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Ponce-Bordón JC, Polo-Tejada J, Sanabria-Pino B, Rubio-Morales A, García-Calvo T, Lobo-Triviño D. The Influence of the Playing Surface on Workload Response in Spanish Professional Male Soccer Players. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:4506. [PMID: 39065903 PMCID: PMC11281269 DOI: 10.3390/s24144506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to quantify the influence of the playing surface on workload-related variables (i.e., external load, Rate of perceived exertion (RPE), and mental load) in training sessions with a Spanish professional soccer team. Twenty professional male players from the same soccer team were involved. A total of thirty training sessions related to the preseason period were included. All the players completed training sessions on three playing surfaces: natural turf of poor quality, natural turf of high quality, and third-generation artificial turf. Monitoring during sessions involved assessing internal load (i.e., RPE and mental load) via self-reported questionnaires, and external load using Global Positioning System devices. Linear mixed models showed that RPE was significantly higher on natural turf of high quality than on natural turf of poor quality (p < 0.001). Total distance, relative total distance, the number of accelerations, decelerations, and high metabolic load distance were significantly lower on third-generation artificial turf compared to natural turf of poor quality (p < 0.001) and high quality (p < 0.001). In addition, high-speed running, sprint running distances, and the number of sprints reached higher values on third-generation artificial turf compared to the other two playing surfaces. These findings highlight the need for coaches to consider the type of training surface in soccer to optimize training load planning and prevent injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tomás García-Calvo
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avda. De la Universidad, S/N, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (J.C.P.-B.); (J.P.-T.); (B.S.-P.); (A.R.-M.); (D.L.-T.)
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Sanchez-Sanchez J, Felipe JL, Hernandez-Martin A, Viejo-Romero D, Clemente-Suarez VJ, Gallardo L, Garcia-Unanue J. Influence of the artificial turf certification on physical performance and muscle damage in football players (QUALTURF PROJECT). Sci Rep 2021; 11:8625. [PMID: 33883664 PMCID: PMC8060304 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88192-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyse the influence of the FIFA Quality PRO certification of artificial turf pitches on the physical, physiological performance and muscle damage in soccer players. Fifteen healthy male players (21.2 ± 1.4 years; 178.2 ± 4.3 cm; 79.1 ± 8.3 kg) from a university football team were selected to participate in the research. Mechanical properties related to surface-player interaction were assessed on the two surfaces selected for this study. A randomized design was used and the players performed the Ball-sport Endurance and Sprint Test (BEAST90) on the different artificial turf fields. Average time of the 20 m sprints was longer on the FIFA Quality Pro surface than on the non-certified pitch (+ 0.13 s; p < 0.05; CI 95% - 0.01 to 0.27; ES: 0.305). The players' perceived effort was higher in the first (+ 2.64; p < 0.05; CI 95% 0.92 to 4.35; ES: 1.421) and the second half (+ 1.35; p < 0.05; CI 95% - 0.02 to 2.72; ES: 0.637) of the test on the FIFA Quality Pro field. Comparative analysis between surfaces showed no significant differences in the time spent in each of the heart rate zones and higher concentrations of CK (+ 196.58; p > 0.05; CI 95% 66.54 to 326.61; ES: 1.645) were evidenced in the non-certified pitch surface. In response to a simulated match protocol, markers of post-exercise muscle damage may be reduced on accredited artificial turf fields. These insights can provide the opportunity to maximize the efficiency of training sessions and reduce the risk of injury during the season.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose Luis Felipe
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | | | - Leonor Gallardo
- Grupo IGOID, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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Sanchez-Sanchez J, Martinez-Rodriguez A, Felipe JL, Hernandez-Martin A, Ubago-Guisado E, Bangsbo J, Gallardo L, Garcia-Unanue J. Effect of Natural Turf, Artificial Turf, and Sand Surfaces on Sprint Performance. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E9478. [PMID: 33348874 PMCID: PMC7767268 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of natural turf, artificial turf, and sand on sprint performance in different sports and to determine how the sport surface affects sprint performance. A systematic search was conducted in Pubmed, Web of Sciences, and SPORTDiscus databases. Out of 5644 studies, 11 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The studies were very heterogeneous, as they examined different structural characteristics or quality parameters. The studies on natural turf and sand showed significant improvements on sprint speed during training. On the other hand, the analysis of fatigue did not reveal significant differences in the deterioration of sprint speed on both natural and artificial turf. Significance was set at p < 0.05. In conclusion, although lower performance in sprint was reported on sand, further studies are needed to explain the differences in sprint on natural and artificial turf.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jose Luis Felipe
- School of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Antonio Hernandez-Martin
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (A.H.-M.); (E.U.-G.); (L.G.); (J.G.-U.)
| | - Esther Ubago-Guisado
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (A.H.-M.); (E.U.-G.); (L.G.); (J.G.-U.)
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhaguen, 2177 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Leonor Gallardo
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (A.H.-M.); (E.U.-G.); (L.G.); (J.G.-U.)
| | - Jorge Garcia-Unanue
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (A.H.-M.); (E.U.-G.); (L.G.); (J.G.-U.)
