (S.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Umile G. Longo
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 00128 Rome, Italy; (U.G.L.); (V.D.); (C.M.O.)
| | - Vincenzo Denaro
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 00128 Rome, Italy; (U.G.L.); (V.D.); (C.M.O.)
| | - Michele A. Caponero
- Photonics Micro-and Nanostructures Laboratory, ENEA Research Center of Frascati, 00044 Rome, Italy;
| | - Domenico Formica
- NEXT Lab, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 00128 Rome, Italy;
| | - Calogero M. Oddo
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 00128 Rome, Italy; (U.G.L.); (V.D.); (C.M.O.)
| | - Emiliano Schena
- Unit of Measurement and Biomedical Instrumentation, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 00128 Rome, Italy; (D.L.P.); (A.C.); (C.M.); (R.S.); (M.Z.); (J.D.T.)
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Iacoponi S, Massaroni C, Lo Presti D, Saccomandi P, Caponero MA, DrAmato R, Schena E. Polymer-coated fiber optic probe for the monitoring of breathing pattern and respiratory rate. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2019; 2018:1616-1619. [PMID: 30440702 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2018.8512566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, no-invasive and small size systems are meeting the demand of the new healthcare system, in which the vital signs monitoring is gaining in importance. In this context, Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors are becoming very popular and FBG-based systems could be used for monitoring vital signs. At the same time, FBG could be able to sense chemical parameters by the polymer functionalization. The aim of our study was investigating the ability of a polymer-coated FBG-based probe for monitoring breathing patterns and respiratory rates. We tested the proposed FBG-based probe on 9 healthy volunteers during spirometry, the most common pulmonary function test. Results showed the high accuracy of the proposed probe to detect respiratory rate. The comparison between the respiratory rates estimated by the probe with the ones by the spirometer showed the absolute value of the percentage errors lower than 2.07% (in the 78% of cases <.91%). Lastly, a Bland Altman analysis was performed to compare the instantaneous respiratory rate values gathered by the spirometer and the FBG probe showing the feasibility of breath-by-breath monitoring by the proposed probe. Results showed a bias of 0.06± 2.90 $\mathrm{breaths}\square {\mathrm {min}}^{-1}$. Additionally, our system was able to follow the breathing activities and monitoring the breathing patterns.
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Massaroni C, Venanzi C, Silvatti AP, Lo Presti D, Saccomandi P, Formica D, Giurazza F, Caponero MA, Schena E. Smart textile for respiratory monitoring and thoraco-abdominal motion pattern evaluation. J Biophotonics 2018; 11:e201700263. [PMID: 29297202 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The use of wearable systems for monitoring vital parameters has gained wide popularity in several medical fields. The focus of the present study is the experimental assessment of a smart textile based on 12 fiber Bragg grating sensors for breathing monitoring and thoraco-abdominal motion pattern analysis. The feasibility of the smart textile for monitoring several temporal respiratory parameters (ie, breath-by-breath respiratory period, breathing frequency, duration of inspiratory and expiratory phases), volume variations of the whole chest wall and of its compartments is performed on 8 healthy male volunteers. Values gathered by the textile are compared to the data obtained by a motion analysis system, used as the reference instrument. Good agreement between the 2 systems on both respiratory period (bias of 0.01 seconds), breathing frequency (bias of -0.02 breaths/min) and tidal volume (bias of 0.09 L) values is demonstrated. Smart textile shows good performance in the monitoring of thoraco-abdominal pattern and its variation, as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Massaroni
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Cecilia Venanzi
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Amanda P Silvatti
- Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal de Viçosa Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniela Lo Presti
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Domenico Formica
- Unit of Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Giurazza
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele A Caponero
- Photonics Micro- and Nanostructures Laboratory, Research Centre of Frascati, Rome, Italy
| | - Emiliano Schena
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
