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Gomes R, Mendes R, Ferreira A, Mendes R, Dias G, Martins F. Physical and Physiological Demands of Amateur Portuguese Field and Assistant Football Referees. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:133. [PMID: 38787002 PMCID: PMC11126070 DOI: 10.3390/sports12050133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Referees are crucial elements in football, and they must meet the physical and physiological demands each match poses to them. The aim is to analyse the physical and physiological demands of amateur referees in games at the regional level (4th division), examining the differences between the first and second halves and between assistant (age: 25.10 ± 4.97) and main referees (age: 25.65 ± 5.12). A total of 29 matches were analysed with GPS devices, and internal and external load metrics were analysed. Overall, main referees, due to their central role in game management, showed higher levels of physical and physiological load than assistant referees, with more high-intensity activities, greater distance covered and higher heart rate. The results also revealed that there were no differences between the halves for total distance covered for either the main or assistant referees. However, the main referees covered a greater distance in high-intensity running during the first half (p = 0.05; d = 0.389). These findings emphasise the importance of tailored training protocols to enhance performance and reduce fatigue-related errors, highlighting the significance of endurance, high-intensity running ability, and strategies to manage transient fatigue in referee preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Gomes
- Applied Research Unit in Sport Sciences, Coimbra Education School, 3030-329 Coimbra, Portugal; (R.M.); (R.M.); (G.D.); (F.M.)
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Education School, 3030-329 Coimbra, Portugal;
- SPRINT Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, 3030-329 Coimbra, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações (IT), Delegação da Covilhã, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3040-256 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Mendes
- Applied Research Unit in Sport Sciences, Coimbra Education School, 3030-329 Coimbra, Portugal; (R.M.); (R.M.); (G.D.); (F.M.)
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Education School, 3030-329 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Amaro Ferreira
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Education School, 3030-329 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Football Association of Coimbra, 3030-330 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui Mendes
- Applied Research Unit in Sport Sciences, Coimbra Education School, 3030-329 Coimbra, Portugal; (R.M.); (R.M.); (G.D.); (F.M.)
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Education School, 3030-329 Coimbra, Portugal;
- SPRINT Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, 3030-329 Coimbra, Portugal
- Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3040-256 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Dias
- Applied Research Unit in Sport Sciences, Coimbra Education School, 3030-329 Coimbra, Portugal; (R.M.); (R.M.); (G.D.); (F.M.)
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Education School, 3030-329 Coimbra, Portugal;
- SPRINT Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, 3030-329 Coimbra, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações (IT), Delegação da Covilhã, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3040-256 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fernando Martins
- Applied Research Unit in Sport Sciences, Coimbra Education School, 3030-329 Coimbra, Portugal; (R.M.); (R.M.); (G.D.); (F.M.)
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Education School, 3030-329 Coimbra, Portugal;
- SPRINT Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, 3030-329 Coimbra, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações (IT), Delegação da Covilhã, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
- InED—Centre for Research and Innovation in Education, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, 3030-329 Coimbra, Portugal
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Henríquez M, Ozaeta E, Castillo D, Reina R, Cornejo MI, Iturricastillo A, Arthur-Banning S, Yanci J. Assessing the Match Physical Responses of International Referees for Footballers with Cerebral Palsy: A Tournaments and Halves Comparative Analysis. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1595. [PMID: 38475129 DOI: 10.3390/s24051595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Similar to conventional football, the modality dedicated to footballers with cerebral palsy (CP) requires referees who cope with the physical demands imposed during competitive matches to apply the rules of the game. While a significant body of research has explored the physical demands on referees in mainstream football, there is a noticeable lack of data regarding CP football. This study aimed to examine the physical response of international referees participating in different levels of world competitions for footballers with CP. Thirteen international referees, who officiated 49 matches in the men's 2022 World Cup (1st to 15th ranked teams) and 2022 World Championships (16th to 30th ranked teams), participated in this study. A cross-sectional design was used to determine the physical responses and compare the 1st and 2nd halves and the performance in the different tournaments, recording physical variables throughout the matches. Significant higher physical responses were observed in the World Cup in comparison to the World Championship. Overall, high-level tournaments have been shown to elicit more intense physical responses from referees officiating CP football matches compared to lower-level tournaments. For the World Cup, a significantly higher number of accelerations and decelerations were registered in the 1st half compared to the 2nd half. This information may be useful for the strength and conditioning coaches of referees to plan weekly training sessions more specifically and adjust the periodical training load and post-match recovery protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Henríquez
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Odontología y Ciencias de la Rehabilitación, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago 8380000, Chile
| | - Eñaut Ozaeta
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Daniel Castillo
- Valoración del Rendimiento Deportivo, Actividad Física y Salud, y Lesiones Deportivas (REDAFLED), Faculty of Education, University of Valladolid, 42004 Soria, Spain
| | - Raúl Reina
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | | | - Aitor Iturricastillo
- Sports and Physical Exercise Research Group (GIKAFIT), Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Skye Arthur-Banning