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Key performance indicators at FIFA Women's World Cup in different playing surfaces. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241385. [PMID: 33095837 PMCID: PMC7584214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the key performance indicators of female professional soccer players during the 2011 and 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup, played on different surfaces (natural and artificial turf respectively). A total of 438 women from 24 national teams who participated at Canada 2015 (artificial turf) and 283 players from 16 national teams who played in Germany 2011 (natural grass) were selected for this study. The collected data were provided by OPTA Sports. Twenty-nine key performance indicators were included for analysis. The variables were calculated for the total sample and independently by positions (defense, midfielders and forwards) for matches on natural grass (2011) and artificial turf (2015). A Mann–Whitney U test was used out to identify differences between the sport surfaces. Moreover, a discriminant analysis was performed with the forced entry method to find the variables that better differentiated between the FIFA Women's World Cup 2011 (natural grass) and FIFA Women's World Cup 2015 (artificial turf). Key performance aspects were very similar between the two tournaments, but on natural grass, we observed a significantly higher number of total passes, successful dribbles, total tackles, successful tackles and interceptions. However, on artificial turf there were significantly higher percentages of success in total passes, and a higher number of fouls. This is an important factor for the choice of an elite competition surface because technical actions are crucial to the quality of the game and can influence the future behavior of spectators and fans.
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Rago V, Brito J, Figueiredo P, Ermidis G, Barreira D, Rebelo A. The Arrowhead Agility Test: Reliability, Minimum Detectable Change, and Practical Applications in Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:483-494. [PMID: 30676390 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Rago, V, Brito, J, Figueiredo, P, Ermidis, G, Barreira, D, and Rebelo, A. The arrowhead agility test: Reliability, minimum detectable change, and practical applications in soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 34(2): 483-494, 2020-Four independent studies were conducted to examine the utility of the arrowhead agility test (AAT) to measure change of direction (COD) capacity in soccer players, specifically, (a) intersession reliability and minimum detectable change (n = 24); (b) power-dependent abilities associated with AAT performance (n = 56); and (c) fatigue sensitivity (n = 20); differences between competitive levels and age groups (n = 264). Irrespective of the AAT outcome measure (skillful side, less-skillful side, sum of both), intersession reliability and the ability to detect changes in performance were good (ICC = 0.80-0.83; CV = 1.25-2.21%; smallest worthwhile change, 0.06-0.12 >SEM, 0.01-0.03) except for the asymmetry index. A 15-m sprint explained a significant amount of variance in COD (p < 0.01; R = 0.42). Arrowhead agility test performance did not change from the prematch toward half time (p = 0.21). However, reduced COD performance was observed after an intense period in the second half and after the game, compared with prematch and half-time performance (p < 0.05; effect size [ES] = -0.85 to 0.42). Irrespective of age group, national players were more agile than regional players (p < 0.05; ES = -1.97 to -0.36). Moreover, independently of their competitive level, senior and U18 players had a better performance than U16 (p < 0.05; ES = -2.33 to -0.84), whereas no significant differences were observed between senior and U18. Percentiles were also reported in the results. The AAT is reliable to measure COD in soccer players. The test may simultaneously encompass 15-m sprint testing but should be implemented independently to countermovement jump. Furthermore, the test is sensitive to match-induced fatigue during the second half and discriminates players from different competitive levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Rago
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sports, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Lisbon, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
| | - Georgios Ermidis
- Department of Movement and Wellness Sciences, University Parthenope, Naples, Italy; and.,Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Daniel Barreira
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sports, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Rebelo
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sports, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Calderón-Pellegrino G, Gallardo L, Paredes-Hernández V, García-Unanue J, Giménez JV, Colino E, Felipe JL, Sánchez-Sánchez J. Influence of artificial turf temperature on physical performance and muscle contractile properties in football players after a repeated-sprint ability test. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12747. [PMID: 32728088 PMCID: PMC7391762 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69720-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyse the effect of playing surface temperature on muscular and thermal response to a repeated-sprint ability (RSA) test in football players. Thirty-two male football players (23 ± 5 years; 1.77 ± 0.06 m; 71.2 ± 6.7 kg) from two squads of a third-division football club participated in the study. An RSA test was carried out at a high surface temperature (45.34 ± 2.53 °C) and low surface temperature (27.21 ± 2.17 °C). Before and after this test, the muscular response of the players was assessed through tensiomyography and thermograms. The results revealed that performance in the RSA test particularly increased at a higher surface temperature, especially in the first 5 m of the 30 m sprint test. While a reduction in maximal radial displacement (Dm) in the biceps femoris post-RSA was observed at lower surface temperatures, a higher temperature on the thigh, hamstring and calf was found in the higher surface temperature group. In conclusion, higher surface temperatures had an influence on players’ thermal and tensiomyographic profile and improved performance in their repeated-sprint ability. These results suggest a need for coaches and players to be aware of these parameters to ensure adequate functionality and safety of the playing surface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonor Gallardo
- Grupo IGOID, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Enrique Colino
- Grupo IGOID, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Felipe
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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The Influence of Soccer Playing Surface on the Loading Response to Ankle (P)Rehabilitation Exercises. J Sport Rehabil 2020; 30:105-111. [PMID: 32235001 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2019-0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Contemporary synthetic playing surfaces have been associated with an increased risk of ankle injury in the various types of football. Triaxial accelerometers facilitate in vivo assessment of planar mechanical loading on the player. OBJECTIVE To quantify the influence of playing surface on the PlayerLoad elicited during footwork and plyometric drills focused on the mechanism of ankle injury. DESIGN Repeated-measures, field-based design. SETTING Regulation soccer pitches. PARTICIPANTS A total of 15 amateur soccer players (22.1 [2.4] y), injury free with ≥6 years competitive experience. INTERVENTIONS Each player completed a test battery comprising 3 footwork drills (anterior, lateral, and diagonal) and 4 plyometric drills (anterior hop, inversion hop, eversion hop, and diagonal hop) on natural turf (NT), third-generation artificial turf (3G), and AstroTurf. Global positioning system sensors were located at C7 and the mid-tibia of each leg to measure triaxial acceleration (100 Hz). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES PlayerLoad in each axial plane was calculated for each drill on each surface and at each global positioning system location. RESULTS Analysis of variance revealed a significant main effect for sensor location in all drills, with PlayerLoad higher at mid-tibia than at C7 in all movement planes. AstroTurf elicited significantly higher PlayerLoad in the mediolateral and anteroposterior planes, with typically no difference between NT and 3G. In isolated inversion and eversion hopping trials, the 3G surface also elicited lower PlayerLoad than NT. CONCLUSIONS PlayerLoad magnitude was sensitive to unit placement, advocating measurement with greater anatomical relevance when using microelectromechanical systems technology to monitor training or rehabilitation load. AstroTurf elicited higher PlayerLoad across all planes and drills and should be avoided for rehabilitative purposes, whereas 3G elicited a similar mechanical response to NT.