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Cappelli S, Saccomandi P, Massaroni C, Polimadei A, Silvestri S, Caponero MA, Frauenfelder G, Schena E. Magnetic Resonance-compatible needle-like probe based on Bragg grating technology for measuring temperature during Laser Ablation. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2018; 2015:1287-90. [PMID: 26736503 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2015.7318603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Temperature monitoring in tissue undergone Laser Ablation (LA) may be particularly beneficial to optimize treatment outcome. Among many techniques, fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors show valuable characteristics for temperature monitoring in this medical scenario: good sensitivity and accuracy, and immunity from electromagnetic interferences. Their main drawback is the sensitivity to strain, which can entail measurement error for respiratory and patient movements. The aims of this work are the design, the manufacturing and the characterization of a needle-like probe which houses 4 FBGs. Three FBGs have sensitive length of 1 mm and are used as temperature sensors; one FBG with length of 10 mm is used as reference and to sense eventual strain. The optical fiber housing the FBGs was encapsulated within a needle routinely used in clinical practice to perform MRI-guided biopsy. Two materials were used for the encapsulation: i) thermal paste for the 3 FBGs used for temperature monitoring, to maximize the thermal exchange with the needle; ii) epoxy resin for the reference FBG, to improve its sensitivity to strain. The static calibration of the needle-like probe was performed to estimate the thermal sensitivity of each FBG; the step response was investigated to estimate the response time. FBGs 1 mm long have thermal sensitivity of 0.01 nm·°C(-1), whereas the reference FBG presents 0.02 nm·°C(-1). For all FBGs, the response time was in the order of 100 ms. Lastly, experiments were performed on ex vivo swine liver undergoing LA to i) evaluate the possible presence of measurement artifact, due to the direct absorption of laser light by the needle and ii) assess the feasibility of the probe in a quasi clinical scenario.
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Saccomandi P, Varalda A, Gassino R, Tosi D, Massaroni C, Caponero MA, Pop R, Korganbayev S, Perrone G, Diana M, Vallan A, Costamagna G, Marescaux J, Schena E. Linearly chirped fiber Bragg grating response to thermal gradient: from bench tests to the real-time assessment during in vivo laser ablations of biological tissue. J Biomed Opt 2017; 22:1-9. [PMID: 28914008 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.9.097002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The response of a fiber optic sensor [linearly chirped fiber Bragg grating (LCFBG)] to a linear thermal gradient applied on its sensing length (i.e., 1.5 cm) has been investigated. After these bench tests, we assessed their feasibility for temperature monitoring during thermal tumor treatment. In particular, we performed experiments during ex vivo laser ablation (LA) in pig liver and in vivo thermal ablation in animal models (pigs). We investigated the following: (i) the relationship between the full width at half maximum of the LCFBG spectrum and the temperature difference among the extremities of the LCFBG and (ii) the relationship between the mean spectrum wavelength and the mean temperature acting on the LCFBG sensing area. These relationships showed a linear trend during both bench tests and LA in animal models. Thermal sensitivity was significant although different values were found with regards to bench tests and animal experiments. The linear trend and significant sensitivity allow hypothesizing a future use of this kind of sensor to monitor both temperature gradient and mean temperature within a tissue undergoing thermal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Saccomandi
- IHU-Strasbourg - Institute of Image-Guided Surgery, Strasbourg, France
- Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Rome, Italy
| | - Ambra Varalda
- Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Gassino
- Politecnico di Torino, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Torino, Italy
| | - Daniele Tosi
- Nazarbayev University, School of Engineering, Astana, Kazakhstan
- Nazarbayev University, National Laboratory Astana, Biosensors and Bioinstrumentation Laboratory, Kazakhstan
| | - Carlo Massaroni
- Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele A Caponero
- Research Centre of Frascati, Photonics Micro-and Nano-Structures Laboratory, Agenzia nazionale per l, Italy
| | - Raoul Pop
- CHRU-Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Guido Perrone
- Politecnico di Torino, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Torino, Italy
| | - Michele Diana
- IHU-Strasbourg - Institute of Image-Guided Surgery, Strasbourg, France
- IRCAD-Research Institute against Cancer of Digestive System, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alberto Vallan
- Politecnico di Torino, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Torino, Italy
| | - Guido Costamagna
- IHU-Strasbourg - Institute of Image-Guided Surgery, Strasbourg, France
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Digestive Endoscopy, Policlinico Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Jacques Marescaux
- IHU-Strasbourg - Institute of Image-Guided Surgery, Strasbourg, France
- IRCAD-Research Institute against Cancer of Digestive System, Strasbourg, France
| | - Emiliano Schena
- Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Rome, Italy