- Department of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism Management, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Javier Yanci
- Sports and Physical Exercise Research Group (GIKAFIT), Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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Martinho DV, Field A, Rebelo A, Gouveia ÉR, Sarmento H. A Systematic Review of the Physical, Physiological, Nutritional and Anthropometric Profiles of Soccer Referees. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:72. [PMID: 37561241 PMCID: PMC10415246 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00610-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of soccer referees is widely accepted by international soccer organizations and governing bodies, although there is little research summarizing and appraising the literature on soccer referees. The aim of this study was to systematically review the information related to physical demands, nutrition and physiological profiling of soccer referees. METHODS Conforming with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, searches of three electronic databases (Web of Sciences, PubMed and Scopus) were conducted on 24 April 2022. The following search terms were used: (Soccer OR football AND refer*) AND (physical OR physiolo* OR load* OR "body composition" OR "fat mass" OR "fat free mass" OR "body size" OR "nutrition*" OR "nutritional assessment" OR "nutritional intake" OR "macronutrient*" OR "micronutrient*"). The inclusion criteria of the manuscripts written in English were that articles with male and/or female soccer referees and included relevant data concerning performance, physical testing, nutrition, body composition, body size and/or physiology of soccer referees. The tools developed by the National Institute of Health were used to assess risk of bias according to the study design. RESULTS In total, 110 manuscripts were included in the present review. Match activities of soccer referees and assistant referees are not comparable. Variation in performance is influenced by competitive level and competitive schedules. Additionally, match performance is often used to validate field protocols. The associations between match indicators and field protocols were not constant across the included studies, particularly in short-maximal tests. An age decline in physical performance was not conclusive. Body size did not discriminate between referees and assistant referees, as well as referees of different competitive levels. Few studies focused on nutritional guidelines among referees, particularly exercise energy expenditure. Energy intake was comparable across studies, but referees did not follow the daily dietary recommendations. Aerobic output was frequently assessed, and it was not comparable to the values for soccer players. CONCLUSIONS Although there are decreases in the running profiles of older referees, they maintain the same distances from the ball, and thus, age per se should not be used to define participation at the international level. The assessment of physical fitness warrants future consideration given the levels of fatigue that are apparent at the end of matches. In order to attain ideal levels of body composition, future studies need to provide guidelines for daily energy expenditure and nutritional intake. TRIAL REGISTRATION The protocol was published in INPLASY (International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols) with the registration number 202280052 and https://doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.8.005 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo V Martinho
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Laboratory of Robotics and Engineering Systems, Interactive Technologies Institute, Funchal, Portugal.
| | - Adam Field
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - André Rebelo
- CIDEFES, Centro de Investigação em Desporto, Educação Física e Exercício e Saúde, Universidade Lusófona, Lisbon, Portugal
- COD, Center of Sports Optimization, Sporting Clube de Portugal, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Élvio R Gouveia
- Laboratory of Robotics and Engineering Systems, Interactive Technologies Institute, Funchal, Portugal
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
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Martin-Sanchez ML, Oliva-Lozano JM, Garcia-Unanue J, Felipe JL, Moreno-Pérez V, Gallardo L, Sánchez-Sánchez J. Physical demands in Spanish male and female elite football referees during the competition: a prospective observational study. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2022; 6:566-571. [PMID: 36342831 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2022.2145015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyze the physical demands of elite male and female field referees in match play and compare the physical demands between male and female football referees in the competition. METHODS Match data were collected from 36 elite football referees (19 males and 17 females) during a total of 409 football matches. Electronic performance and tracking systems based on global positioning systems (GPS) were used in this research. RESULTS Male referees experienced significantly greater physical demands (p < 0.05) in men league than female referees in women league for total distance, explosive distance, high-intensity breaking distance, total of sprints, sprinting distance, high-speed running distance, high-speed running actions, maximal speed, total of accelerations and decelerations, maximal acceleration and deceleration, acceleration/deceleration. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, strength and conditioning coaches should consider these gender differences in match demands to maximize the fitness-fatigue response of the referees since this may lead to a better performance during the decision-making process in the competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Martin-Sanchez
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,IGOID Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | | | - Jorge Garcia-Unanue
- IGOID Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Felipe
- IGOID Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Víctor Moreno-Pérez
- Sport Research Center, Miguel - Hernandez University of Elche, Alicante, Spain.,Center for Translational Research in Physiotherapy, Department of Pathology and Surgery, Miguel - Hernandez University of Elche, San Joan, Spain
| | - Leonor Gallardo