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Colino E, Corral-Gómez L, Rodríguez-Rosa D, Juárez-Pérez S, García-Unanue J, González-Rodríguez A, Sánchez-Sánchez J, Felipe JL, Gallardo L, Castillo-García FJ. Novel Methodology for Football Rebound Test Method. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20061688. [PMID: 32197372 PMCID: PMC7146741 DOI: 10.3390/s20061688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Assessing and keeping control of the mechanical properties of sport surfaces is a relevant task in sports since it enables athletes to train and compete safely and under equal conditions. Currently, different tests are used for assessing athlete- and ball-surface interactions in artificial turf pitches. In order to make these evaluations more agile and accessible for every facility, it is important to develop new apparatus that enable to perform the tests in an easier and quicker way. The existing equipment for determining the vertical ball behavior requires a complex and non-easily transportable device in which the ball must be fixed to the upper part of the frame in a very precise position by means of a magnet. The rebound height is determined by capturing the acoustic signal produced when the ball bounces on the turf. When extended tests are conducted, the time required to evaluate a single field is too high due to the non-valid trials. This work proposes a novel methodology which allows to notoriously decrease the time of testing fields maintaining the repeatability and accuracy of the test method together with a compact device for improving its mobility and transport. Simulations and experiments demonstrates the repeatability and accuracy of the results obtained by the proposed device, which decreases the non-valid trials and notoriously reduces the time for field evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Colino
- IGOID Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (E.C.); (J.G.-U.); (L.G.)
| | - Lis Corral-Gómez
- School of Industrial and Aerospace Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (L.C.-G.); (D.R.-R.); (S.J.-P.); (A.G.-R.)
| | - David Rodríguez-Rosa
- School of Industrial and Aerospace Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (L.C.-G.); (D.R.-R.); (S.J.-P.); (A.G.-R.)
| | - Sergio Juárez-Pérez
- School of Industrial and Aerospace Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (L.C.-G.); (D.R.-R.); (S.J.-P.); (A.G.-R.)
| | - Jorge García-Unanue
- IGOID Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (E.C.); (J.G.-U.); (L.G.)
| | - Antonio González-Rodríguez
- School of Industrial and Aerospace Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (L.C.-G.); (D.R.-R.); (S.J.-P.); (A.G.-R.)
| | - Javier Sánchez-Sánchez
- School of Sport Sciences, European University of Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (J.S.-S.); (J.L.F.)
| | - Jose Luis Felipe
- School of Sport Sciences, European University of Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (J.S.-S.); (J.L.F.)
| | - Leonor Gallardo
- IGOID Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (E.C.); (J.G.-U.); (L.G.)
| | - Fernando Jose Castillo-García
- School of Industrial and Aerospace Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (L.C.-G.); (D.R.-R.); (S.J.-P.); (A.G.-R.)