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Lo Presti D, Massaroni C, Saccomandi P, Caponero MA, Formica D, Schena E. A wearable textile for respiratory monitoring: Feasibility assessment and analysis of sensors position on system response. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2017; 2017:4423-4426. [PMID: 29060878 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2017.8037837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The interest on wearable textiles to monitor vital signs is growing in the research field and clinical scenario related to the increasing demands of long-term monitoring. Despite several smart textile-based solutions have been proposed for assessing the respiratory status, only a limited number of devices allow the respiratory monitoring in a harsh environment or in different positions of the human body. In this paper, we investigated the performances of a smart textile for respiratory rate monitoring characterized by 12 fiber optic sensors (i.e., fiber Bragg grating) placed on specific landmarks for compartmental analysis of the chest wall movements during quiet breathing. We focused on the analysis of the influence of sensor position on both peak-to-peak amplitude of sensors output and accuracy of respiratory rate measurements. This analysis was performed on two participants, who wore the textile in two positions (i.e., standing and supine). Bland-Altman analysis on respiratory rate showed promising results (better than 0.3 breaths per minute). Referring to the peak-to-peak output amplitude, the abdomen compartment showed the highest excursions in both the enrolled participants and positions. Our findings open up new approaches to design and develop smart textile for respiratory rate monitoring.
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Saccomandi P, Schena E, Caponero MA, Gassino R, Hernandez J, Perrone G, Vallan A, Diana M, Costamagna G, Marescaux J. Novel carbon fiber probe for temperature monitoring during thermal therapies. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2017; 2017:873-876. [PMID: 29060011 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2017.8036963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Thermal treatments are a valid clinical option in the management of several solid tumors. The difficulties to perform an accurate prediction improve the selectivity of the treatment effects represent the main hurdles in the spread of these techniques. Among other solutions, thermometric techniques are gaining acceptance in monitoring the effects of thermal treatments because they provide a clear end-point to obtain the complete removal of cancer without damaging the surrounding healthy tissue. This paper proposes a custom needle-like probe made of carbon fibers to embed seven fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors. This tool aims at a multiple points monitoring the tissue temperature during the thermal procedures, streamlining the FBG sensors insertion within the organ. After the description of the probe manufacturing, we reported the calibration of the seven sensors embedded within the probe, their step response, and the feasibility assessment of the probe for temperature monitoring during laser ablation on animal model (both in vivo and ex vivo). Results show that the proposed probe is easily maneuverable by the clinician, the sensors have a linear response with the temperature and a short step response; moreover, the probe allows measuring the temperature in seven points of the tissue; finally, it can be used during CTand MR-guided procedures without causing any artifact to the images. Thanks to these features the probe may be an useful solution to improve the safety and the outcomes of minimally invasive thermal ablation procedures, so to spread these procedures in the clinical field.
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Massaroni C, Ciocchetti M, Di Tomaso G, Saccomandi P, Caponero MA, Polimadei A, Formica D, Schena E. Design and preliminary assessment of a smart textile for respiratory monitoring based on an array of Fiber Bragg Gratings. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2017; 2016:6054-6057. [PMID: 28269633 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2016.7592109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Comfortable and easy to wear smart textiles have gained popularity for continuous respiratory monitoring. Among different emerging technologies, smart textiles based on fiber optic sensors (FOSs) have several advantages, like Magnetic Resonance (MR)-compatibility and good metrological properties. In this paper we report on the development and assessment of an MR-compatible smart textiles based on FOSs for respiratory monitoring. The system consists of six fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors glued on the textile to monitor six compartments of the chest wall (i.e., right and left upper thorax, right and left abdominal rib cage, and right and left abdomen). This solution allows monitoring both global respiratory parameters and each compartment volume change. The system converts thoracic movements into strain measured by the FBGs. The positioning of the FBGs was optimized by experiments performed using an optoelectronic system. The feasibility of the smart textile was assessed on 6 healthy volunteers. Experimental data were compared to the ones estimated by an optoelectronic plethysmography used as reference. Promising results were obtained on both breathing period (maximum percentage error is 1.14%), inspiratory and expiratory period, as well as on total volume change (mean percentage difference between the two systems was ~14%). The Bland-Altman analysis shows a satisfactory accuracy for the parameters under investigation. The proposed system is safe and non-invasive, MR-compatible, and allows monitoring compartmental volumes.