- IGOID Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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Jiang J, Ge H, Du L, Gomez MA, Gong B, Cui Y. Impact of Match Type and Match Halves on Referees' Physical Performance and Decision-Making Distance in Chinese Football Super League. Front Psychol 2022; 13:864957. [PMID: 35615178 PMCID: PMC9125187 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.864957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore how Chinese Football Super League (CSL) referees' physical performance and decision-making distance varied according to match type and match halves. Data from 107 matches played by top-4 ranked and bottom-4 ranked teams during 2018-2019 CSL seasons were collected. Level of matches was classified into three groups: (a) upper-ranked (top-4) teams against top-4 teams, (b) top-4 teams against lower-ranked teams (bottom-4), and (c) bottom-4 teams against bottom-4 teams. Two-way ANOVA and Scheirer-Ray-Hare test were used to examine the statistical differences of referees' physical and spatial related distance variables among different match levels and halves. The Euclidean distance to the ball at the following three variables were statistically different among three match types: clearance (p = 0.03,E R 2 = 0.03), running with the ball (p = 0.01,E R 2 = 0.04), and shot off target (p = 0.04,E R 2 = 0.03). In addition, referees' distance to the ball at three events were statistically different between both match halves: pass (p < 0.001, r = 0.69), reception (p < 0.001, r = 0.76), and running with the ball (p < 0.001, r = 0.77). The total running distance was statistically different between both match halves (p = 0.001, d = 0.05). The findings indicated that although CSL referees showed little difference in physical performance when officiating matches of three competitive levels and two halves, distinct rhythms of competitions determined that they needed to adjust running strategies to maintain proper distance to the ball. This study implied that the CSL referees' match performance was affected by the teams' style of play and match status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinying Jiang
- School of Sports Engineering, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Huanmin Ge
- School of Sports Engineering, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Lida Du
- China Football College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- National Team Administration Department, Chinese Football Association, Beijing, China
| | - Miguel-Angel Gomez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bingnan Gong
- Institute of Physical Education and Training, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | - Yixiong Cui
- School of Sports Engineering, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- AI Sports Engineering Lab, School of Sports Engineering, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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Muscella A, My G, Okba S, Zangla D, Bianco A, Marsigliante S. Effects of training on plasmatic cortisol and testosterone in football female referees. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15291. [PMID: 35510312 PMCID: PMC9069163 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There is very little about the impact that sports training has on female football referees. Therefore, we determined the effects of a 40-week physical preparation, including a full football season, on plasma testosterone and cortisol concentrations and physical performance in female football referees. Plasma cortisol and testosterone concentrations were assayed together with fitness tests at the beginning of the training period (T0, in September), after 8 weeks from T0 (T1), at the mid of the season (T2, 24 weeks after T0), and at the end of the season (T3, in June, 40 weeks after T0). Plasma cortisol increased during the first period and up to T2 (from 15.4 ± 4.7 to 28.5 ± 3.9 µg/dl; p < 0.001), and then decreased at the end of the season (T3: 16.0 ± 2.4 µg/dl). Plasma testosterone concentration in T0 was 14.2±0.37 µg/dl and increased in T1 (57.1 ± 3.7 µg/dl) and T2 (47 ± 3.7 µg/dl) and then decreased in T3 (33.5 ± 2.8 µg/dl). Resting testosterone levels in women were very low (14,2 ± 0.37 µg/dl) (Figure 3c). Testosterone increased in T1 (57.1 ± 3.7 µg/dl) and T2 (47 ± 3.7 µg/dl) whilst, at the end of the season, its concentration decreased (33.5 ± 2.8 µg/dl) (Figure 3c). Significant improvements were observed in all physical performances during the observed period (ANOVA, p < 0.05). Finally, testosterone and cortisol concentrations significantly (p < 0.0001 for both) correlated with maximal oxygen consumption. In T1, testosterone concentration was also significantly correlated with running speed test (p < 0.001). In conclusion, training induces endocrine changes in order to maintain body homeostasis in women referees. It is important that coaches and sports scientists regularly observe changes in endocrine function induced by training and matches in female referees, because they can help maximize referees' performance and limit cases of overtraining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Muscella
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.)University of SalentoLecceItaly
| | - Giulia My
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.)University of SalentoLecceItaly
| | - Selmi Okba
- Higher Institute of Sports and Physical Education of KefUniversity of JendoubaJendoubaTunisia
| | - Daniele Zangla
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research UnitDepartment of Psychology, Educational Science and Human MovementUniversity of PalermoPalermoItaly
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research UnitDepartment of Psychology, Educational Science and Human MovementUniversity of PalermoPalermoItaly
| | - Santo Marsigliante
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.)University of SalentoLecceItaly
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Match Physical and Physiological Response of Amateur Soccer Referees: A Comparison between Halves and Match Periods. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031306. [PMID: 35162329 PMCID: PMC8835143 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to examine the differences in the external and internal load in amateur match officials between the 1st and 2nd half and among different 15 min periods. Twenty-three field referees (FRs) and 46 assistant referees (ARs) from the Spanish División de Honor participated in this study. Match external and internal loads were monitored showing that FRs recorded a lower Powermean, Speedmean, Cadencemean and Stiffnessmean (p < 0.05; d = 0.52 to 0.57) during the 2nd half and they also recorded a lower HRmean, and HRpeak, and spent less time in zone 5 (p < 0.05; d = 0.50 to 0.62). The FRs’ match load decreased during the match but they performed higher Powermean and covered more distance in the last 15 min of the match (p < 0.01; d = 0.87 to 4.28). The ARs external load did not show significant variations between halves, but ARs recorded a lower HRmean and spent less time in zone 5 (p < 0.01; d = 0.41 to 0.63), and the highest values of Powermean, Speedmean, Cadencemean and Vertical oscillationmean during the first 15 min of the match (p < 0.05; d = 0.45 to 0.75). The highest values of HRmean and distance covered were in the 0–15 min period. Results suggest that match load decreases as the match progresses because of the neuromuscular fatigue but increases in the last 15 min.