- Correspondence:
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Strutzenberger G, Edmunds R, Nokes LDM, Mitchell ID, Mellalieu SD, Irwin G. Player–surface interactions: perception in elite soccer and rugby players on artificial and natural turf. Sports Biomech 2020; 21:1021-1031. [DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1720279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerda Strutzenberger
- Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology/USI, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Rob Edmunds
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Ian D. Mitchell
- People and Team Development, the Football Association, Burton Upon Trent, UK
| | - Stephen D. Mellalieu
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Gareth Irwin
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
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Page RM, Langley B, Finlay MJ, Greig M, Brogden C. The cumulative and residual fatigue response associated with soccer-specific activity performed on different playing surfaces. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:568-575. [PMID: 32019482 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1717303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the effect of playing surface (Natural [NT] and Artificial [AT] Turf) on the fatigue response to a soccer-specific exercise protocol (SSEP). Eighteen male soccer players completed the SSEP on NT and AT with pre-, post-, and 48 h post-assessments of eccentric knee flexor (eccKF) and concentric knee extensor peak torque (PT), peak countermovement (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ) height, and Nordic hamstring break angle. No significant main effects for surface or any surface and time interactions were observed for any of the outcome measures, except for eccKF PT recorded at 3.14 rad·s-1, which was significantly lower 48 h post-trial in the AT condition (AT = 146.3 ± 20.4 Nm; NT = 158.8 ± 24.7 Nm). Main effects for time were observed between pre- and post-trial measures for eccKF PT at all angular velocities, Nordic break angle, CMJ and SJ height. Nordic break angle, and both CMJ and SJ height were significantly impaired 48 h post-trial when compared to pre-trial. The findings of the current study suggest surface dependent changes in eccKF PT which may have implications for recovery and subsequent performance after competition on AT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Michael Page
- Sports Injury Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - Ben Langley
- Sports Injury Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - Mitchell James Finlay
- Sports Injury Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - Matt Greig
- Sports Injury Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - Christopher Brogden
- Sports Injury Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
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Ammar A, Bailey SJ, Hammouda O, Trabelsi K, Merzigui N, El Abed K, Driss T, Hökelmann A, Ayadi F, Chtourou H, Gharbi A, Turki M. Effects of Playing Surface on Physical, Physiological, and Perceptual Responses to a Repeated-Sprint Ability Test: Natural Grass Versus Artificial Turf. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 14:1219-1226. [PMID: 30860407 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The effect of playing surface on physical performance during a repeated-sprint ability (RSA) test and the mechanisms for any potential playing-surface-dependent effects on RSA performance are equivocal. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of natural grass (NG) and artificial turf (AT) on physical performance, ratings of perceived exertion, feeling scale, and blood biomarkers related to anaerobic contribution (blood lactate [Lac]), muscle damage (creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase), inflammation (C-reactive protein), and immune function (neutrophils [NEU], lymphocytes [LYM], and monocytes) in response to an RSA test. METHODS A total of 9 male professional football players from the same regional team completed 2 sessions of RSA testing (6 × 30 s interspersed with a 35-s recovery) on NG and AT in a randomized order. During the RSA test, total (sum of distances) and peak (highest distance covered in a single repetition) distance covered were determined using a measuring tape, and the decrement in sprinting performance from the first to the last repetition was calculated. Before and after the RSA test, ratings of perceived exertion, feeling scale, and Lac, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, C-reactive protein, NEU, LYM, and monocytes were recorded in both NG and AT conditions. RESULTS Although physical performance declined during the RSA blocks on both surfaces (P = .001), the distance covered declined more on NG (15%) than on AT (11%; P = .04; effect size [ES] = -0.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], -1.21 to 0.56) with a higher total distance covered (+6% [2%]) on AT (P = .018; ES = 1.15; 95% CI, 0.16 to 2.04). In addition, lower ratings of perceived exertion (P = .04; ES = -0.49; 95% CI, -1.36 to 0.42), Lac, NEU, and LYM (P = .03; ES = -0.80; 95% CI, -1.67 to 0.14; ES = -0.16; 95% CI, -1.03 to 0.72; and ES = -0.94; 95% CI, -1.82 to 0.02, respectively) and more positive feelings (P = .02; ES = 0.81; 95% CI, -0.13 to 1.69) were observed after the RSA test performed on AT than on NG. No differences were observed in the remaining physical and blood markers. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that RSA performance is enhanced on AT compared with NG. This effect was accompanied by lower fatigue perception and Lac, NEU, and LYM and a more pleasurable feeling. These observations might have implications for physical performance in intermittent team-sport athletes who train and compete on different playing surfaces.
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12
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Calloway SP, Hardin DM, Crawford MD, Hardin JM, Lemak LJ, Giza E, Forsythe B, Lu Y, Patel BH, Osbahr DC, Gerhardt MB, Mandelbaum BR, Baldwin WW. Injury Surveillance in Major League Soccer: A 4-Year Comparison of Injury on Natural Grass Versus Artificial Turf Field. Am J Sports Med 2019; 47:2279-2286. [PMID: 31306590 DOI: 10.1177/0363546519860522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artificial playing surfaces are becoming more common due to decreased cost of maintenance and increased field usability across different environmental conditions. The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) has approved newer generation artificial turf for soccer competition at the elite level, but many elite-level athletes prefer to play on natural grass surfaces due to a perceived increase in injury rate, discomfort, and fatigability on artificial turf. HYPOTHESIS Injury rates and rates of individually categorized types of injury experienced on artificial turf are noninferior to rates of injury on the standard comparator, natural grass, in elite-level Major League Soccer athletes. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. METHODS Over the course of 4 Major League Soccer seasons (2013-2016), athlete injury data were recorded electronically. Injury data recorded in matches between 2 Major League Soccer teams were then analyzed. Playing surface was known for each venue, and all artificial turf surfaces were rated as 2-star according to FIFA criteria. Incidence rate ratios (Artificial Turf ÷ Natural Grass) were calculated with a 95% CI (α = .05) for both overall injury incidence and individual injury subgroups. A noninferiority margin (δ) of 0.15 was used to determine noninferiority of injury incidence rates. RESULTS A total of 2174 in-game injuries were recorded during the study period, with 1.54 injuries per game on artificial turf and 1.49 injuries per game on natural grass (incidence rate ratio, 1.033; 95% CI, 0.937-1.139). Within injury subgroups, overall ankle injury, Achilles injury, and ankle fracture were found to have a statistically higher incidence on artificial turf. Artificial turf was found to be noninferior to natural grass for overall foot injury and forefoot injury. No statistically significant differences were found in knee injuries between the 2 surfaces. CONCLUSION The overall rate of injury on artificial turf was noninferior to that on natural grass. Within individual injury categories, a higher rate of ankle injury was found on artificial turf. No other injury subgroup demonstrated statistically significant differences between surfaces. CLINICAL RELEVANCE FIFA 2-star rated artificial turf is a viable alternative to natural grass in elite-level soccer competition. Innovative research methods for comparing artificial turf versus natural grass may elucidate relative advantages with respect to player safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Calloway