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Massaroni C, Caponero MA, D'Amato R, Lo Presti D, Schena E. Fiber Bragg Grating Measuring System for Simultaneous Monitoring of Temperature and Humidity in Mechanical Ventilation. Sensors (Basel) 2017; 17:s17040749. [PMID: 28368339 PMCID: PMC5421709 DOI: 10.3390/s17040749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
During mechanical ventilation, the humidification of the dry air delivered by the mechanical ventilator is recommended. Among several solutions, heated wire humidifiers (HWHs) have gained large acceptance to be used in this field. The aim of this work is to fabricate a measuring system based on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) for the simultaneous monitoring of gas relative humidity (RH) and temperature, intended to be used for providing feedback to the HWHs' control. This solution can be implemented using an array of two FBGs having a different center wavelength. Regarding RH monitoring, three sensors have been fabricated by coating an FBG with two different moisture-sensitive and biocompatible materials: the first two sensors were fabricated by coating the grating with a 3 mm × 3 mm layer of agar and agarose; to investigate the influence of the coating thickness to the sensor response, a third sensor was developed with a 5 mm × 5 mm layer of agar. The sensors have been assessed in a wide range of RH (up to 95%) during both an ascending and a subsequent descending phase. Only the response of the 3 mm × 3 mm-coated sensors were fast enough to follow the RH changes, showing a mean sensitivity of about 0.14 nm/% (agar-coated) and 0.12 nm/% (agarose-coated). The hysteresis error was about <10% in the two sensors. The contribution of temperature changes on these RH sensors was negligible. The temperature measurement was performed by a commercial FBG insensitive to RH changes. The small size of these FBG-based sensors, the use of biocompatible polymers, and the possibility to measure both temperature and RH by using the same fiber optic embedding an array of two FBGs make intriguing the use of this solution for application in the control of HWHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Massaroni
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Center for Integrated Research, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy.
| | - Michele A Caponero
- Photonics Micro- and Nanostructures Laboratory Research Centre of Frascati, ENEA, Via Enrico Fermi, 45, Frascati, 00044 Rome, Italy.
| | - Rosaria D'Amato
- Photonics Micro- and Nanostructures Laboratory Research Centre of Frascati, ENEA, Via Enrico Fermi, 45, Frascati, 00044 Rome, Italy.
| | - Daniela Lo Presti
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Center for Integrated Research, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy.
| | - Emiliano Schena
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Center for Integrated Research, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy.
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Saccomandi P, Caponero MA, Polimadei A, Francomano M, Formica D, Accoto D, Tamilia E, Taffoni F, Di Pino G, Schena E. An MR-compatible force sensor based on FBG technology for biomedical application. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2015; 2014:5731-4. [PMID: 25571297 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2014.6944929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) technology is very attractive to develop sensors for the measurement of thermal and mechanical parameters in biological applications, particularly in presence of electromagnetic interferences. This work presents the design, working principle and experimental characterization of a force sensor based on two FBGs, with the feature of being compatible with Magnetic Resonance. Two prototypes based on different designs are considered and characterized: 1) the fiber with the FBGs is encapsulated in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) sheet; 2) the fiber with the FBGs is free without the employment of any polymeric layer. Results show that the prototype which adopts the polymeric sheet has a wider range of measurement (4200 mN vs 250 mN) and good linearity; although it has lower sensitivity (≈0.1 nm-N(1) vs 7 nm-N(1)). The sensor without polymeric layer is also characterized by employing a differential configuration which allows neglecting the influence of temperature. This solution improves the linearity of the sensor, on the other hand the sensitivity decreases. The resulting good metrological properties of the prototypes here tested make them attractive for the intended application and in general for force measurement during biomedical applications in presence of electromagnetic interferences.