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Senécal I, Howarth SJ, Wells GD, Raymond I, Mior S. The Impact of Moderate and High Intensity Cardiovascular Exertion on Sub-Elite Soccer Referee's Cognitive Performance: A Lab-Based Study. J Sports Sci Med 2021; 20:618-625. [PMID: 35321134 PMCID: PMC8488827 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2021.618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Soccer referees represent a specialized population who are required to perform decisional or perceptual tasks during physical exertion. Recent studies have demonstrated that submaximal acute exercise has a positive impact on cognitive performance. However, less is known about the impact of more strenuous exertion on cognitive performance. This study assessed the effect of moderate and maximal intensity exercise exertion on a cognitive performance in sub-elite soccer referees. Twelve experienced soccer referees (4 female, 8 male) were recruited. Data were collected on 2 separate days. Baseline fitness level was assessed by a standardized aerobic capacity test (VO2max Test) on Day 1, along with practice trials of the Stroop Color Word Test (Stroop Test) for evaluating cognitive performance. On Day 2, cognitive performance was assessed before, during, and after an incremental intensity exercise protocol based on the Fédération International de Football Association (FIFA) referee fitness test. Relative to results obtained at rest performance on the Stroop Test improved at moderate exertion and at maximal exertion during the modified FIFA fitness test (F = 18.97, p = .005). Mean time to completion (in seconds) of the interference Stroop task significantly improved (p < .05) between rest and moderate exertion [-3.0 ± 3.0 seconds] and between rest and maximal exertion [-4.8 ± 2.6 seconds]. In summary, we observed that cognitive performance was found to improve when sub-elite soccer referees performed moderate and maximal exercise relative to results obtained at rest. It is possible that referees focus their attention to improve goal-oriented processing in the brain during physical exertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Senécal
- Division of Research and Innovation, Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Canada
| | - Samuel J Howarth
- Division of Research and Innovation, Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Canada
| | - Greg D Wells
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, The University of Toronto & Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Canada
| | | | - Silvano Mior
- Division of Research and Innovation, Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Canada
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Castillo D, Rodríguez-Fernández A, Nakamura FY, Sanchez-Sanchez J, Ramirez-Campillo R, Yanci J, Zubillaga A, Raya-González J. Influence of Different Small-Sided Game Formats on Physical and Physiological Demands and Physical Performance in Young Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2287-2293. [PMID: 30908372 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Castillo, D, Rodríguez-Fernández, A, Nakamura, FY, Sanchez-Sanchez, J, Ramirez-Campillo, R, Yanci, J, Zubillaga, A, and Raya-González, J. Influence of different small-sided game formats on physical and physiological demands and physical performance in young soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 35(8): 2287-2293, 2021-The aim of this study was to quantify the acute impact of bout duration and individual interaction space on physical and physiological demands and on physical performance. Ten young male soccer players (age: 14.8 ± 0.6 years) from the same team playing in the National U-16 Division participated. Physical (total distance [TD]; distance covered at different speeds; and maximum velocity [Velmax]) and physiological (peak [HRpeak] and mean [HRmean] heart rate) parameters were collected for every bout during each small-sided game (SSG) format. Moreover, the effects of SSGs on horizontal jump (HJ) and 30-m sprint performances were evaluated. The SSG formats were composed of 6 players a side (including goalkeepers) and included 4 repetitions of 6 minutes in a space of 100 m2 (SSG1) or 200 m2 (SSG2) and 6 repetitions of 4 minutes in 100 m2 (SSG3) or 200 m2 (SSG4). The TD, the distance covered at different speeds, and Velmax were greater (p < 0.01, effect size [ES] = 1.25-5.95, large) in SSG2 and SSG4 than SSG1 and SSG3, respectively. Furthermore, the HRmean and HRpeak were lower (p < 0.05, ES = 1.53-2.23, large) during SSG3 than other SSGs. In addition, while a significant (p < 0.05, ES = 0.70-2.04, moderate to large) increase in SPR30 time in SSG1 and SSG3 was observed, HJ performance was not affected (p > 0.05, ES = 0.03-0.54, trivial to moderate) by any SSG format. These findings suggest increasing pitch size to induce greater physical demands and to use SSGs with smaller pitch size, and independently of the bout duration, to induce neuromuscular fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Castillo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Isabel I, Burgos, Spain
| | | | - Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Pescara, Italy
- The College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education UPE/UFPB, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Javier Sanchez-Sanchez
- Research Group Planning and Assessment of Training and Athletic Performance, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Laboratory of Human Performance, Quality of Life and Wellness Research Group, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile ; and
| | - Javier Yanci
- Physical Education and Sport Department, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Asier Zubillaga
- Physical Education and Sport Department, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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Muscella A, Stefàno E, Marsigliante S. The effects of training on hormonal concentrations and physical performance of football referees. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14740. [PMID: 33932110 PMCID: PMC8087984 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
As no study has explored the impact of physical stress on hypothalamic‐pituitary‐gonadal axis hormones over a long period, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of the football season period on plasma cortisol and testosterone concentrations and referee's physical performances. Physical tests and plasma cortisol and testosterone concentrations were assayed before the beginning of the training period, just after the training period, at the middle of the season, and at the end of the season, in 29 male football referees and 30 healthy control subjects. Results showed significant differences in hormone concentrations at the four‐time points evaluated. Plasma cortisol increased during the first training period from 15.8 ± 3.8 to 21.7 ± 5.1 µg/dl (p < 0.001), then decreased during the season and at the end of it was 18.7 ± 2.4 µg/dl. Before the beginning of the training period, plasma testosterone concentration was 386.1 ± 58.8 ng/dl; after the training period, it increased to 572.2 ± 88.1 ng/dl (p < 0.001) and then returned to baseline levels at the end of the season. Between the start of the training period and the end of the season, significant differences were observed in physical performances of referees. Plasma cortisol and testosterone levels significantly (p < 0.0001 for both) correlated with Yo‐Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (YYIRT1) and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) at the end of the training period. In the middle season, plasma testosterone concentration only significantly (p < 0.0001) correlated with YYIRT1 and VO2max. These data underline the importance of set up training protocols that present the prospective to favor positive physiological adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Muscella
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Erika Stefàno
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Santo Marsigliante
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