- Investigation performed at Kerlan Jobe Institute, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - David M Hardin
- Investigation performed at Kerlan Jobe Institute, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Matthew D Crawford
- Investigation performed at Kerlan Jobe Institute, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - J Michael Hardin
- Investigation performed at Kerlan Jobe Institute, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Lawrence J Lemak
- Investigation performed at Kerlan Jobe Institute, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Eric Giza
- Investigation performed at Kerlan Jobe Institute, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Brian Forsythe
- Investigation performed at Kerlan Jobe Institute, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Yining Lu
- Investigation performed at Kerlan Jobe Institute, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Bhavik H Patel
- Investigation performed at Kerlan Jobe Institute, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Daryl C Osbahr
- Investigation performed at Kerlan Jobe Institute, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Michael B Gerhardt
- Investigation performed at Kerlan Jobe Institute, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Bert R Mandelbaum
- Investigation performed at Kerlan Jobe Institute, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - William W Baldwin
- Investigation performed at Kerlan Jobe Institute, Santa Monica, California, USA
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13
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Sánchez-Sánchez J, Gallardo-Guerrero AM, García-Gallart A, Sánchez-Sáez JA, Felipe JL, Encarnación-Martínez A. Influence of the structural components of artificial turf systems on impact attenuation in amateur football players. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7774. [PMID: 31123289 PMCID: PMC6533268 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44270-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to evaluate the influence of the structural components of different 3rd generation artificial turf football field systems on the biomechanical response of impact attenuation in amateur football players. A total of 12 amateur football players (24.3 ± 3.7 years, 73.5 ± 5.5 kg, 178.3 ± 4.1 cm and 13.7 ± 4.3 years of sport experience) were evaluated on three third generation artificial turf systems (ATS) with different structural components. ATS were composed of asphalt sub-base and 45 mm of fibre height with (ATS1) and without (ATS2) elastic layer or compacted granular sub-base, 60 mm of fibre height without elastic layer (ATS3). Two triaxial accelerometers were firmly taped to the forehead and the distal end of the right tibia of each individual. The results reveal a higher force reduction on ATS3 in comparison to ATS1 (+6.24%, CI95%: 1.67 to 10.92, ES: 1.07; p < 0.05) and ATS2 (+21.08%, CI95%: 16.51 to 25.66, ES: 2.98; p < 0.05) elastic layer. Tibia acceleration rate was lower on ATS3 than ATS1 (-0.32, CI95%: -0.60 to -0.03, ES: 4.23; p < 0.05) and ATS2 (-0.35, CI95%: -0.64 to -0.06; ES: 4.69; p < 0.05) at 3.3 m/s. A very large correlation (r = 0.7 to 0.9; p < 0.05) was found between energy restitution and fibre height in both head and tibial peak acceleration and stride time. In conclusion, structural components (fibre height, infill, sub-base and elastic layer) determine the mechanical properties of artificial turf fields. A higher force reduction and lower energy restitution diminished the impact received by the player which could protect against injuries associated with impacts compared to harder artificial turf surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Sánchez-Sánchez
- Universidad Europea de Madrid, School of Sport Sciences, Villaviciosa de Odón-Madrid, 28670, Spain.
| | | | | | | | - José L Felipe
- Universidad Europea de Madrid, School of Sport Sciences, Villaviciosa de Odón-Madrid, 28670, Spain
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14
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding soccer players' match-related fatigue and recovery profiles likely helps with developing conditioning programs that increase team performance and reduce injuries and illnesses. In order to improve match recovery (the return-to-play process and ergogenic interventions) it is also pivotal to determine if match simulation protocols and actual match-play lead to similar responses. OBJECTIVES (1) To thoroughly describe the development of fatigue during actual soccer match play and its recovery time course in terms of physiological, neuromuscular, technical, biochemical and perceptual responses, and (2) to determine similarities of recovery responses between actual competition (11 vs. 11) and match simulations. METHODS A first screening phase consisted of a systematic search on PubMed (MEDLINE) and SportDiscus databases until March 2016. Inclusion criteria were: longitudinal study with soccer players; match or validated protocol; duration > 45 min; and published in English. RESULTS A total of 77 eligible studies (n = 1105) were used to compute 1196 effect sizes (ES). Half-time assessments revealed small to large alterations in immunological parameters (e.g. leukocytes, ES = 1.9), a moderate decrement in insulin concentration (ES = - 0.9) and a small to moderate impairment in lower-limb muscle function (ES = - 0.5 to - 0.7) and physical performance measures (e.g. linear sprint, ES = - 0.3 to - 1.0). All the systematically analyzed fatigue-related markers were substantially altered at post-match. Hamstrings force production capacity (ES = - 0.7), physical performance (2-4%, ES = 0.3-0.5), creatine kinase (CK, ES = 0.4), well-being (ES = 0.2-0.4) and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS, ES = 0.6-1.3) remained substantially impaired at G + 72 h. Compared to simulation protocols, 11 vs. 11 match format (CK, ES = 1.8) induced a greater magnitude of change in muscle damage (i.e. CK, ES = 1.8 vs. 0.7), inflammatory (IL-6, ES = 2.6 vs. 1.1) and immunological markers and DOMS (ES = 1.5 vs. 0.7) than simulation protocols at post-assessments. Neuromuscular performances at post-match did not differ between protocols. CONCLUSION While some parameters are fully recovered (e.g. hormonal and technical), our systematic review shows that a period of 72 h post-match play is not long enough to completely restore homeostatic balance (e.g. muscle damage, physical and well-being status). The extent of the recovery period post-soccer game cannot consist of a 'one size fits all approach'. Additionally, the 'real match' (11 vs. 11 format) likely induces greater magnitudes of perceptual (DOMS) and biochemical alterations (e.g. muscle damage), while neuromuscular alterations were essentially similar. Overall, coaches must adjust the structure and content of the training sessions during the 72-h post-match intervention to effectively manage the training load within this time-frame.
