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Morais JE, Barbosa TM, Arellano R, Silva AJ, Sampaio T, Oliveira JP, Marinho DA. Race analysis in swimming: understanding the evolution of publications, citations and networks through a bibliometric review. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1413182. [PMID: 38939752 PMCID: PMC11208481 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1413182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to conduct a scoping and bibliometric review of swimming articles related to race analysis. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used to identify relevant studies. Articles on race analysis in swimming published between 1984 and December 31, 2023 were retrieved from the Web of Science database. 366 records were screened and a total of 74 articles were retained for analysis. Until 2012, there were some time intervals with no or few publications. From 2012, there was a clear upward trend in publications and citations. This theme was led by the United States of America, Australia, and Spain. Australia and Spain maintain their status as the countries with the most publications. The analysis of author collaborations revealed two clusters with Spanish authors, and the remaining clusters are composed of Portuguese, Swiss, and Australian authors. With this bibliometric review, it has been possible to understand the evolution of the articles published on race analysis in swimming, the countries and the authors that have contributed most to this topic over the years. The prediction model shows that the number of articles and citations on this topic will continue to increase over the next 10 years (until 2034).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge E. Morais
- Department of Sports Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Research Centre for Active Living and Wellbeing (LiveWell), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Tiago M. Barbosa
- Department of Sports Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Research Centre for Active Living and Wellbeing (LiveWell), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Raul Arellano
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - António J. Silva
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Tatiana Sampaio
- Research Centre for Active Living and Wellbeing (LiveWell), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - João P. Oliveira
- Research Centre for Active Living and Wellbeing (LiveWell), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Daniel A. Marinho
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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Kong PW, Yam JW. Shoulder biomechanics of para-table tennis: a case study of a standing class para-athlete with severe leg impairment. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:143. [PMID: 35871683 PMCID: PMC9310386 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00536-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both able-bodied and Class 7 para-table tennis players compete while standing, but do they use the same techniques to hit the ball? This case study examined the shoulder joint kinematics of a highly skilled para-table tennis player with severe leg impairment. METHODS One international level Class 7 male para-table tennis player was compared with a control group of 9 male, competitive university team players. Participants performed 15 trials of forehand and 15 trials of backhand topspin drives. Shoulder abduction/adduction angles and joint range of motion (ROM) were measured using an inertial measurement system. RESULTS The joint ROM of the para-player was comparable to the control group in the forehand [para-player 38°, controls 32 (15)°] and slightly larger in backhand [para-player 35°, controls 24 (16)°]. Waveform analysis revealed significant differences in the entire forehand drives (p < .001) and the preparation (p < .001) and follow-through phases (p = .014) of the backhand drives. CONCLUSIONS Coaches should not simply instruct para-table tennis players to replicate the characteristics of able-bodied players. Depending on the nature of the physical impairment, para-players should optimise their movement strategies for successful performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui Wah Kong
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore, 637616 Singapore
| | - Jia Wen Yam
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore, 637616 Singapore
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Hosokawa Y, Adami PE, Stephenson BT, Blauwet C, Bermon S, Webborn N, Racinais S, Derman W, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. Prehospital management of exertional heat stroke at sports competitions for Paralympic athletes. Br J Sports Med 2022; 56:599-604. [PMID: 34620604 PMCID: PMC9120375 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-104786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To adapt key components of exertional heat stroke (EHS) prehospital management proposed by the Intenational Olympic Committee Adverse Weather Impact Expert Working Group for the Olympic Games Tokyo 2020 so that it is applicable for the Paralympic athletes. METHODS An expert working group representing members with research, clinical and lived sports experience from a Para sports perspective reviewed and revised the IOC consensus document of current best practice regarding the prehospital management of EHS. RESULTS Similar to Olympic competitions, Paralympic competitions are also scheduled under high environmental heat stress; thus, policies and procedures for EHS prehospital management should also be established and followed. For Olympic athletes, the basic principles of EHS prehospital care are: early recognition, early diagnosis, rapid, on-site cooling and advanced clinical care. Although these principles also apply for Paralympic athletes, slight differences related to athlete physiology (eg, autonomic dysfunction) and mechanisms for hands-on management (eg, transferring the collapsed athlete or techniques for whole-body cooling) may require adaptation for care of the Paralympic athlete. CONCLUSIONS Prehospital management of EHS in the Paralympic setting employs the same procedures as for Olympic athletes with some important alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Hosokawa
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Ben Thomas Stephenson
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
- English Institute of Sport, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Cheri Blauwet
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation; Spaulding Hospital/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Medical Committee, International Paralympic Committee, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stephane Bermon