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Ozaeta E, Yanci J, Castagna C, Romaratezabala E, Castillo D. Associations between Well-Being State and Match External and Internal Load in Amateur Referees. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18063322. [PMID: 33807032 PMCID: PMC8004619 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18063322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The main aim of this paper was to examine the association between prematch well-being status with match internal and external load in field (FR) and assistant (AR) soccer referees. Twenty-three FR and 46 AR participated in this study. The well-being state was assessed using the Hooper Scale and the match external and internal loads were monitored with Stryd Power Meter and heart monitors. While no significant differences were found in Hooper indices between match officials, FR registered higher external loads (p < 0.01; ES: 0.75 to 5.78), spent more time in zone 4 and zone 5, and recorded a greater training impulse (TRIMP) value (p < 0.01; ES: 1.35 to 1.62) than AR. Generally, no associations were found between the well-being variables and external loads for FR and AR. Additionally, no associations were found between the Hooper indices and internal loads for FR and AR. However, several relationships with different magnitudes were found between internal and external match loads, for FR, between power and speed with time spent in zone 2 (p < 0.05; r = -0.43), ground contact time with zone 2 and zone 3 (p < 0.05; r = 0.50 to 0.60) and power, speed, cadence and ground contact time correlated with time spent in zone 5 and TRIMP (p < 0.05 to 0.01; r = 0.42 to 0.64). Additionally, for AR, a relationship between speed and time in zone 1 was found (p < 0.05; r = -0.30; CL = 0.22). These results suggest that initial well-being state is not related to match officials' performances during match play. In addition, the Stryd Power Meter can be a useful device to calculate the external load on soccer match officials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eñaut Ozaeta
- Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain;
| | - Javier Yanci
- Society, Sports and Physical Exercise Research Group (GIKAFIT), Physical Education and Sport Department, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Science, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-945013529
| | - Carlo Castagna
- Football Training and Biomechanics Laboratory, Technical Department, Italian Football Federation (FIGC), 50135 Florence, Italy;
| | - Estibaliz Romaratezabala
- Society, Sports and Physical Exercise Research Group (GIKAFIT), Physical Education and Sport Department, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Science, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain;
| | - Daniel Castillo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Isabel I, 09003 Burgos, Spain;
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Serrano C, Sánchez-Sánchez J, Felipe JL, Hernando E, Gallardo L, Garcia-Unanue J. Physical Demands in Elite Futsal Referees During Spanish Futsal Cup. Front Psychol 2021; 12:625154. [PMID: 33551943 PMCID: PMC7862323 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.625154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In futsal there are two referees on the playing court and their capacity to respond to physical and physiological demands imposed during the game is essential for the success. The futsal characteristics such as size pitch, referees position and rules of games or type of league could impose specific physical efforts probably. The aim of this study were to analyze the physical demands of eight elite referees (age 40 ± 3.43 years; height 1.80 ± 0.03 m; weight 72.84 ± 4.01 kg) from seven matches of Spanish Futsal Cup 2020. The physical activity of each referee during the match was monitored with a Local Positioning System, which was installed on futsal pitch where the matches were played. The data differences were evaluated as Paired-Samples T-Test procedure. The results revealed a similar total distance between halves (2888.39 vs. 2831.51 m). The zone 3 distance (15.1–18 km⋅h–1) showed a significative decrease (p < 0.05) during the match in comparison to the first and second halves (−24.48 m; CI95%: −9.54 to −39.42; ES: 0.56). The number of high-intensity acceleration (−10.29; CI95%; 3.71–16.86; ES: 0.92) and deceleration (−24.86; CI95%; 11.59–38.12; ES: 0.99) decreased in the second half of the match (p < 0.05). Therefore, the use of the tracking device to monitoring physical performance provides knowledge of the specific activity profile from futsal referees. This information to can be useful to design more accurate the training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Serrano
- IGOID Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | | | - Jose Luis Felipe
- School of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Hernando
- IGOID Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Leonor Gallardo
- IGOID Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Jorge Garcia-Unanue
- IGOID Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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P McEwan G, Unnithan V, Easton C, Arthur R. Development and validation of the Referee Training Activity Questionnaire (RTAQ): Towards a better understanding of the training practices of soccer officials. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:2782-2793. [PMID: 32772630 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1800371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To develop and assess the validity of the Referee Training Activity Questionnaire (RTAQ), a systematic process was employed: 1) item generation; 2) assessments of content and face validity; and 3) assessments of criterion validity. In stage 1, items were generated following semi-structured interviews with an expert panel (n = 8). Following content analyses, the RTAQ was developed and comprised 3 primary sections (12 sub-sections) assessing: 1) attributes perceived to underpin soccer officiating performance; 2) general training information; and 3) specific training practices. In stage 2, the preliminary RTAQ was assessed for content and face validity by a sample of experts (n = 6). Based upon the content validity index (CVI), content validity was confirmed for 8 sub-sections (CVI ≥ 0.78) with 5 sub-sections being deemed invalid (CVI < 0.78). Various amendments were carried out in accordance with participant feedback. In stage 3, the RTAQ was completed by a cohort of officials (n = 25) who subsequently recorded a detailed training diary. Negligible mean biases, wide 95% LOA, and significant Pearson correlations were observed between the RTAQ and training diaries for most training activities, suggesting the RTAQ holds promise as a useful and effective alternative of acquiring insight into the training practices of soccer officials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary P McEwan
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland , Glasgow, UK
| | - Viswanath Unnithan
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland , Glasgow, UK
| | - Chris Easton
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland , Glasgow, UK
| | - Rosemary Arthur
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland , Glasgow, UK
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Muscella A, Stefàno E, Di Maglie A, Marsigliante S. Referees' physical performance over a soccer season. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-020-00655-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Internal and External Demands in Basketball Referees during the U-16 European Women's Championship. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16183421. [PMID: 31540097 PMCID: PMC6765851 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16183421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: The use of advanced technology to study the energy demands of sport participants during actual sport competition is an important current research direction. The purpose of this study was to identify the physiological, internal, and external demands placed on basketball referees using ultra-wideband (UWB) technology, in relation to the period of the game. (2) Methods: The sample was comprised of nine international referees, and the data collection took place during the Women’s EuroBasket Sub-16 championship. Internal and external load were assessed through the inertial device WIMU PROTM, using UWB technology in order to quantify the effort exerted by each referee. The internal load was examined in relation to each individual’s heart rate (HR). The external load included the kinematic variables accelerations (Acc), decelerations (Dec), Acc/min, Dec/min, distance covered, steps, maximum speed (Vmax), average speed (Vavg), and speed zones, as well as the neuromuscular variables impacts (Imp), PlayerLoadTM (PLTM), PLTM/min, Metabolic Power (PMet), and PMet/min. (3) Results: The results exposed that referees work around 62% HRmax and spend more than 80% of the match at intensities between 0–12 km/h. The first period was the period in which the greatest work demand was experienced in relation to these neuromuscular outcomes (11.92 PL; 3.61 Met; 277 Impacts). The results revealed a diminishment of internal and external demands on the referees over the course of the game. (4) Conclusions: The results highlight the importance of monitoring and quantifying the workload of basketball officials, because doing so would allow for the establishment of individualized performance profiles that could be designed with the purpose of benefiting referee performance during games. The use of inertial devices allows for the objective quantification of referee workload under competitive circumstances.