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Physiological responses, fatigue and perception of female soccer players in small-sided games with different pitch size and sport surfaces. Biol Sport 2018; 35:291-299. [PMID: 30449947 PMCID: PMC6224843 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2018.77829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research was to evaluate the influence of game surface and pitch size on the physiological responses, jump performance and perceptions of sub-elite female soccer players playing four-a-side games. Sixteen sub-elite female soccer players were divided into four groups of four players each. Three small-sided games (SSGs; pitch size: 400 m2, 600 m2 and 800 m2) were played on three surfaces (dirt [DT], artificial turf [AT] and natural grass [NG]). Players' heart rate (HR) was monitored during each game. Before and after each SSG, participants performed two counter-movement jumps (CMJs) and answered a questionnaire based on visual analogue scales (VASs) to indicate their perception of the effort required on each surface. DT obtained lower outputs for most variables. In the SSG 600 mean HR was higher on NG than AT (+3.31 %HRmax; p = 0.029), but players' overall satisfaction with both surfaces was similar (p>0.05). The SSG 400 received the lowest ratings for most variables, whereas the SSG 600 resulted in higher mean HR than SSG 800 [NG (+9.14 b.p.m.; p = 0.001); AT (+7.32 b.p.m.; p = 0.014)]. No surface differences in CMJ performance were found. In conclusion, a higher internal load can be achieved on NG, whereas DT is not recommended for playing soccer. Moreover, the internal load on players in SSGs can be controlled by manipulating pitch size, but over-large pitches may entail a reduction in the physiological profile of female soccer players.
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16
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Physiological and Physical Responses According to the Game Surface in a Soccer Simulation Protocol. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:612-619. [PMID: 29283689 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent studies have shown that soccer players' responses are similar on natural grass (NG) and artificial turf (AT), but they did not control the mechanical properties of these surfaces. This work aimed to analyze the influence of the game surface on amateur soccer players' physical and physiological responses using a soccer simulation protocol. METHODS A total of 16 amateur players performed 3 bouts of the soccer simulation protocol on AT, and, on another day, 3 bouts on NG. The mechanical properties of both surfaces were recorded. The order of surfaces was randomly established for each participant. Physiological responses of players were assessed before and after the 6-repeated-sprints test existing at the midpoint of each bout. Fatigue (% best; % diff) and general variables (total time; best time, mean time; maximum speed) for both the repeated sprint test (RST) and the agility tests (nonlinear actions at maximum speed) incorporated into the soccer simulation protocol were also analyzed. RESULTS The 2 surfaces displayed different mechanical properties. Physical responses were found similar for both surfaces (P > .05) before and after the RST. There were no surface differences in sprint times or fatigue variables for the RST (P > .05). The agility test was faster on AT than on NG in bout 1 (average speed [+1.17 km/h;P = .037]; agility test cut time [-0.31 s; P = .027] and best time [-0.52 s; P = .042]). CONCLUSIONS The differences in the mechanical properties of the 2 surfaces are not sufficient to cause differences in the physiological and physical responses of soccer players, although they may affect turns and cuts.
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17
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Rago V, Silva JR, Brito J, Barreira D, Mohr M, Krustrup P, Rebelo AN. Switching between pitch surfaces: practical applications and future perspectives for soccer training. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2018; 59:510-519. [PMID: 29619795 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.18.08278-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Soccer training and completion is conventionally practiced on natural grass (NG) or artificial turf (AT). Recently, AT pitches for training/competition, and of unstable surfaces for injury prevention training has increased. Therefore, soccer players are frequently exposed to variations in pitch surface during either training or competition. These ground changes may impact physical and physiological responses, adaptations as well as the injury. The aim of this review was to summarize the acute physical and physiological responses, chronic adaptations, and injury risk associated with exercising on different pitch surfaces in soccer. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Eligible studies were published in English, had pitch surface as an independent variable, and had physical, physiological or epidemiological information as outcome variables. Specific data extracted from the articles included the training response, training adaptations or injury outcomes according to different pitch surfaces. A total of 224 studies were retrieved from a literature search. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Twenty articles met the inclusion criteria: 9 for acute physical and physiological responses, 2 for training adaptations and 9 for injury assessment. The literature lacks consistent evidence regarding the effects of pitch surface on performance and health outcomes in soccer players. However, it seems that occasionally switching training surfaces seems a valuable strategy for focusing on specific musculoskeletal queries and enhancing players' fitness. For instance, sand training may be occasionally proposed as complementary training strategy, given the recruitment of additional musculature probably not involved on firmer surfaces, but the possible training-induced adaptations of non-conventional soccer surfaces (e.g., sand) might potentially result into a negative transfer on AT or NG. CONCLUSIONS Since the specific physical demands of soccer can differ between surfaces, coaches should resort to the use of non-traditional surfaces with parsimony, emphasizing the specific surface-related motor tasks, normally observed on natural grass or artificial turf. Further studies are required to better understand the physiological effects induced by systematic surface-specific training, or switching between pitch surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Rago
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal - .,Unit of Health and Performance, Portuguese Football Federation, Lisbon, Portugal -
| | - João R Silva
- National Sports Medicine Programme Excellence in Football Project, Aspetar-Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - João Brito
- Unit of Health and Performance, Portuguese Football Federation, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Daniel Barreira