- Health and Science Department, World Athletics, Monaco
- LAHMESS, Universite Cote d'Azur, Nice, Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azu, France
| | - Nick Webborn
- Medical Committee, International Paralympic Committee, Bonn, Germany
- Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME), School of Sport and Service Management, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Sebastien Racinais
- Research Education Centre, ASPETAR - Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Wayne Derman
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- IOC Research Center, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Victoria L Goosey-Tolfrey
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
- IOC Research Center, The National Centre for Sports Exercise and Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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Boillet A, Haas B, Samozino P, Morel B, Bowen M, Cohen C, Messonnier LA. Is the Most Commonly Used Strategy for the First 1,500 m of a 2,000 m Rowing Ergometer Race the Most Appropriate? Front Physiol 2022; 13:827875. [PMID: 35350683 PMCID: PMC8958042 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.827875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated time-courses of physiological and psychological parameters of rowers during the first 1,500 m of a simulated race on a rowing ergometer using different pacing strategies. This provided a picture of the physiological and psychological state of the rowers at the start of the last 500 m of their race. Investigated strategies corresponded either to a degressive (degr), a progressive (prog), or a stable (stab) power output over the traveled distance. Thirteen French rowers (4 oarswomen and 9 oarsmen) of national and ex-international levels volunteered to participate. Handle force and velocity, oxygen uptake, heart rate, blood lactate concentration, and peripheral oxygen saturation were measured during the trials. Power output, generated energy [by O2 consumption (Eoxi) and blood lactate accumulation (Enon−oxi)] and efficiency were computed. Rowers also rated their perceived exertion (RPE) and protocol preference. In the explored strategies, no significant differences were found for Eoxi. Final blood lactate concentration ([La]blood) and RPE were similar for all strategies. However, the increase in [La]blood and RPE occurred sooner for degr than for stab and prog. Therefore, the time spent at higher [La]blood and RPE was longer for degr than for stab and prog. According to the questionnaire, degr was the least preferred protocol. While during 2000 m races, the first 1500 m are usually and empirically often conducted in a degr way, the present results indicate that this strategy was the least preferred by the rowers and led to a higher time spent at high [La]blood and RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Boillet
- Laboratoire d'Hydrodynamique de l'X (LadHyX), UMR 7646 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France
| | - Bastien Haas
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Chambéry, France
| | - Pierre Samozino
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Chambéry, France
| | - Baptiste Morel
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Chambéry, France
| | - Maximilien Bowen
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Chambéry, France
| | - Caroline Cohen
- Laboratoire d'Hydrodynamique de l'X (LadHyX), UMR 7646 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France
| | - Laurent A Messonnier
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Chambéry, France
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Measuring Upper Limb Kinematics of Forehand and Backhand Topspin Drives with IMU Sensors in Wheelchair and Able-Bodied Table Tennis Players. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21248303. [PMID: 34960397 PMCID: PMC8706454 DOI: 10.3390/s21248303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the biomechanics of para-table tennis players, this study compared the shoulder, elbow, and wrist joint kinematics among able-bodied (AB) and wheelchair players in different classifications. Nineteen participants (AB, n = 9; classification 1 (C1), n = 3; C2, n = 3; C3, n = 4) executed 10 forehand and backhand topspin drives. Shoulder abduction/adduction, elbow flexion/extension, wrist extension/flexion, respective range of motion (ROM), and joint patterns were obtained using inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors. The results showed clear differences in upper limb kinematics between the able-bodied and wheelchair players, especially in the elbow and wrist. For the para-players, noticeable variations in techniques were also observed among the different disability classes. In conclusion, wheelchair players likely adopted distinct movement strategies compared to AB to compensate for their physical impairments and functional limitations. Hence, traditional table tennis programs targeting skills and techniques for able-bodied players are unsuitable for para-players. Future work can investigate how best to customize training programs and to optimize movement strategies for para-players with varied types and degrees of impairment.
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6
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Kinematic Variables of Disabled Swimmers and Their Correlation With the International Paralympic Committee Classification. Motor Control 2021; 25:575-586. [PMID: 34271552 DOI: 10.1123/mc.2021-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study described the kinematic variables of disabled swimmers' performance and correlated them with their functional classification. Twenty-one impaired swimmers (S5-S10) performed 50-m maximum front-crawl swimming while being recorded by four underwater cameras. Swimming velocity, stroke rate, stroke length, intracycle velocity variation, stroke dimensions, hand velocity, and coordination index were analyzed. Kendall rank was used to correlate stroke parameters and functional classification with p < .05. Swimming velocity, stroke length, and submerged phase were positively correlated with the para swimmers functional classification (.61, .50, and .41; p < .05, respectively), while stroke rate, velocity hand for each phase, coordination index, and intracyclic velocity variation were not (τ between -.11 and .45; p > .05). Thus, some objective kinematic variables of the impaired swimmers help to support current classification. Improving hand velocity seems to be a crucial point to be improved among disabled swimmers.