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Castillo D, Pérez-González B, Raya-González J, Fernández-Luna Á, Burillo P, Lago-Rodríguez Á. Selection and promotion processes are not associated by the relative age effect in an elite Spanish soccer academy. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219945. [PMID: 31339926 PMCID: PMC6656415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of the relative age effect (RAE) on the selection and promotion processes in an elite soccer academy. One hundred and eleven elite youth players who belonged to an elite soccer club from the Spanish "La Liga" participated in this study. Players were classified into three age-categories: under 14 years (U14), under 16 years (U16) and under 18 years (U18); and they were also classified in quartiles based on their date of birth (i.e., January-March, Q1; April-June, Q2; July-September, Q3; October-December, Q4). In addition, two further classification criteria were established based on the selection (i.e., selected and non-selected players) and promotion (i.e., promoted and non-promoted players) processes. The main results showed that in U14 and U16 age-categories, players born early in the year were over-represented compared to players born late in the year, although birth-distribution was not associated with the likelihood of a player to be selected or promoted. In addition, less fat in sum skinfolds, less percentage of fat, higher percentage of muscle and lower endomorphy and mesomorphy components were showed in U14 selected players, in comparison with non-selected players. Likewise, better sprint performance was found in U16 selected players versus non-selected ones. However, no significant differences on anthropometry, body composition, somatotype and physical performance were found between promoted and non-promoted players. Therefore, our results suggest there is need for coaches to reorient their talent identification programs in order to make sure that players selected to continue playing in the club have the potential to promote to the excellence in soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Castillo
- Universidad Isabel I. Faculty of Health Sciences, Burgos, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Pablo Burillo
- Universidad Europea de Madrid, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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17
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Castillo D, Raya-González J, Manuel Clemente F, Yanci J. The influence of youth soccer players' sprint performance on the different sided games' external load using GPS devices. Res Sports Med 2019; 28:194-205. [PMID: 31307236 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2019.1643726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study are 1) to compare sided games' (SGs) external responses encountered by players according to pitch size and to 2) examine the relationships between sprint performance and SGs' external physical responses. Twenty soccer players under 15 years of age (U-15) participated in this study. Each player performed a sprinting test (10 m and 30 m sprints) and played a SG on two different pitch sizes (small at 100 [SSG] and large at 200 [LSG] m2 per player). Higher external responses (p < 0.01, ES = -6.41-1.22) were found in LSG in comparison to SSG, except to distance accelerating and decelerating (p > 0.05, ES = -0.26-0.27). Players who were faster over 10 and 30 m covered higher distances cruising and sprinting (r = -0.47/-0.66; ± 0.23/± 0.30, respectively, p < 0.05), performed a greater number of sprints, achieved higher maximum velocity (Velmax) during LSG and covered a greater distance at high-intensity accelerating (r = -0.50/-0.70; ±0.21/±0.29, respectively, p < 0.05) during both SG. LSG demanded a higher external load in comparison with SSG. In addition, the improved sprint capacity could allow players to perform greater running activities and short-term actions at high-intensities during SG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Castillo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Isabel I, Burgos, Spain
| | | | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Sports Sciences Department, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer, Melgaço, Portugal
| | - Javier Yanci
- Physical Education and Sport Department, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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18
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Yanci J, Castillo D, Iturricastillo A, Reina R. Evaluation of the Official Match External Load in Soccer Players With Cerebral Palsy. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:866-873. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Castillo D, Cámara J, Lozano D, Berzosa C, Yanci J. The association between physical performance and match-play activities of field and assistants soccer referees. Res Sports Med 2018; 27:283-297. [PMID: 30343591 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2018.1534117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to compare the external and internal match responses and fitness performance of national field referees (FRs) and assistant referees (ARs), and to examine the relationships between these fitness measures and physical and physiological responses during match play. Forty-four national soccer match officials (e.g. FRs and ARs) participated in this study. The distance covered and the VO2max in Yo-Yo Intermittent recovery test (YYIR1) and the 30 m sprint test correlated with high speed and high intensity activities during match play in FRs (r = -0.48-0.63, moderate to large, very likely to most likely, p < 0.05). In addition, YYIR1 performance was related to high accelerations (r = 0.41, moderate, likely, p < 0.05) and high decelerations (r = 0.44, moderate, very likely, p < 0.05) for FRs. Better sprint and cardiovascular fitness could be relevant to the performance of FRs during match play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Castillo
- a Faculty of Health Sciences , University Isabel I , Burgos , Spain
| | - Jesús Cámara
- b Physical Education and Sport Department, Faculty of Education and Sport , University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU , Vitoria-Gasteiz , Spain
| | - Demetrio Lozano
- c Valora Research Group, Health Sciences Faculty , Universidad San Jorge , Villanueva de Gállego , Spain
| | - César Berzosa
- c Valora Research Group, Health Sciences Faculty , Universidad San Jorge , Villanueva de Gállego , Spain
| | - Javier Yanci
- b Physical Education and Sport Department, Faculty of Education and Sport , University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU , Vitoria-Gasteiz , Spain