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Magni Mohr
- Center of Health Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Health Sciences Tórshavn, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands.,Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Center of Health and Human Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - António N Rebelo
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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18
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López-Fernández J, García-Unanue J, Sánchez-Sánchez J, León M, Hernando E, Gallardo L. Neuromuscular responses and physiological patterns during a soccer simulation protocol. Artificial turf versus natural grass. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2017; 58:1602-1610. [PMID: 28944649 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.17.07768-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Latest studies suggest similar performance of soccer players either on artificial turf (AT) or natural grass (NG). However, it is not clear if their muscular and physiological responses are also similar on both surfaces. This research aims to assess the influence of game surface on physiological patterns and neuromuscular responses of soccer players during a soccer simulation protocol (SSP) that incorporates repeated sprints and nonlinear actions at maximum speed. METHODS Sixteen amateur soccer players completed three bouts of the SSP on both AT and NG. The mechanical behaviour of both surfaces was recorded and the order was randomly established for each player. The physiological responses were measured during the SSP. A contra-movement jump and a tensiomyography analysis of the rectus femoris (RF) and biceps femoris (BF) were assessed right before and right after the SSP. RESULTS Both surfaces presented different mechanical properties. No differences among either surfaces or bouts were found for heart rate (HR) peak and HR mean (P>0.05). While the half-relaxation time of the RF on NG decreased after the SSP (right-leg: -44.430 ms; P=0.049; left-leg: -52.131 ms; P=0.008), the sustain time of the BF decreased after the SSP on AT (right-leg: +64.868 ms; P=0.007; left-leg: +87.564 ms; P<0.001). No differences between surfaces were found for the contra-movement jump. CONCLUSIONS The mechanical behaviour of both surfaces does not differ enough to cause different physiological and neuromuscular responses. Playing on AT should cause similar neuromuscular responses to NG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Manuel León
- IGOID Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Enrique Hernando
- IGOID Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Leonor Gallardo
- IGOID Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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Sánchez-Sánchez J, García-Unanue J, Felipe JL, Jiménez-Reyes P, Viejo-Romero D, Gómez-López M, Hernando E, Burillo P, Gallardo L. Physical and Physiological Responses of Amateur Football Players on Third-Generation Artificial Turf Systems During Simulated Game Situations. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:3165-3177. [PMID: 26982970 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sánchez-Sánchez, J, García-Unanue, J, Felipe, JL, Jiménez-Reyes, P, Viejo-Romero, D, Gómez-López, M, Hernando, E, Burillo, P, and Gallardo, L. Physical and physiological responses of amateur football players on third generation artificial turf systems during simulated game situations. J Strength Cond Res 30(11): 3165-3177, 2016-The aim of this study is to evaluate the physical and physiological load imposed on amateur football players in a simulated game situation on different artificial turf systems. For that purpose, 20 football players (21.65 ± 3.10 year old) were monitored with Global Positioning Systems and heart rate bands during 45-minutes games on 4 selected artificial turf systems. The results show more covered distance in high-intensity ranges on the system with lower levels of damping and higher rates of rotational traction (p ≤ 0.05). Likewise, this system of artificial turf demonstrated a high number of sprints (12.65 ± 5.67) and more elevated maximum speed peaks during the last part of the game (28.16 ± 2.90 km·h) in contrast to the systems with better damping capacity (p ≤ 0.05). On the other hand, the physiological load was similar across the 4 artificial turf systems (p > 0.05). Finally, the regression analysis demonstrated a significant influence of the mechanical properties of the surface on global distance (15.4%), number (12.6%), and maximum speed (16.6%) of the sprints. To conclude, the mechanical variability of the artificial turf systems resulted in differences in the activity profiles and the players' perceptions during simulated football games.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Sánchez-Sánchez
- 1Faculty of Sport, Catholic University San Antonio of Murcia, Murcia, Spain; 2IGOID Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain; 3School of Sport Sciences, European University, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain; and 4Sport Sciences Institute, Camilo José Cela University, Villafranca del Castillo, Madrid, Spain
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20
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Ubago-Guisado E, García-Unanue J, López-Fernández J, Sánchez-Sánchez J, Gallardo L. Association of different types of playing surfaces with bone mass in growing girls. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:1484-1492. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1223328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Bianco A, Spedicato M, Petrucci M, Messina G, Thomas E, Nese Sahin F, Paoli A, Palma A. A Prospective Analysis of the Injury Incidence of Young Male Professional Football Players on Artificial Turf. Asian J Sports Med 2016; 7:e28425. [PMID: 27217929 PMCID: PMC4870829 DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.28425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The effects of synthetic surfaces on the risk of injuries is still debated in literature and the majority of published data seems to be contradictory. For such reasons the understanding of injury incidence on such surfaces, especially in youth sport, is fundamental for injury prevention. Objectives: The aim of this study was to prospectively report the epidemiology of injuries in young football players, playing on artificial turfs, during a one sports season. Patients and Methods: 80 young male football players (age 16.1 ± 3.7 years; height 174 ± 6.6 cm; weight 64.2 ± 6.3 kg) were enrolled in a prospective cohort study. The participants were then divided in two groups; the first included players age ranging from 17 to 19 (OP) whereas the second included players age ranging from 13 to 16 (YP). Injury incidence was recorded prospectively, according to the consensus statement for soccer. Results: A total of 107 injuries (35 from the OP and 72 from the YP) were recorded during an exposure time of 83.760 hours (incidence 1.28/1000 per player hours); 22 during matches (incidence 2.84/1000 per player hours, 20.5%) and 85 during training (incidence 1.15/1000 per player hours, 79.5%). Thigh and groin were the most common injury locations (33.6% and 21.5%, respectively) while muscle injuries such as contractures and strains were the most common injury typologies (68.23%). No statistical differences between groups were displayed, except for the rate of severe injuries during matches, with the OP displaying slightly higher rates compared to the YP. Severe injuries accounted for 10.28% of the total injuries reported. The average time lost due to injuries was 14 days. Re-injuries accounted for 4.67% of all injuries sustained during the season. Conclusions: In professional youth soccer injury rates are reasonably low. Muscle injuries are the most common type of injuries while groin and thigh the most common locations. Artificial turf pitches don’t seem to contribute to injury incidence in young football players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Bianco