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Schipman J, Saulière G, Le Toquin B, Marc A, Forstmann N, Toussaint JF, Sedeaud A. Involvement in Multiple Race Events Among International Para and Non-disabled Swimmers. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 2:608777. [PMID: 33585812 PMCID: PMC7876089 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.608777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
International elite Para swimmers form a large portion of the overall multi-medalist winning population. For the highest performing Para swimmers, world class performances were achieved across different strokes. The aim of this study was to quantify the level of involvement across different events and to examine this in relation to the level of performance. The performances in swimming speed of the top 100 females and males for both Para- and non-disabled swimmers were collected in 11 race events between 2009 and 2019 (4,400 performances for 307 Para females and 365 Para males, 605 non-disabled females, and 715 non-disabled males). We tallied the number of events in which each swimmer was involved. Swimmers were grouped according to the total number of race events in which they participated. Then the association between involvement and level of performance was investigated. Para swimmers with impairment from classes seven to 14 were involved in a range of race events across different strokes. The most common combination for both Para and non-disabled athletes was over similarly distanced races of the same stroke (50 and 100 m freestyle). The more race events in which Para swimmers involved, the higher the level of performance that was achieved. This trend can partially be explained by the less concentrated competition pool for Para swimmers compared to able-bodied swimmers. Para swimmers with minimal and no physical impairment perform in multiple race events more often than able-bodied swimmers. Fewer Para swimmers at the international level and a less concentrated competition pool could explain these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Schipman
- Institut de Recherche Bio-Médicale et d'Épidémiologie du Sport (IRMES), EA 7329, Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance (INSEP), Paris, France.,Institut de Recherche Bio-Médicale et d'Épidémiologie du Sport (IRMES), Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Saulière
- Institut de Recherche Bio-Médicale et d'Épidémiologie du Sport (IRMES), EA 7329, Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance (INSEP), Paris, France.,Institut de Recherche Bio-Médicale et d'Épidémiologie du Sport (IRMES), Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Bryan Le Toquin
- Institut de Recherche Bio-Médicale et d'Épidémiologie du Sport (IRMES), EA 7329, Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance (INSEP), Paris, France.,Institut de Recherche Bio-Médicale et d'Épidémiologie du Sport (IRMES), Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Andy Marc
- Institut de Recherche Bio-Médicale et d'Épidémiologie du Sport (IRMES), EA 7329, Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Forstmann
- Institut de Recherche Bio-Médicale et d'Épidémiologie du Sport (IRMES), EA 7329, Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Toussaint
- Institut de Recherche Bio-Médicale et d'Épidémiologie du Sport (IRMES), EA 7329, Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance (INSEP), Paris, France.,Institut de Recherche Bio-Médicale et d'Épidémiologie du Sport (IRMES), Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Centre d'Investigations en Médecine du Sport (CIMS), Hôtel-Dieu, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Adrien Sedeaud
- Institut de Recherche Bio-Médicale et d'Épidémiologie du Sport (IRMES), EA 7329, Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance (INSEP), Paris, France.,Institut de Recherche Bio-Médicale et d'Épidémiologie du Sport (IRMES), Université de Paris, Paris, France
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Menting SGP, Elferink-Gemser MT, Huijgen BC, Hettinga FJ. Pacing in lane-based head-to-head competitions: A systematic review on swimming. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:2287-2299. [PMID: 31190612 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1627989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Athletes' energy distribution over a race (e.g. pacing behaviour) varies across different sports. Swimming is a head-to-head sport with unique characteristics, such as propulsion through water, a multitude of swimming stroke types and lane-based racing. The aim of this paper was to review the existing literature on pacing behaviour in swimming. According to PRISMA guidelines, 279 articles were extracted using the PubMed and Web of Science databases. After the exclusion process was conducted, 16 studies remained. The findings of these studies indicate that pacing behaviour is influenced by the race distance and stroke type. Pacing behaviours in swimming and time-trial sports share numerous common characteristics. This commonality can most likely be attributed to the lane-based racing set-up. The low efficiency of swimming resulting from propulsion through the water induces a rapid accumulation of blood lactate, prompting a change in swimmers' biomechanical characteristics, with the goal of minimising changes in velocity throughout the race. Although the literature on youth swimmers is scarce, youth swimmers demonstrate more variable pacing profiles and have more difficulty in selecting the most beneficial energy distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stein Gerrit Paul Menting
- a Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands.,b Department of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University , Newcastle , UK
| | - Marije Titia Elferink-Gemser
- a Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
| | - Barbara Catharina Huijgen
- a Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
| | - Florentina Johanna Hettinga
- b Department of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University , Newcastle , UK.,c School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex , Colchester , UK
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Fischer S, Braun C, Kibele A. Jason Lezak again and again - linear mixed modelling analysis of change–over times in relay swimming races. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:1609-1616. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1578448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Fischer