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Castillo D, Castagna C, Cámara J, Iturricastillo A, Yanci J. Influence of Team's Rank on Soccer Referees' External and Internal Match Loads During Official Matches. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:1715-1722. [PMID: 29786628 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Castillo, D, Castagna, C, Cámara, J, Iturricastillo, A, and Yanci, J. Influence of team's rank on soccer referees' external and internal match loads during official matches. J Strength Cond Res 32(6): 1715-1722, 2018-The aim was to examine the external and the internal match loads (ML) of field referees (FRs) attending teams of different ranking during championship matches. Twenty FR who officiated in 30 official soccer matches (30 observations) participated in our study. The criteria for allocating the soccer referees' ML results were based on the teams' final league positions as follows: matches performed by Top 10 teams (TOP10), matches performed by bottom 10 teams (BOT10), and matches played among TOP10 and BOT10 teams (MIXED). External (match activities, accelerations [Acc], and decelerations [Dec]) and internal MLs (Edwards' heart rate [HR]-derived training impulse [TRIMPEDW], HRmean expressed as a percentage of HRpeak [%HRpeak], and differentiated rating of perceived exertion [dRPE]) were recorded. The main results showed that FR, who officiated TOP10 matches, covered more distance at a low walking speed (<3.6 km·h) and performed a higher percentage of high-intensity accelerations and decelerations than those FR who officiated lower ranked teams' matches. Moreover, FR who officiated MIXED matches registered lower values of TRIMPEDW MLs and %HRpeak and declared higher respiratory (sRPEres ML) and muscular (sRPEmus ML) perceived MLs during the second half. Considering those FR who officiate matches between teams of a higher competitive level will need to produce higher match responses, especially regarding the percentage of distance covered at high intensity, accelerations, and decelerations; physical trainers of soccer referees at a high competitive level should implement these high-intensity short-term actions in specific training regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Castillo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Isabel I, Burgos, Spain
| | - Carlo Castagna
- Football Training and Biomechanics Laboratory, Technical Department, Italian Football Federation (FIGC), Coverciano, Florence, Italy
| | - Jesús Cámara
- Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Aitor Iturricastillo
- Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Javier Yanci
- Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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External Match Loads of Footballers With Cerebral Palsy: A Comparison Among Sport Classes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:590-596. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To determine and compare the external match load, according to sport class (FT), of footballers with cerebral palsy (CP) during the International Federation of CP Football World Championships Qualification Tournament. Methods: Forty-two international male footballers with CP participated in the data collection. The footballers with CP were classified according to their FT into 3 groups (ie, FT5/6, FT7, and FT8). External match load (ie, total distance covered, distance covered at different speeds, accelerations, decelerations, player load, peak metabolic power, and changes of directions) was collected for both halves during official matches with global positioning system devices. Results: Players with lower impairment (FT8) covered more distance (effect size = 0.30–0.60) at high-intensity running (13.0–18.0 km·h−1) and sprinting (>18.0 km·h−1) and performed more (effect size = 0.29–1.08) accelerations, decelerations, and changes of direction at high intensity in matches than did other players (ie, FT5/6 and FT7 groups). Conclusion: Because high-intensity actions are relevant to football performance and there are differences caused by players’ impairments, the International Federation of CP Football classification protocols should include high-intensity actions during the technical assessment as part of the procedures for determining the sport class of football players with CP.
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Relationships between Sprint Ability and Endurance Capacity in Soccer Referees. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6020028. [PMID: 29910332 PMCID: PMC6027545 DOI: 10.3390/sports6020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the association between sprint ability and endurance capacity in soccer referees. Twenty-three Spanish officials participated in this study. Each referee undertook, in this order, a 40 m linear straight sprinting test (40 m Sprint) and the Yo–Yo intermittent recovery level 1 test (YYIR1) interspersed with a 8 min of self-administered rest. The results in the 40 m Sprint test showed that the time spent by referees was 5.56 ± 0.27 s and achieved a maximum velocity of 31.46 ± 2.85 km·h−1. Furthermore, during the YYIR1 the referees covered 1213.91 ± 432.26 m. The distance covered at YYIR1 was moderately correlated to the velocity achieved in the 40 m Sprint test (r = −0.404, p < 0.05). These results suggest that the ability to reach high speeds is a limiting factor in YYIR1 performance.
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Abstract
The evaluation of match officials’ neuromuscular performance is now an important consideration and the vertical jump test is considered suitable for assessing lower limb power, partly because it is directly related to refereeing. The aim of this study, therefore, was to determine the effect of soccer matches on match officials’ vertical jump performance by assessing various biomechanical variables. Eighteen field referees (FRs) and 36 assistant referees (ARs) who officiated in 18 official matches participated in this study. Before the match, at half time and immediately after the match, officials performed two countermovement jumps. Flight phase time (FT), maximum force production (MFpropulsion), time to production of maximum force (TMFpropulsion), production of maximum power (MP), maximum landing force (MFlanding) and time to stabilization (TTS) were calculated for all jumps. There was a tendency for match officials’ jumping performance to improve after matches than beforehand (FR: effect size (ES) = 0.19 ± 0.36, possibly trivial; AR: ES = 0.07 ± 0.17, likely trivial). There were also likely small and very likely moderate differences between FRs’ MP in pre-match and half-time jumps (ES = 0.46 ± 0.47) and in their pre- and post-match jumps (ES = 0.71 ± 0.48). These results indicate that refereeing soccer matches does not reduce vertical jump performance; the subsequent neuromuscular fatigue is not sufficient to affect landing technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Castillo
- Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Javier Yanci
- Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Jesús Cámara
- Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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Neuromuscular Responses and Physiological Changes During Small-Sided Games in Wheelchair Basketball. Adapt Phys Activ Q 2018; 35:20-35. [PMID: 29256634 DOI: 10.1123/apaq.2016-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim was to analyze the changes of physical performance and physiological responses during a high-intensity training task in wheelchair basketball (WB) players. Thirteen Spanish first division WB male players participated in this study. A test battery (change of direction ability, sprints, and sled towing) was performed to study neuromuscular responses before (pre) and after (post) the small-sided games (SSG). Furthermore, tympanic temperature and blood lactate concentration were measured before and immediately after players finished the SSG. The SSG tasks consisted in four players against four, 4 bouts of 4 min with 2 min of recovery periods. There was a 1.10% decline in performance in both 5- and 20-m sprints (p < .01; effect size [ES] ≤ 0.14), 1.82% decline in 5-m sled towing (p < .05; ES = 0.18), and 2.68% decline in 20-m sled towing (p < .01; ES = 0.27) between pre- and post-SSG. As in physical performance results, significant differences were observed between pre and post in physiological markers, with increasing tympanic temperature (36.21 ± 0.60 °C to 36.97 ± 0.59 °C; p < .001; ES = 1.27) and blood lactate concentrations (1.95 ± 1.30 mmol/L to 5.84 ± 2.04 mmol/L; p < .001; ES = 2.99) after SSG. The SSG produced a decrease in sprint and sled towing performance after 16 min of intense exercise. Moreover, the decrease in physical performance was accompanied with an increase in physiological responses. These neuromuscular responses could be similar in the real game; thus, coaching staff could benefit from this information when changing bench players.