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Marco Petrucci
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- U.S. Città di Palermo Football Club, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Messina
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Postura Lab Research Institute, Palermo, Italy
| | - Ewan Thomas
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Corresponding author: Ewan Thomas, Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. Tel: +39-09123896910, Fax: +39-09123860894, E-mail:
| | - Fatma Nese Sahin
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Antonio Palma
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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No association between surface shifts and time-loss overuse injury risk in male professional football. J Sci Med Sport 2016; 19:218-221. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hůlka K, Weisser R, Bělka J, Háp P. Stability of internal response and external load during 4-a-side football game in an indoor environment. ACTA GYMNICA 2015. [DOI: 10.5507/ag.2015.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Stone KJ, Hughes MG, Stembridge MR, Meyers RW, Newcombe DJ, Oliver JL. The influence of playing surface on physiological and performance responses during and after soccer simulation. Eur J Sport Sci 2014; 16:42-9. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2014.984768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Sánchez-Sánchez J, García-Unanue J, Jiménez-Reyes P, Gallardo A, Burillo P, Felipe JL, Gallardo L. Influence of the mechanical properties of third-generation artificial turf systems on soccer players' physiological and physical performance and their perceptions. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111368. [PMID: 25354188 PMCID: PMC4213020 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research was to evaluate the influence of the mechanical properties of artificial turf systems on soccer players' performance. A battery of perceptive physiological and physical tests were developed on four different structural systems of artificial turf (System 1: Compacted gravel sub-base without elastic layer; System 2: Compacted gravel sub-base with elastic layer; System 3: Asphalt sub-base without elastic layer; System 4: Asphalt sub-base with elastic layer). The sample was composed of 18 soccer players (22.44±1.72 years) who typically train and compete on artificial turf. The artificial turf system with less rotational traction (S3) showed higher total time in the Repeated Sprint Ability test in comparison to the systems with intermediate values (49.46±1.75 s vs 47.55±1.82 s (S1) and 47.85±1.59 s (S2); p<0.001). The performance in jumping tests (countermovement jump and squat jump) and ball kicking to goal decreased after the RSA test in all surfaces assessed (p<0.05), since the artificial turf system did not affect performance deterioration (p>0.05). The physiological load was similar in all four artificial turf systems. However, players felt more comfortable on the harder and more rigid system (S4; visual analogue scale = 70.83±14.28) than on the softer artificial turf system (S2; visual analogue scale = 54.24±19.63). The lineal regression analysis revealed a significant influence of the mechanical properties of the surface of 16.5%, 15.8% and 7.1% on the mean time of the sprint, the best sprint time and the maximum mean speed in the RSA test respectively. Results suggest a mechanical heterogeneity between the systems of artificial turf which generate differences in the physical performance and in the soccer players' perceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Sánchez-Sánchez
- School of Sport Sciences, UCAM, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
- IGOID Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Pedro Jiménez-Reyes
- School of Sport Sciences, UCAM, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana Gallardo
- School of Sport Sciences, UCAM, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pablo Burillo
- IGOID Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- Sport Sciences Institute, Camilo José Cela University, Villafranca del Castillo, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Felipe
- IGOID Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- School of Sport Sciences, European University, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leonor Gallardo
- IGOID Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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A Meta-Analysis of Soccer Injuries on Artificial Turf and Natural Grass. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 2013:380523. [PMID: 26464877 PMCID: PMC4590909 DOI: 10.1155/2013/380523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this investigation was to determine if playing or training on third-generation artificial turf (AT) surfaces increases the incidence rate of injuries compared to natural grass (NG) surfaces. This was accomplished by a meta-analysis performed on previously published research. Eight studies met the criteria of competitive soccer players, participation on both surfaces, and presentation of both exposure time and injury occurrence. Exposure time and injury incidence values were used to generate injury rate ratios (IRRs, AT/NG) for all injuries as well as specific injuries. Subgroup analyses were also performed by condition (match or training), gender, and age (youth or adult). The overall IRR was 0.86 (P < 0.05) suggesting a lower injury risk on AT than NG. However, there was considerable heterogeneity between studies. Analyses of individual injuries and subgroups found that in many cases IRR values were significantly less than 1.0. In no case was the IRR significantly greater than 1.0. Based on this, it appears that the risk of sustaining an injury on AT under some conditions might be lowered compared to NG. However, until more is known about how issues such as altered playing styles affect injury incidence, it is difficult to make firm conclusions regarding the influence of AT on player safety.
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