- Institute for Sports and Sport Science, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Claudia Braun
- Institute for Sports and Sport Science, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Armin Kibele
- Institute for Sports and Sport Science, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
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10
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McGibbon KE, Pyne DB, Shephard ME, Thompson KG. Pacing in Swimming: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2019; 48:1621-1633. [PMID: 29560605 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0901-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pacing strategy, or how energy is distributed during exercise, can substantially impact athletic performance and is considered crucial for optimal performance in many sports. This is particularly true in swimming given the highly resistive properties of water and low mechanical efficiency of the swimming action. OBJECTIVES The aim of this systematic review was to determine the pacing strategies utilised by competitive swimmers in competition and their reproducibility, and to examine the impact of different pacing strategies on kinematic, metabolic and performance variables. This will provide valuable and practical information to coaches and sports science practitioners. DATA SOURCES The databases Web of Science, Scopus, SPORTDiscus and PubMed were searched for published articles up to 1 August 2017. STUDY SELECTION A total of 23 studies examining pool-based swimming competitions or experimental trials in English-language and peer-reviewed journals were included in this review. RESULTS In short- and middle-distance swimming events maintenance of swimming velocity is critical, whereas in long-distance events a low lap-to-lap variability and the ability to produce an end spurt in the final lap(s) are key. The most effective strategy in the individual medley (IM) is to conserve energy during the butterfly leg to optimise performance in subsequent legs. The pacing profiles of senior swimmers remain relatively stable irrespective of opponents, competition stage or type, and performance time. CONCLUSION Implementing event-specific pacing strategies should benefit the performance of competitive swimmers. Given differences between swimmers, there is a need for greater individualisation when considering pacing strategy selection across distances and strokes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie E McGibbon
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Building 29, Bruce, ACT, Australia. .,Queensland Academy of Sport, Nathan, QLD, Australia.
| | - D B Pyne
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Building 29, Bruce, ACT, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, ACT, Australia
| | - M E Shephard
- Queensland Academy of Sport, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - K G Thompson
- New South Wales Institute of Sport, Sydney Olympic Park, NSW, Australia
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Konings MJ, Hettinga FJ. Pacing Decision Making in Sport and the Effects of Interpersonal Competition: A Critical Review. Sports Med 2018; 48:1829-1843. [PMID: 29799094 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0937-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
An athlete's pacing strategy is widely recognised as an essential determinant for performance during individual events. Previous research focussed on the importance of internal bodily state feedback, revealed optimal pacing strategies in time-trial exercise, and explored concepts such as teleoanticipation and template formation. Recently, human-environment interactions have additionally been emphasized as a crucial determinant for pacing, yet how they affect pacing is not well understood. Therefore, this literature review focussed on exploring one of the most important human-environment interactions in sport competitions: the interaction among competitors. The existing literature regarding the regulation of exercise intensity and the effect of competition on pacing and performance is critically reviewed in this paper. The PubMed, CINAHL and Web of Science electronic databases were searched for studies about pacing in sports and (interpersonal) competition between January 2000 to October 2017, using the following combination of terms: (1) Sports AND (2) Pacing, resulting in 75 included papers. The behaviour of opponents was shown to be an essential determinant in the regulation of exercise intensity, based on both observational (N = 59) and experimental (N = 16) studies. However, adjustment in the pacing response related to other competitors appears to depend on the competitive situation and the current internal state of the athlete. The findings of this review emphasize the importance of what is happening around the athlete for the outcome of the decision-making process involved in pacing, and highlight the necessity to incorporate human-environment interactions into models that attempt to explain the regulation of exercise intensity in sports and exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco J Konings
- Sport, Performance and Fatigue Research Unit, School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Florentina J Hettinga
- Sport, Performance and Fatigue Research Unit, School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK.
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12
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Pérez-Tejero J, Veiga S, Almena A, Navandar A, Navarro E. Effect of functional classification on the swimming race segments during the 2012 London Paralympic Games. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1348059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Pérez-Tejero
- Health and Human Performance Department, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Veiga
- Health and Human Performance Department, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Madrid Swimming Federation, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Almena
- Health and Human Performance Department, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Archit Navandar
- Health and Human Performance Department, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Navarro
- Health and Human Performance Department, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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