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Ciocchetti M, Massaroni C, Saccomandi P, Caponero MA, Polimadei A, Formica D, Schena E. Smart Textile Based on Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors for Respiratory Monitoring: Design and Preliminary Trials. Biosensors (Basel) 2015; 5:602-15. [PMID: 26389961 PMCID: PMC4600174 DOI: 10.3390/bios5030602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Continuous respiratory monitoring is important to assess adequate ventilation. We present a fiber optic-based smart textile for respiratory monitoring able to work during Magnetic Resonance (MR) examinations. The system is based on the conversion of chest wall movements into strain of two fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors, placed on the upper thorax (UT). FBGs are glued on the textile by an adhesive silicon rubber. To increase the system sensitivity, the FBGs positioning was led by preliminary experiments performed using an optoelectronic system: FBGs placed on the chest surface experienced the largest strain during breathing. System performances, in terms of respiratory period (TR), duration of inspiratory (TI) and expiratory (TE) phases, as well as left and right UT volumes, were assessed on four healthy volunteers. The comparison of results obtained by the proposed system and an optoelectronic plethysmography highlights the high accuracy in the estimation of TR, TI, and TE: Bland-Altman analysis shows mean of difference values lower than 0.045 s, 0.33 s, and 0.35 s for TR, TI, and TE, respectively. The mean difference of UT volumes between the two systems is about 8.3%. The promising results foster further development of the system to allow routine use during MR examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ciocchetti
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Center for Integrated Research, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 21, Rome 00128, Italy.
| | - Carlo Massaroni
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Center for Integrated Research, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 21, Rome 00128, Italy.
| | - Paola Saccomandi
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Center for Integrated Research, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 21, Rome 00128, Italy.
| | - Michele A Caponero
- Photonics Micro- and Nano-structures Laboratory, Research Centre of Frascati, ENEA, Via E. Fermi, 45, Frascati, Rome 00044, Italy.
| | - Andrea Polimadei
- Photonics Micro- and Nano-structures Laboratory, Research Centre of Frascati, ENEA, Via E. Fermi, 45, Frascati, Rome 00044, Italy.
| | - Domenico Formica
- Unit of Biomedical Robotics and Biomicrosystems, Center for Integrated Research, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 21, Rome 00128, Italy.
| | - Emiliano Schena
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Center for Integrated Research, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 21, Rome 00128, Italy.
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Schena E, Saccomandi P, Giurazza F, Caponero MA, Mortato L, Di Matteo FM, Panzera F, Del Vescovo R, Beomonte Zobel B, Silvestri S. Experimental assessment of CT-based thermometry during laser ablation of porcine pancreas. Phys Med Biol 2013; 58:5705-16. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/58/16/5705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Saccomandi P, Schena E, Giurazza F, Del Vescovo R, Caponero MA, Mortato L, Panzera F, Cazzato RL, Grasso FR, Di Matteo FM, Silvestri S, Zobel BB. Temperature monitoring and lesion volume estimation during double-applicator laser-induced thermotherapy in ex vivo swine pancreas: a preliminary study. Lasers Med Sci 2013; 29:607-14. [PMID: 23780709 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-013-1360-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Tissue temperature distribution plays a crucial role in the outcome of laser-induced thermotherapy (LITT), a technique employed for neoplasias removal. Since recent studies proposed LITT for pancreatic tumors treatment, assessment of temperature and of its effects around the laser applicator could be useful to define optimal laser settings. The aims of this work are temperature monitoring and measurement of ablated tissue volume in an ex vivo porcine pancreas undergoing double-applicator LITT. A three-dimensional numerical model is implemented to predict temperature rise and volumes of ablated tissue in treated pancreas. Experiments are performed to validate the model, with two modalities: (1) 12-fiber Bragg grating sensors are adopted to monitor the heating and cooling during LITT at several distances from the applicators tip, and (2) 1.5-T MR imaging is used to estimate the ablated volume. Experimental data agree with theoretical ones: at 2 mm from both applicators tips, the maximum temperature increase is approximately 60 °C downward from the tips, while it increases of about 40 °C and 30 °C, respectively, at the level and upward from the tips. This behavior occurs also at other distances, proving that the tissue downward from the tip is mostly heated. Furthermore, the estimated volume with MRI agrees with theoretical one (i.d., 0.91 ± 0.09 vs. 0.95 cm(3)). The encouraging results indicate that the model could be a suitable tool to choose the optimal laser settings, in order to control the volume of ablated tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Saccomandi
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
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