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Castagna C, Bizzini M, Araújo Póvoas SC, Schenk K, Büsser G, DʼOttavio S. Aerobic Fitness in Top-Class Soccer Referees. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 33:3098-3104. [PMID: 29189582 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Castagna, C, Bizzini, M, Araújo Póvoas, SC, Schenk, K, Büsser, G, and D'Ottavio, S. Aerobic fitness in top-class soccer referees. J Strength Cond Res 33(11): 3098-3104, 2019-The aim of this study was to examine the aerobic fitness status of top-class male soccer officials using a cross-sectional design and known population group constructs. Fifty-two field referees (FRs, age 38.4 ± 3.3 years; height 181 ± 5.6 cm; body mass 76.8 ± 6.8 kg; body mass index [BMI] 23.4 ± 1.7 kg·m; body fat 20.4 ± 3.6%; and international refereeing experience 5 ± 3.5 years) and 104 assistant referees (ARs, age 37.8 ± 4.1 years; height 176.9 ± 7.5 cm; body mass 72.1 ± 7.4 kg; BMI 23 ± 1.6 kg·m; body fat 19.2 ± 3.6%; and international refereeing experience 7 ± 3.8 years) from 53 National Football Associations worldwide, and candidates of the preliminary open-list developed by the FIFA Refereeing Department for the 2014 World Cup Final Tournament, were tested for aerobic fitness in laboratory conditions with a progressive speed treadmill test to exhaustion. Large (+8.54%, d = 0.8) and small (+3.1%, d = 0.3) differences in absolute (L·min) and relative (ml·kg·min) VO2max were found between FR and AR, respectively. Trivial differences (d = 0.07) were shown in running economy (RE) (6 minutes at 8 km·h) between AR and FR. Using the scaling notation (b = 0.64), medium and significant differences were found between match officials for VO2max and RE (FR > AR; d = 0.6 and 0.67, respectively). Using receiver operating characteristic curve statistics, cutoff values of 3.93 L·min and 50.6 ml·kg·min were detected in absolute and relative VO2max for the FR and the AR (FR > AR), respectively. The FR showed superior aerobic fitness compared with AR. Training prescription should consider intensities at anaerobic threshold speed (14 km·h, 91% heart rate max) when aerobic fitness development is the aim in elite officials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Castagna
- Fitness Training and Biomechanics Laboratory, Italian Football Federation (FIGC), Technical Department, Coverciano (Florence), Italy.,University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Bizzini
- Human Performance Lab, Schulthess Clinic, Zürich, Switzerland.,Sports Medicine, Schulthess Clinic, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Susana C Araújo Póvoas
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
| | - Kai Schenk
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gery Büsser
- Sports Medicine, Schulthess Clinic, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stefano DʼOttavio
- University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Women's National Team, Italian Football Federation (FIGC), Rome, Italy
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Special aspects of hemo-dynamic and reaction of erythrocytes in blood to standard physical load of different qualification female volleyball players. PEDAGOGICS, PSYCHOLOGY, MEDICAL-BIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF PHYSICAL TRAINING AND SPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.15561/18189172.2017.0508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Riiser A, Pettersen SA, Andersen V, Saeterbakken AH, Froyd C, Ylvisåker E, Moe VF. Accelerations and high intensity running in field and assistant football referees during match play. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2017.1341640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amund Riiser
- Faculty of Teacher Education and Sports, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Sogndal, Norway
| | - Svein Arne Pettersen
- Faculty of health sciences, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
| | - Vidar Andersen
- Faculty of Teacher Education and Sports, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Sogndal, Norway
| | - Atle Hole Saeterbakken
- Faculty of Teacher Education and Sports, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Sogndal, Norway
| | - Christian Froyd
- Faculty of Teacher Education and Sports, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Sogndal, Norway
| | - Einar Ylvisåker
- Faculty of Teacher Education and Sports, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Sogndal, Norway
| | - Vegard Fusche Moe
- Faculty of Teacher Education and Sports, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Sogndal, Norway
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Castillo D, Cámara J, Sedano S, Yanci J. Impact of official matches on soccer referees’ horizontal-jump performance. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2017.1330549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Castillo
- Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Jesús Cámara
- Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Silvia Sedano
- Laboratory of Physiology, European University Miguel de Cervantes, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Javier Yanci
- Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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